Wind Loads Calculation ASCE7 05

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis
Calculation of Wind Loads

According to PR Building
Code 2011
Dr. Ricardo R. Lpez Rodrguez,
Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Puerto Rico at
Mayagez, ri.lopez@upr.edu
Earthquake Commission of CIAPR
CIAPR June 18-20 2012
Some slides taken and adapted from FEMA presentation

by Adam Reeder, PE, CFM from presentation
Wind Provisions of the 2009 International Building
Code and International Residential Code


P646 on Wind Loading

Agenda
Wind effects on structures
About the PR Building Code
Wind Load Provisions for Buildings
Definitions and terms used in all Procedures
Alternative Procedures of Analysis
Simplified
Analytical (Low rise or high rise)
Wind Tunnel
Examples of calculation of horizontal wind pressures
Cylindrical Structures


Rectangular Buildings
The wind generates pressure in windward wall and
suction in leeward wall, lateral walls, and part of the roof.
VI
EN
TO

Internal Pressures
There is always some

internal pressure, unless
the building is completely
open. Partially enclosed
buildings have the highest
internal pressures.
It is important for doors and
windows to resist the wind
pressure and impact of
flying objects.

Effect of openings on internal pressure
Windward or leeward opening


Multistory Rectangular
Buildings
The wind generates
pressure in windward wall
and suction in leeward wall,
lateral walls, and part of the
roof.

PR Building Code is Based on

International Codes

10
Adoption Dates
March1, 2011

11
About the International Codes

The First Edition of the I-Codes was released in 2000
Input from five organizations which included:
Building Officials and Code Administrators International,
Inc. (BOCA),
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI).
Intended to provide a comprehensive set of codes

New editions on a 3 year cycle

12
Organization of the IBC

Chapter 1: Administration
Chapter 2: Definitions
Chapter 3: Use and Occupancy Classification
Chapter 5: General Building Heights and Areas
Chapter 6: Types of Construction
Chapter 14: Exterior Walls
Chapter 15: Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures
Wind Loads

13
Organization of the IBC

Chapter 18: Soils and Foundations
Chapter 19: Concrete
Chapter 21: Masonry
Chapter 22: Steel
Chapter 24: Glass and Glazing
Chapter 25: Gypsum Board and Plaster
Chapter 34: Existing Structures
Chapter 35: Referenced Standards
Appendix H: Flood-Resistant Construction

14
What Code to Use ASCE 7-05

PR Building Code 2011 refers the user to the International
Building Code 2009.
International Building Code 2009 refers the user to the
ASCE 7-05.
ASCE 7-05 contains the provisions for obtaining wind
pressures expected from hurricanes.
Use the wind pressures to calculate wind loads
Note: There is an ASCE 7-2010 code available. It is not the
currently mandated code for PR.
ASCE 7-2010 wind pressures differ from ASCE 7-05
pressures. (Earthquake loads also differ).
15
What code to use (2)

Once loads are obtained using ASCE 7-05, use the design
codes in accordance with the building material
For example, for design of reinforced concrete structures,
the IBC 09 has Chapter 19.
In PR the user is allowed to use ACI 318-08 =
American Concrete Institute Building Code and
Commentary.

16
Designing for Wind

Loads using the IBC
and ASCE 7-05
The primary source for
wind loads in the IBC
is ASCE 7. The
following is a
summary of important
aspects of ASCE 7-05.

17
Definitions of Wind Related Terms in

the International Codes
Basic wind speed
Three-second gust speed at 33 ft above the ground in Exposure C
145 mph for Puerto Rico (IBC Figure 1609)
The ASCE 7-1998 had 125 mph for PR.
Wind-borne debris region
Portions of hurricane-prone regions
that are within 1 mile of the coastal
mean high water line where the
basic wind speed is 110 mph or
greater; or portions of hurricaneprone regions where the basic wind
speed is 120 mph or greater
18
Main vs Components

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Chapter 6: General Requirements
Basic parameters for determining wind loads:
Basic wind speed, V, Figure 6-1 (Puerto Rico = 145 mph)
Wind directionality factor, Kd , Section 6.5.4.4
Importance Factor, I, Section 6.5.5
Exposure category, Section 6.5.6
Topographic factor, Kzt, Section 6.5.7
Gust Effect Factor, G, Section 6.5.8
Enclosure classification, Section 6.5.9
Velocity Pressure, qz, Section 6.5.10
Pressure coefficients, (GCp), Section 6.5.11
20


Wind directionality factor, Kd
Structure Type
Directionality Factor, Kd
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System
Components and Cladding
0.85
0.85
Arched Roofs
0.85
Chimneys, Tanks and Similar Structures

Square
Hexagonal
Round
0.90
0.95
0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and

Solid Freestanding and Attached Signs
0.85
Open Signs and Lattice Framework
0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular
All other cross sections
0.85
0.95

22

Occupancy Category
I
Low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to
Agricultural facilities
Certain temporary facilities
Minor storage facilities
II
Not category I, III or IV
III
Substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not
limited to
Covered structures for public assembly (>300 occupants)
Schools (>250 occupants)
College and other adult-education buildings (>500 occupants)
Heath care facilities, non-emergency (>50 resident patients)
Jails and detention facilities
Any other facility with occupant load >5000
Public utility facilities not included in Category IV
IV
Essential facilities, including but not limited to

Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency
facilities
Fire, rescue and police stations
Emergency shelters and response centers
Public utility
for Shelter
emergency
backup
of other Category IV
Workshop
onfacilities
Vertical
from
Tsunamis
structures
23
Table 6-1 Importance Factor

24

Surface Roughness based on topography, vegetation
and structures
Category B
Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions

having the size of single-family dwellings
Urban areas
Suburban areas
Wooded areas
Category C Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights

generally less than 9144 mm
Flat open country
Grasslands
Water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions
Category D Flat, unobstructed areas
Smooth mud flats
Salt flats
25

Exposure Category based on Surface Roughness in the
upwind direction
Category B
Applies where Surface Roughness category B prevails

in the upwind direction for at least 2,600 ft or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater
Exception: Where roof height 30 ft, upwind distance
may be reduced to 1,500 ft.
Category C Not Category B or D

Category D Applies where Surface Roughness category D prevails
in the upwind direction for at least 5,000 ft or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater

26
Exposure Categories
Exposure Category B

27
Exposure Categories
Exposure
Category C
Exposure
Category D
28

Exposure category
Surface Roughness Category B, C or D
Exposure Category B, C or D
Wind Direction and Sectors
For each direction at which the wind loads are to be
evaluated, the exposure shall be determined for the two
upwind sectors extending 45 either side of the selected
wind direction.
The exposure resulting in the highest wind loads shall be
used to represent winds from that direction.
7-05 Does not use Exp. D in Hurricane Prone Coasts, 7-10 does
29

Topographic factor, Kzt
Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpments
Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters.
Lh
Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the
height of hill or escarpment, in meters.
Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
Workshop
on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis
Height above ground surface at building site, in meters.
30

Wind speed-up effects shall be included in the design
when all of the following conditions are met:
The hill, ridge or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar topographic
features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic feature (100H) or 2
miles, whichever is less.
The hill, ridge or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features within a 2 mile
radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more.
The structure is located in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or near the crest of an escarpment.
H/Lh 0.2.
H 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and H 18 m for Exposure B.

31

Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpments
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
K1
Factor to account for shape of

topographic feature and maximum
speed-up effect.
K2
Factor to account for reduction in

speed-up with distance upwind or
downwind of crest.
K3
Factor to account for reduction in

speed-up with height above local
terrain.

32

K1 is determined using the table below
Factor to account for shape of topographic feature and
maximum speed-up effect.
Height of hill or
K1/(H/Lh)
Hill Shape
Exposure
B
2-D Ridges
(or valleys with H)
Distance upwind of crest

to where the difference
in ground elevation is
half the height of hill or
escarpment, in meters.
1.30 1.45 1.55
2-D Escarpments
0.75 0.85 0.95
3-D Axisym. Hill
0.95 1.05 1.15
escarpment relative to
the upwind terrain, in
meters.
Lh

33

|x|
L h )
K2 = (1 Factor to account for

reduction in speed-up with
distance upwind or
downwind of crest.
K3 = e-z/Lh
Factor to account for
reduction in speed-up with
height above local terrain.
Hill Shape
Upwind of
Crest
Downwind
of Crest
2-D Ridges
(or valleys with H)
1.5
1.5
2-D Escarpments
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3-D Axisym. Hill
Lh
Distance upwind of crest to where the difference

in ground elevation is half the height of hill or
escarpment, in meters.
Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to

the building site, in meters.
Height above ground surface at building site, in

meters.
Horizontal attenuation factor.
Height attenuation factor.

34

Topographic factor,
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
Notes:
1.Linear interpolation
between values is
permitted.
2.For H/Lh > 0.5,
assume H/Lh = 0.5 for
finding K1 and
substitute 2H for Lh for
finding K2 and K3.
3.Multipliers assume
wind approaches along
the direction of
maximum slope.

35

Gust Effect Factor, G
G = 0.85 for rigid buildings and other structures
G is determined by formula for flexible or dynamically
sensitive buildings or other structures
Flexible: natural frequency < 1
Note:
Where combined gust-effect factors and pressure
coefficients (GCp), (GCpi) and (GCpf) are given in figures
and tables, the gust-effect factor shall not be determined
separately.

36

Enclosure classification
Ao 0.8Ag
Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive
external pressure, in m2
Ag = gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified, in m2
Open
Partially
Enclosed
Enclosed
Ao > 1.10Aoi AND

Ao > 0.37 m2 OR Ao > 0.01Ag (whichever is smaller) AND
Aoi / Agi 0.20
Aoi = sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope
(walls and roof) not including Ao, in m2
Agi = sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope
(walls and roof) not including Ag, in m2
Not open or partially enclosed.

37
Velocity pressure qz
Velocity pressure
Factor Kz includes the effect of height

ASCE 7-05 and 7-10 Wind Loads

Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)

39

Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)
Enclosure
Classification
(GCpi)
Open
0.00
Partially Enclosed
+0.55
-0.55
Enclosed
+0.18
-0.18
Note:
Plus and minus signs
signify pressures acting
toward and away from
the internal surfaces,
respectively.

40

Procedures for determining wind loads for Main WindForce Resisting System (MWFRS)
Procedure
Application
Location
Simplified Procedure
Low-rise buildings
Section 6.4
Analytical Procedure
Buildings of all heights

Distinguish low rise and
High-rise
Section 6.5
Wind Tunnel Procedure
All buildings and other

structures
Section 6.6

41
ASCE 7-05 Simplified Procedure

MWFRS and C&C Simplified Procedure (Sec 6.4)
for Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
Applicability
Building has simple diaphragm and low-rise (h<60)

Enclosed and meets WBD requirements
Building not classified as flexible
Building is not subject to the following:
Across-wind loading
Vortex shedding
Instability due to galloping or flutter
Channeling effects
Buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
Building has a symmetrical cross section

Building exempted from torsional load cases
42

MWFRS and C&C Simple Procedure (Sec 6.4)
Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
Step 1
Basic wind speed, V
Sec 6.5.4
Step 2
Importance Factor, I
Sec 6.5.5
Step 3
Exposure Category
Sec 6.5.6
Step 4
Height and Exposure Adjustment,
Fig 6-2
Step 5
Design pressure at 30 ft ps30 shall be

determined
Fig 6-2
Step 6
Topographic amplification factor calculated.
Sec 6.5.7
Step 7
Wall and roof pressures calculated. Check

Minimum
Sec 6.4.2.1.1 or
Sec 6.4.2.2.1

43
Fig 6-2 Simplified Procedure

44

Fig 6-2
Simplified Method

Fig 6-2 Simplified Design Wind

pressure ps30
p

47
Design pressure, Simplified Procedure


Analytical Procedure
MWFRS and C&C Analytical Procedure (Sec 6.5)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Applicability
Building is regular-shaped
Building is not subject to the following:
Across-wind loading
Vortex shedding
Instability due to galloping or flutter
Channeling effects
Buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions

49

MWFRS and C&C Analytical Procedure (Section 6.5)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Step 1
Basic wind speed, V, Kd
Sec 6.5.4
Step 2
Importance Factor, I
Sec 6.5.5
Step 3
Wind load parameters (Exposure and height Kz,

topographic effect, Gust factor, Enclosure)
Sec 6.5.6 thru

6.5.9
Step 4
Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi
Sec 6.5.11.1
Step 5
External pressure coefficient, Cp
Sec 6.5.11.2 or
6.5.11.3
Step 6
Sec 6.5.10
Step 7
Design Wind Load, F
Sec 6.5.12 thru

Sec 6.5.15

50
Analytical Method - Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
V and Kd (directionality)
Importance, I
Exposure and height, Kz, Kh
Topographic Effect
Gust effect G
Enclosure
Internal pressure GCpi
External Pressure Cp
Design wind load p

Exposure Coefficient Kh and Kz

Internal pressure coefficients

53
Fig 6-6 Monoslope roof

External wall pressures

54
Fig 6-6 Cp for Analytical Method

55
Fig 6-10 Low-Rise Analytical Procedure
Wall pressures
Windward: 1, 1E
Leeward: 4, 4E

56
Low Rise Force coefficients GCpf

57
Velocity pressure and wall pressures
Velocity pressure
Wall pressure, analytical method

Pressures for Analytical Procedure


Wind Tunnel Procedure (Section 6.6)
Permitted for any building or structure
Tests shall meet the following conditions:
Atmospheric boundary layer modeled for wind speed variation
Atmospheric turbulence modeled to match the same scale as
the building model
Modeled building, surrounding building and topography scaled
properly
Modeled building and surrounding area is less than 8 percent
of the test section
Longitudinal pressure gradient accounted for
Reynolds number effects on pressure minimized
Response characteristics consistent with model
60
Cylindrical Structures
ASCE 7-05 does not consider buildings with shapes

different from rectangular or combinations of rectangular.
The only guidance for cylindrical structures is in the
section on Other Structures (Sec 6.5.15).
The total lateral load is calculated from equation 6-28

61
Other Structures

62
Fig 6-21 Other Structures Coeff. Cf

63

64
Example
Rectangular building
Plan dimensions 70 x 70
Height = 60
Story
Heights
70
12
12
12
70
24
Plan View
Elevation

65
Solution using simplified procedure

V = 145 mph from Fig 6-1
I = 1.15 from table 6-1 and occupation Cat IV (or III)
Exposure Category = C
= 1.62 from Fig 6-2 with h=60 and Exp C
Width of special zone A = 2a
a < 0.10 (B) = 0.10 (70) = 7
a < 0.4 (h) = 0.4 (60) = 24
Select the smallest = 7 but not less than
a > .04 (B) = .04 (70) = 2.8
a > 3,
Select a = 3, 2a = 6
66

Width of zone A = 6
Width of zone C = 70 2(6) = 58
assuming zone A on both corners simultaneously
Horizontal pressures from Fig and roof angle = 0
Ps30 = 33.4 psf in zone A
Ps30 = 22.1 psf in zone C
Topographic factor Kzt =1 for flat terrain
Pressures =
psA = 1.62(1)(1.15)(33.4) = 62.2 psf
psC = 1.62(1)(1.15)(22.1) = 41.2 psf

67
Fig 6-2 Simplified Design Wind

pressure ps30
p
PA = 33.4 psf PC = 22.1 psf

68

Apply uniform pressures in corresponding areas.
Use tributary wall area for each story level
Level
Height,
ft
PsA,
psf
Width
A, ft
PsC,
psf
Width
C, ft
Force
Kips
30
62.2
12
41.2
58
94.1
12
62.2
12
41.2
58
37.6
12
62.2
12
41.2
58
37.6
62.2
12
41.2
58
18.8
Total
188.1

69
Analytical Method - Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
V and Kd (directionality)
Importance, I
Exposure and height, Kz, Kh
Topographic Effect
Gust effect G
Enclosure
Internal pressure GCpi
External Pressure Cp
Design wind load p

Solution using analytical procedure

Kd = 0.85 from Table 6-4
For Low-rise buildings use Fig 6-10 and q = qh
Select a = 3, 2a = 6
Select values of GCpf for zones 1, 1E, 4, 4E
GCpf1 = 0.40, GCpf1E = 0.61
GCpf4 = -0.29, GCpf4E = -0.43

71

Low-rise buildings
Kzt = 1
G = 0.85 for rigid structures, T< 1sec
Enclosure classification = enclosed
Internal pressure coefficients Fig 6-5
GCpi = 0.18
Kz = Kh = 1.13 from Table 6-3 and h=60
Velocity pressure coefficient,
qz = qh = 0.00256(1.13)(1)(0.85)(145^2)(1.15) = 59.5 psf

72

Low-rise buildings
Design pressures
Use q = qh
Windward
p1 = 59.5(0.40 + 0.18) = 34.5 psf
p1E = 59.5(0.61 + 0.18) = 47.0 psf
Leeward
p4 = 59.5(-0.29 + 0.18) = -6.5 psf
p4E = 59.5(-0.43 + 0.18) = -14.9 psf

73

Low-rise buildings
Forces per level, calculated adding the windward and
leeward pressures because they act in the same
direction.
Level
Height Ps1E+
, ft
4E, psf
Width
E, ft
Ps1+4,
psf
Width , Force
ft
Kips
30
61.9
12
41.0
58
93.6
12
61.9
12
41.0
58
37.5
12
61.9
12
41.0
58
37.5
61.9
12
41.0
58
18.7
Total
187.3

74

For comparison the solution was obtained neglecting the
low-rise classification
Kd = 0.85 from Table 6-4
Kzt = 1
G = 0.85 for rigid structures, T< 1sec
Enclosure classification = enclosed
Internal pressure coefficients Fig 6-5, GCpi = 0.18
75

Obtain Kz from from Table 6-3 and z = level height
Velocity pressure coefficient,
Height, z, ft
Kz
qz, psf
24
0.94
45.5
36
1.01
53.1
48
1.08
56.8
60
1.13
59.5

76

Design pressures. No special regions, but pressure varies
with height
Use q = qz for windward pressures
Use q = qh for leeward pressures
Use qi = qh
Shape factors Cp = 0.8 windward, Cp = -0.5 leeward,
obtained from Fig 6-6

77

Forces per level
Level
qz,
psf
Windw
qzGCp
Internal
qhGCpi
Leew
qhGCp
Windw
Leew
Total Area,
p
sqft
Force
kips
24
45.5
30.9
-10.7
-25.3
41.6
14.6
56.2
70x30 118.0
36
53.1
36.1
-10.7
-25.3
46.8
14.6
61.4
70x12
51.6
48
56.8
38.6
-10.7
-25.3
49.3
14.6
63.9
70x12
53.7
60
59.5
40.5
-10.7
-25.3
51.2
14.6
65.8
70x6
27.6
Total
250.9

78
Solution for Cylindrical Plan Building

The code does not propose a solution for cylindrical
buildings.
Assuming a building with D = 70, and height = 60
Using z = h/2 = 60/2 = 30
Kz = 0.98
qz = 0.00256(0.98)(0.85)(145^2)(1.15) = 51.6 psf
Dqz = 7051.6 = 503 > 2.5
For h/D = 60/70 = 0.86 1
Assuming moderately smooth surface
Cf = 0.5
F = 51.6(0.85)(0.5)(70x60) = 92 kips
79
Solution for Cylindrical Plan Building

Or assuming rough surface
Cf = 0.8
F = 51.6(0.85)(0.8)(70x60) = 147 kips

80
Summary of examples
Calculated Base Shear Forces
Procedure
Calculated Base
Shear Force, kips
% Difference
from Simplified
Procedure
Simplified
188.1
Analytical, Lowrise
187.3
-0.4
Analytical
250.9
33.4
92 for smooth
surface,
147 for rough
surface
-51.1
Cylindrical, other
structures, note
plan area is not the
same

-21.9
81

Basic wind speed, V, mph (m/s)
Figure 26.5-1A: Basic Wind Speeds for

Occupancy Category II Buildings and
Other Structures
Figure 26.5-1B: Basic Wind Speeds for

Occupancy Category III and IV Buildings
and Other Structures

82
ASCE 7-05 to ASCE 7-10 Wind Speeds

ASCE 7-05 uses an approximate 500-year return period
wind speed divided by the square root of the expect load
factor of 1.5. (This was approximately the 100-year wind
speed) this was later multiplied by an importance factor
ASCE 7-10 uses maps per occupancy category (risk
category)
Risk Category II (700 year)
Risk Category III and IV (1700 year)
No importance factor
Converting from ASCE 7-05 to ASCE 7-10

The preferred conversion of wind speeds is the
83
Questions?

84
Impacts of Wind Provisions on

Building Components
Load Paths and Connectors
Roof Systems
Windows, Doors and Openings
Wall Systems
Foundations

85

Wind Loads Calculation ASCE7 05

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Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Calculation of Wind Loads

Some slides taken and adapted from FEMA presentation

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

P646 on Wind Loading

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Wind effects on structures

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

There is always some

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Effect of openings on internal pressure

Windward or leeward opening

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Wind effects on structures

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

PR Building Code is Based on

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

About the International Codes

Intended to provide a comprehensive set of codes

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Organization of the IBC

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Organization of the IBC

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

What Code to Use ASCE 7-05

What code to use (2)

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Designing for Wind

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Chimneys, Tanks and Similar Structures

Solid Freestanding Walls and

Open Signs and Lattice Framework

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in

Not category I, III or IV

Essential facilities, including but not limited to

CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Table 6-1 Importance Factor

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in

Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions

Category C Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in

Applies where Surface Roughness category B prevails

Category C Not Category B or D

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters.

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

H 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and H 18 m for Exposure B.

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Factor to account for shape of

Factor to account for reduction in