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Irrigation Engineering
Provisions
The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab
and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the
treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries
before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the
Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water
from the Eastern Rivers. The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related
to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a
commissioner appointed by each country.
Assignments
Irrigation Engineering
that Pakistan could do to prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the
rivers. Pakistans position was dismal and India could do whatever it wanted.[2] Pakistan wanted
to take the matter to the International Court of Justice but India refused, arguing that the conflict
required a bilateral resolution.
By 1951, the two sides were no longer meeting and the situation seemed intractable. The
Pakistani press was calling for more drastic action and the deadlock contributed to hostility with
India. As one anonymous Indian official said at the time, "India and Pakistan can go on shouting
on Kashmir for all time to come, but an early settlement on the Indus waters is essential for
maintenance of peace in the sub-continent" (Gulati 16). Despite the unwillingness to
compromise, both nations were anxious to find a solution, fully aware that the Indus conflict
could lead to overt hostilities if unresolved
Kharif (MAF)
Rabi (MAF)
Total (MAF)
Punjab
37.07
18.87
55.94
Sindh *
33.94
14.82
48.76
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Irrigation Engineering
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NWFP (a)
(b) Civil Canals **
3.48
2.3
5.78
1.80
1.2
3.00
Balochistan
2.85
1.02
3.87
Total
77.34
37.01
114.35
**
1.8
1.2
* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.
** Ungauged Civil Canals above the rim stations
The NWFP/ Balochistan projects, under execution, were provided their authorized quota of water
as existing uses.
Balance river supplies (including flood supplies and future storages) was to be distributed as
below:
Punjab
37
Sindh
Balochistan
NWFP
Total
37
12
14
100 %
Industrial and Urban Water supplies for Metropolitan City, for which there were sanctioned
allocations, was to be accorded priority.
The need for storages, wherever feasible on the Indus and other rivers was admitted and
recognized by the participants for planned future agricultural development.
The need for certain minimum escapage to sea, below Kotri, to check sea intrusion was
recognized. Sindh held the view, that the optimum level was 10 MAF, which was discussed at
length, while other studies indicated lower/high figures. It was, therefore, decided that further
studies would be undertaken to establish the minimal escapage needs downstream Kotri.
There would be no restrictions on the provinces to undertake new projects within their agreed
shares.
No restrictions were placed on small schemes not exceeding 5,000 acres above elevation of 1200
ft. SPD.
No restrictions were placed on developing irrigation uses in the Kurram / Gomal / Kohat basins,
so long as these do not adversely affect the existing uses on these rivers.
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Irrigation Engineering
There were no restrictions on Balochistan, to develop the water resources of the Indus right bank
tributaries, flowing through its areas.
The requirements of LBOD would be met out of the flood supplies in accordance with the agreed
sharing formula.
For the implementation of this accord, the need to establish an Indus River System Authority was
recognized and accepted. It was to have headquarters at Lahore and representation from all the
four province.
(i) The system-wise allocation would be worked out separately, on ten daily basis and attached
with the agreement as part and parcel of it.
(ii) The record of actual average system uses for the period 1977-82, would form the guide line
for developing a future regulation pattern. These ten daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to the indicated seasonal allocations of the different canal systems and would form
the basis for sharing shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis.
(iii) The existing reservoirs would be operated with priority for the irrigation uses of the
Provinces
(iv) The provinces would have the freedom within their allocations to modify system-wise and
period-wise uses.
(v) All efforts would be made to avoid wastages. Any surpluses may be used by another
province, but this would not establish any rights to such uses.
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Irrigation Engineering
Irrigation Zones
Punjab province is a flat, alluvial plain with five major rivers. The name Punjab has been
derived from the words "Punj" meaning "Five" and "Aab" meaning "Water". The province of
Punjab comprises of 34 administrative districts with total area of 205,346 sq.km. The province is
divided into three agro-ecological zones depending on agro-climatic conditions, namely
1) Southern Irrigated Zone, 2) Northern Irrigated Zone
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Irrigation Engineering
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Irrigation Engineering
distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and mapped, as it
influences the options for irrigation and drinking water supplies.
Punjab
About 79% of the Punjab province has access to fresh groundwater. Some 9.78 million acres are
underlain with groundwater of less than 1000 mg/l TDS, 3 million acres with salinity ranging
from 1000 to 3000 mg/l TDS and 3.26 million acres with salinity more than 3000 mg/l TDS.
Saline waters are mostly encountered in the central Doab areas. The Cholistan area in southern
Punjab is well known for highly brackish waters, which can not be used for drinking purposes.
Groundwater with high fluoride content is found in the Salt Range, Kasur and Mianwali. There
are also reports of high fluoride content, ranging from 65 to 12 mg/l in groundwater in the
Bahawalpur area. Samplings of groundwater in Jhelum, Gujrat and Sargodha districts have
shown concentrations of arsenic well above the WHO guideline value of 50 g/l.
Sindh
Around 28% of the Sindh province has access to fresh groundwater suitable for irrigation i.e. the
water has less than 1000 mg/l TDS. Close to the edges of the irrigated lands, fresh groundwater
can be found at 20 - 25 m depth. Large areas in the province are underlain with groundwater of
poor quality. Indiscriminate pumping has resulted in contamination of the aquifer at many places
where the salinity of tubewell water has increased. The areas with non-potable, highly brackish
water include Thar, Nara and Kohistan. In Tharparkar and Umarkot, the situation is further
complicated by the occurrence of high fluoride in the groundwater.
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Irrigation Engineering
KP
In NWFP, abstraction in excess of recharge in certain areas such as Karak, Kohat, Bannu and
D.I. Khan has lowered the water table and resulted in the contamination from underlying saline
water.
Balochistan
The Makran coastal zone and several other basins contain highly brackish groundwater. Local
communities use groundwater with TDS as high as 3000 mg/l, for drinking purposes, as there are
no alternatives. In Mastung Valley, the groundwater has been found to have high fluoride
content. The Makrancoast and Kharan have also been reported to have high fluoride
groundwater.
1. Subsurface Drainage
1. At appraisal, a horizontal drainage network for 26,500 ha was planned, including the
installation of 3,200 km of corrugated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) laterals, 320 km of PVC
collectors, 160 sumps, and 160 pumping plants. The Project installed 1,600 km of lateral drains,
324 km of collector drains, 56 sumps, and 118 pumps for 23,644 ha. To electrify sump pumps,
transmission lines of 175 km and 56 transformers with 50 kilovoltamperes were installed as
compared with the 170 km of transmission line and 160 transformers with 15 kilovolt-amperes at
appraisal. The changes in the physical facilities resulted from the detailed design of the facilities
carried out after the Project was appraised. Despite the substantial reduction in the subsurface
drainage network, drainage standards as envisaged during appraisal were realized.
2.The Project included both international and domestic training for staff of the Water and Power
Development Authority (WAPDA) and Irrigation and the Power Department, Punjab (IPD) in
the design, installation, and maintenance of the subsurface drainage system. Compared with the
appraisal estimate providing international training to 22 people, only 16 received training. 2 The
consultants provided two domestic training courses on construction supervision to project staff
for 272 person-days.
2. Surface Drainage
1. At appraisal, it was planned to construct 80 km of new surface drains and to extend existing
drains by 3 km. Rehabilitation and remodeling of 92 km of existing drains were planned,
together with the construction of 255 structures such as culverts, bridges, aqueducts, watercourse
crossings, and drainage inlets.
2.. Compared with the appraisal provision, 122 km of new drains were constructed and 9 km of
existing drains were extended. A total of 96 km of existing drains were rehabilitated or
remodeled; 375 structures were constructed, and 181 km of maintenance roads were improved.
During the detailed design, the total length of the surface drains was increased as the areas for
the subsurface drains was decreased due to the topography of the project area.
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