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Power Measurement
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Table of contents
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Single-Phase Power Measurement
The wattmeter is the instrument used for measuring the average
power.
The varmeter is the instrument used for measuring the reactive power.
The wattmeter consists essentially of two coils: the current coil and the voltage coil.
A current coil with very low impedance (ideally zero) is connected in series with the
load and responds to the load current. The voltage coil with very high impedance
(ideally infinite) is connected in parallel with the load and responds to the load
voltage. The current coil acts like a short circuit because of its low impedance; the
voltage coil behaves like an open circuit because of its high impedance.
When the two coils are energized, the mechanical inertia of the moving system
produces a deflection angle that is proportional to the average value of the product
v(t)i(t).
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Single-Phase Power Measurement
if 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 ) and 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 )
then
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑣 = ∠𝜃𝑣 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑖 = ∠𝜃𝑖
2 and 2
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Single-Phase Power Measurement
The voltage across the impedance (8-j6) is
Answer: 1.437 kW
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
A single wattmeter can also measure the average power in a three-phase system
that is balanced, so that P1=P2=P3; the total power is three times the reading of
that one wattmeter.
Two or three single-phase wattmeters are necessary to measure power if the
system is unbalanced.
The three wattmeter method of power measurement
will work regardless of whether the load is balanced
or unbalanced, wye or delta-connected.
The total average power is the algebraic sum of the
three wattmeter readings
The sum of the wattmeter readings gives the total average power
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
The total apparent power can be obtained as
The equations derived for balanced wye-connected load are equally valid for
a balanced delta-connected load.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
Example: Three wattmeters W1,W2 and W3 are connected, respectively, to phases a,
b, and c to measure the total power absorbed by the unbalanced wye-connected load.
The three phase load is connected to balanced voltages of 100 V and the acb
sequence. (a) Predict the wattmeter readings. (b) Find the total power absorbed.
(a)
(b)
The total power absorbed is
or
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
Example: The two-wattmeter method produces wattmeter readings P1=1560 W and
P1=2100 W when connected to a delta-connected load. If the line voltage is 220 V,
calculate: (a) the per-phase average power, (b) the perphase reactive power, (c) the
power factor, and (d) the phase impedance.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
(c) The power angle is
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Three-Phase Power Measurement
Example: The three-phase balanced load shown in the circuit has impedance per
phase of ZY=8+j6 Ω. If the load is connected to 208-V lines, predict the readings of
the wattmeters W1 and W2. Find PT and QT.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
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