P4 Stress and Strain

Dr. A.B. Zavatsky

HT08

Lecture 5
Plane Stress
Transformation Equations
Stress elements and plane stress.
Stresses on inclined sections.
Transformation equations.
Principal stresses, angles, and planes.
Maximum shear stress.
1

Normal and shear stresses on inclined sections

To obtain a complete picture of the stresses in a bar, we must
consider the stresses acting on an inclined (as opposed to a
normal) section through the bar.
Inclined section

Normal section

Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.

Inclined
section

Normal
section

P
V

The force P can be resolved into components:

Normal force N perpendicular to the inclined plane, N = P cos
Shear force V tangential to the inclined plane V = P sin
If we know the areas on which the forces act, we can calculate
the associated stresses.
y
area
A

x
area (A / cos )

area
A

x
area (A / cos )

Force
N
P cos P
=
=
= cos 2
Area Area A / cos A

= x cos 2 =

(1+ cos 2 )

2
max = x occurs when = 0

V
P sin
Force
P
=
=
= sin cos
Area Area A / cos
A

= x sin cos =

(sin 2 )

2
max = x/2 occurs when = -/+ 45
4

Introduction to stress elements

Stress elements are a useful way to represent stresses acting at some
point on a body. Isolate a small element and show stresses acting on all
faces. Dimensions are infinitesimal, but are drawn to a large scale.
y

x = P / A

x
Area A

x = P/A
x

x = P/A
x

z
5

Maximum stresses on a bar in tension

x = max = P / A

a
Maximum normal stress,
Zero shear stress

Maximum stresses on a bar in tension

a
b
x/2
= 45

max = x/2
x/2
b
Maximum shear stress,
Non-zero normal stress
7

Stress Elements and Plane Stress

When working with stress elements, keep in mind that only
one intrinsic state of stress exists at a point in a stressed
body, regardless of the orientation of the element used to
portray the state of stress.
We are really just rotating axes to represent stresses in a
new coordinate system.
y1

y
x1

y
yz

xy

zy

Normal stresses x, y, z
(tension is positive)

yx

zx xz
z

x x
Shear stresses xy = yx,
xz = zx, yz = zy

y
Sign convention for ab
Subscript a indicates the face on which the stress acts
(positive x face is perpendicular to the positive x direction)
Subscript b indicates the direction in which the stress acts
Strictly x = xx, y = yy, z = zz
9

When an element is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the x and

y faces are subjected to stresses (z = 0 and zx = xz = zy = yz = 0).
Such an element could be located on the free surface of a body (no
stresses acting on the free surface).

Plane stress element in 2D

x, y
xy = yx
z = 0

yx
xy

y
x

xy
yx
y
10

Stresses on Inclined Sections

y1

xy
x

y1 y1x1

yx

yx

x1y1

x1
x1

x
x1

xy

x1y1

x
y1x1
y1

The stress system is known in terms of coordinate system xy.

We want to find the stresses in terms of the rotated coordinate
system x1y1.
Why? A material may yield or fail at the maximum value of or . This
value may occur at some angle other than = 0. (Remember that for uniaxial tension the maximum shear stress occurred when = 45 degrees. )
11

Transformation Equations
Forces

Stresses
y

y1

y1

x1

x1y1
x1

xA

x1 A sec

xy

x1y1 A sec

x1

xy A

yx

yx A tan

Forces can be found from stresses if

the area on which the stresses act is
known. Force components can then
be summed.

y A tan

Left face has area A.

Bottom face has area A tan .
Inclined face has area A sec .
12

y
y1

xA

x1y1 A sec
x1 A sec

x1

xy A
yx A tan
y A tan

Sum forces in the x1 direction :

x1 A sec ( x A) cos ( xy A)sin ( y A tan )sin ( yx A tan )cos = 0

Sum forces in the y1 direction :

x1 y1 A sec + ( x A)sin ( xy A)cos ( y A tan )cos ( yx A tan )sin = 0

Using xy = yx and simplifying gives :

x1 = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos

x1 y1 = ( x y ) sin cos + xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

13

Using the following trigonometric identities

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2
2

sin 2 =

1 cos 2
2

sin cos =

sin 2
2

gives the transformation equations for plane stress :

x + y
x y
x1 =
+
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2
HLT, page 108
(
x y )
x1 y1 =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2

For stresses on the y1 face, substitute + 90 for :

y1 =

x + y
2

x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2

Summing the expressions for x1 and y1 gives :

x1 + y1 = x + y

Can be used to find y1, instead of eqn above.

14

Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

stress element below. Determine the stresses acting on an element
oriented 30 clockwise with respect to the original element.
50 MPa

y
80 MPa

80 MPa

25 MPa
50 MPa

Define the stresses in terms of the

established sign convention:
x = -80 MPa y = 50 MPa
xy = -25 MPa
We need to find x1, y1, and
x1y1 when = -30.

Substitute numerical values into the transformation equations:

x1 =

x + y

x y

cos 2 + xy sin 2

2
2
80 + 50
80 50
x1 =
+
cos 2( 30) + ( 25)sin 2( 30) = 25.9 MPa
2
2
15

 y1 =

x + y

x y

cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
80 + 50
80 50
y1 =

cos 2( 30) ( 25)sin 2( 30) = 4.15 MPa

2
2
x y
sin 2 + xy cos 2
x1 y1 =
2
( 80 50) sin 2( 30) + ( 25) cos 2( 30) = 68.8 MPa
x1 y1 =
2

y
25.8 MPa

y1

4.15 MPa

+60
o
-30

Note that y1 could also be obtained

(a) by substituting +60 into the
equation for x1 or (b) by using the
equation x + y = x1 + y1

25.8 MPa
x1

4.15 MPa
68.8 MPa

(from Hibbeler, Ex. 15.2)

16

Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses (1 and 2) are
known as the principal stresses. To find the principal stresses,
we must differentiate the transformation equations.

x1 =

x + y
2
x y

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

d x1
( 2 sin 2 ) + xy (2 cos 2 ) = 0
=
d
2
d x1
= ( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d
2 xy
p are principal angles associated with
tan 2 p =
x y
the principal stresses (HLT, page 108)
There are two values of 2p in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of p in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular.
17

We can now solve for the principal stresses by substituting for p

in the stress transformation equation for x1. This tells us which
principal stress is associated with which principal angle.
2 xy
tan 2 p =
x y

x1 =

x + y
2

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

x y

R 2 =

xy

2p

sin 2 p =

(x y) / 2

1 =

x + y
2

cos 2 p =

+ xy 2

x y
xy

2R

x y x y
2

2R

xy
+ xy

R
18

Substituting for R and re-arranging gives the larger of the two

principal stresses:

1 =

x + y
2

x y

+ xy 2

To find the smaller principal stress, use 1 + 2 = x + y.

2 = x + y 1 =

x + y
2

x y

+ xy 2

These equations can be combined to give:

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y

+ xy 2

Principal stresses
(HLT page 108)

To find out which principal stress goes with which principal angle,
we could use the equations for sin p and cos p or for x1.
19

The planes on which the principal stresses act are called the
principal planes. What shear stresses act on the principal planes?
Compare the equations for x1 y1 = 0 and d x1 d = 0

x1 y1 =

y )

sin 2 + xy cos 2 = 0

2
( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0

d x1
= ( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d

Solving either equation gives the same expression for tan 2p

Hence, the shear stresses are zero on the principal planes.

20

yx

xy

y
x

p2

1
p1

xy
yx

Principal Stresses

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y

+ xy 2

Principal Angles defining the Principal Planes

tan 2 p =

2 xy

x y
21

Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

stress element below. Determine the principal stresses and draw the
corresponding stress element.
50 MPa

y
80 MPa

80 MPa

Define the stresses in terms of the

established sign convention:
x = -80 MPa y = 50 MPa
xy = -25 MPa

25 MPa
50 MPa

1, 2 =
1, 2

x + y
2

80 + 50
=

1 = 54.6 MPa

x y

+ xy 2

80 50
2

+ ( 25) = 15 69.6
2

2 = 84.6 MPa
2

22

tan 2 p =
tan 2 p =

2 xy

x y

54.6 MPa

2( 25)
= 0.3846
80 50

84.6 MPa

100.5
84.6 MPa

10.5

2 p = 21.0 and 21.0 + 180

p = 10.5, 100.5

54.6 MPa

But we must check which angle goes with which principal stress.

x1 =

x + y

x y

cos 2 + xy sin 2

2
2
80 + 50
80 50
x1 =
+
cos 2(10.5) + ( 25)sin 2(10.5) = 84.6 MPa
2
2

1 = 54.6 MPa with p1 = 100.5

2 = -84.6 MPa with p2 = 10.5
23

The two principal stresses determined so far are the principal

stresses in the xy plane. But remember that the stress element
is 3D, so there are always three principal stresses.
yp
y

3 = 0

x, y, xy = yx =

xp

zp

1, 2, 3 = 0

Usually we take 1 > 2 > 3. Since principal stresses can be compressive as well as tensile, 3 could be a negative (compressive)
stress, rather than the zero stress.
24

Maximum Shear Stress

To find the maximum shear stress, we must differentiate the transformation equation for shear.
(
x y )
x1 y1 =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
d x1 y1
= ( x y )cos 2 2 xy sin 2 = 0
d
x y

tan 2 s =
2

xy

There are two values of 2s in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of s in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the maximum shear stresses act are mutually
perpendicular.
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes have equal magnitudes,
the maximum positive and negative shear stresses differ only in sign.
25

We can now solve for the maximum shear stress by substituting for
s in the stress transformation equation for x1y1.

(x y) / 2

x y

tan 2 s =

2
xy

(
x y )
x1 y1 =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2

2s
xy

max =

x y

x y

R 2 =

cos 2 s =

+ xy 2

xy
R

sin 2 s =

x y
2R

+ xy 2

min = max
26

Use equations for sin s and cos s or x1y1 to find out which face
has the positive shear stress and which the negative.
What normal stresses act on the planes with maximum shear stress?
Substitute for s in the equations for x1 and y1 to get

x1 = y1 =

=s
y

s
max

yx
xy

y
x

x + y

yx

s
s

xy

max

max

x
max
s

27

Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

stress element below. Determine the maximum shear stresses and
draw the corresponding stress element.
50 MPa

y
80 MPa

80 MPa

Define the stresses in terms of the

established sign convention:
x = -80 MPa y = 50 MPa
xy = -25 MPa

25 MPa
50 MPa

max =

x y

+ xy

80 50
2

+ ( 25) = 69.6 MPa

2

max =

s =

x + y

2
80 + 50
s =
= 15 MPa
2
28

 x y
= 80 50 = 2.6
tan 2 s =
2 ( 25)
2

xy

2 s = 69.0 and 69.0 + 180

y
15 MPa

15 MPa

s = 34.5, 55.5

55.5

But we must check which angle goes

with which shear stress.

x1 y1 =

y )

-34.5o

15 MPa

sin 2 + xy cos 2

15 MPa

69.6 MPa
2
( 80 50) sin 2( 34.5) + ( 25) cos 2( 34.5) = 69.6 MPa
x1 y1 =
2

max = 69.6 MPa with smax = 55.5

min = -69.6 MPa with smin = -34.5

29

Finally, we can ask how the principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses are related and how the principal angles and maximum
shear angles are related.

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x y

+ xy 2

x y

+ xy 2
2
2

1 2 = 2

1 2 = 2 max
2
max = 1
2

x y
2 xy

tan 2 s =
tan 2 p =
2

x y
xy

1
tan 2 s =
= cot 2 p
tan 2 p
30

tan 2 s + cot 2 p = 0
cos 2 p
sin 2 s
+
=0
cos 2 s
sin 2 p
sin 2 s sin 2 p + cos 2 s cos 2 p = 0
cos (2 s 2 p ) = 0
2 s 2 p = 90

s p = 45
s = p 45
So, the planes of maximum shear stress (s) occur at 45 to
the principal planes (p).

31

Original Problem

Principal
Stresses
y

50 MPa

54.6 MPa

y
80 MPa

84.6 MPa

100.5

80 MPa

84.6 MPa

10.5

25 MPa
50 MPa

54.6 MPa

x = -80, y = 50, xy = 25

1 = 54.6, 2 = 0, 3 = -84.6

Maximum Shear
y
15 MPa
15 MPa

max =
55.5

-34.5o

15 MPa
15 MPa

max
max

1 2

s = p 45

2
= 10.5 45
54.6 ( 84.6 ) s
=
s = 34.5, 55.5
2
= 69.6 MPa

69.6 MPa

max = 69.6, s = -15

32