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Curve Fitting and Solution of Equation
Curve Fitting and Solution of Equation
383
...(1)
e1 = y1 (a + bx1 )
e12 = ( y1 a bx1 )2
Now we have
S = ei2
i =1
n
S = ( yi a bxi )2
i =1
S
=0
a
...(2)
384
and
S
=0
b
On solving equations (2) and (3), and dropping the suffix, we have
y = na + b x
xy = a x + b x2
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)
...(1)
e1 = y1 (a + bx1 + cx12 )
Now we have
S = ei2
i =1
n
S = ( yi a bxi cxi2 )2
i =1
S
S
S
=0
=0,
= 0 and
c
a
b
Solving equation (2) and dropping suffix, we have
y = na + b x + c x2
xy = a x + b x2 + c x 3
x 2 y = a x 2 + b x 3 + c x 4
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)
The equation (3), (4) and (5) are known as normal equations.
On solving equations (3), (4) and (5), we get the values of a,b and c. Putting the values of a, b
and c in equation (1), we get the equation of the parabola of best fit.
385
Let h be the width of the interval at which the values of x are given and let the origin of x and
( x x0 )
and v = y y0
h
If m is odd then,
u=
x (middle term)
interval ( h)
u=
Example 1: Find the best-fit values of a and b so that y = a + bx fits the data given in the table.
x: 0
...(1)
x
0
1
y
1
1.8
xy
0
1.8
x2
0
1
2
3
3.3
4.5
6.6
13.5
4
9
6.3
25.2
16
x = 10
y = 16.9 xy = 47.1 x 2 = 30
y = na + b x
xy = a x + b x 2
x = 10, y = 16.9, xy = 47.1, x 2 = 30
Here n = 5,
16.9 = 5a + 10b
47.1 = 10a + 30b
On solving these two equations, we get
a = 0.72 , b = 1.33.
So required line y = 0.72 + 1.33x. Ans.
...(2)
...(3)
386
Example 2: Fit a straight line to the given data regarding x as the independent variable.
1
Sol. Let the straight line obtained from the given data by y = a + bx
...(1)
y = na + b x
xy = a x + b x2
...(2)
...(3)
x
1
2
y
1200
900
x2
1
4
xy
1200
1800
3
4
600
200
9
16
1800
800
5
6
110
50
25
36
550
300
x = 21 y = 3060 x 2 = 91 xy = 6450
Putting all values in the equations (2) and (3), we get
3060 = 6a + 21b
b = 243.42
71 68 73 69 67 65 66 67
y 69 72 70 70 68 67 68 64
xy
x2
71
69
4899
5041
68
72
4896
4624
73
70
5110
5329
69
70
4830
4761
67
68
4556
4489
65
67
4355
4225
66
68
4488
4356
67
64
4288
4489
Sx = 546
Sy = 548
Sxy = 37422
Sx = 37314
2
387
...(1)
...(2)
xy = a x + bx 2
8a + 546b = 548
...(3)
y 4 1 4 11 20
x
0
1
2
3
y
4
1
4
11
xy
0
1
8
33
x2
0
1
4
9
20
80
16
x = 10 y = 30 xy = 120 x
= 30
...(1)
x2 y
0
1
16
99
320
y = 434
x3
0
1
8
27
x4
0
1
16
81
64
256
= 100
x 4 = 354
Here n =
...(2)
y = na + b x + c x2
...(3)
xy = a x + b x 2 + c x 3
...(4)
x 2 y = a x 2 + b x 3 + c x 4
5, x = 10, y = 30, xy = 120, x 2 = 30, x 2 y = 434, x 3 = 100,
x 4 = 354.
Putting all these values in (2), (3) and (4), we get
30 = 5a + 10b + 30c
120 = 10a + 30b + 100c
434 = 30a + 100b + 354c
...(5)
...(6)
...(7)
388
y = 4 + 2 x + x 2 , errors = 0. Ans.
Example 5: Fit a second degree curve of regression of y on x to the following data:
x 1
y 6 11 18 27
x2
x3
x4
xy
x2y
11
16
22
44
18
27
81
54
162
27
16
64
256
108
432
Sx = 10
Sy = 62
Sx2 = 30
Sx3 = 100
Sx4 = 354
y = an + bx + cx 2
Hence
...(2)
xy = ax + bx 2 + cx 3
...(3)
x 2 y = ax 2 + bx 3 + cx 4
...(4)
4a + 10b + 30c = 62
10 a + 30 b + 100c = 190 a = 3, b = 2, c = 1
30 a + 100b + 354 c = 644
y = 3 + 2x + x2. Ans.
Example 6: By the method of least squares, find the straight line that best fits the following data:
x
y 14 27 40 55 68 77 85
and
...(1)
...(2)
xy = ax + bx 2
...(3)
389
xy
x2
14
14
27
54
40
120
55
220
16
68
340
25
77
462
36
85
595
49
Sx = 28
Sy = 356
Sxy = 1805
Sx = 140
2
Example 7: Find the least squares fit of the form y = a0 + a1 x 2 to the following data
x 1 0 1 2
y
Sol. We have
5 3 0
y = a0 + a1 x 2
{
i
s =
a
yi (a0 + a1xi2
x 2 y = a0 x 2 + a1x 4
(Drop suffix)
...(1)
390
s
=
a0
and
2
y = a0 n + a1x
(Drop suffix)
...(2)
x2
x2y
x4
16
Sx = 2
Sy = 10
Sx2 = 6
Sx2y = 5
Sx4 = 18
and
...(3)
4a0 + 6a1 = 10
...(4)
Ans.
Example 8: Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data taking x as the independent
variable.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 2 6 7 8 10 11 11 10 9
Sol. The equation of second-degree parabola is given by y = a + bx + cx 2 and the normal equations
are:
y = na + b x + c x 2
xy = a x + b x 2 + c x 3
x 2 y = a x 2 + b x 3 + c x 4
Here n = 9 . The various sums are appearing in the table as follows:
...(1)
391
x
1
y
2
xy
2
x2
1
x2 y
2
x3
1
x4
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
12
21
32
4
9
16
24
63
128
8
27
64
16
81
256
5
6
10
11
50
66
25
36
250
396
125
216
625
1296
7
8
11
10
77
80
49
64
539
640
343
512
2401
4096
81
81
x = 45 y = 74 xy = 421 x
Putting these values of
729
= 284
y = 2771
729
= 2025
6561
= 15333
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
y 12 15 17 22 24 30
Sol. Here n = 6 (even)
x0 = 12.5, h = 5, y0 = 20 (say)
Let
u=
Then,
x
0
5
10
15
20
25
y
12
15
17
22
24
30
x 12.5
and v = y 20, we get
2.5
u
5
3
1
1
3
5
v
8
5
3
2
4
10
uv
40
15
3
2
12
50
u2
25
9
1
1
9
25
u = 0 v = 0 uv = 122 u2 = 70
The normal equations are,
0 = 6a + 0 b
a=0
122 = 0 a + 70 b
b = 1.743
392
or
or
352
356
357
358
360
361
361
360
359
( x x0 )
h
Here h = 1
Taking u = x x 0 and v = y y0 , therefore, u = x 1933 and v = y 357
x
u = x 1933
1929
4
1930
3
1931
2
1932
1
1933
0
1934
1
1935
2
1936
3
1937
4
Total
u = 0
y v = y 357
352
5
356
1
357
0
358
1
360
3
361
4
361
4
360
3
359
2
uv
20
3
0
1
0
4
8
9
8
u2
16
9
4
1
0
1
4
9
16
u2 v
80
9
0
1
0
4
16
27
32
u3
64
27
8
1
0
1
8
27
64
u4
256
81
16
1
0
1
16
81
256
v = 11 uv = 51 u2 = 60 u2 v = 9 u3 = 0 u 4 = 708
v = 9 A + B u + C u 2
uv = A u + B u2 + C u3
u 2 v = A u 2 + B u 3 + C u 4
On solving these equations, we get A =
11 = 9 A + 60C
B = 17 / 20
9 = 60 A + 708C
17
694
= 0.85 and C = 247 = 0.27
= 3, B =
20
231
924
v = 3 + 0.85u 0.27u 2
...(1)
393
x
0
1
2
3
4
Total
y
1
u
2
v
1
uv
2
u2
4
u2 v
4
u3 u4
8 16
v = 5a + b u + c u2
uv = a u + b u 2 + c u 3
u 2 v = a u 2 + b u 3 + c u 4
On putting the values of u , v etc. from the table in these, we get
12.9 = 5a + 10c, 11.3 = 10b, 33.5 = 10 a + 34c.
On solving these equations, we get
a = 1.48, b = 1.13 and c = 0.55
Therefore the required equation is v = 1.48 + 1.13u + 0.55u2.
Again substituting u = x 2 and v = y, we get
or
y = aebx
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we get
log10 y = log10 a + bx log10 e
i.e.,
Y = A + Bx
where
...(1)
B = b log10 e.
394
Y = nA + B x
xY = A x + B x 2
On solving the above two equations, we get A and B
a = antilog A, b =
then
B
log10 e
ei = ( yi axi bxi 2 )
n
S = ei2
We have,
i =1
n
= ( yi axi bxi2 )2
i =1
S
S
=0
= 0 and
b
a
Now
S
=0
a
n
i =1
i =1
i =1
xi yi = a xi2 + b xi3
or
...(1)
S
=0
b
and
n
or
i =1
i =1
i =1
xy = a x2 + b x3
x 2 y = a x 3 + b x 4
...(2)
395
b
x
b
)
xi
ei = ( yi axi
n
S = ei2
We have,
i =1
n
= ( yi axi
i =1
b 2
)
xi
S
S
=0
= 0 and
b
a
Now
S
=0
a
2(yi axi x )( xi ) = 0
i =1
i =1
i =1
xi yi = a xi2 + nb
or
...(1)
S
=0
b
and
i =1
2(yi axi x )( x ) = 0
n
or
i =1
xi = na + b x 2
i =1
Dropping the suffix i from (1) and (2), then the normal equations are,
xy = nb + a x 2
y
x = na + b x 2
where n is the number of pair of values of x and y.
...(2)
396
c0
+ c1 x
x
c0
c1 xi )
xi
ei = ( yi
n
S = ei2
We have,
i =1
n
= ( yi
i =1
c0
c1 xi )2
xi
S
S
=0
= 0 and
c1
c0
Now
S
=0
c0
2( yi x0
i =1
c1 xi )(
n
n
y
1
1
xi = c0 x 2 + c1 x
i =1 i
i =1 i
i =1
i
or
1
)=0
xi
...(1)
S
=0
c1
and
n
or
2(yi x0 c1
i =1
n
xi )( xi ) = 0
yi
xi = c0
x = c0
+ c1 xi
xi
i =1
Dropping the suffix i from (1) and (2), then the normal equations are,
1
1
y
x = c0 x2 + c1 x
i =1
i =1
1
x
...(2)
+ c1 x.
bx
Example 12: Find the curve of best fit of the type y = ae to the following data by the method
of least squares:
x 1
12
y 10 15 12 15 21
397
xY = A x + B x2
x
1
5
7
9
y
10
15
12
15
Y = log10 y
1.0000
1.1761
1.0792
1.1761
x2
1
25
49
81
1
5.8805
7.5544
10.5849
12
21
1.3222
144
15.8664
x =34
Y =5.7536 x
x,
= 300
xY
xY = 40.8862
equations, we get
5.7536 = 5 A + 34 B
and
40.8862 = 34 A + 300 B
On solving these equations, we obtain,
A = 0.9766 ; B = 0.02561
Therefore
a = antilog10 A = 9.4754 ; b =
B
= 0.059
log10 e
0.059x
Hence the required curve is y = 9.4754e
.
Ans.
Example 13: For the data given below, find the equation to the best fitting exponential curve of
x 1
2
3
4
5
6
y 1.6 4.5 13.8 40.2 125 300
Sol. y = aebx
On taking log both the sides, log y = log a + bx log e which is of the form Y = A + Bx, where
Y = log y, A = log a and B = b log e.
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
x = 21
y
1.6
4.5
13.8
40.2
125
300
Y = log y
0.2041
0.6532
1.1399
1.6042
2.0969
2.4771
x2
1
4
9
16
25
36
xY
0.2041
1.3064
3.4197
6.4168
10.4845
14.8626
Y = 8.1754 x 2 = 91 xY = 36.6941
398
Y = 6 A + B x
xY = A x + B x 2
8.1754 = 6 A + 21B
36.6941 = 21A + 91B
A = 0.2534, B = 0.4617
b=
and
B
0.4617
=
= 1.0631
log e 0.4343
y 2 4 10 15
i =1
i =1
S
=0
b
and
x
0
1
2
3
Total
Here n = 4.
y
2
4
10
15
y = na + b x 2
...(1)
x 2 y = a x 2 + b x 4
...(2)
x2
0
1
4
9
x2 y
0
4
40
135
x4
0
1
16
81
y = 31 x2 = 14 x2 y = 179 x4 = 98
399
Example 15: By the method of least square, find the curve y = ax + bx 2 that best fits the following
data:
x
i =1
i =1
S
=0
a
i =1
i =1
i =1
xi yi = a xi2 + b xi3
and
S
=0
b
i =1
i =1
i =1
xy = a x 2 + b x 3
x 2 y = a x 3 + b x 4
and
x
1
2
3
4
5
Total
y
1.8
5.1
8.9
14.1
19.8
x2
1
4
9
16
25
x3
1
8
27
64
125
...(1)
...(2)
x4
1
16
81
256
625
xy
1.8
10.2
26.7
56.4
99
and
x2 y
1.8
20.4
80.1
225.6
495
a=
83.85
1.52
55
b=
317.4
0.49
664
400
Example 16: Fit an exponential curve of the form y = ab x to the following data:
1
Y = nA + B x
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
and
xY = A x + x 2 .
Y = log y
0.0000
0.0792
0.2553
0.3979
0.5563
0.6721
0.8195
0.9590
y
1.0
1.2
1.8
2.5
3.6
4.7
6.6
9.1
xY
0.000
0.1584
0.7659
1.5916
2.7815
4.0326
5.7365
7.6720
x2
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
Sol. Given equation y = abx reduces to Y = A + Bx where Y = log y, A = log a and B = log b.
The normal equations are,
401
x2
4
log y
2.1584
x log y
4.3168
172.8 9
207.4 16
248.8 25
2.2375
2.3168
2.3959
6.7125
9.2672
11.9795
298.5 36 2.4749
90 11.5835
14.8494
47.1254
x
2
3
4
5
y
144
6
20
Sol. Let the n points are given by ( x1, y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ), , ( xn , yn ). The error of estimate
2
for the ith point ( xi , yi ) is ei = [ yi axi (b / xi )].
By the principle of least square, the values of a and b are such so that the sum of the square of
error S, viz.,
or
b
S = = yi axi2 is minimum.
xi
i =1
Therefore the normal equations are given by
S
S
= 0, = 0
a
b
n
n
n
n
n
n
y
1
yi xi2 = a xi4 + b xi and xi = a xi + b x2
i =1 i
i =1
i =1 i
i =1
i =1
i =1
n
ei2
x2
x4
1 1.51 1
1
2 0.99 4 16
3 3.88 9 81
4 7.66 16 256
10
354
1
x
1
0.5
0.3333
0.25
1
2
yx 2
x
1
1.51
0.25
3.96
0.1111 34.92
0.0625 122.56
1.4236 159.93
y
x
1.51
0.495
1.2933
1.0943
1.1933
402
2.04
. Ans.
x
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
p (kg/cm 2 ) 0.5
v (litres) 1620 1000 750 620 520 460
pv = k
Sol. Given
1/
k
v=
p
Taking log both the sides, we get
= k1/ p1/
1
1
log v = log k log p
1
1
where Y = log v, X = log p, A = log k and B = .
p
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Total
v
1620
1000
750
620
520
460
X
0.30103
0
0.17609
0.30103
0.39794
0.47712
Y
3.20952
3
2.87506
2.79239
2.716
2.66276
XY
0.96616
0
0.50627
0.84059
1.08080
1.27046
X2
0.09062
0
0.03101
0.09062
0.15836
0.22764
Here n = 6
Normal equations are,
17.25573 = 6 A + 1.05115B
2.73196 = 1.05115 A + 0.59825B
On solving these, we get
A = 2.99911 and B = 0.70298
403
1
1
=
= 1.42252
B 0.70298
log k = A = 4.26629
Again
k = antilog(4.26629) = 18462.48
Sol. Given y = aebx, taking log we get log y = log a + bx log10 e which is of the Y = A + Bx,
where
Y = log y , A = log a and B = log10 e.
Put the values in the following tabular form, also transfer the origin of x series to 3, so that
u = x 3.
x
1
2
3
y
1.6
4.5
13.8
log y = Y
0.204
0.653
1.140
4
5
6
Total
40.2
125.0
300
1.604
2.094
2.477
8.175
x3=u
uY
2
0.408
1
0.653
0
0
1
2
3
3
1.604
4.194
7.431
12.168
u2
4
1
0
1
4
9
19
Y = nA + B u
uY = A u + B u2
8.175 = 6 A + 3B
12.168 = 3 A + 19 B
Y = 0.46 x 0.25
or
Which gives
.46
B
=
= 1.06
log10 e 0.4343
...(1)
...(2)
404
2. Fit a straight line y = a + bx to the following data by the method of least square:
x 0 1 3 6 8
y 1 3 2 5 4
3. Find the least square approximation of the form y = a + bx 2 for the following data:
x 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2.0
[Ans. y = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 ]
4.1
6. Fit a second degree parabola to the following data by the least square method:
x
10
8. Determine the constants a and b by the method of least squares such that y = aebx fits the
following data:
x
10
[Ans. y = 1.49989e0.50001x ]
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0.5 2 4.5 8 12.5
405
10. A person runs the same race track for five consecutive days and is timed as follows:
Day( x )
b c
+
.
x x2
6.7512 4.4738
Ans. y = 13.0065 + x +
x2
c0
+ c1 x to the following table of
x
values:
x 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2
y
21
11
1.97327
+ 3.28182 x
Ans. y =
x
5 6
12. Using the method of least square to fit a parabola y = a + bx + cx 2 in the following data:
1 3 2
Ans. y = 2 + 2 x
13. The pressure of the gas corresponding to various volumes V is measured, given by the
following data:
( x, y) : (1,2),(0, 0),(0,1),(1,2)
V (cm3 )
50
60
70
90
100
78
14. Employ the method of least squares to fit a parabola y = a + bx + cx2 in the following
data: (x, y): (1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2)
[Ans. y = 0.5 + 1.5x2 ]
15. Fit a second degree parabola in the following data:
[U.T.U. 2008]
[Ans. y = 1 + 2x + 3x2]
406
10
20
30
40
50
b
to the following data
x
x 1 2 3 4
y 3 1.5 6 7.5
1.7
5.10 POLYNOMIAL
If
f (x ) = a0 x n + a1x n1 + a2 x n 2 + .............. + an 1x + an
Then the above relation is called the polynominal of nth order in x.
[from + to ]
407
It has one change of sign and hence it must have one +ve root.
f ( x ) = ( x )4 + 15( x )2 + 7(x ) 11 = 0
f ( x ) = x 4 + 15x 2 7x 11
or
=0
Signs of f ( x ) are + +
[from + to ]
It has only one change in sign and hence it must have one ve root.
Thus the equation has two real roots , one +ve and one ve and hence the other two roots must be
imaginary.
Example 2: Show that x 7 3x 4 + 2x 3 1 = 0 has at least four imaginary roots.
Sol.
Signs of f ( x) +
[from + to or to +]
f ( x ) = 0 has 3 changes of sign. Therefore, it cannot have more than three positive roots.
Also
or
f ( x ) = ( x) 7 3( x) 4 + 2( x) 3 1 = 0
f ( x ) = x 7 3x 4 2x 3 1 = 0
Signs of f ( x) are
f ( x) = 0 has no changes in sign. Therefore the given equation has no negative root.
Thus the given equation cannot have more than 3 + 0 = 3 real roots. But the given equation has
7 roots. Hence the given equation has 7 3 = 4 imaginary roots.
Example 3: Find the least positive number of imaginary roots of the equation
f (x ) = x 9 x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 = 0
Sol. The given equation is f (x ) = x 9 x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 = 0
Signs of f ( x) are +
f ( x) = 0 has two changes of signs, and hence 2 is the max. number of +ve root.
f ( x ) = ( x )9 ( x )5 + ( x )4 + ( x )2 + 1 = 0
or
f ( x ) = x 9 + x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 = 0
Signs of f ( x ) are
f ( x) = 0 has only one changes of sign and hence it has only one ve root or f (x ) = 0 has only
one ve root.
Thus the max. number of real roots is 2 + 1=3 and the equation being of 9th degree and it will
have at least 9 3 = 6 imaginary roots.
408
x 3 = u3 + v 3 + 3uv(u + v) = u 3 + v3 + 3uvx
Cubing ,
or
...(1)
x 3 3uvx (u 3 + v 3 ) = 0
...(2)
1
Comparing (1) and (2), uv = q
3
or u3v 3 =
1 3
q
27
and u 3 + v3 = r
or
t=
Solving (3),
u3 =
Let
t 2 + rt
1 3
q =0
27
r r 2 +
...(3)
4q 3
27
2
r + r 2 +
2
4q 3
4q 3
r r 2 +
27 ; v3 =
27
2
Now, the three cube roots of u3 are u, u, u2 and those of v3 are v, v, v2 , where and 2
are imaginary cube root of unity.
Since
x=u+v
To find x, we have to add a cube root of u3 and a cube of v3 in such a manner that their product
is real.
2
2
The three values of x are u + v, u + v , u + v
Example 4: Use Cardons method to solve
x 3 27x + 54 = 0.
Sol.
Let x = u + v
Cubing,
x 3 3uvx (u3 + v 3 ) = 0
Comparing with the given equation,we get
uv = 9 u3v3 = 729
and
u3 + v3 = 54
(on cubing)
(3 = 1)
409
u3 = 27 and v3 = 27
Let
u = 3, 3, 32 and v = 3, 3, 32
To find x, we have to add a cube root of u3 and a cube root of v3 in such a way that their product
is real.
So that,
x = (3 3), ( 3 32 ), (32 3)
= 6, 3( + 2 ), 3(2 + ) = 6,3,3
(3 3 = 1)
(31 + + 2 = 0)
Cubing,
x 3 3uvx (u 3 + v 3 ) = 0
Comparing with the given equation, we get
uv = 5 u3v 3 = 125 (on cubing)
u3 + v3 = 126
and
2
3
3
3 3
u3 and v3 are the roots of t (u + v )t + u v = 0
t 2 126t + 125 = 0
Let
u3 = 1 and v3 = 125
u = 1, , 2 and v = 5, 5, 52
To find x, we have to add a cube root of u3 and a cube root of v3 in such a way that their product
is real.
So that,
x = 1 + 5, + 52 , 2 + 5
(3 = 1)
3
1 + i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3 1 + i 3
= 6,
+ 5
,
+ 5
2
2
2
2
= 6, 3 2 3i, 3 + 2 3i = 6, 3 2 3i
Hence, the required roots are 6, 3 2 3i.
Ans.
410
x 3 6 x 9 = 0 by Cardons method.
Example 6: Solve
Sol.
Let x = u + v
x 3 = (u + v)3 = u3 + v 3 + 3uv(u + v)
Cubing,
= u 3 + v3 + 3uvx
x 3 3uvx (u 3 + v 3 ) = 0
Comparing, we get
uv = 2 u3v 3 = 8 (on cubing)
u 3 + v3 = 9
and
2
3
3
3 3
u3 , v 3 are the roots of t (u + v )t + u v = 0
t 2 9t + 8 = 0 (t 1)(t 8) = 0 t = 1,8
u3 = 1 and v 3 = 8 so that
Let
u = 1, , 2 and v = 2,2,22
To find x, we have to add a cube root of u3 and a cube root of v3 in such that their product is real.
x = 1 + 2, + 22 , 2 + 2
(3 3 = 1)
1 + i 3
1 i 3 1 i 3
1 + i 3
= 3,
+ 2
,
+ 2
2
2
2
2
= 3,
3 i 3 3 + i 3
3 i 3 Ans.
,
.
x = 3,
2
2
2
x 3 = (u + v)3 = u3 + v 3 + 3uv(u + v)
Cubing,
= u 3 + v3 + 3uvx
x 3 3uvx (u 3 + v 3 ) = 0
Comparing, we get
uv = 6 u3v 3 = 216
(on cubing)
u3 + v 3 = 35
and
2
3
3
3 3
u3 and v3 are the roots of t (u + v )t + u v = 0
Let
u3 = 8 & v3 = 27 so that
u = 2,2,22 and v = 3,3,32
t = 8,27
411
To find x, we have to add a cube root of u3 and a cube root of v3 in such that their product is real.
x = 2 + 3, 2 + 32 , 22 + 3
(3 3 = 1 )
1 + i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3 1 + i 3
= 5, 2
+ 3
, 2
+ 3
2
2
2
2
= 5,
x = 5,
5 i 3 5 + i 3
,
2
2
5 i 3
. Ans.
2
a1
This is done by diminishing the roots of the given equation by na
0
roots. Where n is 3. We proceed with the help of following examples:
or Sum of root/No. of
x 3 + 6 x 2 + 9x + 4 = 0
Sol. Equationing
Equating with
a0 x 3 + a1x 2 + a2 x + a3 = 0, we get
...(1)
...(2)
a0 = 1, a1 = 6
h=
Then
a1
6
= = 2
3a0
3
h = 2.
Now remove the x terms ,we have
2
2 1
6
9
4
2 8 2
1
4
1 (2)
2 4
1
2 (3)
2
1 (0)
...(3)
y = x + 2.
y3 3uvy (u3 + v3 ) = 0
Equating (3) and (4), we get uv = 1
u3v 3 = 1 and u3 + v 3 = 2
...(4)
412
t = 1, 1
u3 = 1 and v3 = 1 so that
Let
u = 1, , 2 and v = 1, , 2
\
y = u + v = ( 1 1), ( 2 ),( 2 )
= 2,1,1
(31 + + 2 = 0)
x = y2
But
= 2 2,1 2,1 2 = 4, 1, 1
x = 4, 1, 1. Ans.
...(1)
a0 = 1, a1 = 15
h=
a1 15
= =5
3a0 3
5 1
1
1
1
15
5
10
5
5
5
(0 )
33
50
83
25
(108)
847
415
(432 )
Transformed equation is
y3 108 y + 432 = 0
where
Let
\
...(2)
y = x 5.
y=u+v
y3 3uvy (u3 + v3 ) = 0
413
Let
3 + 2 + 1 = 0
= 12, 6, 6
But
x = y + 5 = 12 + 5, 6 + 5, 6 + 5
x = 7,11,11. Ans.
h=
a1 3
= =1
3a0 3
3
1
12
2
16
10
2
1
10
1
(26)
1
1
(9)
(0)
( x 1)3 + 9( x 1) + 26 = 0
Let
y = x 1, then y3 + 9y + 26 = 0
...(1)
Let
y=u + v
...(2)
y3 3uv( y) (u3 + v3 ) = 0
u3v3 = 27
414
(t + 27)(t 1) = 0
t = 1, 27 i.e., u3 = 1 and v 3 = 27
So that
2
3
u = 1, , and v = 3, 3, 3
y = u + v = (1 3), ( 32 ), (2 3)
1 + i 3
1 i 3 1 i 3 1 + i 3
= 2,
3
3
,
2
2
}{
= 2, (1 + 2i 3) , (1 2i 3)
\
x=y + 1
x = ( 2 + 1), (1 + 2i 3 + 1), (1 2i 3 + 1)
= 1, (2 + 2i 3), (2 2i 3)
= 1, 2(1 i 3).
Ans.
x3 6x2 + 6x 5 = 0
...(1)
h=
a1 6
= =2
3a0 3
2 1
1
1
1
6
6
5
2
8
4
4
2 (9)
2
4
2 (6)
2
(0)
Transformed equation is y3 6 y 9 = 0
...(2)
415
y = x 2
where
Let y = u + v be the solution of (2), then
y3 = u3 + v3 + 3uv (u + v)
y3 = u3 + v3 + 3uv ( y)
y3 3uv( y) (u3 + v3 ) = 0
Comparing (2) and (3), we have
...(3)
3uv = 6 uv = 2 u3 v3 = 8
u 3 + v3 = 9
and
t = 1,8
u = 1, , 2 and v = 2,2,22
\
y=u+v
= (1 + 2),( + 22 ),(2 + 2)
1 + i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3 1 + i 3
= 3,
+ 2
,
+ 2
2
2
2
2
= 3,
But
3 i 3 3 + i 3
,
.
2
2
x = y+2
= 5,
1 i 3 1+ i 3
,
2
2
1
= 5, (1 i 3).
2
Ans.
h=
a1
3
= =1
3a0 3
416
3
1
1 1
1 2
1
1
1
2
1 (0)
1
1 (0)
1
1 (0)
1
Transformed equation is y3 = 0
where
From (1),
...(1)
y = x 1.
y = 0,0,0
x = y + 1 = 1,1,1
a0 = 1, a1 = 1
h=
a1
1
=
3a0
3
1/ 3 1
16
20
1/ 3
2 / 9
146
27
686
27
2/3
1/ 3
1/ 3
146
9
1/ 9
147
9
1/ 3
1 (0 )
147
686
y+
=0
9
27
1
y=x+ .
3
y=u+v
Transformed equation is y3
where
Let
...(1)
417
y3 = u3 + v3 + 3uvy
Cubing,
y3 3uvy (u3 + v3 ) = 0
Comparing with (1), we get
...(2)
6
uv =
49
686
7
u3 v3 = and u3 + v3 =
9
27
3
6
u and v
3
3 are
the roots of t 2 +
686 7
t + =0
27
3
3
7
7
t + 2 t + = 0
3
3
2
3
3
7 3
7
7
t + = 0 t = ,
3
3
3
3
Let
7
7
u3 = and v 3 =
3
3
7
7 7
7
7 7
, , 2 and v = , , 2
3
3
3
3 3
3
So that
u=
7 7
7
14 7 7
7 7 7
y = u + v = , 2 , 2 = , ,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
1 14 1 7 1 7 1
x = y =
, , = 5,2,2
3
3
3 3 3 3 3
Hence required roots are 5, 2, 2. Ans.
Now,
a1
6
= = 2
3a0
3
2
Now remove the x term, using synthetic division method, we have
\
h=
2 1
6 12 32
2
8 40
1 4 20 (72)
2
4
1
2 (24)
2
1 (0)
418
Transformed equation is
y3 24 y + 72 = 0
where
Let
Cubing,
...(1)
y=x+2
y=u+v
y3 = u3 + v3 + 3uvy
y3 3uvy (u3 + v3 ) = 0
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
...(2)
Let
t = 8, 64
u3 = 8 and v3 = 64
So that
u = 2, 2, 22 & v = 4, 4, 42
y = u + v = (2 4),(2 42 ),(22 4)
= 6,3 + i 3,3 i 3
Now,
x = y 2 = 8,1 + i 3,1 i 3
h=
a1
3a
=
= a
3.1
n.a0
a 1
3a
3(a2 bc)
a 2a2
1 2a
a
1 a
a
1 (0)
a 3bc
2
a2
3bc
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
a3
+ 3abc
(b + c )
3