Phn 1 - Cc thit b phn cng mng

Trong lot bi ny chng ta s bt u hon ton vi ni dung c bn v mng

my tnh v hng ti xy dng mt mng thit thc. M u l mt s tho
lun v mt s thnh phn mng khc nhau v chc nng ca chng.
Bn tng thy nhiu bi vit hng n mc ch dnh cho cc qun tr vin,
nhng ngi t nht c mt s kinh nghim no . Cn y s ch l nhng
phn c s nht hng n i tng l nhng ngi mi bt u lm quen vi
mng. Trong bi u tin ny chng ta s tho lun mt s thit b mng khc nhau
v kh nng lm c nhng g ca chng.
Network Adapter (B iu hp mng)
Thnh phn u tin nn cp ti trong s cc thit b phn cng mng l b iu
hp mng (network adapter). Thit b ny cn c bit n vi nhiu tn khc
nhau nh network card (card mng), Network Interface Card (card giao din
mng), NIC. Tt c u l thut ng chung ca cng mt thit b phn cng. Cng
vic ca card mng l gn mt cch vt l my tnh n c th tham gia hot
ng truyn thng trong mng .
iu u tin bn cn bit n khi ni v card mng l n phi c ghp ni ph
hp vi phng tin truyn t mng (network medium). Network medium chnh
l kiu cp dng trn mng. Cc mng khng dy l mt mng khc v s c
tho lun chi tit trong mt bi ring sau.
card mng ghp ni ph hp vi phng tin truyn t mng l mt vn
thc s v chng i hi phi p ng c lng ln tiu chun cnh tranh bt
buc. Chng hn, trc khi xy dng mt mng v bt u mua card mng, dy
cp, bn phi quyt nh xem liu nn dng Ethernet, Ethernet ng trc, Token
Ring, Arcnet hay mt tiu chun mng no khc. Mi tiu chun mng c di
v nhc im ring. Phc ho ra ci no ph hp nht vi t chc mnh l iu
ht sc quan trng.
Ngy nay, hu ht cng ngh mng c cp n trn u nhanh chng tr
nn mai mt. Bu gi ch c mt kiu mng s dng dy ni cn c dng trong
cc doanh nghip va v nh l Ethernet. Bn c th xem phn minh ho card
mng Ethernet trong v d hnh A di y.

Hnh 1: Card Ethernet

Cc mng Ethernet hin i u s dng cp i xon vng 8 dy. Cc dy ny
c sp xp theo th t c bit v u ni RJ-45 c gn vo phn cui cp.
Cp RJ-45 trng ging nh b kt ni phn cui dy in thoi, nhng ln hn.
Cc dy in thoi dng b kt ni RJ-11, tng phn vi b kt ni RJ-45 dng
trong cp Ethernet. Bn c th thy v d mt cp Ethernet vi u ni RJ-45 trong
hnh B.

Hnh 2: Cp Ethernet vi mt u kt ni RJ-45

Hub v Switch
Nh bn thy trn, my tnh dng card mng gi v nhn d liu. D liu
c truyn qua cp Ethernet. Tuy nhin, thng thng bn khng th ch chy
mt cp Ethernet gia hai PC gi l mt mng.
Vi thi i ca kh nng truy cp Internet tc cao ngy nay, chc chn bn
thng nghe ni n thut ng "broadband" (bng thng rng). Bng thng rng l
kiu mng trong d liu c gi v nhn qua cng mt dy, cn Ethernet th
dng hnh thc truyn thng Baseband. Baseband s dng cc dy ring trong vic
gi v nhn d liu. iu ny c ngha l nu mt my tnh ang gi d liu qua
mt dy c th bn trong cp Ethernet th my tnh ang nhn d liu cn mt dy
khc c nh hng li ti cng nhn ca n.
Bn c th xy dng mng cho hai my tnh theo cch ny m ngi ta thng gi
l hnh thc cp cho. Cp cho n gin l mt cp mng c cc dy gi v nhn
ngc nhau ti mt im cui cc my tnh c th c lin kt trc tip vi
nhau.

Vn hn ch khi dng cp mng cho l bn khng th thm hay bt mt my

tnh khc no ngoi hai my c kt ni. Do tt hn so vi cp cho, hu
ht mi mng u s dng cp Ethernet thng thng khng c cc dy gi v
nhn ngc nhau cui u ni.
Tt nhin cc dy gi v nhn phi ngc nhau mt s im no qu trnh
truyn thng c thc hin thnh cng. y l cng vic ca mt hub hoc
switch. Hub cng ang tr nn li thi nhng chng ta vn nn ni n chng. V
hiu v hub s gip bn bn d dng hn nhiu khi ni ti switch.
C mt s kiu hub khc nhau nhng thng thng ni n hub tc l ni n mt
ci hp vi mt b cng RJ-45. Mi my tnh trong mng s c kt ni ti mt
hub thng qua cp Ethernet. Bn c th thy mt hub c hnh dng nh trong hnh
C.

Hnh 3: Hub l
thit b hot ng
nh mt im kt
ni trung tm cho
cc my tnh trong

mt mng.
Hub c hai nhim v khc nhau. Nhim v th nht l cung cp mt im kt ni
trung tm cho tt c my tnh trong mng. Mi my tnh u c cm vo hub.
Cc hub a cng c th c t xch li nhau nu cn thit cung cp thm cho
nhiu my tnh.
Nhim v khc ca hub l sp xp cc cng theo cch nu mt my tnh thc
hin truyn ti d liu, d liu phi c gi qua dy nhn ca my tnh khc.
Ngay by gi c th bn s t hi, lm sao d liu c th n c ng ch cn
n nu nhiu hn hai my tnh c kt ni vo mt hub? B mt nm trong card
mng. Mi card Ethernet u c cung cp mt a ch vt l MAC (Media
Access Control) duy nht. Khi mt my tnh trong mng Ethernet truyn ti d liu
qua mng c cc my PC kt ni vi mt hub, thc t d liu c gi ti mi
my c trong mng. Tt c my tnh u nhn d liu, sau so snh a ch ch
vi a ch vt l MAC ca n. Nu khp, my tnh s bit rng n chnh l ngi
nhn d liu, nu khng n s l d liu i.
Nh bn c th thy, khi mt my tnh c kt ni qua mt hub, mi gi tin u
c gi ti tt c my tnh trong mng. Vn l my tnh no cng c th gi
thng tin i ti bt c thi gian no. Bn tng thy mt cuc hp m trong
tt c thnh vin tham d u bt u ni cng mt lc? Vn ca kiu mng ny
chnh l nh th.
Khi mt my tnh cn truyn d liu, n kim tra xem liu c my no khc ang
gi thng tin ti cng thi im khng. Nu ng truyn ri, n truyn cc d
liu cn thit. Nu c mt mt my khc ang s dng ng truyn, cc gi tin
ca d liu ang c chuyn qua dy s xung t v b ph hu (y chnh l l
do v sao kiu mng ny i khi c gi l tn min xung t). C hai my tnh
sau s phi ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin v c gng truyn li cc
gi tin b ph hu ca mnh.
S lng my tnh trn tn min xung t ngy cng tng khin s lng xung t
cng tng. Do s lng xung t ngy cng tng nn hiu qu ca mng ngy cng
gim. l l do v sao by gi gn nh switch thay th ton b hub.
Mt switch (bn c th xem trn hnh D), thc hin tt c mi nhim v ging nh

ca mt hub. im khc nhau ch l ch, khi mt PC trn mng cn lin lc vi

my tnh khc, switch s dng mt tp hp cc knh logic ni b thit lp
ng dn logic ring bit gia hai my tnh. C ngha l hai my tnh hon ton
t do lin lc vi nhau m khng cn phi lo lng v xung t.

Hnh 4: Switch
trng ging ht
nh hub nhng
hot ng khc
hn nhiu.
Switch thc s nng cao c ng k hiu qu ca mng. Bi chng loi tr xung
t v cn nhiu hn th, chng c th thit lp cc ng dn truyn thng song
song. Chng hn khi my tnh A ang lin lc vi my tnh B th khng c l do g
my tnh C khng ng thi lin lc vi my tnh D. Trong mt tn min xung
t (collision domain), cc kiu truyn thng song song ny l khng th bi v
chng s dn n xung t.
Kt lun
Trong bi ny chng ta tho lun v mt s thnh phn c bn to mt mng

n gin. Trong phn hai chng ta vn s tip tc quan tm n cc thit b phn

cng mng c bn. Xin mi cc bn tip tc n xem phn sau.