POWER SYSTEM

Prepared by:
IRINEO P. QUINTO
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
POWER
METHODS:

(i) By overhead system:

- power is conveyed by bare conductors of copper or aluminum which are
strung between wooden or steel poles erected at convenient distances.
- Line supports consist of pole structures and tower.

(ii) By underground system:

- suited for densely populated areas though it is more expensive
- employs insulated cables which may be single, double or triple-core
REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD SYSTEM

1. The voltage at the consumer’s premises must be maintained within ± 4 or ± 6% of the

declared voltage, the actual value depending on the type of load.

2. The loss of power in the system itself should be a small percentage (about 10%) of the
power transmitted.

3. The transmission cost should not be unduly excessive.

4. The maximum current passing through the conductor should be limited to such a
value as not to overheat the conductor or damage its insulation.

5. The insulation resistance of the whole system should be very high so that there is no
undue leakage or danger to human life.
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE LINE
EXAMPLE OF DC GENERATION
DISTRIBUTION TYPE – ONE END
DISTRIBUTION TYPE – UNIFORMLY LOADED
DISTRIBUTION TYPE – BOTH ENDS
INDUCTANCE OF TWO CONDUCTORS
INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR
LINES
INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR
LINES
TRANSMISSION LINE INDUCTANCE
Inductance of transmission lines is calculated per phase. It consists of self
inductance of the phase conductor and mutual inductance between the
conductors.

GMR is the geometric mean radius (available from manufacturer’s tables)

GMD is the geometric mean distance (must be calculated for each line configuration)
GEOMTERIC MEAN RADIUS (GMR)

Note: for a solid conductor, GMR = r.e-1/4 , where r is the radius

of the conductor
GEOMETRIC MEAN DISTANCE (GMD)
INDUCTANCE BETWEEN TWO SINGLE PHASE
CONDUCTORS
r1’ is GMR of conductor 1
r2’ is GMR of conductor 2
D is the GMD between the conductors

The total inductance of the line is:

Find GMD, GMR for each circuit, inductance for each circuit, and total inductance per meter for two circuits that
run parallel to each other. One circuit consists of three 0.25 cm radius conductors. The second circuit consists of
two 0.5 cm radius conductor

SOLUTION:
m = 3, n’ = 2, m n’ = 6
INDUCTANCE OF A THREE PHASE LINE WITH
EQUAL SPACING
INDUCTANCE OF A THREE PHASE LINE WITH
UNEQUAL SPACING
CAPACITANCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE PHASE LINE

F/m

o is the permittivity of free space and is equal to 8.85 10-12 F/m

D is the distance between the conductors, center to center
r1 and r2 are the radii of the two conductors
For most single phase lines, r1 = r2 . In this case, half way between the conductors
there is a point where E = 0. This is the neutral point n.

The capacitance from conductor a to point n is Can and is the same as the capacitance from
conductor b to n, Cbn. Can and Cbn are connected in series, therefore .Can = Cbn = 2Cab.
CAPACITANCE TO GROUND
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF SINGLE PHASE

Ohm-m
CAPACITANCE OF BALANCED THREE PHASE
LINE
F/m

(the distances between the centers of the phase conductors)

Db is the geometric mean radius for the bundled conductors

The capacitive reactance to neutral

Ohm-mile

Or:

Ohm-mile
a) A three phase 60 Hz line is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake (r = 0.554 inch). Find the capacitive
reactance for 1 mile of the line. (Xa’ = 0.0912 Mohm-mile)
b) If the length of the line is 175 miles and the normal operating voltage is 220 kV, find the capacitive reactance to neutral
for the entire length of the line, the charging current for the line, and the charging reactive power.

(the capacitive reactance to neutral)

CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE LINE WITH
IDENTICAL SPACING
CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE LINE WITH
UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
GEOMETRIC MEAN DISTANCE
GEOMETRIC MEAN DISTANCE
LOSSES
The power losses of a transmission line are proportional to the value of resistance of the line.
The value of the resistance is determined by the type and length of the conductor.

Thermal Limits on equipment and conductors depend on the material of the insulation of
conductors. The I2R losses are converted into heat. The heat increases the temperature of the
conductors and the insulation surrounding it. If the temperature exceeds the rated value, the
insulation will deteriorate faster and at higher temperatures more immediate damage will
occur.
EFFICIENCY OF POWER TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE REGULATION
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF T.L.
Every transmission line will have usually three basic electrical parameters. The conductors
of the line will have resistance, inductance, and capacitance. As the transmission line is a
set of conductors being run from one place to another supported by transmission towers,
the parameters are distributed uniformly along the line.
WAVELENGTH, λ
ABCD PARAMETERS
The ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link between the supply and
receiving end voltages and currents, considering the circuit elements to be linear in nature. Thus the
relation between the sending and receiving end specifications are given using ABCD parameters.
ABCD PARAMETERS
ABCD PARAMETERS
ABCD PARAMETERS
CATEGORIES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

1) Short transmission line – the line length is up to 80 km

2) Medium transmission line – the line length is between 80km to 160 km

3) Long transmission line – the line length is more than 160 km

SHORT LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINE
The transmission lines which have length less than 80 km are generally referred as short transmission lines.
PHASOR DIAGRAM AT VARIOUS POWER FACTOR

LOAD WITH LAGGING LOAD WITH UNITY LOAD WITH LEADING

POWER FACTOR POWER FACTOR POWER FACTOR
sending end current and receiving end current is same

Vs is approximately equal to

vr and vx are the per unit resistance and reactance of the short transmission line.
ABCD CONSTANTS

When Ir = 0 that means receiving end terminals is open circuited:

Efficiency of Short Transmission Line

(FOR THREE PHASE SYSTEM)

An industrial load consisting of a group of induction motors which
aggregate 500 kW at 0.6 power factor lagging is supplied by a distribution
feeder having an equivalent impedance of (0.15 + j0.6) ohm. The voltage at
the load end of the feeder is 2300 volts.

a. Determine the load current.

b. Find the power, reactive power and voltampere supplied to the sending
end of the feeder.

c. Find the voltage at the sending end of the feeder

A 33-kV, 3-phase generating station is to supply 10 MW load at
31 kV and 0.9 power factor lagging over a 3-phase transmission
line 3 km long. For the efficiency of the line to be 96% , what
must be the resistance and reactance of the line?
MEDIUM LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINE
A 3-phase, 50-Hz transmission line, 100 km long delivers 20 MW at 0.9
p.f. lagging and at 110 kV. The resistance and reactance of the line per
phase per km are 0.2 ohm and 0.4 ohm respectively while the capacitive
admittance is 2.5  10-6 S per km. Calculate:

(a) the voltage and current at the sending end

(b) the efficiency of transmission.

Use the nominal T-method.

DISTRIBUTED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
 LUMPED MODEL OF
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
R L

G C
A single phase circuit 60 Hz transmission line is 225 miles long. The load is 125 MW at
200 kV with 100% power factor. Evaluate the incident and reflected voltages at the
receiving end of the line and at the sending end. Determine the line voltage at the
sending end from the incident and reflected voltages. Compute the wavelength and
velocity of propagation. The line parameters are: R=0.172 ohm/mi, L=2.18 mH/mi,
C=0.0136 uF/mile and G=0.
CABLE CLASSIFICATION:

I. Type of insulating material used in their manufacture.

II. The voltage at which they transmit power.

Low-tension cables–up to 1000 V

High-tension cables–up to 23,000 V

Super-tension cables–from 66 kV to 132 kV

For all cables, the conductor is tinned stranded copper of high conductivity. Stranding is
done to secure flexibility and the number of conductors in a core is generally 3, 7, 19 and 37
A 300-MVA 20·kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The generator supplies a number of
synchronous motors over a 64-km transmission line having transformer at both ends. The motors all rated 13.2 kV are
represented by just two equivalent motors. The neutral of one motor M1 is grounded through reactance. The neutral
of the second motor M2 is not connected to ground. Rated inputs to the motors are 200 MVA and 100 kVA for M1 and
M2 respectively. For both motors, Xd” = 20%. The three phase transformer T1 is rated 350 MVA, 230/20 kV with
leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of three single phase transformers each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100
MVA with leakage reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.50 ohm/km. If the motors M1 and
M2 have inputs of 120 and 60 MW respectively at 13.2 kV and both operate at unity power factor, find the voltage at
the terminals of the generator and the voltage regulation of the line.
Using a base of 300 MVA, 20 kV (generator rating):