GII THUT NNG CAO HIU SUT PIN MT TRI V NG DNG

ALGORITHM FOR ENHACEMENT EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELL AND

APPLICATION IN LIFE
Nguyn Nhn Bn 1
V Nguyn Ngn 2,Nguyn Th Vinh3
1
nnbon2009@gmail.com
1,2,3
Khoa in-in T, UTE-HCM
TM TT
Nng lng mt tri l ngun nng lng v tn, mc tiu ca ti nghin cu l lm sao
c th tn thu c ti a ngun nng lng . Nc ta c v tr a l gn vng xch o
nn nng lng Mt Tri chiu xung hng ngy l rt ln, chng ta cn pht trin h thng
thu nhn ngun nng lng vnh cu ny. Nghin cu gii thut nng cao hiu sut ca
pin mt tri l ti cn thit gii quyt cc mc tiu c t ra ta cn cc bin php nh:
m bo hiu sut hp th cao nht ta cn mt h thng hng sng lun xoay tm pin
theo hng mt tri. t hiu sut cc i ca pin ta cn dng h thng d tm im cc
i tn thu hiu sut ca pin l ln nht. i vi h thng nng lng mt tri c cng
sut ln,thng thng s c chuyn i thnh ngun AC v ha vo li quc gia, v vy
khng cn h thng d tr nng lng tit kim chi ph, nhng h thng mt tri t c
cng sut ha vo li th chi ph u t ban u l rt ln. Nghin cu ng dng trong
h gia nh cng sut nh 1kW, gii quyt cc vn nh sau: Gii thut iu khin d tm
im cng sut cc i ca Pin mt tri; H thng xoay panel theo hng nh sng; B
converter chuyn i DC/DC v mch sc 3 giai on bo v c-quy trnh qu dng, qu p,
u ngc cc. Cc kt qu trnh by trong bi bo ny.
T kha: Pin mt tri, h thng theo di hng nng, Vi iu khin, ng c mt
chiu.
ABSTRACT
Energy crisis is the most important issue in todays world. Conventional energy resources
are not only limited but also the prime culprit for environmental pollution. Renewable energy
resources are getting priorities in the whole world to lessen the dependency on conventional
resources. Solar energy is rapidly gaining the focus as an important means of expanding
renewable energy uses. Solar cells those convert suns energy into electrical energy are costly
and inefficient. Different mechanisms are applied to increase the efficiency of the solar cell to
reduce the cost. Solar tracking system is the most appropriate technology to enhance the
efficiency of the solar cells by tracking the sun. A microcontroller based design methodology
of an automatic solar tracker is presented in this paper. Light dependent resistors are used as
the sensors of the solar tracker. The designed tracker has precise control mechanism which
will provide three ways of controlling system. A small prototype of solar tracking system is
also constructed to implement the design methodology presented here.
Keywords: Photovoltaic cell, solar tracking, photo resistor, microcontroller, DC
motor.

I. GII THIU
Nng lng chnh l ngun sng ca mi quc gia. Do vy nhu cu s dng nng lng
ngy cng cao.Nng lng l nhu cu thit yu ca cuc sng.Nng lng t than,du
hangy cng cn kit v khan him.Thc t,c ngun nng lng khc thay th ha hn
tim nng cung cp rt ln l nng lng ht nhn.Nhng vic s dng ngun nng lng
ny vn l mt vn tranh ci v s an ton v nh hng n mi trng sng, gn y nht
l v sng thn ti Nht Bn ph hy nh my in ht nhn gy thit hai v ngi v kinh
t. V vy nng lng ti to l s la chn tt nht l ngun nng lng xanh v thn thin
vi mi trng.Ngun nng lng ti to (nng lng mt tri) c s dng nhng ni
cha c li in nh cung cp in cho vng xu,vng xa,hi oNng lng mt tri c
sn trong t nhin v v tn do khng s b cn kit nh cc ngun nng lng than
,du m.Nhng li ch to ln m ngun nng lng mt tri em li gip cho con ngi ng
dng vo thc tin ngy cng rng ri.Nhng chi ph u t ban u cn ln l rn cn m
nng lng mt tri cha c thc s ch nc ta,nhng nhng nm gn y c s h
tr ca cc t chc nc ngoi v cc c quan nh nc ta th nng lng mt tri ngy cng
c s dng nhiu. Nghin cu nhm mc ch phc v cho vic s dng ngun nng lng
mt tri trong h gia nh.Trong ,vic thc hinbin i nng lng in quang nng thnh
nng lng mt chiu,c bit l thit k h thng xoay tm pin mt tri theo hng nng,
phng php d im cng sut cc i quay quanh pin mt tri v phng php sc d tr
nng lng thun tin cho vic s dng, lu tr. Trong bi bo ny trnh by Trnh by
phng php da trn vi iu khin lp trnh d dng v n gin. H thng t ng quay
tm pin mt tri theo hng sng c trnh by. Gii thut t ng nng cao hiu sut pin
theo hng nng chng minh tnh thc t ng dng cao ca gii thut xut.
II. NGUYN L LM VIC PIN MT TRI
Gii thut P&O hay cn gi l phng php leo i hin nay ang rt ph bin v c
s dng rng ri trong thc t v gii thut tng i n gin v d thc thi. Hnh 1 th hin
mi quan h gia in p v cng sut ng ra( c tnh P-V) ca mt b pin quang in ng
vi bc x v nhit khng i, vi gi thit ban u im cng sut ca b pin ang cch
xa im c cng sut cc i.
Theo gii thut ny,ban u in p s c tng mt lng nh ri quan st s thay i
ca cng sut. Nu cng sut tng thm tc l im cng sut hin ti ang tin gn n im
cng sut cc i. Lc ny, ta tip tc tng in p tip cn im cng sut cc i, cho
n khi thy cng sut bt u gim, tc l im cng sut vt l qua khi im cng sut
cc i, ta phi gim in p dch chuyn im cng sut theo hng ngc li tr v im
cng sut cc i.

Hnh 1: c tnh cng sut-in p ca pin

III. K THUT NNG CAO HIU SUT CA PIN MT TRI
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) l phng php d tm im lm vic c cng
sut ti u ca h thng ngun in pin mt tri qua vic iu khin chu k ng m kho
in t dng trong b DC/DC. Phng php MPPT c s dng rt ph bin trongh thng
pin mt tri lm vic c lp v ang dn c p dng trong h quang in lm vic vi
li. MPPT bn cht l thit b in t cng sut ghp ni ngun in PV vi ti khuych
i ngun cng sut ra khi ngun pin mt tri khi iu kin lm vic thay i, v t c
th nng cao c hiu sut lm vic ca h. MPPT c ghp ni vi b bin i DC/DC v
mt b iu khin.

Hnh 2:B iu khin MPPT trong h thng pin mt tri

B iu khin MPPT c th l b iu khin tng t truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vic s
dng b iu khin s ang ngy cng pht trin v n c nhiu u im hn b iu khin
tng t. Th nht l, b iu khin s c th lp trnh c v vy kh nng thc hin cc
thut ton cao cp s d dng hn. N d dng m ho biu thc, v d x = yxz, hn l thit k
mt mch in tng t thc hin cng mt biu thc . Nh l do ny m vic hiu
chnh b iu khin s c thc hin d dng hn nhiu so vi b iu khin tng t.
Mt khc b iu khin s khng b nh hng bi s thay i v nhit v thi gian v b
ny hot ng ri rc, bn ngoi cc thnh phn tuyn tnh. V vy, b iu khin s c trng
thi n nh lu hn. Khng ch c vy, b iu khin MPPT s khng ph thuc vo dung

sai ca cc b phn khc v n thc hin thut ton phn mm, ni m cc thng s c th
c gi n nh hoc thay i c.
B iu khin loi ny cho php gim s lng thnh phn v n ch dng mt chp n
lm nhiu nhim v khc nhau. Nhiu b iu khin s c trang b thm b bin i
A/D nhiu ln v ngun to xung PWM, v vy n c th iu khin c nhiu thit b ch
vi mt b iu khin n l.V nhng u im ca b iu khin s m lun n s chn
phng php iu khin s cho MPPT. Vic thit k v m phng MPPT s c thc hin
vi b vi x l 16F887 v cc thut ton thc hin.
IV. H THNG IU KHIN NNG CAO HIU SUT PIN MT TRI
ng c v cc c cu truyn ng phi m bo xoay tm panel theo hng mt tri
nh vo tn hiu t cm bin nh sng. Ton b h thng c t ngoi tri, ni c nhiu
nng, gi, v chu nhiu nh hng ca thi tit v vy cc vt liu ch to cn phi chng
chu vi iu kin khc nghit , v bn b theo thi gian.
nng cao hiu sut ca pin cn c mt h thng iu khin lun xc nh c
hng chiu ca nh sng mt tri, t mi iu khin cho mt phng ca tm pin hng v
pha vung gc nh sng.
1 Mch cm bin hng chiu sng
c th iu khin ng c xoay tm panel lun theo hng mt tri ta cn phi c
mt b cm bin c th pht hin gc c cng chiu sng mnh nht ti mi thi im
trong ngy.

Hnh 3:S nguyn l mch cm bin hng chiu sng

Mch c thit k da trn nguyn l so snh cng nh sng ti hai cm bin LDR
(quang tr) c t theo hnh ch V. Khi gc chiu sng lch so vi phng vung gc, 1
trong 2 LDR s c in tr khc LDR cn li, mch so snh s cp tn hiu iu khin ng
c xoay theo hng ph hp cho n khi 2 LDR c in tr cn bng nhau, v vy mch cm
bin lun lun gi cho tm panel trng thi nm vung gc vi hng chiu sng.
2.ng c v c cu truyn ng
ng c c nhim v dn ng cho tm panel mt tri xoay quanh trc thng qua c
cu truyn ng. Nh bit, tri t xoay quanh trc vi tc rt chm (1vng/ngy) cn
ng c xoay vi tc nhanh hn gp nhiu ln, do khng th dng ng c dn ng
trc tip cho panel c m phi thng qua c cu truyn ng gim tc ng c xung
nhiu ln. Th nhng, d dng c cu truyn ng gim tc vn khng c h s gim tc
ln c th quay 1 vng/ngy. V vy, ng c phi hot ng trong ngn hn, sau 1 khong
thi gian ng c s xoay i mt gc nh vo tn hiu iu khin t cm bin hng chiu
sng.

ng c dng cho m hnh l ng c in DC 12V, ph hp vi in p t c-quy v

in p t panel mt tri. ng c c tc quay vo khong 3000rpm, v gim tc s cp
cho ng c vi h s gim tc l 120 ln. Vi vn tc quay qua b gim tc s cp vn
cn gi tr ln, m hnh cn h thng truyn ng ln tm panel c tc nh hn v momen
ln hn. V vy, cn phi c thm c cu bnh rng gim tc v tng momen ln.
Sau khi qua ton b c cu gim tc, vn tc quay ca panel gim ng k, v kt
hp vi s iu khin t cm bin, tm panel c th xoay quanh trc theo hng chiu sng
ti mi thi im.
3.H thng d tm im cng sut cc i
Theo thut ton P&O, in p s lin tc thay i (tng hoc gim) mt lng nh sau
s quan st s dch chuyn ca im cng sut. Nu im cng sut dch chuyn theo
hng kh quan th thut ton s tip tc tng (hoc gim) p cho n khi im cng sut t
cc i. Trong thit k h thng d tm cng sut cc i nghin cu ny, do tnh cht ti l
c-quy v c p n nh mc thp hn im cc i cng sut ca pin mt tri nn mch
in c thit k s gm mt mch gim p (Mch Buck) p ra ph hp vi c-quy.
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, cng sut ng vo v ng ra l tng ng nhau, nu b
qua tn tht trn mch Buck. Sau khi qua h thng mch Buck, p ti ng ra s c gi tr thp
hn so vi p ng vo, ng thi s nng cao dng in gip sc c-quy nhanh y hn.

Hnh 4:S nguyn l mch d tm cng sut cc i

H thng d tm im cc i nh vo b Vi iu khin 16F887 x l tn hiu t
Analog ca vi iu khin o p ca PV v ACCU . Vi iu khin s lin tc thay i cc chu
k ca rng xung PWM1(CCP1 ca vi iu khin) kch Mosfet thay i h s gim p,
trong qu trnh thay i vi iu khin lun cp nht gi tr dng in a v t Analog v s
chn ra chu k xung kch sao cho dng sc c-quy l ln nht. h thng ny, nng lng
c lu tr ti c-quy v th cng sut s t cc i khi dng sc l ln nht (do in p
c-quy kh n nh).
4.Mch sc c-quy 3 giai on
Cc qu trnh trong phng php sc 3 giai on: u tin s np c-quy vi dng
khng i cho n khi t n in p 14,4V (giai on 1). Sau gi nguyn gi tr in p
ny, v vy dng in gim dn cho n gi tr bng gi tr cc i (giai on 2). Lc ny
c-quy s c np khong 90% dung lng. n giai on tip theo, in p np t ng
gim xung v gi in p ni l 13,8V (giai on 3). Khi , c-quy s t t c khi
phc 10% dung lng cn li. Nh vy ton b dung lng c-quy s c khi phc nhanh
chng v an ton.

Hnh 5:S nguyn l mch sc c-quy

Vi thit k mch in nh trn ta cn cc linh kin chnh nh:IRF4905 vi u im
chi c dng ln 74A gip cho mch hot ng n nh v khng b nng.Ngoi ra cn c
mt s linh kin thng dng khc nh cun dy, in tr, t in, diode, LED,
5.Mch n p xung
M hnh pin nng lng mt tri c thit k vi cng sut nh ph hp vi cc thit
b tiu th nng lng thp, c bit l cc thit b di ng, hoc dng cho trng hp chiu
sng khn cp, thay th cho in li khi cp in hoc nhng khu vc khng c in li.
Vi cc tiu ch nu trn, h thng cn cung cp ngun in n nh ph hp vi thit b tiu
th nh 5VDC, 12VCD, 220VAC.
Vi cc thit b nh n chiu sng thng dng ngun 12VDC c th ly trc tip t
c-quy, hoc cc thit b dng ngun 220VAC c th dng ngun 12VDC thng qua Inverter.
Vi thit b tiu th in p thp nh thit b di ng, cc loi n sc cng sut nh,
thng s dng ngun in 5VDC t cng ngun USB.
Ngun 5VDC c th to ra c t nhiu cch khc nhau nh n p tuyn tnh dng
LM7805 nhng hiu sut kh thp, dng in c th ti ti a ch 1A v rt nng v vy s
gy lng ph ln. i vi phng php n p xung, hiu sut c y ln rt cao v hu nh
rt t nng khi hot ng. Dng in ti c th rt ln khi chn cc linh kin ph hp. V d
nh IC LM2576 c th ti dng lin tc 3A theo phng php n p xung.

Hnh 6:S nguyn l mch n p xung

Khi hot ng gim p theo kiu PWM, mch in s to ra tn s ng ct rt cao, v

vy cn dng cc linh kin ph hp nh Diode schottky, cun cm c kh nng chu dng ti
v c gi tr in cm ph hp.

Hnh 7:Gin xung PWM

6. Mch hin th p v dng
i vi hu ht cc thit b in, c bit l thit b lu tr, cung cp nng lng u
cn cc c cu ch th cc gi tr v in p, dng in, cng sut cc c cu hin th gip
cho ngi vn hnh d dng hn trong vic gim st, vn hnh thit b. Vi m hnh cung cp
nng lng t panel mt tri, s c mt ca cc c cu hin th l iu cn thit ngi vn
hnh gim st c mc nng lng c lu tr trong qu trnh h thng hot ng. Cc c
cu hin th hin ny c nhiu dng nh c cu hin th c hc (ng h kim), hoc c cu
hin th in t (ng h s) v trong s , c cu hin th in t nhanh v chnh xc hn
cc c cu khc. V vy, trong m hnh ny s c tch hp cc c cu hin th s v cc i
lng nh: p ng vo, p ng ra, dng ng vo, dng ng ra
tit kim chi ph m khng lm nh hng n s chnh xc ca cc c cu hin th,
em c nghin cu, thit k v thi cng cc c cu hin th s dng mn hnh LCD16x2(xem
chi tit ti ph lc C) hin th trn mn hnh, v c hiu chnh o cc i lng p, dng
theo s chnh xc ca 1 VOM s thng dng.

Hnh 8:S nguyn l mch hin th trn LCD

7 .Lu gii thut cho h thng

H thng s dng cc h thng iu khin t ng nh vo cm bin, vo cc chng
trnh, thut ton c th t ng xoay theo hng nh sng v d tm im cng sut cc
i. Ta c lu tng quan ca ton h thng nh sau:

Hnh 9:Lu thut ton iu khin

Nhnh d im cng sut cc i bng thut ton
Bc 1:Kim tra h thng t cng sut cc i cha?
-Nu h thng cha t cc i d tm im cng sut cc i bng thut ton
-Nu h thng t im cng sut cc i qua bc 2
Bc 2:Kim tra c-quy np y nng lng cha?
-Nu ng th khng lm gi c
-Nu sai th sc in cho c-quy.Sc in cho c-quy kim tra 3 iu kin sau
Bc 2.1:Kim tra c cn ngun DC 12V khng ?
-Nu khng cn ngun 12VDC th khng cp ngun
-Nu cn th cp ngun 12VDC cho ti
Bc 2.2:Kim tra cc i lng in?
-Nu khng cn theo di cc i lng in th khng cn cp ngun
-Nu cn theo di th hin th cc thng s ca h thng
Bc 2.3:kim tra c cn ngun DC 5V khng?

-Nu khng cn th khng cp ngun 5VDC

-Nu cn th cp ngun DC 5V cho ti
Nhnh kim tra tm pin mt tri c ng hng chiu sng khng
-u tiu kim tra cm bin c ng hng chiu sng khng?
+Nu ng th ng c khng cn xoay tm pin mt tri theo hng nh sng
+Nu cm bin khng ng hng chiu sng th phi so snh 2 quang tr coi con no
c gi in tr ln hn gi tn hiu iu khin ng c xoay tm pin theo hng c nh sng
nhiu
V. KT LUN V NGH
M hnh hot ng tt v ng vi yu cu t ra t u,c th nng cao hiu sut
panel mt tri ti mi thi im. M hnh c gi khng qu t v c th ng dng ti nhiu
ni, c th lm ngun cung cp in cho nhng h gia nh ti khu vc cha pht trin in
li, hoc lm ngun cung cp d phng khi cp in. Hng pht trin tip theo:
- ng pin mt tri vo m hnh c cng sut ln hn trong i sng.
- Lm b nghch lu mt pha ng dng c nhiu hn xi cho ti xoay chiu
- Thit k b khung xoay bng inox bn b hn theo thi gian
- Tip tc pht trinv ng dng cc gii thut d tm im cng sut cc i
nhanh chng bm st im cc i v n nh
-ng dng vo m hnh nng lng mt tri ln,t c th kt ni vi li in.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] O. Bingol, A. Altinta, and Y. Oner, Microcontroller based solar- tracking system and its
implementation, Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 12, pp. 243248, 2006.
[2] R. U. Rahman, D. I. Ahmed, M. A. Fahmi, T. Tasnuva, M. F. Khan, Performance
Enhancement of PV solar system by Diffused Reflection, Intl. Conf. on the Developments in
Renewable Energy Technology, pp. 96-99, December, 2009.
[3] ng nh Thng (2008), Pin Mt Tri V ng Dng, Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc K
Thut,152 trang.
Thng tin lin h tc gi chnh:
H v tn: Nguyn Nhn Bn
n v: BM in Cng Nghip, khoa in in T, H S Phm K Thut TPHCM
in thoi: 090387443
Email: nnbon2009@gmail.com
Hng Nghin cu chnh: H Thng in, Nng lng ti to, cht lng in nng, H
thng Scada