AVO analysis and Impedance

Inversion
Okey Ileka

AVO Analysis

Introduction
AVO Pre-processing
AVO modeling
AVO parameters
AVO crossplot analysis
AVO attributes
Some application of AVO
Probabilistic AVO analysis
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Impedance Inversion

Post stack 1D Impedance Inversion

Far-offset elastic Impedance
Lambda-mu-rho estimation
P to S elastic Inversion
Anisotropic elastic Impedance
Interpretation of Rock physics template

Introduction
AVO is the amplitude variation with offset

Introduction

Castagna lecture notes

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Introduction

Castagna lecture notes

Simplified Shuey (1985) Form of

the Richards and Frazier (1976)
Approximation

R( ) A + B sin
2

A = Rp

B R p 2 Rs

1 V p
A
+

2 Vp

Vs 1 V p
Vs Vs
B 2 2
+
4 2
Vp 2 Vp
V p 7 Vs
2

Third Order Approximation

R( ) A + B sin + C sin tan

2

1 V p
A=
+
2 V p

1 V p
C
2 Vp

1
AC
2
Castagna lecture note

Hiltermann Approximation

6
474
8
2
2
R( ) A cos + 2.25 sin
G

G = A+ B
Castagna lecture note

AVO preprocessing

Castagna lecture notes

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Castagna lecture note

Factors that amplitudes

Earth effects
Acquisition related effects
Noise

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Earth effects

Spherical divergence
Absorption
Transmission losses
Interbed multiples
Converted phases
Tunning effect
Anisotropy
structure
13

Acquisition-related effects and

noise
Acquisition-related effects
Source reciever arrays
Reciever sensitivity
Noise
Source generated noise
Coherent or random noise
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AVO Pre-processing
Spiking deconvolution and wavelet
processing
Spherical divergence correction
Surface consistent amplitude balancing
Multiple removal
NMO correction
DMO correction
Pre-stack migration
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AVO preprocesing

Castagna lecture notes

16

Castagna lecture notes

17

AVO modeling

18

Physical Interpretation

R ( ) A + B sin
2

Castagna lecture notes

19

(Russel, 1999)

AVO parameters

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Castagna lecture notes

AVO crossplot

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From Simm et al., 2000

Castagna lecture notes

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AVO attributes

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AVO Indicators/Attributes

Intercept
Gradient
Near and far stacks
Curvature
CDP stack
Change in Poissons ratio
Fluid Factor

Castagna lecture notes

Intercept minus Gradient

Intercept plus Gradient
Intercept times Gradient
Rp-Rs
P and S wave velocity
contrast
Density Contrast
Amoco Indicator F(F-N)
Lamba-mu-rho

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Calculated AVO Attributes

A = intercept
B = gradient
r = correlation
AB
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A B)/2 ~ Rs
A = intercept
B = gradient
C = curvature
r = correlation
AB
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A B)/2 ~ Rs
AC
NI = normal intercept
PR = Poisson reflectivity
r = correlation
NI PR
Castagna lecture notes

Shuey 2 Term

RC () = A + B (sin)

Shuey 3 Term

RC () = A + B (sin) + C (sin)(tan)

Verm-Hilterman

RC () = NI(cos) + PR(sin)

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Roden, 2005

Some application of AVO

Residual gas saturation (converted waves)
Flat spot analysis
Overpressure detection
Density estimation
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Probabilistic AVO analysis

In probabilistic AVO analysis the AVO
parameters and attributes are assigned
probability density function (PDF) or
cumulative density function (CDF)

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Impedance Inversion
The goal of geophysical inversion is to
estimate model parameter from observed
data

29

Impedance Inversion

Post stack 1D Impedance Inversion

Far-offset elastic Impedance
Lambda-mu-rho estimation
P to S elastic Inversion
Anisotropic elastic Impedance
Interpretation of Rock physics template

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Poststack 1D impedance Inversion

Inversion of near stack traces

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Acoustic Impedance
Inversion
Near
Angle Stack

Sonic,Density
Logs

tie

Wavelet

tie

Bandlimited
Inversion

Horizons

AI Earth
Model

Trend
Model

Merged
AI

Castagna lecture note

32

Sena, 1997

Far offset elastic Impedance

Inversion of far offset traces

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The Elastic Impedance

E = Vp Vs
= 1/cos2

= -8(Vs/Vp)2sin2
= 1 + /2

Castagna lecture notes

Sena, 1997

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Elastic Impedance Inversion

Far
Angle Stack

Sonic,Shear Sonic
and Density Logs

tie

Wavelet

tie

Bandlimited
Inversion

Horizons

EI Earth
Model

Trend
Model

Merged
EI

Castagna lecture note

35

Sena, 1997

Lambda Rho estimation

Hiltermans lecture note

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P to- S elastic Inversion

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Reflection Coefficients: Angle vs.

Offset

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Stewart and Gasier lecture note

P-S Reflection Coefficient

(Aki & Richards, 1980)

Rps

First Order
Relative S-velocity change
Stewart and Gasier lecture note

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Relative density change

Anisotropic elastic Inversion

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Anisotropy

Hilterman course notes

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Anisotropic Inversion

Hilterman course notes

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Interpretation of Rock Physics

Template
The rock physics template is based on a
compiled catalog or atlas of RPTs
calculated by a rock physics expert.
The seismic interpreter can interpret
elastic inversion results without in-depth
knowledge about rock physics theory

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 Thank you

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