M. Suneetha Rani et al.

/ IJAIR

ISSN: 2278-7844

Comparison of Standard Propagation Model

(SPM) and Stanford University Interim (SUI)
Radio Propagation Models
for Long Term Evolution (LTE)
M.Suneetha Rani#1 , Subrahmanyam VVRK Behara*2 , K.Suresh#3
#
Department of ECE, Chaitanya Engineering College
Visakhapatnam, A.P. INDIA
1

suneethachintala@yahoo.com
surech_kutcherlapati@yahoo.co.in
*
Department of ECE, BITS, Visakhapatnam, A.P. INDIA
2
subrahmanyambehara@gmail.com
3

Abstract
This paper deals with comparison of SPM
(Standard propagation models) used in many planning
tools such as Atoll, Asset and Planet for several wireless
telecommunication standards and
SUI (Stanford
University Interim) Radio Propagation Model
compared with many conventional models like COST
231 model, HATA, Okumura model and Ericsson 9999
model for the upcoming 4th Generation mobile network
known as LTE. Radio Propagation model is intended
for knowing cell radius which is a very important factor
during planning phase of network deployment. Cell
radius directly depends on Path loss generated by
different propagation scenarios which are modeled
using different Propagation models. Present work
makes a comparative analysis through design of
mathematical modeling of all the above mentioned
propagation models using Matlab. Frequency bands
considered are for Asia taken as 1800MHZ and
2100MHz. SPM has given the least Path loss for
different areas such as URBAN,SUBURBAN,RURAL
compared with all other propagation Models.
Keywords: Long Term Evolution, Standard Propagation
Model, Stanford University Interim Radio Propagation
Model

I INTRODUCTION
Long Term Evolution, LTE is a standard
for wireless communication of high-speed data for
mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on
the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network
technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using
a different radio interface together with core network
improvements. LTE technology is a third option
worth considering two technology options 3G and
WiMAX to support mobile broadband., as it may
provide operators with better performance at a lower

cost than either 3G or WiMAX. LTE is a superior

technology that offers much higher data throughput
and lower latency than 3G. Moreover, the promise of
a well-developed 3G/LTE ecosystem in the US and
Europe may result in more new devices that support
both, opening opportunities for Indian operators to
explore new business models and potentially new
sources. LTE is based on OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) to be able to
reach even higher data rates and data volumes. LTE
offers many advantages over competing technologies.
However, in the Indian context there are several
questions that need to be answered before LTE can
become a credible alternative to 3G and WiMAX [3].
1.1 Spectrum availability
The LTE spectrum in India stills lack
clarity. Operators may consider deployment in BWA
(20 MHz of unpaired spectrum in 2.3 GHz) and 3G
(paired spectrum of 2x5 MHz in 2.1 GHz) spectrum
bands. In addition, approximately 120 MHz of
spectrum in the 700 MHz bandan effective and
cost efficient frequency band for LTE deployment
could be used for LTE in the future.
LTE is developed for a number of
frequency bands, ranging from 800 MHz up to 3.5
GHz. The available bandwidths are also flexible
starting with 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. LTE is
developed to support both the time division duplex
technology (TDD) as well as frequency division
duplex (FDD).

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1.2 Current voice congestion
Though LTE has a lot of advantages as a
mobile broadband technology, any voice solution for
it will take a few years or more to materialize. LTE
will not serve the purpose of operators looking at 3G
spectrum options to ease congestion on their current
voice networks. These operators would have to incur
incremental capital expenditures in 2G base stations
to use 3G spectrum for LTE deployment.
1.3 Technical maturity
Many operators worldwide have already
committed to LTE and are actively preparing for
deployments in the near future. There is an
expectation that most Western operators on 3G will
eventually move to LTE. However, there has been
only limited commercial deployment of LTE to date.
Hence, Indian operators need to be careful when
considering their LTE deployment time line, given
that LTE is still a relatively new technology.
1.4 The motivation for LTE
The need to ensure the continuity of
competitiveness of the 3G system for the future,
user demand for higher data rates and quality of
service are the main motivation for LTE. The
frequency bands used in various global regions are
presented in the Table 1.1
Table 1.1

Region
North America
Europe
Asia
Australia

Frequency Bands
700/800
and
1700/1900 MHz
800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz
1800 and 2600 MHz in Asia
1800 MHz

The LTE standard can be used with many

different frequency bands. As a result, phones from
one country may not work in other countries. Users
will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming
internationally. The selection of a suitable radio
propagation model for LTE is of great importance. A
radio propagation model describes the behavior of the
signal while it is transmitted from the transmitter
towards the receiver. It gives a relation between the
distance of transmitter and receiver and the path loss.
Path loss depends on the condition of environment
(urban, suburban, rural, dense urban, open, etc.)
operating frequency, atmospheric conditions,
indoor/outdoor and the distance between the
transmitter and receiver.
In this paper a comparison is made between
SUI and SPM models in different terrains to find out
the model having least path loss in a particular terrain
in coverage point of view.

ISSN: 2278-7844
II RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS
Radio planning tools have interfaces for
external propagation prediction models, and a large
number of different propagation models are
commercially available. Radio planning tools also
have internal propagation models.
The internal models that are used in cellular
network planning are typically based on the
Okumura-Hata (O-H) formulas. For a given
frequency band, the Okumura-Hata formulas are
simple functions of distance, but the effect of the
digital map is included by adding antenna height,
diffraction and clutter corrections into the basic
Okumura-Hata loss. The exact implementation of the
antenna height, diffraction and clutter corrections as
well as other possible adjustments varies from one
planning tool to another.
To find an accurate model for propagation
losses is a leading issue when planning a mobile
radio network.
Two strategies for predicting
propagation losses are in use these days: one is to
derive an empirical propagation model from
measurement data and the other is to use a
deterministic propagation model.
2.1 Standard Propagation Model
Propagation models in Asset and Atoll are
based on Okumura-Hata models which support
frequencies higher than 1500 MHz. These models in
Asset and Atoll are termed as standard propagation
models. Standard Propagation Model (SPM) is based
on empirical formulas and a set of parameters are set
to their default values[1]. However, they can be
adjusted to tune the propagation model according to
actual propagation conditions.
SPM is based on the following formula[1]
= 1 + 2 + 3 ) +
4

+5
(
+ 6 +
-------------(1)

For hilly terrain, the correction path loss

when transmitter and receiver are in LOS is
given by
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
5 + 6 +
+ -------------(2)
When transmitter and receiver are not in
line of sight NLOS, the path loss formula is
= 1 + 2 +
3 + 4 +
5 + 6 +

-------------(3)

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ISSN: 2278-7844

Where,
1 = frequency constant .
2 = Distance attenuation constant .
d =distance between the receiver and transmitter (m).
3 , 4 = Correction coefficient of height of mobile
station antenna
Diffractiion loss: loss due to diffraction over an
obstructed path (dB).
5 , 6 = Correction coefficient of height of base
station antenna.
= correction coefficient of clutter
attenuation, the signal strength of a given
point is modified according to the clutter class at
this point and is irrelevant to the
clutter class in the transmission path. All losses in
the transmission path are included in
the median loss.
hm , hb = effective height of antenna in mobile
station and base station respectively,
unit: m
In radio transmissions, the value of K varies
according to terrains, features and environment of
cities.
= ().
f(clutter)= average of weighted losses due to clutter.
Table 2.1 K-Parameters for a Metropolitan City in India(Asia)

K
Values
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
Kclutter

Dense
Urban
16.375
48
5.83
0.8
-6.55
0
1

Urban
17.575
45.9
5.83
0.8
-6.55
0
1

Suburban
17.675
44.9
5.83
0.8
-6.55
0
1

Rural
5.275
48
5.83
0.8
-6.55
0
1

High
ways
26.625
40.1
5.83
0.8
-6.55
0
1

2.2 Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model

Stanford University Interim (SUI) model is
developed for IEEE 802.16 by Stanford
University[2]. It is used for frequencies above
1900MHz. In this propagation model, three different
types of terrains or areas are considered(Table 2.2).
These are called as terrain A,B and C. Terrain A
represents an area with highest path loss; it can be a
very dense populated region while terrain B
represents an area with moderate path loss, a
suburban environment. Terrain C has the least path
loss which describes a rural or flat area.
Table 2.2: Different Terrains and their parameters

Parameters
a
b (1/m)
c (m)

Terrain A
4.6
0.0075
12.6

Terrain B
4
0.0065
17.1

Terrain C
3.6
0.005
20

The path loss in SUI model can be described as

PL= A+ 10 log (/) + + + ---------(4)
where
PL represents Path Loss in dBs, d is the distance
between the transmitte and receiver, is the
reference distance (Here its value is 100), is the
frequency correction factor, is the Correction
factor for Base station height, S is shadowing and is
the path loss component and it is described as
c
= a bhb +
-------------(5)
hb

Where hb is the height of the base station and a, b and

c represent the terrain for which the values are
selected from the above table.
4d
A = 20 log o
-------------(6)

Where A is the free space path loss while do is the

distance between Tx and Rx and is the wavelength,
The correction factor for frequency and base station
height are as follows:
f
h
Xf =6 log
, X h = 10.8 log r --(7) & (8)
2000

2000

Where f is the frequency in MHz, and hr is the height

of the receiver antenna. This expression is used for
terrain type A and B. For terrain C, the below
expression is used.
h
Xh = - 20 log ( r ),
2000
S = 0.65(log f)2 1.3 log f + --------(9) & (10)
Here

dB
for
rural
and
suburban
environments(Terrain A & B) and 6.6 dB for urban
environment (Terrain C).
2.3 Free Space Loss Model
In telecommunication, free-space path loss
(FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a lineof-sight path through free space (usually air), with no
obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction. It
does not include factors such as the gain of the
antennas used at the transmitter and receiver, nor any
loss associated with hardware imperfections. A
discussion of these losses may be found in the article
on link budget.
Free-space path loss formula
Free-space path loss is proportional to the
square of the distance between the transmitter and
receiver, and also proportional to the square of the
frequency of the radio signal.
The basic equation is () = 4/ 2 -----(11)
FSPL(dB)= 32.44+ 20 log 10(d) + 20 log10(f) --(12)

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Where f is the signal frequency (in megahertz), d

is the distance from the transmitter (in km).
This equation is only accurate in the far field where
spherical spreading can be assumed. It does not hold
good when receiver is close to the transmitter.
2.4 Cost 231 Hata Model
The COST-Hata-Model is the most often
cited of the COST 231 models[5]. Also called the
Hata Model PCS Extension, it is a radio propagation
model that extends the Hata Model (which in turn is
based on the Okumura Model) to cover a more
elaborated range of frequencies. COST is a European
Union Forum for cooperative scientific research
which has developed this model accordingly to
various experiments and researches.
Coverage
Frequency: 150 MHz to 2000 MHz
Mobile Station Antenna Height: 1 up to 10m
Base station Antenna Height: 30m to 200m
Link Distance: 1 up to 30 km
Mathematical Formulation:
The COST-Hata-Model is formulated as,
Path Loss(L)= 46.3 + 33.9 log10(f) 13.82 log10(hb)
a(hm) + (44.9 - 6.55 log(hb))log10(d) + C [dB]--(13)
For suburban or rural environments:
Where,
L = Median path loss. Unit: Decibel (dB)
f = Frequency of Transmission. (MHz)
hb = Base Station Antenna effective height.Meter (m)
d = Link distance. (km)
hm = Mobile Station Antenna effective height (m)
a(hm) = Mobile station Antenna height correction
factor as described in the Hata model for
Urban Areas.

ISSN: 2278-7844

2.5 COST-231 Walfisch-Ikegami Model

COST-231 Walfisch-Ikegami model is an extension
of COST Hata model. It can be used for frequencies
above 2000 MHz.
Line of Site(LOS) path loss is given by following
formula
PL=42.64+26log(d)+20 log (f)
-------------(14)
For NLOS condition, the path loss is given by
PL=Lo+Lrts+Lmsd
-------------(15)
where
Lo is the attenuation in free space and is described as:
Lo=32.45+20 log(d)+20log(f)
---------------(16)
Lrts represents diffraction from rooftop to street and is
defined as: Lrts= 16.9 10 log w + 10 log f +
20 log hb hm + Lori --------(17)
Here Lori is a function of the orientation of the
antenna relative to the street a (in degrees) and is
defined as:
Lori= -10+0.354 a for 0<a<35
-------------(18)
Lmsd represents diffraction loss due to multiple
obstacles and is specified as
a2 + b2 = Lmsd = Lbsd + Ka + kd log d +
Kf log f 9 log sb
-------------(19)
Where Lbsd = -18 log (1+ht-hb) for ht>hb
= 54+0.8 (ht-hb)2 d for ht<hb
Ka=54 for ht>hb and 54+0.8(ht-hb) for ht<hb and
d>0.5 km.
Kd=18 + 15

ht hb
hb

for ht>hb

Kd=18 for ht<hb

f

Kf=4 + k
924
Here, K=0.7 for suburban centers and 1.5 for
metropolitan centers.
2.6 Ericsson 9999 Model

The European Co-operative for Scientific

and Technical research (EUROCOST) formed the
COST-231 working committee to develop an
extended version of the Hata model. COST-231
proposed the following formula to extend Hata's
model to 2 GHz. The parameter C is defined as 0 dB
for suburban or open environments and 3 dB for
urban environments. The parameter a(hm) is defined
for various propagation environments. Path loss
prediction could be more accurate but models are not
complex and fast calculations are possible precision
greatly depends on the city structure

This model is the extension of Hata model.

Hata model is used for frequencies upto 1900 MHz.
In this ericsson model the parameters are adjusted
according to the given scenario.
The pathloss is
= a o log d + a1 log d + a 2 log hb +
a3log(hb )logd 3.2(log11.752hr+g(f)
Where g(f) = 44.49 log(f)-4.78 ((log(f))^2 -------(20)
The values of a o , a1 , a 2 and a 3 are constant but
they can be changed according to the scenario

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ISSN: 2278-7844

(environment). The defaults values given by the

Ericsson model are shown in Table 2.3
Table 2.3 Values of , ,

Area/paramete
rs
urban
suburban
rural

ao

a1

a2

a3

36.2

30.2

43.2
0
45.9
5

68.9
3
100.
6

1
2
1
2
1
2

0.
1
0.
1
0.
1

III LITERATURE SURVEY

LTE is well positioned to meet the
requirements of next-generation mobile networks for
existing 3GPP operators. It will enable operators to
offer high performance, mass market mobile
broadband services, through a combination of high
bit-rates and system throughput, in both the uplink
and downlink and with low latency [3]. A
comprehensive set of propagation measurements
taken at 3.5 GHz in Cambridge, UK is used to
validate the applicability of the three models

mentioned previously for rural, suburban and urban

environments. The results show that in general the
SUI and the COST-231 Hata model over-predict the
path loss in all environments. The ECC-33 model
shows the best results, especially in urban
environments [2]. They comparison of propagation
models is also being done in [10] & [11].
IV SPM INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY
Our research question is to find out the radio
propagation model which will give us the least path
loss in a particular terrain. The main problem is that
LTE is using 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz frequency
bands in different regions of the world. In some
regions, frequencies of 700 MHz, 1800 MHz and
2600 MHz are also considered for LTE. For these
frequency bands, many different radio propagation
models are available that can be used in different
terrains like urban, dense urban, suburban, rural etc.
We will make a comparison between different radio
propagation models and find out the model that is
best suitable in a particular terrain. The comparison is
made on the basis of path loss, antenna height and
transmission frequency.

Table 4.1 Parameters used in simulation

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Parameter
Operating Frequencies(LTE Asia)
Distance of operation
Base Station Heights (Urban,Sub-Urban & Rural)
End User Equipment Height(Mobile station Height)
NLOS Parameters
LOS Parameters

V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In our simulation, two different operating
frequencies 1900 MHz & 2100 MHz are used. The
average building height is fixed to 15 m while the
building to building distance is 50 m and street width
is 25 m. All the remaining parameters used in our
simulations are described in Table 5.1. Almost all the
propagation models are available to be used both in
LOS & NLOS environments. In our simulations, to
make the scenario more practical, NLOS is used in
urban, suburban & rural conditions. But LOS
condition is being considered for rural area in COST
231 W-I model because it did not provide any
specific parameters for rural area [11].

1900 MHz & 2100 MHz respectively. Similarly,

Figure 4 & Figure 5 are for Okumura model for 1900
MHz & 2100 MHz respectively. In Figure 6, the path
loss for COST 231 Hata model for 1900 MHz is
shown. In Figure 7 & Figure 8, path loss for COST
Walfisch-Ikegami Model is depicted for the same two
frequencies.

1.

2.

3.
The empirical formulas of path loss
calculation as described in the earlier section are used
and the path loss is plotted against the distance for
different frequencies & different BS heights. Figure 2
& Figure 3 shows the path loss for SUI model for

Value(Units)
1900 & 2100 MHz
0-30 KM
30 m
3m
Diffraction loss,clutter
K4=0

Observations:
SPM model has the lowest path loss in all
types of environments for 2100 MHz. shown
in Fig.1,Fig.3,Fig.5.
SPM model has the lowest path loss in all
types of environments for 1900 MHz.
shown in Fig.2,Fig.4 & Fig.6
SUI model has a consistent path loss in all
types of environments but higher
when compared with SPM

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ISSN: 2278-7844

All other models which are not including terrain

specifications such as K- parameters are having

higher path loss prediction than SPM model.

Table 5.2 Comparison of various RPMs for different areas*

Loss/Areas
Free
Space
Loss
COST-231
HATA
COST-231 W I
ERICSSON
9999
SUI
SPM

Frequency
MHz
2100
1900
2100
1900
2100
1900
2100
1900
2100
1900
2100

URBAN

SUBURBAN

RURAL

98.895-128.4368
98.0251-27.5675
138.8196- 190.8510
137.34-189.3775
130.9086 - 297.8233
128.5657-95.4804
145.4490 -190.2762
143- 188.5502
127.2581 - 188.0663
126.128-186.9362
76.0901 -193.1187

98.8944 - 128.4368
98.0251-27.5675
133.7298 -185.7611
132.336-184.3672
122.1332 -178.2638
120.9496-77.0802
131.6178 -233.6540
130.0996-32.1357
101.61 - 166.6540
100.331-164.9555
45.1728 - 97.2042

98.8944 -128.4368
98.0251-27.5675
133.7298 -185.7611
132.336-184.3672
109.0444 - 147.4495
108.175-146.5802
134.3678 -283.1844
132.85-281.6662
124.8581 - 185.6663
123.728-184.5362
52.773 138.926

1900

75.220 - 192.2494

44.3035-96.3348

51.903-138.056

* Range of values taken for 0(Minimum)-30(Maximum)Km

Fig.1 Urban-2100MHz

Fig.3 Suburban-2100MHz

Fig.2 Urban-1900MHz

Fig.4 Suburban-2100MHz

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ISSN: 2278-7844
[1]

[2]

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

Fig.5 Rural-2100MHz

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

Fig.6 Rural-1900MHz
VI CONCLUSION
Standard
propagation
model
has
considerably good in terms of path loss in all the
terrains such as Urban, Suburban and Rural for both
1900 and 2100 MHz that can be used for LTE in
asia.SPM has shown the superior performance over
all other radio propagation models. Current planning
tools which are using the SPM as the propagation
model can be used for planning of the LTE network
deployment. Experimental procedures need to be
further made to this simulation and results are to be
adopted for planning of LTE in Asia.. Current
simulation is based on a metropolitan city in India
and Path loss is calculated on a generalized basis.
Stringent Experimental procedures are to be adopted
for calculating K-Values for location of interest and
to be incorporated for SPM for obtaining Path Loss.
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