BAST CMLE

1. CMLE
Normal koullarda (yani, devrik yap vs. bulunmayan durumlarda) en basit ekli ile cmle iki unsurdan
oluur:
zne + Yklem
(Subject) + (Verb)
Trke'de zne ou zaman yklemin sonuna bir "kii eki" olarak eklenebildii iin aka
kullanlmasna gerek kalmayabilir.
- (Ben) geldim.
- (Sen) naslsn ?
ngilizce'de byle birey - ok snrl da olsa baz konuma durumlar dnda - sz konusu olamaz.
* (I) came.
* How are (you) ?
ou zaman basit cmlede bir de nesne bulunur.
1.1. Subject + Verb
Trke bir basit cmlede u yap her zaman iin geerlidir.
1
2
ZNE + YKLEM
Mehmet retti.
ngilizce bir basit cmlede de, nesne bulunmad durumlarda, bir farkllk grlmez.
1
2
SUBJECT + VERB
Mehmet
taught.
1.2. Subject + verb + object
Trke bir cmleye nesne eklendii zaman, sralama yle olur:
1
2
3
ZNE + NESNE + YKLEM
Mehmet oluna
retti.
ngilizce bir cmleye nesne eklendii zaman, Trke cmle yap ile arasndaki ilk temel fark ortaya
kar.
1
3
2
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
Mehmet
taught
his son.
2. BAST CMLELERN EVRS
2.1. Subject + verb
Trke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplar sadece zne ve yklem sz konusu olduunda bir farkllk
gstermedii iin, eviri konusunda yap asndan bir sorun kmamaktadr.
1
2
ZNE + YKLEM
Mehmet
geldi.

Mehmet
came./has come.
SUBJECT + VERB
1
2
2.2. Subject + verb + object
Nesne sz konusu olduunda Trke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplar birbirinden farkl olduu iin,
eviri ilemi srasnda da cmleyi oluturan unsurlarn diziliinde deiiklik yapmak gerekecektir.
1
2
3
ZNE + NESNE + YKLEM
Mehmet
eve
geldi.
Mehmet
came
home.
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
1
3
2
Bu cmlelere yer, zaman ve durum belirten kelime ve yaplarn da eklenmesi durumunda her iki dil
arasndaki yapsal farkllklar iyice belirginleecektir.
Basit cmlelerin yaps konusu eviri asndan - kolay grnd iin - nemsenmeyebilir. Ancak,
SVO (ngilizce
SOV (Trke)
yapsnn, karmak cmlelerin evirisini yaparken srekli gznnde tutulmas gerekecektir. Bu konu
ileri konularda ayrntl olarak ele alnmakta.

ZAMAN KAVRAMI
1. GiRi
Bu ve bunu izleyen ana balk altnda ngilizce'de yer alan btn zamanlar (= tense) ve yardmc
yklemler (= modal verbs) iki ayr balk altnda ele alnmaktadr. Zamanlar "Present", "Past", ve
"Future" sras ile, yardmc yklemler ise alfabe sralamasnda ele alnmaktadr. nemli eviri
zellikleri, her zaman olduu gibi, kutu iinde verilmektedir.
2. "Present" : Geni zaman / imdiki zaman
2.1. Simple Present Tense
a) Her zaman olan/olabilecek olaylar iin kullanlr.
- The earth rotates around the sun.
Dnya gnein evresinde dner.
b) Bir olay naklederken, zellikle hikaye dilinde kullanlr.
- Rosencrantz flips a coin.
Rosencrantz yaz tura iin para atar.
c) Her zaman olan, olabilecek ve bir skl??a sahip olaylarn anlatmnda kullanlr.
- I always/sometimes/rarely brush my teeth.
Dilerimi her zaman/bazan/nadiren fralarm.
Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (A-C) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem + -Er/Ir" yaps kullanlr.
d) Gelecee ait kesin bir olaydan sz ederken kullanlr.
- We set off after lunch.
le yemeinin ardndan yola kyoruz.
e) Normalde "yklem + -ing" yaps ile kullanlmayan baz yklemlerle birlikte
kullanlr. Bu yklemlerin balcalar:
astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve,
detest, dislike, doubt, feel, fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate, imagine, include,
impress, know, like, love, need, owe, realize, recognize, regret, resemble,
remember, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand,
want, wish
feel yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I feel he is right) anlamnda "-ing"
almaz; "hissetmek" anlam (- How are you feeling today?) tadnda "ing" alr.
have yklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamnda "-ing"
almaz"; "..almak / yemek" anlam (- They are having lunch.) tadnda
"-ing" alr.
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hear yklemi allmadk durum belirttiinde (- I'm hearing things. /

Gaipten sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile kullanlabilir.
see yklemi allmadk durum belirttiinde (- I'm seeing double) "-ing"
ile kullanlabilir.
smell yklemi "koku salmak" (- It smells nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;
"koklamak" anlam (-She is smelling the flowers.) tadnda "-ing" ile
alr.
taste yklemi "tad olmak" (- It tastes nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;
"tatmak" anlam (- Why are you tasting the soup?) tadnda "-ing" alr.
think yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I think he is right.) anlamnda "ing" almaz; "dnmek" anlam (- What are you thinking ?) tadnda
"-ing" alr.

Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (D-E) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem + - Er/Ir" ya da ou kez "yklem + - Iyor" yaps kullanlr.
f) Emir vermek iin kullanlr.
- Stop !
Dur !
2.2. Present Continuous Tense
a) u anda gereklemekte olan olaylar iin kullanlr.
- You are reading a sentence.
Bir cmle okuyorsun/okumaktasn.
b) u aralar olmakta olan olaylar iin kullanlr.
- I am reading a wonderful novel.
ahane bir kitap okuyorum/okumaktaym.
c) Gelecee ynelik kesin planlarda kullanlr.
- What are you doing tomorrow ?
Yarn ne yapyorsun ?
d) Konumacy tedirgin eden ve sk tekrarlanan bir olay iin "always" ile birlikte
kullanlr.
- She is always complaining about my dog.
Srekli / Hep / Durmadan kpeimden ikayet ediyor.
Present Continuous'un bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -Iyor/mEktE" kullanlarak aktarlr.
2.3. Present Perfect Tense
a) Az nce tamamlanan bir olay iin, genelde "just" ile kullanlr.
- I have just drunk a cup of tea.
Az nce/Daha imdi bir fincan ay itim.
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b) Yaplm ama zaman belli olmayan eylemler iin, ya da zaman belli olsa da
eylemin kendisi kadar nemli olmad durumlarda kullanlr.
- Peter has been to the States twice.
Peter Amerika'da iki kez bulundu./Birleik Devletler'e iki kez gitti.
c) Gemite yaplm, u anda ya da gelecekte yaplabilme olasl var olan olaylar
iin kullanlr.
- He has won 3 Oscars.
3 Oscar kazand.
d) Snrlar kesin belirtilmeyen bir zaman belirtmekte olan bir terim ile birlikte
[1], ya da, olayn getii zaman diliminin henz sona ermedii durumlarda [2]
kullanlr.
- The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]
Nfus son zamanlarda nemli lde artt/artmtr.
Present Perfect'in bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -DI", eviri metni
resmi bir dil tadnda da "yklem + - mItIr" yaps ile aktarlr.
- They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]
Bu sene tatil yapmadlar.
e) "be" yklemi ile birlikte, nitelik, yer, vs. belirten yaplarn oluturulmasnda
kullanlr.
- I have been a teacher for 7 years.
Yedi senedir retmenim/retmenlik yapmaktaym/yapyorum.
Bu kullanm (E) Trke'ye "yklem + -DIr" yaps ile aktarlrsa da -DIr taks
genelde der.
2.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a) Present Perfect'ten farkl olarak, daha sreli bir eylemi kapsar.
- I have been writing since ten this morning.
Bu sabah ondan beri yazyorum/yazmaktaym.
b) Kimi zaman, olayn kendisi bitmi olsa bile etkisi srmektedir.
- You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?
Berbat grnyorsun. Kavga m ettin ?
Present Perfect Continuous Trke'ye, eylem sonulanmam ise (A) "yklem +
-Iyor/-mEktE", eylem sonulanm ise (B) "yklem + -DI" ile aktarlr.
3. Past : Gemi zaman
3.1. Simple Past Tense

a) Gemite belirli bir zamanda bitmi bir olay iin kullanlr. Bu kullanmn
Present Perfect'ten fark olayn getii zamann ve ayrntlarn nem
kazanmasdr.
- He left a minute ago.
Bir dakika nce kt.
- Where did the accident happen ?
Kaza nerede oldu ?
Simple Past'n bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + -DI", daha resmi yaplarda
ise "yklem + mItIr" kullanlarak aktarlr.
b) Gemie ait bir alkanlk iin "always", "never", vs. ile kullanlr.
- He always wore a hat.
Srekli/Hep apka giyerdi.
Simple Past'n bu kulanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + -I/ErdI" kullanlarak
aktarlr.
3.2. Past Perfect Tense
a) Gemie ait iki olayn bulunduu bir durumda ve bu iki olaydan birinin
dierinden nce olmas halinde, nce olan olay iin "Past Perfect", sonra olan olay
iin de "Simple Past" kullanlr.
- When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.
Polis geldiinde hrsz kamt.
b) "Past Perfect" temelde "Present Perfect'in past halidir.
- He had won 3 Oscars.
3 Oscar kazanmt.
Past Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + -mItI" ile, ya da, pek sk olmasa da, "yklem
+ - DydI" ile aktarlr.
3.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
"Present Perfect Continuous" yapnn past halidir.
- I had been writing since 10 this morning.
O sabah 10'dan beri yazmaktaydm.
- You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?
Berbat grnyordun. Kavga m etmitin ?
Past Perfect Continuous Trke'ye " yklem + - Iyordu / -mEktEydI / -mItI
kullanlarak aktarlabilir.
3.4. Past Continuous Tense
a) Gemite bir sre devam etmi olan olaylarn aktarmnda kullanlr.
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- She was earning quite a lot of money.

Olduka ok para kazanyordu / kazanmaktayd.
b) Devam etmekte iken ani ve daha ksa bir eylemle karlaan ya da o eylem
tarafndan kesintiye uratlan bir eylem iin kullanlr.
- When she heard the explosion she was having bath.
Patlamay duyduunda banyo yapyordu.
Past Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI" ile aktarlr.
3.5. "Infinitive" yaplarda past
"Infinitive" (to + yklem) ngilizce'de "to have + V3" ile past hali alr.
- He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENT
nana gre byk bir serveti var.
- He is believed to have lived in misery. PAST
nana gre sefalet iinde yaad / yaam.
3.6. "Gerund" yaplarda past
"Gerund" (yklem + - ing) yaps "having + V3" kullanlarak past yaplabilir.
- Having completed the task, the students had a break.
(= After they had completed ... )
Grevi tamamladktan sonra renciler ara verdiler.
Bu yap perfect nitelik de tayabilir.
- Having completed the task, the students will have a break.
(= After they have completed .... )
4. Future: Gelecek zaman
4.1. will
a) Bir plan ya da kesinlemi ama olmad durumlarda kullanlr.
- Don't worry. You'll succeed.
Endielenme. Baaracaksn.
Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.
b) Sonucun kesin / doal olduu bilinen durumlarda, kimi zaman da bir inatlama
sz konusu ise kullanlr.
- When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.
Islakken bu boya berbat bir koku salar / salacaktr.
- Don't insist. She will say no.
Israr etme. Hayr der / diyecektir.

Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + - I/Er" ya da "yklem + - EcEkDIr" ile

aktarlr.
4.2. be (am/is/are) going to
a) Bir plan ya da kesinlemi ama olduu zaman kullanlr.
- Don't worry. I'll help you.
Endielenme. Sana yardm edeceim.
b) Bir eylemin gerekleeceine ait kesin iz, belirti varsa kullanlr.
- She looks very pale. I think she's going to faint.
ok solgun grnyor. Sanrm baylacak.
Bu kullanmlar (A-B) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.
c) "was / were going to" yaps yaplmas amalanan ama gereklemesine olanak
ya da gerek kalmayan eylemler iin [1] - ya da bunun tam tersi olarak
gereklemesine gerek yokken gerekleen [2] - olaylar iin kullanlr.
- I was going to call him. He called me. [1]
Onu arayacaktm. O beni arad.
- They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter
there during the rain. [2]
Antik kiliseyi gezmeyeceklerdi ama yamurdan korunmak iin oraya sndklarnda
geziverdiler.
Bu kullanm (C) Trke'ye yklem + - EcEktI" ile aktarlr.
4.3. be (am/is/are/ ..) to
a) "will (definitely)" anlamnda kullanlr.
- The Queen is to visit New Zealand.
Kralie Yeni Zelanda'y ziyaret edecek.
Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.
b) "should" anlamnda kullanlr.
- You are to do your homework.
Ev devini yapman gerek.
Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "should" gibi aktarlr.
4.4. Future Continuous Tense
Gelecekte sryor olacak eylem iin kullanlr.
- This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping.
Yarn bu saatler uyuyor olacam.
Future Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + - Iyor / - mEktE olacak" ile aktarlr.
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4.5. Future Perfect Tense

Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanm olacak eylem iin - genelde zaman belirten by kelimesi ile
birlikte - kullanlr.
- This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to bed.
Yarn bu saatler yatm olacam.
Future Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + - mI olacak" ile aktarlr.

YARDIMCI YKLEMLER
1. Tanm
Bu blmde ele alnan yklemler birer yardmc yklemdir. Tek balarna kullanldklarnda yklem
olarak tadklar anlam tamazlar ("Yes, I can" gibi ksa yant durumlar dnda). Bu nedenle, kimi
yardmc yklemlerin isim ya da yklem olarak tadklar anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have (v) =
sahip olmak, May (n) = Mays, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) = irade; vasiyetname) dikkat etmek
gerekebilir.
2. Kullanm ve eviri
Yardmc yklemler alfabe srasna gre ele alnmtr.
2.1. be (am / is / are) able to
"Bir eyi yapabilmek" anlamn tar.
- I am able to run a mile.
Bir mil koabilirim.
- They will be able to complete the project on time.
Projeyi zamannda tamamlayabilecekler.
- She was able to say a few words.
Birka kelime syleyebildi.
- We haven't been able to understand it.
Onu anlayabilmi deiliz.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - EbIl- " ile aktarlr. Gerekli zaman taks eklenir.
2.2 can
a) bir eyi yapabilmek
- Can you speak German ?
Almanca konuabilir misin ?
b) olaslk
- He can be here any moment.
Her an gelebilir.
c) izin, rica
- Can I leave early ?
Erken kabilir miyim ?
- Can you turn the volume down ?
Sesi ksabilir misin ?

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Bu kullanmlar (a-c) Trke'ye "yklem + - EbIl- ile aktarlr.

d) Olumsuz sonu karma
- It can't be her. She is much taller.
Bu o olamaz. O daha uzun boylu.
e) Gemie ait olumsuz sonu karma.
- She can't have left earlier.
Daha erken km olamaz.
2.3. could
a) Gemite bir eyi yapabilmek.
- I could swim across the lake then.
O zamanlar gl yzerek geebilirdim.
b) olaslk
- Perhaps she could answer all the questions.
Belki de tm sorulara yant verebilir.
c) izin, rica
- Could you do me a favour ?
Bana bir iyilik yapar msn ?
d) teklif
- Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?
Yarn saat 12 civarnda buluabilir miyiz ?
e) Sonu karma
- He could be at home. He could be sleeping.
Evde olabilir. Uyuyor olabilir.
f) Gereklememi, gemie ait olaslk
- I could have passed the test.
Snav geebilirdim.
2.4. dare
a) Cesaret etmek
- She daren't do it.
Yapmaya cesaret edemez.
b) Sadece I daresay yaps ile, olaslk
- I daresay you are tired.
Sanrm yorgunsun.
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2.5. had better

Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"
- Hadn't we better start rightaway ?
Hemen balamak/balamamz iyi olmaz m ?
- I'd better keep it in a box.
Onu bir kutuda saklasak iyi olur.
2.6. have (got) to
a) Konumacnn gereklere dayanarak ilettii zorunluluk.
- She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.
Hemen kmas gerek. Telefon var.
b) Gerekmezlik (= needn't )
- You don't have to study at all.
Hi alman gerekmez.
- She won't have to go.
Gitmesi gerekmeyecek.
- We didn't have to buy anything.
Hibirey satn almamz gerekmedi.
Kimi zaman have = sahip olmak yklemi, have to yardmc ykleminin kullanmna benzer bir
ekilde kullanlyor olabilir. Cmlenin anlamn yanl anlamamak iin dikkat etmek gerekir.
- This book has a lot to say.
(= This book has a lot of things to say.)
2.7. may
a) Olaslk
- We may never see that comet again.
Bu kuyruklu yldz bir daha hi gremeyebiliriz.
b) zin, rica
- You may go.
Gidebilirsin.
c) Gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem.
- Many species may have died out by then.
O zamana kadar pek ok tr tkenmi olabilir.
d) Gemie ait olas eylem
- He may have missed the bus.
Otobs karm olabilir. / Belki de otobs kard.
e) Gemite gereklememi olaslk
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- They may have won the match. They played terribly.

Ma kazanabilirlerdi.
f) may as well = had better
"may well" kullanmna dikkat ! Bu yapda well kelimesi pekala, neden olmasn
anlamn tar.
g) Dualar "may" ile olur. "May" yardmc yklemi zneden nce gelir.
- May God be with you.
Tanr seninle olsun.
h) "Ramen" anlam veren cmlelerde, devrik yapda "may" kullanlabilir.
2.8. might
a) zayf olaslk
- This medicine might have some side effects.
Bu ilacn baz yan etkileri olabilir.
b) izin isteme
- Might we suggest something ?
Birey nerebilir miyiz ?
c) gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem
- By the year 2.000, you might have died.
2000 ylna gelindiinde lm olabilirsin(iz).
d) gemie ait olas eylem
- He might have tried to contact you.
Sana ulamaya alm olabilir.
e) gemite gereklememi olaslk
- They might at least have apologized.
En azndan zr dileyebilirlerdi [ama dilemediler]
f) might as well = had better
2.9. must
a) konumacnn zorunlu grd, kendi fikrine dayal zorunluluk
- I don't want her here. She must go.
Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi art.
b) ok kuvvetli olaslk
- There must be a mistake. Check it again.
Bir hata olmal./ Mutlaka bir hata vardr. Yeniden kontrol et.
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- He must be sleeping. I can hear his snore.

Uyuyor olmal. Horultusunu duyabiliyorum.
Bu yapnn olumsuzu mustn't ile deil can't ile oluturulur.
c) Yasaklama
- You must not take any pictures here.
Burada fotoraf ekmemelisin(iz).
d) Gemite gereklemi olmas olas eylem
- He must have missed the bus.
Otobs karm olmal.
Bu yapnn olumsuzu musn't have ile deil can't have ile oluturulur.
2.10. need(n't)
a) Gerekmezlik (= don't/doesn't have to)
- You needn't worry.
Endielenmen gerekmez/gereksiz.
b) Gereklilik
- Need I sign it ?
mzalamam gerekir mi ?
c) Gemite gerek olmad halde yaplm eylem.
- We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.
adrmz getirmemiz gerekmezdi. Onun adr yeterinde geni.
2.11. ought to
a) t, tavsiye
- It ought to be cleaned every two months.
ki ayda bir temizlenmesi gerek.
b) Gemite gerekle(me)mi olaslk.
- She ought to have been more careful
Daha dikkatli olmas gerekirdi.
2.12. shall
a) Gelecek. Resmi kullanm.
- When shall we announce the results ?
Sonular ne zaman aklayacaz ?
b) Sadece I ve we ile, neri.
- Shall we go out ?
kalm m ?
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c) Will yerine. Resmi kullanm.

- The accused shall be interrogated.
Sank sorguya ekilecek.
2.13. should
a) Ykmllk
- He should work harder.
Daha fazla almas gerek.
b) u anda gereklemesi gerekirken gereklemeyen - ya da bunun tam tersi eylem.
- You should be at home now. You should be studying.
u anda evde olman gerekirdi. Ders alyor olmalydn.
c) Why veya How ile, tedirginlik ve fke ifadesinde.
- How should I know it ?
Ben nereden bileyim ?
d) Olaslk
- He worked hard. So, he should succeed.
yi alt. Kazanmas gerekir. / Kazanacaktr.
e) Gemite gereklememi gereklilik
- She should have seen her mistake.
Hatasn grmesi gerekirdi.
f) Baz yklem ve sfatlarla
- I advise that she should resign.
- Was it essential that he should be sacked ?
g) Second conditional yapda, devrik cmle oluturmak iin.
- Should he come, give him my message.
2.14. used to
a) Gemite olan ve artk devam etmeyen al??kanlk.
- I used to exercise regularly.
Dzenli olarak altrma yapardm.
b) Olumsuz yapda, gemite olmayp sonradan edinilen al??kanlk.
- She didn't use to smoke.
Eskiden sigara imezdi.
- He never used to leave the office early.
Ofisten asla erken ayrlmazd.
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Her ne kadar used to ile dorudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karkla ok abuk neden olabildii iin be
used to ve get used to yaplarna da deinmek yerinde olacaktr. Be used to "alkn olmak", get used
to ise "alkanl kazanmak" anlamlarn tarlar ve yardmc yklem zellikleri yoktur.
- "Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise."
- "I'm used to it."
- When I first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then I got used to living here.
2.15. will
a) Gelecee ynelik durum, eylem
- I will come with you.
Seninle geleceim.
- Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.
Gelecek ay yeni bir ube ayor olacaz.
- Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.
Gelecek ay yeni bir ube am olacaz.
b) Rica, istek
- Will you please leave the door open ?
Ltfen kapy ak brakr msn ?
c) Gelecee ynelik kesin ve doal sonu
- She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.
ok inat. Reddeder./Reddedecektir.
2.16. would
a) Gemite alkanlk. Used to yapsndan fark, bu alkanln bitmi olmasnn
gerekmemesidir.
- He would drink a glass of wine after dinner.
Akam yemeinden sonra bir bardak rap ierdi.
b) Rica, istek
- Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?
Brorleri olabildiince abuk gnderir misiniz ?
c) Gemite zorunluluk, kimi zaman inat tayan eylem.
- I begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.
Bana yardm etmesini istedim ama etmeyecei tuttu.
d) Gemite gereklememi eylem.
- We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.
Daha uzun kalrdk ama havalar deiti.
e) Second conditional tr kullanmda
16

- If you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.
O kadar tembel olmasaydn imdi niversitede okuyor olurdun.
2.17. would rather
"Tercih etmek, yelemek" anlamn tar.
- I'd rather die keep silent.
Sessiz kalmay yelerim. / Ben iyisi mi sessiz kalaym.
Tercih sz konusu olduunda than kullanlr.
- We'd rather starve to death than eat it.
Onu yemektense alktan lmeyi tercih ederiz,
would rather + kii durumunda bu kiiden sonra gelen yklem Simple Past
Tense ile oluturulur, ama anlam past deildir.
- I'd rather you went first.
Senin nce gitmeni tercih ederim.
3. Dier kullanmlar
Baz yardmc yklemler, zellikle Reported Speech yaplarda, birbirlerinin past hali olarak
kullanlrlar. Bu konudaki yanlglardan biri, shall yardmc ykleminin past halinin should olduudur;
shall yapsnn past hali sadece would yardmc yklemi olabilir.

17

EDLGEN YAPI
1. KULLANIM
ngilizce'de "passive" yap "be + V3" yaps ile olur. "Be" yklemi cmlenin zamanna uygun olarak
"am, is, are, was, were, be, been" hallerinden birini alr. Trke'de ise "edilgen" yap "yklem + -Il/In"
yaps ile oluturulur.
2. ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YKLEMLERDE "PASSIVE"
Simple
Present English is spoken in many countries.
Present Continuous The house is being decorated.
Present Perfect
She has been informed.
Present Per. Cont. The research has been being done. *
Simple Past
I was informed.
Past Continuous
I was being followed.
Past Perfect
He had been misunderstood.
Past Per. Cont.
I had been being questioned for hours. *
Future
will
It will be completed on time.
going to
They are going to be invited.
continuous
You will be being informed soon. *
perfect
It will have been opened by next week.
Modal verbs
can
can + V3
could
could + V3
had better
had better + V3
have to
have to + V3
may
may + V3
might
might + V3
must
must + V3
need
need to + V3
ought to
ought to + V3
shall
shall + V3
should
should + V3
used to
used to + V3
would
would + V3
would rather
would rather + V3
* ile iaretli olan yaplarn kullanm yoktur.
3. "PASSIVE" ANLAM TAIYAN YKLEMLER
Baz yklemler, cmleye gre, "Passive" anlam tayarak kullanlabilirler.
- Your report reads well.
- The new Ford is selling badly.
- It is a nice material, but it doesn't wash.
4. "ACTIVE" CMLENN NESNESNN BR "CLAUSE" OLMASI
rneklerde de grlecei gibi, "active" bir cmlenin nesnesinin bir "clause" olmas durumunda
- People believed (that) the witches communicated with the devil.
CLAUSE
nsanlar cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduuna inan(r)d.
18

bu cmle eitli durumlarda "passive" yaplabilir.

- It was believed that the witches communicated with the devil.
CLAUSE
- The witches were believed to communicate with the devil.
S
V
- That the witches communicated with the devil was believed.
S
V
Cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduuna inanl(r)d.
Bu tr "passive" cmlelere bir dier rnek:
- Nobody knew whether he was telling the truth.
S V
O = CLAUSE
- It was not known whether he was telling the truth.
- Whether he was telling the truth was not known.
5. "INFINITIVE" YAPININ "PASSIVE" HAL
5.1. be to + PASSIVE
a) Gereksinim
- These carpets are to be cleaned regularly. (=should be cleaned)
- This form is to be filled in in ink.
Bu formun mrekkepli kalemle doldurulmas gerek.
- There is a lot of work to be done.
Yapacak/ Yaplacak ok i var.
b) "will" anlamnda
- An offer as generous as this one is not to be refused.
Bu kadar cmert bir neri reddedilmez.
5.2. "be" + "to be seen / found / congratulated"
- He was nowhere to be seen.
Hibiryerde grlmedi/ Onu gren olmad.
- The dog was nowhere to be found.
Kpek hibiryerde bulunamad.
5.3. "be + to blame" yaps "be + to be blamed" anlamnda
- Nobody is to blame for the accident.
Kaza iin kimse sulanamazd./ Kazada kimsenin suu yoktu.
5.4. "anything / nothing" + "to do / to be done"
- There is nothing to do.
Yapacak hibirey yok [bu yzden canm sklyor].
- There is nothing to be done.
Yapacak hibirey yok. / Elden birey gelmez [o yzden at onu gitsin].
5.5. "supposed to"
- I am supposed to be at home
gibi bir cmle iki tamamen farkl anlam tayabilir:
19

[1] = Everyone supposes that I'm at home.

Herkes benim evde olduumu sanyor.
[2] = I should be at home now.
u an evde olmam gerekirdi.
Uygun anlam "balam" yolu ile anlalabilir.
5.6. "to have been + V3 "
"to have been + V3" yaps "perfect/past" anlam tadndan
- I would like to be invited
cmlesi Trke'ye
Davet edilmeyi isterim. / Keke davet edilsem
eklinde aktarlabilirken,
- I would like to have been invited
cmlesi
Davet edilmi olmay isterdim. / Keke beni davet etselerdi
eklinde Trke'ye aktarlabilir.
5.7. "get + (nesne) + V3"
ngilizce'de edilgen yapda "be + V3" yerine "get + V3" kullanlabilmektedir.
- How did the window get broken ?
Cam nasl krld ?
- He got his money stolen.
Parasn aldrd.

20

CMLE + CMLE: "COORDINATION"

1. TANIM
Cmleyi oluturan unsurlar birbirlerine "coordination" yolu ile balandklarnda, eitli
"coordinator"lar kullanlmaktadr. Bunlardan basit olanlar,
and
or
but,
kullanm asndan daha kapsaml olanlar ise
either ... or
both ... and
nor, neither ... nor
not only ... but (also/as well)
olarak guruplandrlabilir.
2. KULLANIM VE EVR
2.1. And, or, but
Kullanm ve eviri asndan bu basit "coordinator" nemli sorunlar oluturmazlar.
- I wonder whether I should stay and wait or whether it is better to leave.
Kalmal ve /Kalp beklemeli miyim yoksa / ya da /, ayrlmak daha m iyi bilemiyorum.
"And" Trke'ye "ve", "yklem + - Ip", ya da "," eklinde aktarlabilir. "Or"
Trke'ye "ya da", "veya", "(ve)yahut", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir. "But"
Trke'ye "fakat", "ama", "ancak", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir.
Kimi zaman "but" kelimesi "except" (= dnda, haricinde) anlamn tayabilir. Bu durumda "but"
kelimesini bir yklem izlerse yklem "to" kullanlmadan balanr.
- We have no choice but resign.
stifa etmekten baka bir seeneimiz yok.
2.2. Either ... or
- Either you are crazy or I know nothing.
(Ya sen lgnsn ya da ben birey bilmiyorum! ) / Eer sen lgn deilsen ne olaym !
- You may either stay here or (you may) go out.
ster burada kal ister k.
Bu yap Trke'ye "Ya ... ya da", "ster ... ister" yaplar ile aktarlr.
2.3. Both ... and
- The old secretary could both type excellently and take shorthand.
Eski sekreter hem kusursuz daktilo yazabiliyordu hem de steno biliyordu.
Bu yap Trke'ye "Hem ... hem de", "Gerek ... gerekse" yaplar ile aktarlr.
2.4. Nor
"Nor" kullanlan cmlede, vurgu salamak iin, "zne + yklem" yaps tersyz edilerek devrik yap
oluturulur.
21

- He didn't accept the offer. Nor did he refuse it.

Teklifi kabul etmedi. Red de etmedi./Reddetmedi de.
Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" ya da " -mEdII / mEyEcEI gibi, ..... olumsuz
yklem" eklinde aktarlabilir.
2.5. Not only ... but (also/as well)
"Nor" kullanlan cmlede olduu gibi, "Not only..." yapsyla cmleye balanmas durumunda cmlede
devrik yap oluur.
- Not only does he play the guitar but he is a good singer (as well).
Sadece gitar almakla kalmaz, iyi bir arkcdr da.
- They not only broke/Not only did they break into his office, (but) they also stole his
computer.
Hem brosuna zorla girdiler hem de bilgisayarn aldlar.
Bu yap Trke'ye "sadece / yalnzca + {olumsuz / olumlu yklem } ... bir de /
ayrca / stelik + { olumlu / olumsuz yklem } yaps ile ya da "hem ... hem de"
ile aktarlr.
2.6. Neither ... nor
Bu yapda da vurgu amac ile devrik yap kullanlabilir.
- We are neither aware nor (are we) fully ignorant of the subject.
Konu hakknda ne bilgimiz var ne de tamamen bilgisiz durumdayz.
Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" eklinde aktarlabilir.

22

CMLE + CMLE: "SUBORDINATION"

1. TANIM
ngilizce'de ve Trke'de cmleler birbirlerine basit balalarla balanabildikleri gibi, eitli
tamlamalar yaplarak da balanabilirler. Bu yaplar ngilizce'de "Clause Sentence", "Super Structure"
gibi isimler alr.
Ana fikri tayan ve mutlaka tam bir yarg oluturan cmleye "Ba / Ana Cmle" (=Main Clause), her
trden dier bileene ise "kincil / Yan Cmle" (=Secondary/Subordinate Clause) denilmektedir.
- When I met him, he was in the army.
Yan cmle Ana cmle
2. EVR LEM
Cmle iindeki grevleri "zne" [1] ya da "nesne" [2] yerine gemek olduunda ikincil cmleler basit
cmle yapsnn zne ya da nesneleri olarak kabul edilebilir ve Trke'ye rahatlkla aktarlabilirler.
"Relative Clause" ve "Noun Clause" bu tr yaplardr.
- The sentence(that) you are reading is a clause sentence. [1]
S
V
O
("Relative Clause")
- They say that it is easy to make a noun clause. [2]
S V
O
("Noun Clause)
Comparative Clause" ve "Adverbial Clause" yaplarda ise bir cmlecik + cmle durumu sz konusudur
ve eviri ilemini de buna gre yapmak gerekecektir. Bu durum biri "Noun Clause" [1] dieri ise
"Adverbial Clause" [2] olan iki cmlenin evirisi ile aklanrsa:
- Tom claims that the problem is exaggerated. [1]
cmlesinde,
S V
O
- Tom claims (that) a child stole his vallet.
eklinde bir yap mevcuttur.
ngilizce bir basit cmle ( S + V + O ) Trke'ye S + O + V (+ N+ Y) eklinde aktarlabileceine
gre, nce kendi iinde bir basit cmle yaps tayan "nesne" Trke'ye evrilirse:
.. (that ) a child stole his vallet.
S V
O

N
Y
.. bir ocuun czdann aldn
Bu nesne tm cmleye eklendiinde,
- Tom claims that a child stole his vallet.
S V (:)
O

N
Y
- Tom bir ocuun czdann aldn iddia ediyor
evirisi ortaya kacaktr.
23

Oysa bir "adverbial clause" olan

- Because he was late, he missed the bus. [2]
cmlesi incelendiinde ise,
- Because he was late, he missed the bus
Neden belirten
Ana cmle
yan cmle
yaps ortaya kmaktadr. Bu durumda da eviri ilemi,
- Because he was late, he missed the bus.
S V,
S V
O

Y
N
Y
- (O) ge kald iin (o) otobs kard.
eklinde olacaktr.

24

RELATIVE CLAUSE
1. TANIM
"Relative Clause" yap bir isim ve o ismi tanmlayan ve isme genelde "who , which , that, where , .."
gibi kelimelerle balanan bir tamlayandan oluur:
- The ring that/which was stolen has finally been found.
sim
Balayan Tamlayan Yklem

zne
Trke'de bu tr bir yap, ngilizce'nin aksine, nce tamlayan, sonra da tamlanan isim eklinde
yaplmaktadr:
- alnan yzk sonunda bulundu.
Tamlayan sim
(-an = balayan)

zne
Bu rnekten de anlalaca gibi, eviri yaparken tamlayan ile tamlanann yerlerini deitirmek
gerekmektedir. Trke'de ayrca ykleme "-En" ya da "-DII" eklenir.
2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
2.1. who/which/that
Nesne isimleri iin "which" ya da "that" kullanlr.
- Tom didn't like the computer which they recommended.
Tom onlarn tavsiye ettii bilgisayar beenmedi.
Kii isimleri iin ise "who" ya da "that" kullanlr. Her iki durumda da "that" ou zaman resmi nitelik
ta??mayan anlatmlarda kullanlmaktadr.
- The man who killed the leader is being questioned.
Lideri ldren adam sorgulanyor.
Balayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklem gelmesi durumunda balayan
kelimenin kullanlmas zorunludur.
- The car which was parked there was towed away.
Oraya park edilen araba ekilerek gtrld.
Balayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklem gelmemesi durumunda (isim +
[who/which/..] + isim) balayan kelimenin kullanlmas zorunlu deildir.
- The man my sister loves has never talked to me.
sim + sim
Kzkardeimin sevdii adam benimle hi konumad.
ngilizce'de kimi yklemler ve sfatlar bir "preposition" ile birlikte kullanlrlar (look at, listen to gibi).
Bir "Relative Clause" yapda bu trden bir "preposition" olmas durumunda yklem ya da sfata ait
"preposition" "who/which"in hemen nne alnabilir.
- He didn't tell me who he shouted at.
> He didn't tell me at whom he shouted.
Bana kime bardn sylemedi.
25

Bu yapda "preposition"dan nce kesinlikle "that" kullanlamaz.

"All that ... " yapsnda "-En/DII herey" anlam vardr. Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, kimi zaman
iki yklemin birbiri ardna gelmesidir.
- All (that) I own is yours.
S
V O
Sahip olduum herey senin (dir).

N Y
- I will give you all you want.
S V O
O
(Ben) sana istediin hereyi vereceim.
N
N
Y
"None /All / .. (of) those/the people /.. .. who /whom /.." yaps "-EnlErIn tm / hepsi / .." anlamn
tar.
- All those who want a ticket should go to the entrance.
S
V
O
Bilet isteyenlerin tmnn girie gitmesi gerekmekte.

N
Y
"anything / nothing /.. to + yklem" yaps aslnda "anything / nothing /.. which someone can / will / ..
+ yklem" yapsdr.
- I can't find anything to say. (= anything I can say.)
(Ben) syleyecek birey bulamyorum.
Relative Clause" yaplarda what kelimesi de - the thing which anlamnda - kullanlabilir.
- The gained first position in what is the most important competition of the year.
2.2. "-ing" clause
Bu tr cmleler "who/which" ile yaplan tamlamann bir tr ksaltmas niteliindedir. rnein,
- I like the girl (who is) studying over there.
urada alan / almakta olan kzdan holanyorum. / kz houma gidiyor.
Bu yapda genelde ykleme "continuous" anlam yklenir. Bu nedenle de, rnein,
* The boy bringing the milk has been sick in bed for some time,
cmlesi yanltr. Buradaki mantkszlk, olann hem st getiriyor olmas (The boy [who is ]
bringing) hem de bir sredir hasta yatyor olmasdr. Bu cmle,
- The boy who brings the milk has been ill for some time,
eklinde dzeltilebilir.
2.3. Past Participle (=V3) Clause
Bu yapda ismi izleyen ve "past participle" durumda kullanlan yklem, edilgen (=Passive) zellik ta??
maktadr.
- The purse (which was) lost has not been found yet.
Kaybedilen czdan henz bulunamad.
2.4. Prepositional Phrases
- .. the man who is waiting over there.
.. the man waiting over there.
...the man over there.
Bu yap eviri asndan bir sorun oluturmaz.
2.5. "Cleft" Cmle
26

Cmlenin belirli bir parasn vurgulamak gerektii zaman, Trke'de vurgulanacak blm ykleme
yaklatrlmaktadr. ngilizce'de bunun yaz dilinde yolu vurgulanacak blmn altn izmek ya da o
blm yatk harflerle yazmak, ya da baz yaplar iin devrik yap kullanmak; konuma dilinde ise
sesin ykselmesi ile vurguyu belli etmektir.
"Relative Clause" zellii tayan "cleft" cmle, vurguyu salamann bir dier yoludur. ki tr "cleft"
cmleden sz edilebilir.
a) It is/was/.. who/that..
- My mother threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Annem dn Bakan'a yumurta frlatt.
- It was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Bakan'a dn yumurta frlatan (kii) annemdi.
- It was an egg that my mother threw at the President yesterday.
Annemin Bakan'a dn frlatt (ey) (bir) yumurtayd.
- It was at the President that my mother threw an egg yesterday.
Annemin dn yumurta frlatt (kii) Bakan'd.
- It was yesterday that my mother threw an egg at the President.
Annem Bakan'a yumurtay dn frlatt.
b) What ... is / was
- What my mother threw at the President was an egg.
Annemin Bakan'a frlatt ey yumurtayd.
- My left leg hurts.
What hurts is my left leg.
- I like her charm.
What I like in her is her charm.
3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
Bu yapda kesinlikle that kullanlmaz. Tamlayan blm bir tr fazladan bilgi verir konumdadr ve bu
yzden de ana cmleden virgl yolu ile ayrlmaktadr.
"Non-defining relative clause" bu zelliinden tr "Extra Information Clause" olarak da tannr.
3.1. , who(m) / which
- John, whom you know well, is totaly crazy
cmlesinde
whom you know well
blm, ayn Defining Relative Clause yaplarda olduu gibi, kendisinden nce gelen ismi
nitelendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, eviri esnasnda aradaki virglleri yok saymak yeterli olacaktr.
- John whom you know well is totally crazy.
S
V
3.2. , where / when
27

Who, which ve that yerine where ve when kelimelerini kullanmak da mmkndr.

- Edinburgh, where I was born, is a beautiful city.
Doduum yer olan Edinburgh gzel bir ehir.
3.3. all / none / both / .. of whom / which
- He has three sisters, all of whom are students.
cmlesi ayn bir Defining Relative Clause gibi ele alnabilir ve bu ekilde Trke'ye aktarlabilir.
Ancak, en iyisi virglden sonra gelen blm ayr bir cmle halinde aktarmaktr.
kzkardei var; de renci.
Bir baka rnek bunun nedenini daha iyi aklayacaktr.
- Tim invested all his money on four companies, three of which went bankrupt in a year.
cmlesi tek bir cmle halinde Trke'ye aktarldnda ortaya kan
* Tim btn parasn bir sene iinde iflas eden drt irkete yatrd,
cmlesi hatal bir anlam aktaryor olacaktr, zira, bu durumda Tim zaten iflas etmi drt irkete
parasn yatrm?? olmaktadr. Oysa virglden sonra gelen blm ayr olarak aktarlrsa,
Tim parasn drt irkete yatrd; bunlardan bir sene iinde iflas etti
cmlesi ile anlam tam ve doru olarak aktarlm olmaktadr.
3.4. Sentential Relative Clause
Sentential Relative Clause dier relative clause yaplardan farkl bir zellik tamaktadr. Bu nedenle
de eviri esnasnda byk dikkat gsterilmesi gerekir. Defining ve non-defining yaplarda ortak olan
nokta tamlayan blmn kendisinden nce gelen ismi nitelendirmesidir.
Sentential Relative Clause yapda ise tamlanan virglden nceki cmlenin tmdr.
- He died young, which was a pity.
Gen yata ld. Yazk oldu.
- Around 40,000 people bought tickets for the stadium concert, which was more than
was expected.
Yaklak 40,000 kii stadyum konserini izlemek iin bilet ald. Bu umulan saynn
zerindeydi.

NOUN CLAUSE
1. TANIM
"Noun Clause" bir tr basit cmle olarak ele alnabilir ve eviri ilemi de buna gre yaplabilir. Cmle
ne kadar karmak yapda gzkrse gzksn, aadaki blmlerde yer alan rnek cmlelerden de
anlalaca gibi, aslnda bir S+V+(O) yaps mevcuttur ve bu yap Trke'ye +(N)+Y eklinde
aktarlr.
2. "THAT" CLAUSE
2.1. Reported speech
a) Normal cmleler
- Ann told me that Tom liked beer. (S + V + O + O(S+V+O) )
Ann bana Tom'un biradan holandn syledi.
b) Emir / stek cmleleri
28

- We told the boys to keep away from the cake. (S + V + O + O(V+O) )

(Biz) olanlara kekten uzak durmalarn syledik.
2.2. "be" + that
"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin "that" ile balanan blm kullanlabilir.
- My assumption is that inflation will remain a problem.(S + V + O(S+V+O))
Benim tahminim enflasyonun sorun olarak kalaca??(dr).
2.3. realise / see / .. + that
Bu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibi yklemlerin ardndan "that" ile
balayarak bu yklemin niteledii unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier "Noun
Clause" yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.
- I noticed that he was telling the truth. (S + V + O(S+V+0))
(Ben) onun doruyu sylemekte olduunu farkettim.
2.4. sim, that ..
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- The report, that he will take measurements, justifies me. (S(NOUN+THAT+S+V+O)
+ V + O)
Onun nlemler alaca (eklindeki) rapor beni hakl karyor.
2.5. That ...
- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious
tr bir cmle eviri asndan sorun oluturabilmektedir. Bunun nedeni de cmlenin bandaki "That"
kelimesine aldanlp "Bu ..." ile eviriye balanmasdr. Byle bir eviri, yukardaki rnek cmle
asndan, iki ynden yanltr.
1. "That" kelimesi "that book/pen/man" gibi yaplarda olduu gibi kendisinden sonra
gelen ismi niteliyor olsa, bu
durumda rnek cmledeki "the" kelimesinin kullanlmamas gerekirdi.
2. Cmle "Bu" kelimesi ile balanarak aktarlacak ise bu durumda cmle
incelendiinde,
- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious
S
V
?
durumu ortaya kacaktr. Yani cmlenin sonunda yer alan "is obvious" blm ortada
kalacaktr.
Bu tr cmleler
- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious (S( THAT +S+V+O) + V + O)
yaps tamaktadr ve cmlenin bandaki "That" Trke'ye "yklem + -DII / -EcEI" eklinde
aktarlr.
Bte ann artaca ortada(dr).
"That" ile balayan cmleler "It ... that ..." yaps ile de oluturulabilir.
- It is obvious that the budget deficit will increase.
3. "WH" CLAUSE
"Who(m/se), which, where, when, why, how (much / many / far / tall / .. )" gibi yaplarn kullanld???
cmlelerdir.
3.1. Reported Speech
29

Konuan kiinin sorularnn aktarmdr.

- Peter asked where they had put the box. (S+ V+ O(WH+S+V+O))
Peter (onlarn) kutuyu nereye koymu olduklarn sordu.
3.2. WH .. + be + (WH ..)
- Why he didn't call the police is a mystery. (S(WH+S+V+O) + V + O)
Onun neden polisi aramad bir gizem(dir).
- What I gave Tom was not what he wanted from me. (S(WH+S+V+O) + V +
O(WH+S+V+O))
Benim Tom'a verdiim ey, onun benden istedii (ey) deildi.
3.3. "be" + WH
"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin "WH" ile balanan blm
kullanlabilir.
- The problem is how the children find the way. (S +V + O(WH+S+V+O))
Sorun ocuklarn yolu nasl bulacaklar (dr).
3.4. realise/see/.. + WH
Bu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibi yklemlerin ardndan "WH" ile
balayarak bu yklemin niteledii unsur anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier "Noun
Clause" yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.
- His wife cannot understand why Peter refused the offer. (S + V + O(WH+S+V+O))
Kars Peter'n teklifi neden reddettiini anlayamyor.
3.5. sim, WH.
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- Your question, why Max didn't tell it, is interesting. (S(NOUN, WH+S+V+O) + V +
O)
Max'in onu neden anlatmad eklindeki sorun ilgin (tir).
3.6. WH + to
WH kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to" kullanlmas durumunda bu yap,
WH + to
olarak ksaltlabilir.
- I don't know where I should go.
to go.
Nereye gideceimi/gitmem gerektiini bilmiyorum.
4. "YES/NO" CLAUSE
4.1. Reported Speech
Konuan kiinin bir soru kelimesi (WH) kullanmadan oluturduu sorularn aktarlmasdr.
- My lawyer asked me if /whether I had sent the form. (S + V + O + O(IF+S+V+O))
Avukatm bana (benim) formu gnderip gndermediimi sordu.
4.2. whether to
30

"Whether" kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to" kullanlmas durumunda bu yap,
whether to
olarak ksaltlabilir.
- The boss doesn't know whether he should believe his excuse / to believe his excuse.
Patron onun mazeretine inanmal m inanmamal m bilemiyor.
4.3. "If" ve "whether" fark
Kullanm asndan "if" ve "whether" eitli farkllklar gsterirler. "Whether" daha geni bir kullanm
alanna sahiptir.
a) Whether + cmle + V + (O) yapsnda "if" kullanlmamas tavsiye edilir.
- Whether he would pass the test was oubtful.
Snav geip geemeyecei kukuluydu.
b) "be" + whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.
- My problem is whether I will get a pay rise.
Benim sorunum zam alp alamayaca??m.
c) "preposition" + whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.
- Everything depends on whether they will come on time.
Herey onlarn zamannda gelip gelmeyeceklerine bal.
d) .., whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.
- You have yet to answer my question, whether I can count on your vote.
Daha/Bir de benim, senin oyuna gvenebilir miyim soruma yant vermen gerek.
e) whether + to yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.
- I don't know whether to stay.
Kalmal mym, kalmamal mym bilmiyorum.
f) whether or not yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.
- He didn't tell us whether or not he will be staying with us.
Bizimle kalp kalmayacan sylemedi.
5. EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE
- He didn't know what a great chance he had missed.
Nasl da / Ne de byk bir ans karm?? olduunu bilmiyordu.
- It is incredible how fast he can run.
O kadar hzl koabilmesi inanlmaz (bir ey).
Bu yap kimi zaman iki ayr anlam tayabilir ve doru anlamn karlmas iin cmlenin getii
metnin ieriine baklmas gerekebilir.
31

- I told her how late she was.

(a) Ona ne kadar geciktiini syledim [saatten haber verdim].
(b) Ona ne kadar da geciktiini syledim.
- They didn't know what mistake they had made.
Ne hata yaptklarn bilmiyorlard.
- They didn't know what a mistake they had made.
Nasl da (byk) bir hata yapm olduklarn bilmiyorlard.
6. INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Trke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.
6.1. To ..
- To join the army was his only dream. (S(TO+V+O) + V + O)
Orduya katlmak tek ryasyd.
6.2. To ..+ "be" + to ..
- To challenge him is to risk your life. (S(TO+V+O) + V +O(TO+V+O))
Ona meydan okumak kendi yaamn riske atmaktr.
6.3. .. object + to
- My father didn't want me to argue with Tom. /my arguing ... (S + V + O +
O(TO+V+O))
Babam (benim) Tom ile mnakaa etmemi istemedi.
6.4. sim, to ..
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.
- Your ambition, to become a lawyer, requires hard work. (S(NOUN, TO+V+O) + V +
O)
(Senin) avukat olma(k) hevesin sk alma gerektirir.
Bu yapnn benzeri, "It .." ile sk olarak kullanlr.
- It is natural for them to be together.
that they are together.
that they should be together.
- It would be unwise for you to marry her.
if you were to marry her.
7. "-ING" CLAUSE
Trke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.
7.1. "-ing" ..
- Watching TV has been his only enjoyment. (S(-ING+O) + V + O)
Televizyon seyretmek onun tek elencesi olmutur.
7.2. "be" + "-ing"
- His first job had been selling computers. (S +V + O(-ING+O))
lk ii bilgisayar satmak olmutu.
7.3. sim, "-ing"
Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.

32

- Her thesis, studying cognitive factors, takes up all her time. (S(NOUN, -ING+O) + V
+ O)
Bilisel unsurlar incelemek konulu tezi tm vaktini alyor.
7.4. .. my/his/..(=Possessive) + "-ing"
- I am against their digging the area. (S +V + O(POSSESSIVE+-ING+O))
(Ben) onlarn blgeyi kazmalarna kar??ym.
7.5. My/His/..(=Possessive) + "-ing" ..
- My forgetting her name was a great mistake. (S(POSSESSIVE+-ING+O)+V+O)
(Benim) onun adn unutmam/unutuum byk (bir) hatayd.
7.6. There ... no /any + -ing ...
Bu yapnn Trke'ye aktarlmas iin her zaman kullanlabilecek bir yol nermek olanakszdr.
- There was no / wasn't any mistaking that voice.
O sesi tanmamak / baka seslerle kar??trmak olanakszd.
- There is no / isn't any knowing what they will do next.
Gelecek sefer ne yapacaklar bilinmez.
8. BARE INFINITIVE CLAUSE
8.1. Ettirgen Yap ("Causative")
a) have so. do stg. = birisine bireyi rica ya da atama yolu ile yaptrmak.
- We had the waiter clean the table.
Garsona masay temizlettik.
b) get so. to do stg. = birisine ikna yolu ile birey yaptrmak.
- Can you get your father to lend you the car ?
Baban arabay vermeye ikna edebilir misin ?
c) make so. do stg. = birisine bireyi (zorla) yaptrmak.
- I'm not guilty ! They made me do it.
Ben sulu deilim ! Bana onlar yaptrdlar.
d) have / get stg. + V3 = bireyi yaptrmak
- She has had her hair dyed.
San boyatt.
Bu yapda "get + V3" yerine gre edilgen anlam tayabilir. rnein,
- He got himself beaten
cmlesi ettirgen olarak ele alndnda
Kendisini dvdrd
anlam ortaya kmaktadr. Oysa yapy edilgen olarak ele almak daha iyi olur:
Dayak yedi. /Dvld.
33

ngilizce ettirgen yaplarn evirisi esnasnda sorun oluturmasa da, yanllkla

eklenecek bir "t" harfi yanl anlam ile sonulanabilmektedir. Yani, hatal olarak
"yklem + -DIrmEk" yerine "yklem + - DIrtmEk" yapsnn kullanlmas. kinci
yapnn doru olarak kullanlmas aadaki rnekte akland ekilde olmaldr.
- I've had the car cleaned. ETTRGEN
Arabay temizlettim.
- I've got someone to have the car cleaned.
Arabay (birisine) temizlettirdim.
8.2. but / except
stisna belirten durumlarda "but" ve "except" kelimelerinden sonra gelen yklem "to" almadan
kullanlr.
- She did everything but come to the point.
Sadede gelmek dnda hereyi yapt.

34

COMPARISON CLAUSE
1. ETSZLK
1.1. "... than" yaplar ( = Comparative)
Sfata "daha" nitelii kazandran "-er" ve "more" eklenmesi ile oluan yaplardr.
sfat + -er / more + sfat + than
- She is more intelligent than she looks.
(O) grndnden daha zeki(dir).
Bu yap Trke'ye "... -dEn daha + sfat" eklinde aktarlr.
1.2. rather than + sfat / isim
Bir kyaslama cmlesi olmamasna karn bu kullanm sk sk kartrlmasndan tr bu blmde ele
alnmaktadr.
- I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.
Ben onun sana kahverengiden ok/ziyade kestane diyeceim/derdim.
Bu yap Trke'ye "-dEn ok/ziyade" yaps ile aktarlr.
1.3. more and more / -er ... -er
"Gitgide", "daha da" anlamn katmak amac ile kyaslama yapsnn tekrarlanmas gerekmektedir.
- It is getting colder and colder.
Hava gitgide souyor.
- She is becoming more and more aggressive.
Gitgide saldrganlayor.
1.4. more + isim
"More" kelimesi her zaman bir sfat nitelemez. Bazan bir ismin niceliinin belirtilmesinde de
kullanlabilir.
- More people than ever leave their villages for a major city.
imdiye kadar olduundan daha fazla / Grlmedik sayda insan byk ehirde
yaamak iin kyn terkediyor.
1.5. "most" ve "-est" yaplar ( = Superlative )
Sfata "en" nitelii kazandran "most" ya da "-est" yaplarnn eklen-mesi ile oluturulur.
the/my/.. + isim + sfat + -est / most + sfat
- My biggest contribution is this monument.
Benim en byk katkm bu ant(dr).
Bu yap Trke'ye "en + sfat + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
35

1.6. most + isim

sim ile kullanld zaman "most" kelimesi bir kyaslama nitelii getirmemektedir.
- Most people do not care about the dangers of pollution.
ou insan kirliliin tehlikelerine aldr etmemekte.
Bu yap Trke'ye "ou + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative
- The sooner you come the better (it is).
Ne kadar erken gelirsen o kadar iyi (olur).
Bu yap Trke'ye "ne kadar ... o kadar" ile aktarlr.
2. ETLK
2.1. as + sfat / zarf + as
- He is as tall as I am / me.
(O) benim kadar uzun boylu(dur).
Bu yap Trke'ye "kadar" kullanlarak aktarlabilir.
"As" yaps birden fazla anlam iin kullanlabilir. Ayrntl bilgi iin parantez iinde verilen
blme baklmas gerekmektedir.
as well as - He can't dance as well as me. ("Comparison")
- She is clever as well as (being) beautiful. [=yansra]
as long as - My hair is as long as his. ("Comparison")
- I'll work as long as I live. ("Time")
- He can come as long as he is sober. ("Condition")
as soon as - I'll come in as soon as five minutes. ("Comparison")
- As soon as she saw him, she fainted. ("Time")
as far as - I went as far as Istanbul. ("Comparison")
- As far as I know, she is a vet. ("Comment")
2.2. the same + isim + as
- He earns the same (money) as me / I do.
Benimle ayn paray kazanyor. / Benim kadar kazanyor.
3. YETERLLK VE FAZLALIK
3.1. Sfat / zarf + enough (for so.) to + yklem
- The water is acidic enough to scare people.
Su insanlar kartacak kadar asitli.
Bu yap Trke'ye "- EcEk / - EbIlEcEk" ile aktarlr.
3.2. too + sfat / zarf (for so.) to + yklem
36

- It is too heavy for me to lift.

O benim kaldramayacam kadar ar.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - EmEyEcEk kadar" ya da "yklem + EbIlEcEIndEn ok / fazla" yaplar ile aktarlabilir.
4. MUCH/EVEN/FAR/A LOT/A LITTLE/ A BIT/ALL THE + COMPARATIVE
ngilizce'de kyaslamay glendirmek amac ile comparative yapnn nne ok ya da biraz anlam
ta??yan kelimeler yerletirilebilir.
Bu yaplar kendi balarna kyas oluturamazlar.
Yani,
* He is much experienced than the rest of the applicants
cmlesi hataldr. Doru cmlenin
- He is much more experienced than the rest of the applicants
eklinde olmas gerekir.
Bu yaplardan much, far, a lot, even, all the Trke'ye ok ile, a little ve a bit ise
biraz/ bir para ile aktarlabilir.
5. SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THAT
So ... that ngilizce'de
so + sfat + (that) [1]
so + zarf + (that) [2]
so + sfat + a(n) + isim + (that) [3]
so + many/much/few/little + isim + (that) [4]
such ... that ise
such + sfat + isim + (that) [5]
eklinde oluturulur.
- The problem was so difficult that we couldn't solve it. [1]
Problem o kadar zordu ki zemedik.
- He spoke so eloquently that everybody congragulated him. [2]
O kadar etkili konutu ki kendisini herkes kutlad.
- It was so difficult a problem that we couldn't solve it. [3]
- He has so many books that he can't remember how many. [4]
O kadar ok kitab var ki saysn hatrlayamyor.
- He gave such a wonderful speech that we were astounded. [5]
O kadar gzel bir konuma yapt ki azmz ak kald.
Bu yaplar Trke'ye "o ... kadar ki" eklinde aktarlr.

37

TIME CLAUSE
1. TANIM
"Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu cmlelerde, ana cmle ile
yan cmlede kullanlan tense uyumlu olmaldr. Yani,
PRESENT PRESENT I never forget to pray before I go to bed.
PRESENTFUTURE
Will you be there when I arrive at the airport.
PASTPAST
When we got there, the film was over.
"Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna bir tek since uymamaktadr.
I've known him since I left school. PRESENT PAST
2. TIME BEFORE
2.1.Until/Till
KULLANIMI
until/till + isim / cmle / -ing
EVRS
yklem + -E / -IncEyE kadar [1]
isim + -E kadar [2]
- He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]
Cilalamay bitirene/bitirinceye kadar sabrla al??t.
- Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
Savaa kadar, yoksulluk nedir bilmediler.
"Until" ve "by" kelimelerinden hangisinin kullanlaca?? konusu eviri ya da ngilizce yazma/konuma
esnasnda bir tereddt konusu olabilmektedir.
"Until" belirli bir zamana kadar sren bir olay ya da durum iin kullanlr.
- I have to keep writing until the end of next year.
"By" belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan nce oluan bir olay iin kullanlr.
- My book will be finished by the end of next year.
Burada belirtilmesi gereken nemli bir nokta da, "by" kelimesinin zaman yaplarnda bu tr
kullanmnda hibir zaman bir "conjunction" olarak kullanlamamas, yani, ardndan bir S+V+(O)
yapsnn gelememesidir.
2.2. Before
KULLANIMI
before + isim / cmle / -ing
EVRS
yklem + -mEdEn nce
yklem + -DEn nce
38

- They left before the door was opened.

Kap almadan nce gittiler.
2.3. By the time
KULLANIMI
by the time + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -EnE kadar
- They will have gone by the time we arrive.
Biz varana kadar onlar gitmi olacaklar.
3. SAME TIME
3.1. As
KULLANIMI
(just) as + cmle
EVRS
(tam) ... -(i)ken
- As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
Yolda yrrken (ona) bir kamyon arpt.
3.2. As long as/So long as
KULLANIMI
as long as/so long as + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -DII srece/mddete
- I'll love you as long as I live.
Seni yaadm srece seveceim.
3.3. While/(Whilst)
Bu kelimelerden "whilst" ok resmi yaplarda kullanlabilir.
KULLANIMI
while/whilst + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -(i)ken
- They came while I was sunbathing. [1]
Ben gnelenirken geldiler.
- While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]
Yrrken sendeledi ve dt.
3.4. When/Whenever
39

KULLANIMI
when + cmle [1] / sfat [2] / -ing [3]; whenever + cmle [4] / sfat [5]
EVRS
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
yklem + - DII zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DII(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkE
- When I sleep I always snore. [1]
Ben uyurken hep horlarm.
- Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]
Ltfen mmkn olan bir zaman / frsat bulduunda al??trman yap.
- Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]
Bu antay kaldrrken dikkatli ol.
- She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]
Ne zaman frsat bulsa anababasn ziyaret eder.
3.5. Now that
KULLANIMI
now that + cmle
EVRS
iin
(Hazr) ... yklem -DII [(n)E] gre
- Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.
(Hazr) herkes burada olduuna gre, toplantya balayabiliriz.
3.6. "-ing"
- He came in shouting.
Bararak girdi.
Bu yapya benzer bir yapda hi yklem kullanlmamaktadr:
- He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During
KULLANIMI
during + isim
EVRS
esnasnda
- During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.
Frtna esnasnda bir ok insan sinemaya s???nd.
4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After
KULLANIMI
after + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]

40

EVRS
yklem/isim + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardndan/sonra
- After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]
Cinayeti grdkten sonra btn gece uyuyamad.
- After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]
Yemeini bitirdikten sonra Peter yatmaya gitti.
- After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]
Ayaklanmann ardndan herey sessiz ve sakin.
4.2. As soon as
KULLANIMI
as soon as + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz
- As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]
Posteri grr grmez bir kahkaha patlatt.
- As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]
ten kar kmaz bara koar.
4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yap da sk kullanlmaz.
KULLANIMI
directly/immediately + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz
- She smiled immediately she heard the news.
Haberi duyar duymaz glmsedi.
4.4. Once
KULLANIMI
once + cmle [1] / -ing [2]
EVRS
Bir kez .. yklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gr- Once I make make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]
Bir kez kararm verdim mi beni hibirey durduramaz.
- Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]
(=Once you sign this contract ...)
4.5. Since
41

KULLANIMI
since + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]
EVRS
yklem + -Den beri/bu yana
- He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]
Snavlarn tamamladndan beri kendisini ok daha iyi hissediyor.
- We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]
Sizi ziyaret etmemizden beri(dir) dar kmadk.
- I've been typing since 12. [3]
12'den beri daktilo yazyorum.
4.6. When/Whenever
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" bal altnda ele alnan "when / whenever" ile ayndr.
4.7. Now that
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" bal altnda ele alnan "now that" ile ayndr.
4.8. No sooner ... than
KULLANIM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past
(Mutlaka devrik yapda kullanlr)
EVR
Daha yeni/Henz ... yklem + -mItI ki ...
- No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.
Daha yeni kmt ki patlamay duydu.
4.9. Hardly/Scarcely ... when
Kullanm ve eviri asndan "No sooner ... than" yaps ile ayndr. Mutlaka devrik yapda kullanlr.
4.10. On, upon
"-ing" bal altnda (aada) ele alnmaktadr.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geici bir durumu gstermek ve durumun ortaya kard sonucu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
- I rushed to the door to discover it was locked
cmlesinde "to discover" yaps "in order to discover" anlam tamamaktadr, zira bu anlam tayor
olsa kapnn kilitli olduunu bile bile kapya gitme sz konusu olacaktr.
* Kapnn kilitli olduunu kefetmek iin kapya kotum.
Bu yapnn gerek karl
... to discover = and I discovered
42

yaklam ile
Kapya kotum ve kilitli olduunu farkettim
eklinde olacaktr.
- I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
Bir sabah uyandmda kendimi yerde buldum.
- She turned the corner, to find the car gone.
Keyi dnd ve arabann orada olmadn grd.
- The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.
Perde ald ve ortaya bir pazar dekoru kt.
4.12. yklem + to + yklem
Aslnda "yklem + and + yklem" eklinde kullanlabilecek bir yapdr ve uzunca bir sreye bal bir
sonucu ifade eder.
- She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)
- The show went on to become a great success.
5. "-ing"
5.1. Same time (= When)
- Returning to the village, I met an old friend.
Kye dndmde eski bir arkadala kar??latm.
- (On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.
Mektubu alnca hemen yantlaman gerek.
"-ing" yaps ile "time" ve "reason" anlatld zaman ana cmlenin ve yan cmlenin znesinin ayn
olmas gerekir.
- When I returned to the village I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village I met an
old friend.)
5.2. Time after (= When/After)
"Having + V3" yaps ile oluturulur.
- Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had
completed ...)
5.3. (By) + "-ing"
Bu yap zaman belirtmesinin yansra neden (= reason) de belirtebilir.
- By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.
Karanlktan yararlanarak kat.
5.4. ..., "ing"
- He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants.
(= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)
6. Past participle (= V3)
Bu yap edilgen (=passive) zellik ta??maktadr.

43

- (When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.

Olduu gibi ele alndnda bu cmle bir anlam tamaz.

44

CONDITION CLAUSE
1. IF
1.1. First conditional
u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi mmkn olaslk anlatr.
KULLANIMI
If + Simple present, Future/Present tense
EVRS
-EcEk
(Eer) ... -I/Er ise, ...
-I/Er
- If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have
doubled by the year 2000.
Eer hzl nfus art oran konusunda bireyler yaplmazsa dnya nfusu 2000 ylna
gelindiinde iki katna
km olacak.
DEVRK YAPI
- Should you see her, give her the message.
Onu grecek olursan mesaj ilet.
1.2. Second Conditional
u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi pek mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.
KULLANIMI
would (be able to)
If + Simple past, could
might
EVRS
(Eer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI
- If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.
Erkek olsaydn seni imdi urada seni tokatlardm.
DEVRK YAPI
- Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.
1.3. Third Conditional
Gemie ait ve gereklemesi artk mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.
KULLANIMI
could
45

A. If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3 [1]

might
could
B. If + Past Perfect, would + V1 + (now) [2]
might
would

would
C. If +
+ have + V3, could + have + V3 [3]
could
might
EVRS
A.
-sEydi
(Eer) , ... -I/ErdI
-mI olsayd
- If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]
Sonucu bilmi olsayd o kadar mutlu olmazd.
B.
-sEydi
(Eer) , (imdi) ... -I/ErdI
-mI olsayd
- If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]
Daha dikkatli olmu olsaydn (imdi) fazla kazanyor olurdun.
C.
-sEydi
(Eer) , ... -EbIlIrdI
-mI olsayd
- I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]
Yzebilseydim ona yardm edebilirdim.
DEVRK YAPI
- Had he been more careful, he could have won.
1.4. If + should
Az bir gerekleme olasl gsterir.
- If you should see him, let me know.
Onu grecek olursan haberim olsun.
1.5. If + happen to
"If + should" yaps ile ayn anlamdadr.
1.6. If + were to
"Were to" yaps gelecekte gerekleme olasl az bir olay anlatmada kullanlabilir.
46

- What would you do if a war were to break out ?

Sava kacak olsa ne yapardn ?
"Were to" yaps zorlayc bir neri ifade edebilir.
- If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
Sandalyeni biraz oynatrsan hepimiz rahata oturabiliriz.
1.7. If it weren't for
Bu yap olayn bir baka olay deitirdiini/etkilediini gstermede kullanlr.
- If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.
Karsnn paras olmasa asla patron olamaz.
1.8. If it hadn't been for
"If it weren't for" yapsnn gemi zaman halidir.
- If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
Senin yardmn olmasa hapishaneye debilirdi.
1.9. But for
"If it hadn't been for" yaps ile ayn anlam tar.
- But for you, I could have given up long ago.
Sen olmasan uzun sre nce vazgemi olurdum.
1.10. If only (= I wish ...)
A) If only + Past tense
- If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.
(Keke) daha fazla param olsayd, iecek birey alrdm.
- If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.
(Keke) Jackie'ye gerei anlatmam olsaydn, herey yolunda olurdu.
B) If only + would/could
Bu yap istek/ama belirtir.
- If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.
(Bir de) srekli konumas olmasa kusursuz bir konuk olurdu.
- If only he wouldn't snore !
Bir de horlamasa !
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS
KULLANIMI
as long as, so long as + cmle
EVRS
- DII srece/takdirde
- She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.
Sessiz durmaya sz verdii takdirde ieri girebilir.
3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING
47

KULLANIMI
assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + cmle
EVRS
Assuming/supposing -DIInI varsayarsak/varsaynca
Provided/providing -mEsI koulu ile/-DII takdirde
- Assuming that the journey will take a full day, we may except him any minute.
Yolculuun bir tam gn sreceini varsayarsak onu her an iin bekleyebiliriz / her an
gelebilir.
- You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.
Dikkatli srmeye sz verdiin takdirde arabay dn alabilirsin.
4. IN CASE
KULLANIMI
in case + cmle
EVRS
- sE diye
- Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.
Fazla insan gelirse diye bir ie votka daha al.
Bu yap "in case of + isim/-ing" ( ... "durumunda") eklinde de kullanlabilir.
- In case of a fire, use the side doors.
- In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.
"Just in case" kullanm ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamn yanstr.
- "Why do you always carry that umbrella ?"
- "Just in case."
5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)
KULLANIMI
in the event that
just so (that) + cmle
on condition (that)
EVRS
-mEsI durumunda/-DII takdirde
- In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it.
Polis adresinizi soracak olursa/Polisin adresinizi sormas durumunda yasal adan
sylemek zorunda deilsiniz.
6. UNLESS
KULLANIMI
unless + cmle
EVRS
-mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda
- I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.
Maam artrlmazsa ayrlacam.
48

7. GIVEN
KULLANIMI
given (that) + cmle
EVRS
olsa, -mEsI durumunda
- Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.
x = y ise bu durumda n(x+a) = n(y+a)'nn da doru olmas gerekir.
Given yaps "ramen" anlamn tayan cmle olarak da kullanlabilir.
8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yap olarak "I wish / He wishes / .. " eitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanlabilir. Bu
zamann seimi elbette cmlenin oluturulduu duruma baldr.
Durum

Wish

(Simple Present)
I'm not rich.
I don't earn a lot.
She talks a lot.
(Present Continuous)
It's raining.
She is studying.
(Simple Past)
She didn't come.
(Present Perfect)
He has lost it.
("Will")
You will always complain.
He will sing all the time.

I wish I was/were rich.

I wish I earned a lot.
I wish she didn't talk a lot.
I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
I wish she had come.
He wishes he hadn't lost it.
I wish you wouldn't complain.
I wish he wouldn't sing.

Bu yaplar Trke'ye "keke" olarak aktarlabilir.

49

PLACE CLAUSE
1. WHERE
KULLANIMI
where + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -DII yerde
- Where I come from, this is called injustice.
Benim geldiim yerde buna hakszlk derler.
2. WHEREVER
KULLANIMI
wherever + cmle
EVRS
(neresi olursa orada)
yklem + -DII her yer(d)e/yerin
- They went wherever they expected to find work.
bulmay umduklar her yere gittiler.

50

CONCESSION CLAUSE
1. CMLE LE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Although / Though
"yklem" + -mEsInE ramen/karn; -DII halde
- Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.
Gen olmasna karn tecrbesiz deil.
Devrik yap ile de kullanlabilir.
- Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident.
(=Although she was ...)
1.2. Even if/Even though
Trke'ye evirisi "although" ile ayndr. "Even if" "-sE bile" olarak aktarlabilir.
- He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.
Almamasn sylememe ramen ceketimi dn ald.
- You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
Ders ok erken balasa bile dakik olmalsn.
1.3. Whereas
Trke'ye "although" gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarlr.
- Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
ok paras varsa da gvenilecei bir tek kimsesi yok.
1.4. While /Whilst
Trke'ye "although" gibi aktarlr.
- While he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.
Olduka sevimli olmasna ramen bazen bir babelas.
1.5.
Despite
In spite of
Irrespective of + the fact that
Regardless of
Notwithstanding
Trke'ye "...( gerein)e karnn/ramen" ile aktarlrlar.
- Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.
(=Although he is ...)
1.6. As
Devrik yap durumunda "ramen" anlam tayabilir.
- Tired as I was, I went on walking.
(=Although I was tired ...)
- Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support.
(=Although you may change ...)
51

Bu yap "Reason " veya "Similarity Clause" olarak da kullanlabilir.

"As" kelimesi yerine "that" kullanld da grlr.
- Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.
Aptal olmasna ramen hi hata yapmad.
1.7. As ... as
Bu yap ender olarak kullanlr.
- As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country.
(=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)
2. CMLE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Despite/In spite of
KULLANIMI
isim [1]
despite/in spite of +
-ing [2]
EVRS
yklem + -mEsInE ramen/karn
isim + -E ramen/karn
- He came in spite of his illness. [1]
being ill. [2]
Hastalna/Hasta olmasna ramen geldi.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding
KULLANIMI
irrespective of
isim
regardless of +
notwithstanding WH
EVRS
isim + -E ramen/karn
yklem + -mEsInE ramen/karn
"gz nne alnmakszn"
- Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
Onun ne diyebileceini dnmeksizin, dilediin gibi yap.
2.3. ..., still / yet
KULLANIMI
..., still/yet + -ing [1] / cmle [2]
EVRS
yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karn
- He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1]
he never gave in. [2]
ok ac ekti ama asla pes etmedi.
3. Given (that)
52

Yerine gre koul anlam da verebilen bu yap pek sk kullanlmamaktadr.

- Given her charm, she is alone.
that she has charm, she is alone.
ekici olmasna ramen/Cazibesine ramen, yalnz.

53

CONTRAST CLAUSE
Yap olarak "Concession Clause" ile ayndr. "Whereas, while, whilst" ile oluturulur ve Trke'ye en
basit olarak "oysa" kelimesi ile aktarlr.

REASON CLAUSE
1. CMLE LE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Because, As, For, Since
Trke'ye "yklem + -I iin / -IndEn tr / dolay", "yklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" eklinde
aktarlrlar.
- Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.
O kadar ok alt iin bir tatili haketti.
"As" kelimesi devrik yap kullanlarak da "Reason Clause" oluturabilir. Ayn yap "Concession
Clause" iin de geerli olduu iin hangi anlamn karlmas gerektiine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
- Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
- Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
Yorgun olduu iin yrmeyi kesti.
1.2.
Because of
Due to
Owing to
+ the fact that
On account of
Trke'ye "[gerei(nden)] tr / yznden / sayesinde" eklinde aktarlrlar.
- Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak
comfortably in his presence.
Tom'un hi Franszca bilmemesinden tr onun nnde rahata konuabildiler.
2. CMLE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of
KULLANIMI
because of
due to
owing to
on account of

+ isim + ("ing") [1]

+ my/his/.. + "-ing" [2]

EVRS
Trke'ye "because" ile ayn ekilde aktarlrlar.
- Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]
Yamurdan tr kurtarma almasnn durdurulmas gerekti.
- Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]
Onun durumu kurtarmaya almas sayesinde bir skandal nlendi.
54

2.2. "-ing" ...,

- Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in.
(=Because/When he saw ...)
- Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift.
(=Because she knew ...)
- Having completed the task, they had a break
(=Because/After they had completed ...)
2.3. Past participle (= V3)
Bu yap edilgen (= passive) zellik tar.
- Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the
eartquake.
(=Because it was constructed ...)
3. DER YAPILAR
3.1. As long as
KULLANIMI
as long as + cmle
EVRS
- DII srece / mddete
- As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
Beni rahatsz etmedii srece sakncas / sorun yok.
3.2. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as
"Because" anlam tayan bu yaplar resmi durumlarda kullanlr.
- Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.
( ..., because he knew ...)
3.3. In that
KULLANIMI
in that + cmle
EVRS
-mEsI asndan/yznden, -DII iin
- The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.
Yasad yollardan elde edildii iin delil geersiz.
3.4. Now that
"Time Clause" yaplarda ele alnan "Now that" ile ayn anlam tar.
3.5. (The reason) why
KULLANIMI
(The reason) why + cmle + "be" + because/that ...
55

EVRS
-mE("kii eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr)
- The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.
Kaybetmelerinin nedeni kurallar bilmemeleridir.
3.6. While
KULLANIMI
while + cmle
EVRS
hazr ... olduuna gre/-mI iken
- While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
Hazr mutfaktayken bana bir bak getirir misin ?
3.7. With
KULLANIMI
isim + "-ing" [1]
(with) +
isim + to + yklem [2]
EVRS
"var iken", -mekte iken, -DII iin, -DIIndEn tr
- (With) the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]
Snavlar yakla(yo)rken sosyal yaant iin hi vaktimiz yok.
- With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]
Bakmalar gereken o kadar ocuk varken ikisinin de al??mas gerek.
3.8. What with
"With" yaps ile ayndr.

56

PURPOSE CLAUSE
1. (IN ORDER) TO, SO AS TO
KULLANIMI
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yklem
EVRS
yklem + -mEk iin
- To open the lid, turn it left.
Kapa amak iin, sola evirin.
- They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.
Ne hakknda konutuklarn iitmem iin kapy ak braktlar.
- She has to hurry in order not to be late.
Ge kalmamak iin acele etmesi gerek.
"So as to" yapsnn aadaki rnekte grlen kullanmna sk rastlanmaktadr.
- He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.
Bir yerde tannabilecei kadar uzun sre hi kalmad.
"To+ yklem" yaps "ama (=Purpose) dnda baka anlamlar tayabilir.
2. IN ORDER THAT
KULLANIMI
in order that + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -sIn diye / -mEk iin
- The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
ocuklar hava kararmadan evlerine varabilsinler diye okul erken kapanyor.
3. FOR FEAR (THAT)
KULLANIMI
for fear that + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile
- They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
Treni karma korkusu ile erkenden ktlar.
4. LEST
Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan cmlelerde kullanlr.
KULLANIMI
lest + cmle
EVRS
yklem + -mEmEk iin / -mEsIn diye
57

- They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
Geride bir ey unutmamak iin listeyi yeniden incelediler.

58

RESULT CLAUSE
1. SO (THAT), SUCH THAT
KULLANIMI
so (that), such that + cmle
EVRS
bylece, bu yolla, yle ki, -sIn diye
- We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to
wait.
Baarsz olanlar beklemek zorunda kalmasn diye snav sonularn annda akladk.
- They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the
most inexperienced would be
able to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.
Kitap hazrlarken btn olaslklar gz nnde bulundurmulard, yle ki en
tecrbesizler bile adaylar
bavuru koullar konusunda bilgilendirebilirdi.
2. THEREBY
KULLANIMI
thereby + -ing
EVRS
bylece, bu yzden, bu yolla, sonuta
- Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby
deserving three different traffic
tickets.
Gen ve ateli olduu iin spor arabay son srat kulland ve sonuta ayr ceza
makbuzunu haketti.

59

SIMILARITY CLAUSE
1. (JUST) AS
KULLANIMI
(just) as + cmle [1] / it is/was/.. [2]
Kimi zaman "as" yerine "the way" kullanlabilir.
EVRS
gibi,
- She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]
Eskiden babasnn olduu gibi, iyi bir arkc.
- In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]
Sonbaharda, ilkbahardaki gibi, sel vard.
Bu yap resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda devrik yap (= inversion) kullanlarak
oluturulabilir.
- He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.
Katolikti, dostlarnn ou gibi.
- He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked
for.
Tm i arkadalar gibi o da alt kurumun stnlne inanmaktayd.
2. LIKE
KULLANIMI
like + isim / him/her/... ; like + cmle (> AmE)
EVRS
gibi, benzer
- My sister isn't much like me.
Kzkardeim fazla bana benzemez.
3. AS IF, AS THOUGH
KULLANIMI
as if, as though + cmle
EVRS
(sanki) ... (-mI) gibi
- You look as if you are about to cry.
Alayacakm gibisin.

60

EXCEPTION CLAUSE
1. BUT (THAT)
Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda kullanlr.
KULLANIM
but that + cmle [1]
but for me/him/.. to + yklem [2]
EVRS
dnda, haricinde
- Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]
Onlar Bakan'n konuma yapmas dnda hibirey durdurmuyordu.
- Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]
2. EXCEPT (THAT), EXCEPTING THAT
KULLANIMI
except/excepting (that) + cmle
EVRS
ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dnda
- We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.
Size byk bir memnuniyetle yardm ederdik ama nakit skntsndayz.
3. SAVE THAT
KULLANIMI
save that + cmle
EVRS
dnda, haricinde
- The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small share
in a vast piece of land.
irket, geni bir arazinin ufak bir hissesine hal sahip olmas dnda, tm mal
varln yitirdi.
4. ONLY
Gnlk konuma dilinde kullanlr.
KULLANIMI
only + cmle
EVRS
fakat, ancak, ama
- I'd love to come, only I have no time.
Gelmeyi ok isterim ama hi vaktim yok.

61

COMMENT CLAUSE
1. TANIM
Cmle iinde paranteze alnm bir fikir, yorum, yarg grevi stlenen ifadelerdir. Cmle iinde alt
deiik yapda kullanlabilirler.
2. CMLE
- There were no applicants, I believe, for that job.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr.
God knows Tanr bilir (ya)
Heaven knows Tanr bilir (ya)
it grieves me to tell you zlerek sylyorum
it has been claimed iddiaya gre
it is reported bildirildiine gre
it is rumoured sylentiye gre
it is said denildiine gre/ denir ki
it is true uras da doru ki/ Doru olan u ki
it may interest you to know renmek ilgini(zi) ekebilir
it pains me to tell you zlerek sylyorum
it seems grne gre, grne baklrsa
it transpires sylenildiine gre
I admit bence de/ kabul ediyorum
I agree bence de/ kabul ediyorum
I ask myself diye sormaktaym
I assume sanrm
I believe bence/ sanrm
I can see grdm kadar ile
I claim bence
I consider bence
I daresay sanrm
I don't deny kabul
I doubt hi sanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/ korkarm
I expect umarm
I fear korkarm
I feel bence
I guess sanrm
I hear duyduuma gre
I have heard duyduuma gre
I have heard tell sylenenlere gre
I have no doubt hi kukum yok
I have read okuduuma gre
I have to say belirtmeliyim ki
I hope umarm
I imagine sanrm
I know bildiime gre/ biliyorum
I may assume sanrm
I'm afraid korkarm
I'm convinced eminim/ inanyorum ki
I'm delighted to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)
I'm glad to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)
I'm happy to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)
I'm pleased to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)
62

I'm sorry to say zlerek sylyorum (ki)

I'm sure eminim
I'm told bana anlatlana gre/ duydum ki
I must admit kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim ki
I must say sylemem gerekir ki
I must tell you anlatmam gerekir ki
I presume sanrm
I regret korkarm/ ne yazk ki
I regret to say zlerek sylyorum (ki)
I remember hatrlyorum (da)
I see bence
I suppose sanrm
I think bence
I understand anlyorum ki/ bence
I venture to say diyebilirim ki
I wish keke
I wonder acaba
mind you hatrlarsan(z)
one hears sylenenlere gre
they allege iddiaya gre
they claim iddiaya gre
there is on doubt kukusuz
they say dediklerine gre
you can see grdn(z) gibi
you know biliyorsun(uz)
you may have heard duymu olabilecein(iz) gibi
you may know belki biliyorsun(uz)
you must admit kabul etmelisin(iz) ki
you realise anlayacan(z) gibi
you see grdn(z) gibi
3. AS + CMLE
Trke'ye "yklem + -DII gibi/kadar ile" eklinde aktarlabilir.
- I'm working overtime, as you know.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
as everybody knows herkesin bildii gibi
as it appears grne gre
as it happens yle oldu ki/ tesadf bu ya
as (it) is common knowledge bilindii gibi
as it may interest you to know renmek isteyebilecein gibi
as (it) often happens hep olduu gibi
as it seems grne gre
as it seems likely muhtemelen
as it transpires grnd gibi
as (it) was pointed out belirtildii gibi
as (it) was said earlier/later anlatld gibi
as I can see (it) grdm kadar ile/ bence
as I have said sylediim gibi
as I interpret it bence/ bana gre
as I'm told duyduuma gre
as I remember hatrladm kadar ile
as I say dediim gibi
as I see (it) bence/ bana gre
63

as I take it bence/ bana gre

as I understand bence/ bana gre
as you know bildiim kadar ile
as you may have heard duymu olabilecein(iz) gibi
as you may remember hatrlayacan(z) gibi
as you said dediin(iz) gibi
as you say dediin(iz) gibi
as (it) was/seemed natural normal grnd kadar ile/grndnden tr
as (it) was expected beklenildii gibi
4. WHAT ...
Trke'ye " ... olan ey/olan yan()" ile aktarlabilir.
- What was more upsetting, we lost our luggage.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
What is more surprising/upsetting/gladdening iin en/daha (da) ... (olan) yan ...
What is more to the point dahas, stelik, stne stlk.
5. TO+ YKLEM
Trke'ye "-cas, ... olmak gerekirse, ... olur ise" ile aktarlabilir.
- To be fair, I lost the money.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
to be fair akas
to be frank akas
to be honest akas
to be precise kesin konumak gerekirse/ tam olarak
to be serious ciddi olmak gerekirse
to be truthful ak konumak gerekirse
to put it briefly ksacas
to speak candidly akcas
6. "-ING"
Trke'ye "yklem + -Er/Ir ise" ile aktarlabilir.
- I doubt, speaking as a layman, that his views are our salvage.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
broadly speaking genelde/ genele konuulursa
figuratively speaking rnein/ genele konuulursa
generally speaking genel anlamda/ genele konuulursa
loosely speaking genel anlamda/ genele konuulursa
putting it crudely kabaca anlatlrsa
putting it mildly ksacas
speaking frankly iin dorusu
speaking generally genel anlamda/ genele konuursak
speaking personally bence
7. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)
Trke'ye "yklem + -Il/-In .. ise" (= Edilgen) ile aktarlr.
- Stated plainly, he has no chance of winning.
En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
put bluntly kabaca anlatrsak
put in another way dier bir deyile
64

rephrased dier bir deyile

stated quite simply basite anlatlrsa
worded plainly basite anlatlrsa

65

VERBLESS CLAUSE
Bu tr cmleler ngilizce'de fazla kullanlmaz ve eviri asndan nemli bir sorun oluturmaz.
- He waited, anxious for a reply. (= he was anxious for a reply)
- She was standing, a statue of innocence. (= she was like a statue of innocence)
rneklerde de grlebilecei gibi, yklem tamayan yan cmle ayr bir cmle gibi ele alnmaktadr.
eviri ileminin de buna gre yaplmas gerekir.

66

SM (=NOUN) VE UYGUN "ARTICLE" SEM

1. Tanm: "a(n)" ve "the"
"Article" seimi eviri ilemlerinde ou zaman bir sorun haline gelmektedir. "A(n)" (=Indefinite
article) ve "the" (=Definite article) isimlerle birlikte kullanlrlar.
Bu iki kelimenin nasl ve ne durumlarda kullanldklarna gemeden nce, isim yaplarn incelemek
yararl olabilir.
2. Saylabilir ve saylamayan isim
sim, saylabilen ve saylamayan olarak snflandrlabilir:
Saylabilen (=countable) isim
a) Tekil (=singular)
cat, leaf, man, person, iron (= t)
b) oul (=plural)
cats, leaves, men, people/persons, irons
Saylamayan (=uncountable) isim
a) Somut (=concrete)
water, oil, sugar, iron (= demir)
b) Soyut (=abstract)
happiness, wealth, boredom
3. Kullanm alanlar
"A(n)" sadece saylabilen tekil isimler ile kullanlr. Kendisini takip eden isim sesli bir harf (a, e, i, o,
u) ile telaffuz edilerek (yazlarak deil) balarsa, "an" kullanlr.
an apple, an eagle, an iron, an orange, an umbrella
fakat
a university student
(u harfi "yu" olarak telaffuz edilmekte)
an hour
(sessiz olan h harfi telaffuz edilmemekte; {h}our)
"The" btn isimlerle birlikte kullanlabilir. Bir ismin her zaman bir "article" almas gerekli ya da
mmkn deildir.
4. "A(n)" : Kullanld yerler
4.1. Bilinmeyen ve nceden belirginletirilmemi
67

Herhangi biri, hangisi olduu farketmez

- I have never seen an elephant.
- We are looking for a person to help us in the home.
Sz edilen eyin, ait olduu snfn/trn herhangi bir yesi olmas
- A screwdriver is a tool.
Bu kullanmda oul isim de mmkndr.
- Screwdrivers are tools.
Genel nesneler yerine belirginletirilmi nesneler kullanl-mas durumunda oul isim kullanmak
gerekir.
- Cars are parked at owners' risk. (Cars = Buraya parkedilen belirgin arabalar)
Tereddte dlmesi durumunda en iyisi oul isim kullanmaktr.
... de/bana
- 60 miles an hour
- Three times a week
- Ten pence a kilo
4.2. Bilinen fakat nceden belirginletirilmemi
zel biri, fakat henz belirginletirilmemi
- I have found a good job at last.
- She is a very old friend of mine.
- A Mr Nash called to speak to you.
(Mr Nash diye biri ...)
Bir tr/rnek
- We have a good climate.
- What a strange man he is !
- I have never heard such a thing !
Meslek
- I am a teacher by profession.
- To be a good MP, you must be a good speaker.
5. "The" - Kullanld yerler
5.1. the + az nce/daha nce sz gemi olan
- "I've got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange ?"
- "You have the orange and I'll have the apples."
5.2. the + belirginletirilmi isim
- The dogs in our street are very noisy.
- The Englishmen we met at the party knew a little Turkish.
5.3. the + eserde sz geen kii(ler)/nesne(ler)
- The Elephant and the Mouse
- The Longest Day
- The Mousetrap
5.4. the + tek olan ey
- They toured the world together.
- The earth goes round the sun.
- She lives in the United States now.
5.5. the + "superlative"
- the best/most recent/latest project
68

5.6. the + "ordinal" say

- the first/last/next race
5.7. the + hayali bir trn/snfn temsilcisi olan tekil isim
- The Panda is in danger of extinction.
- The computer has replaced the typewriter in the office.
5.8. the + sfat = o sfat ile nitelenen grubun tm
- The young do not listen to the old.
(= Young people do not listen to old people.)
Tekil kiiler iin "sfat + person/man/.." kullanmak gerekir.
- a/the young person/man/woman/..
5.9. the + yer ismi = o yerin amacna uygun bir eyleme katlnmamas
- She went to the prison ( mahkum olarak deil)
- I would like to live near the sea.
5.10. the + yer = iinde bulunulan durumdan tr tanmlanabilen yer
Her insann kendisine zg bir evresi olduu ve o kiinin o evreye ait hereyi tanmlayabilecei
dnlrse, o evreye yakn olan bir kimse (akraba, arkada, ayn ehirli gibi) asndan da o evre
tanmlanabilir zelliktedir.
- I must go to the bank
cmlesindeki "the bank", konuan tanyan bir kimse asndan belirgin bir bankay niteler.
- There is funny animal in the garden.
5.11. the + otel / tiyatro / sinema/.. ismi
- the Hilton
- the Akn
Ayrca
-the theatre/cinema/opera/concert
5.12. the + oul yer ismi
- the Netherlands
- the Azores
- the United States
- the Alps
5.13. the + saylabilir bir isim ieren yer isimleri
Canal
the Sues/Panama Cana
Channel
the English Channel
Desert
the Sahara (Desert)
Gulf
the Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico
Islands/Isles
the British Isles, the Virgin Islands
Kingdom
the United Kingdom
Mountain range
the Rocky Mountains
Ocean
the Indian Ocean
Republic
the Republic of Turkey
River
the (River) Nile
Sea
the Mediterranean (Sea)
State(s)
the Gulf States, the United States of America
Straits
the Bering Straits
Union
the Union of South Africa
Yer darlndan tr haritalarda "the" genelde kullanlmaz.
5.14. the + milliyet belirten sIfat
- the British
- the English
- the Spanish
69

Baz milliyetlerden sz ederken, oul isim kullanlr.

- (the) Russians/Arabs/Turks/Scots/..
5.15. the + bilim ve teknoloji ile ilgili kelime
- I hate the telephone.
5.16. the + mzik aleti
- I'd like to learn the guitar.
Caz ve pop terminolojisinde genellikle "the" kullanlmaz.
5.17. the + gazete ismi
- the Times
Dergi isimleri "the" almaz.
- Times (Magazine), Scala
5.18. the + A of B (A ve B birer isim)
- the University of Oxford
5.19. the + gemi ismi
- The Queen Mary
5.20. the + space = bir alanda bo yer
- He tried to park his car but the space was not big enough.
"The" kullanlmazsa "space" kelimesi "uzay" anlam tar.
5.21. all the / the whole
a) all
the
all + my/your/. + isim
this/these
- all the time
- all my life
- all this confusion
all + oul isim ( "every" anlamnda)
- All Indian tribes were killed off.
(Her bir ... .)
b) whole
the
my/your/.. + whole + isim
this
- the whole life
- my whole life
- this whole confusion
whole + oul isim ("complete", "entire" anlamnda)
- Whole Indian tribes were killed killed off. (= kimse sa kalmad)

70

the
the whole of + my/your/. + tekil isim
this/that
- the whole of the time
- the whole of my life
- the whole of this confusion
6. "The" - Kullanlmad yerler
6.1. A + B (A ve B birer isim)
- Oxford University
- London Bridge
- Turkish Republic
- Atatrk Airport
Bu yer isimlerinde "the" kullanlmamasnn bir dier nedeni de birer blge ya da kii ad tamalardr.
6.2. tr / snf temsil eden oul / saylamayan isim
- Pandas are in danger of extinction.
- Sugar is bad for you.
- Money can bring happiness.
6.3. yerin amacna ynelik eyleme katlma durumu
- He was sent to prison for 2 years ( mahkum olarak).
- He is a fisherman. He spends his time at sea.
6.4. "ordinal" say + yarmada durum belirten isim / dl
- She won first prize for her essay.
- The Irish contestant was in second place.
6.5. nvan (+ kiinin soyad)
- I want to see the Captain, but Captain Smith.
- Hello, Captain.
6.6. kta, tekil lke / ehir ismi
- Asia, Africa, South America, Great Britain, New York, Germany
6.7. tek da ve ada ismi
- Mount Everest
- Cyprus, Long Island
6.8. gl ismi
- Lake Erie
6.9. "preposition" + isim
- on time, for example, in turn, in harmony, at night.
Fakat
- in the morning/afternoon/evening
ve
in
spring
- during + (the) + autumn
before
summer
winter
6.10. yklem + isim
Artk birer terim haline gelmi baz yaplarda "the" kullanlmamaktadr.
yklem + saylabilir isim
71

- to take place
yklem + oul isim
- to make friends
- to shake hands
yklem + saylamayan isim
- to make progress
- to make love
6.11. by + isim (= ... ile yolculuk)
by + bus, coach, car, train, air, plane, bike, motorbike, sea / ship / boat, Tube / underground
on + foot, horseback

72

'S VE "OF"
1. 's yapsnn kullanld yerler
1.1. (a/the) + kii / hayvan ismi + isim
- the manager's office
- Mr Evan's daughter
- the horse's tail
- a policeman's hat
1.2. (a/the) + organizasyon ismi + isim
- the Government's decision
- the company's success
Bu yapy "the A of B" kullanarak oluturmak da mmkndr.
1.3. (a/the) + yer ismi + isim
- the city's new theatre
- Britain's system of government
- Turkey's largest dam
1.4. tekil isim + isim
- my sister's room
- Mr Carter's house
oul isim + isim durumunda 's yerine sadece ' kullanlabilir.
- my sisters' room
- the Carters' house
1.5. zaman belirten isim + isim
- Tomorrow's meeting has been canceled.
- I've got a week's holiday.
three weeks' holiday.
Bu cmlede "three weeks' holiday" yerine "a holiday of three weeks", ya da "a three week holiday"
demek te mmkn.
1.6. bir hayvan ismi + o hayvandan retilen ey
- cow's milk
- lamb's wool
- a bird's egg
- goat's cheese
Bir rn elde etmek iin o hayvan ldrlm ise,
- calf-skin
- chicken soup
- a lamb chop
- fox fur
1.7. bir hayvan ismi + hayvann vcudunun bir paras
- a sheep's heart
- a frog's leg
1.8. kullanan kii + kullanlan ey
- a girl's blouse
- a children's hospital
- a bird's nest
Kullanan kiinin eylem zerinde bir denetimi yoksa aadaki yap da kullanlabilir.
73

- baby clothes
- a dog kennel
- a birdcage
2. "Of" yapsnn kullanld yerler
2.1. (a/the) + isim + nesne ismi
- the door of the room
- the beginning of the story
Bu yapda 's kullanlabilirse de "A of B" yaps daha iyidir.
2.2. (a/the) + isim + organizasyon ismi
- the decision of the Government
- the success of the company
Bu yapy 's ile oluturmak da mmkndr.
2.3. (a/the) + isim + uzun tekil isim
- I met the wife of the man who lent us the money.
2.4. all, both, each, either, neither, none ile kullanlabilir.
a) all (=hepsi de)
the
all + (of) + my/your/.. + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- All (of) my friends like riding.
- I've all (of) the books.
- I've stopped believing all (of) that years ago.
smin belirleyici yap (the, my, ..) tamamas durumunda "of" kullanlmaz.
- All whisky is expensive
- All children can be naughty sometimes.
"you, us, them, .." kullanlmas durumunda sadece "all of" yaps kullanlabilir.
- All of them enjoy dancing.
- All of you are wrong.
- They want to see all of us.
"All" yerine "every" kullanlabilir. Ancak, "all of" yerine "every one of" gelir.
- He interviewed every one of us.
b) both (=ikisi de)
the
both + (of) my/your/ + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- Both (of) the cars broke down before the start.
both + (of) + these/those + (isim)
74

- Both (of) vases are antique.

both of + us/you/them
- Both of us were there.
both + isim
- Both children have been to Rome.
c) each (=herbiri de)
each + tekil isim
- He is getting better each day.
the
each + (of) my/your/ + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- Each of his daughters is a university graduate.
each of us/you/them
- The police will question each of them.
d) either (= ya ... ya da/ikisinden biri)
either + tekil isim
- Either day will do.
the
either + (of) my/your/ + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- Either of your friends is welcome.
either of + us/you/them
- Either of you could do it.
e) neither (= ne ... ne de)
neither + tekil isim
- Neither job will meet his requirements.
the
neither + (of) my/your/ + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- He said neither of the books was suitable.
75

neither of + us/you/them
- Neither of us knows the correct answer.
f) none (= hibiri de)
the
none + (of) my/your/ + isim/this/that
(these/..)
- None of the books was there.
none of us/you/them
- None of us knows the correct answer.
3. Of ... , cmle
- Of late, I haven't been feeling well.
Son zamanlarda, kendimi iyi hissetmiyorum.
- Of all the people applied, I was found suitable for the post.
(=Out of all the people who applied ...)
Tm bavuranlar iinde, ben ie uygun bulundum.
4. of + nitelik / nicelik belirten kelime + isim
- It is of no use to try and solve it.
- This is of great importance.
Bu yapda, aslnda, Trke'ye aktarm esnasnda yaplmas gereken ey yapdaki ismi, kendisinden
nce gelen ve nitelik/nicelik belirten kelimeyi de gznnde bulundurarak, sfat haline getirmektir.
Yani,
- It is of no use to ...
yaps
- It is useless to .. ("of" kelimesini "to bear = ta??mak" ile edeer tutarak)
eklinde, ya da
- This is of great importance
cmlesi
- This is very important
eklinde ele alnmal ve sonra Trke'ye aktarlmaldr.

76

YKLEM + (PREPOSITION) + YKLEM

1. Yklem + (preposition) + yklem
ngilizce'de ou yklemin kendisine zg bir ya da birka "preposition"u vardr ve eitli farkl
anlamlar oluturur. Her bir yklemin hangi "preposition" ile kullanlp hangi amac tad
bilinemeyeceine gre, tek are olarak kullanlmakta olan szlk kalmaktadr.
ngilizce cmle olutururken unutulmamas gereken bir kural, "preposition"u izleyen yklemin her
zaman mutlaka "-ing" formu tayacadr. Yani,
yklem + preposition + "-ing"
- I'm looking forward to meeting him.
- They accused her of stealing a diamond necklace.
Ancak, rnein
- I want to go
cmlesinde "to" kelimesinin ardndan "-ing" kullanlmamaktadr. Bunun nedeni "to" kelimesinin
"want" yklemine ait, bu yklemle her zaman kullanlan bir "preposition" olmamasdr.
2. except / but + yklem
stisna belirten kelimeler olan "except" ve "but" kullanld zaman, bunlar izleyecek olan yklem
yaln halde, "to" olmadan kullanlr.
- What can I do but leave ?
3. Yklem + Yklem
Bir yklem dierine eitli yollarla balanabilir.
3.1. yklem + "preposition" + yklem
Yukarda akland gibi.
3.2. yklem + (to) + yklem
Snrl sayda yklem bir baka ykleme "to" almadan balanr.
- Can you help me (to) lift this ?
3.3. yklem + (nesne) + to + yklem
- We hope to complete it soon.
- I don't want you to go there.
3.4. yklem + (so./so's) + "-ing"
- I like playing the piano.
- I appreciate your helping my son.
3.5. yklem ( = see/hear/..) + so./stg. + "do"/"doing"
- We saw him leaving the house [1]
cmlesi ile
- We saw him leave the house [2]
cmlesi arasnda anlam asndan fark bulunmaktadr. [1] numaral cmlede "leave" ykleminin "-ing"
eklenerek kullanlmas, konuan kiinin olayn tmn ya da bir blmn grdn anlatmaktadr.
[2] numaral cmlede ise yklemin "leave" olarak yaln kullanlmas olayn tmnn grldn
anlatr.
77

- I caught them stealing my bicycle.

- I smell something burning.
- I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put
it back.

78

INFINITIVE (= [TO] + YKLEM)

1. Edilgen (= Passive) yaplarda
1.1. "Present"
Bu yapda "passive + to + yklem"
- He is believed to live in New York.
Onun New York'ta yaamakta olduuna inanlyor
ya da "yklem + to + passive"
- I didn't expect to be invited
Davet edilmeyi beklemiyordum
kullanlmaktadr.
1.2. "Continuous"
"Progressive infinitive" olarak bilinen yap "to be + -ing" ile oluturulur ve etken yapda da
kullanlabilir.
- It is nice to be sitting here with you.
Burada seninle oturuyor olmak/oturmak gzel.
Bu yapda "passive + to be + "-ing" eklinde kullanlabilir.
- He is known to be writing his autobiography.
Hayat hikayesini yazmakta olduu biliniyor.
1.3. "Past/Perfect"
"Perfect Infinitive" olarak bilinen yap "to have + V3" eklinde oluturulur.
- It is good to have finished the day's work.
Gnn almasn Bu gnn ilerini bitirmi olmak gzel.
Bu yapda "passive + to have + V3"
- He is known to have visited this city
Bu ehri ziyaret etmi olduu biliniyor
ya da "to have been + V3"
- I'd like to have been invited
Davet edilmi olmay isterdim
kullanlabilir.
2. "be" + to
2.1. "be" + the first/last/only/.. + isim + to + yklem
- He was the first man to cross the Channel.
Man Denizi'ni ilk geen insand.
Bu yap Trke'ye "-En + ilk/son/tek + isim" eklinde aktarlr.
2.2. "be" + to
Bu yapnn kullanm "will" ya da "should" ile ayndr.
3. isim + to + yklem = who/which will/would + yklem
79

- He was to have been the new ambassador but he fell ill.

Yeni bykeli olacakt ama rahatszland.
4. Why (not) + yklem
Bu yapda "to" kullanlmaz
- Why pay more ?
Neden daha fazla deyesin ki ?
- Why not leave now ?
Neden imdi ayrlmayacak mm ?
5. and / or / except / but / than + yklem
Bu yaplarda "to" gereksizdir.
- I told him to lie down and rest.
- I'd rather stay than go.
6. "do" + (to) + yklem
- All I did was to lend him a hand.
Tek/Tm yaptm ona yardm etmekti.
- What a computer does is (to) process the data for you.
Bir bilgisayarn yapt i bilgiyi senin/bizim iin ilemektir.
7. To my/his/.. + sfat / isim, cmle
- Their rejection of the offer surprised me,
- I was surprised by their rejection of the offer,
- What surprised me was their rejection of the offer,
cmlelerinden her birinde "teklifin onlar tarafndan reddedilmesi" olay konuan kiiyi artmtr.
Kimi zaman, tepkiyi anlatan yap cmlenin dna karlabilmektedir. Bu durumda da
- To my surprise, they rejected the offer
eklinde bir cmle ortaya kmaktadr. Bu yapda en sk
regret, annoyance, relief, surprise, horror, delight
isim ve sfatlar ve bunlarn yakn anlamlarn tayan isim ve sfatlar kullanlr.
eviri sz konusu olduunda
- Benim hayretime/aknlma
tr bir eviri yanl olur. Bunun yerine, "To" ile balayan blm ayr bir cmle gibi ele almak daha
anlaml olacaktr.
- ardm kaldm. Teklifi reddettiler.
Bu yap ile ilgili u rnekler de verilebilir:
- To my mind, their rejection of the offer was a surprise.
(Benim amdan, ...)
- To a man of his age, such changes are unacceptable.
(Onun yandaki biri iin, ...)
8. "be" + sfat + to + yklem
- He is hard to satisfy.
(=It is hard to satisfy him.)
Onu memnun etmek zor.
80

- This violin is excellent to play Mozart on.

Bu keman Mozart almak iin kusursuz. /Bu kemanla Mozart kusursuz alnr.)

81

GERUND (= -ING)
1. Instead of + "-ing"
- Instead of studying, he spent the night watching TV.
Ders alacana, geceyi televizyon izleyerek geirdi.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + -EcEIne/-EcEI yer(d)e ile aktarlr.
2. without + "-ing"
- Without saying a word, he left.
Tek kelime etmeden gitti.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - mEdEn / - mEksIzIn" ile aktarlr.
3. by + - "ing"
- You can open the lid by turning the handle.
Kulpu evirerek kapa aabilirsiniz.
Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - ErEk" ile aktarlabilir.

82

"INFINITIVE" VE "GERUND": ZNE KONUMUNDA

1. Giri
"Infinitive" terimi "yklem + to" yapsn, "gerund" terimi ise "yklem + -ing" yapsn anlatmaktadr.
2. Kullanm
2.1. zne olarak kullanm
ngilizce'de, artk pek gncel olmayan bir ekilde, "infinitive" cmlenin znesi olarak kullanlmakta
idi.
- To err is human, to forgive is divine.
Gnmz ngilizce'sinde, cmleye yklem ile balanmas gerekiyorsa, "gerund" yap kullanlmas
daha ya da en iyisi "It ..." yapsnn kullanlmas doru olur. Bu durumda,
- To make mistakes is easy
yerine
- It is easy to make mistakes
cmlesi kullanlabilir.
2.2. Belirgin eylemler
Belirgin bir eylemden szedildiinde "infinitive" zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi "It ..."
kullanmaktr.
- To sell my car was difficult.
- It was difficult to sell my car.
Genel bir eylemden szedildiinde de "gerund" zne olarak kullanlabilir. Yine de en iyisi, "infinitive"
yapda da olduu gibi, "It ..." kullanmaktr.
- Selling insurance is a boring job.
- It is a boring job to sell insurance.
2.3. Zaman ve Neden belirtmede
"Infinitive" ve "gerund" zne olarak kullanlabildikleri gibi zaman ve neden belirtmekte de
kullanlabilirler.

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PROP "IT"
1. Tanm
Cmlenin znesi bir "infinitive clause"
- To meet you is nice
ya da "that-clause"
- That she is here at this time of the day is strange
olduunda, bu yaplarn yerini Prop "It" yaps alabilir:
- It is nice to meet you.
- It is strange that she is here at this time of the day.
- It is difficult to guess the meaning.
- It is surprising that she is so late.
- It was claimed that he was murdered.
2. Kullanm
2.1. zne durumunda
a) nem belirtmede
- It is essential to book in advance.
nceden yer ayrtmak gerek.
- It is vital that this plan is followed.
Bu plann izlenmesi art.
b) Zorluk belirtmede
- It is difficult for him to change his mind.
Fikrini deitirmesi zor.
c) Olaslk belirtmede
- It is likely that we'll be a bit late.
Muhtemelen biraz ge kalacaz.
- Is it possible to go by road ?
Karayolu zerinden gitmek mmkn m ?
d) Fayda belirtmede
- It is pointless to argue with him.
Onunla tartmak yararsz.
e) Normallik ve Geleneksellik belirtmede
- It is unusual to see snow in this season.
Bu mevsimde kar grmek allmadk birey.

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- Is it customary to tip the driver here ?

Buralarda ofre bahi vermek adetten midir ?
f) Sre belirtmede
- It takes eight hours to get to Istanbul.
stanbul'a gidi sekiz saat tutuyor.
g) Duygusal tepki belirtmede
- It was really surprising to see him.
Onu grmek gerekten artcyd.
- It shocked me that he didn't know.
Onun bilmemesine hayret ettim.
h) Gerei belirtmede
- Is it true that she is leaving tomorrow ?
Yarn gidecei doru mu ?
i) Uygunluk belirtmede
- It'll be best to leave early.
Erken ayrlmak en iyisi.
j) Bir fikrin douunu, akla geliini belirtmede
- It occurred to me that I'd left the keys at home.
Anahtarlar evde unuttuumu farkettim.
k) Grnmden elde edilen fikri belirtmede
- It seems that we are in for a change.
Grne baklrsa bizi bir deiiklik bekliyor.
l) Putative "should" ile
- It is interesting that you should think this way.
Bu ekilde dnmen ilgin.
m) eitli kullanmlar
A) It + for + isim + to + yklem
- It is better for you wait here.
Burada beklemen daha iyi olur.
- It is essential for the pages to be read before the weekend.
Sayfalarn hafta sonundan nce okunmas art.
B) It + "-ing"
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- It was nice meeting you.

Seninle tantmza evindim.
- Is it worth reserving a seat ?
Yer ayrtmaya deer mi ?
- It is no use trying to argue with him.
Onunla tartmaya almak gereksiz.
C) It ... + (as) if / though
- It looks as if it will rain.
Grne baklrsa yamur yaacak.
- It will be a pity if we have to leave the project half-completed.
Projeyi yar tamamlanm halde brakmak zorunda kalrsak yazk olacak.
D) It ... + (preposition) + isim (= Cleft cmle)
- It was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.
Dn Bakan'a yumurta frlatan kii annemdi.
E) It + "be" + (not) + until / before
- It was before the war that we knew what extravagance was.
Bonkrln anlamn savatan nce bilirdik.
2.2. Nesne durumunda
Normalde, nesne ile ilikili bir sfat bulunmas durumunda kullanlr.
- George made it clear that he disagreed.
George ayn fikirde olmadn aka belirtti.
- I thought it peculiar that she hadn't written.
Yazmamas bana ok garip geldi.
- I think it important that we should keep calm.
Bence sakin durmamz nem tamakta.
"Owe" ve "leave" yklemleri ile de kullanlabilir.
- We owe it to you to save our daughter.
Kzmzn kurtulmasn sana borluyuz.
- We leave it to you to choose.
Seimi sana brakyoruz.

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"PUTATIVE" VE "TENTATIVE" SHOULD

"Should" yardmc yklemi "gereklilik" belirtmesinin yansra baz yaplarda bunun dnnda anlamlar
yklenmektedir. Bu blmde ele alnan yaplarn hibirinde, dikkat edilecei gibi, "should" yardmc
yklemi "gereklilik" anlamn tamamaktadr.
1. Conditional clause ile
Dk bir olaslk belirtmek iin "in case", "lest", ya da "if" ile kullanlr.
- I'll go and get some more beer in case Bill should come.
- He was cautious lest he should make a mistake.
- If you should see him, tell him to see me.
"If" ile kullanmnda devrik yap oluturabilir.
- Should you see him, tell him to see me.
2. "So that" ve "in order that" ile
- He turned the volume down so that we should hear him.
Onu duymamz iin sesi kst.
Bu kullanmda "should" yerine "could/would" gibi yardmc yklemler de kullanlabilir. eviri
asndan, "could" kullanldnda "-EbIl" taksnn eklenmesi dnda, hibir deiiklik olumaz.
3. Zorunluluk ya da nem belirtmede
Zorunluluk, nem ve tercih belirten
agree, demand, marvel, regret, advise, desire, move, rejoice, allow, determine, ordain, request,
arrange, enjoin, order, require, ask, ensure, pledge, resolve, beg, entreat, play, rule, command,
grant, prefer, stipulate, concede, insist, pronounce, suggest, decide, instruct, propose, urge,
decree, intend, recommend, vote, wonder
yklemleri ve
absurd, better, just, ridiculous, advisable, concerned, ludicrous, right, amazing, eager, natural,
strange, annoying, essential, necessary, surprising, anxious, important, odd, vital
sfatlar ile kullanlr. Kimi zaman, aada verilen nc rnek cmlede olduu gibi, "should" atlr
ve yklem yaln kalr. eviri asndan "should" kelimesinin olmas ya da olmamas bir deiiklik
getirmez.
- He insisted that the contract should be read aloud.
- We recommend that you wait until the rain stops.
should leave
- People are demanding that she leave (AmE) the company.
leaves(BrE)
- It is amazing that she should confess the murder.

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DEVRK YAPI (= INVERSION)

1. Tanm
Cmle iindeki normal yapnn (S+V+O) vurgu salamak amac deitirilmesidir. Bu yapda ya
yardmc yklem [1] (asl yklemin "be" olmas durumunda yklemin kendisi [2]) ya da zneyi
niteleyen sfat [3] znenin nnde yer almaktadr.
- We came late, and so did he. [1]
- We are here, and so is he. [2]
- Tired as he was, he went on walking. [3]
2. Kullanm
Aadaki kullanm rneklerinde gsterilen kelime ve yaplar, cmle iinde bu rneklerde verilen
konumlarnda (cmle banda vs.) olmalar durumunda sadece devrik yapda kullanlabilmektedir.
rnein,
- You can nowhere find a better friend
cmlesinde "never" kelimesi cmlede ortalarda yer almaktadr ve cmlede devrik yap sz konusu
deildir. Oysa "never" kelimesi 9.2.1 maddesinde de ele alnd gibi, cmlenin bana alndnda,
daima devrik yap ile kullanlr.
- Nowhere can you find a better friend.
Devrik yaplarn Trke'ye aktarm esnasnda, mmknse, devrik yapnn salad vurgunun
verilmesine aba gstermek gerekir.
2.1. Zaman ve yer belirten yaplar ile
Zaman ve yer belirten
at no time, hardly ... when, never, no sooner ... than, not till, nowhere, only, only
after, only then/when, rarely, scarcely, scarcely ... when, seldom
yaplar ile kullanlr.
- At no time was he aware of the facts.
Hi bir zaman, gereklerin farknda deildi.
- Hardly/Scarcely had I said hello when he punched me.
Daha yeni merhaba demitim ki beni yumruklad.
- Never before have I received such a nice present.
Daha nce hi bu kadar gzel bir hediye almam??tm.
- No sooner had I said hello than he punched me.
Daha yeni merhaba demitim ki beni yumruklad.
- Not till he got home did he understand what the joke was.
Ne zamanki eve vard, ancak o zaman espriyi anlayabildi. /Eve varana kadar espriyi
anlayamad.
- Nowhere can you find a better servant.
Hibiryerde (bundan) daha iyi bir hizmeti bulamazsn.
- Only here do they sell octopus meat.
Ahtapot eti sadece burada satlr.
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- Only after a year did she start to talk to me again.

Ancak bir yl sonra benimle yeniden konumaya balad.
- Only then did I see that the plan was faulty.
Plann hatal olduunu ancak o zaman anladm.
- Rarely could we get fresh bread.
Taze ekmek bulmak bir mucizeydi.
- Scarcely / Seldom had he been late.
Hemen hi ge kalmamt.
2.2. Koul belirten yaplar ile
Koul belirten
in no circumstances, in no way, only by, only this way, only when, on no
account, under no circumstances
yaplar ile kullanlr.
- In / Under no circumstances are we authorised to seal this document.
Hibir koulla bu belgeye damga vurmaya yetkili deiliz.
- In no way can your money be refunded.
Paranz hibir koulla geri denemez.
- Only in this way were we able to make the car start.
Arabay sadece bu ekilde altrabildik.
- Only by pushing were we able to start the car.
Arabay ancak iterek altrabildik.
- Only when he became ill did he appreciate the central heating.
Ne zamanki hastaland, merkezi stmann kymetini o zaman anlad.
- On no account are people allowed to eat in the theatre building.
Hibir ekilde tiyatro binasnda yiyecek yenemez.
2.3. Not only, so, neither, nor ile
- Not only did they steal his money, but they also beat him.
Sadece parasn almakla kalmadlar, bir de dvdler.
- We all like horror films, and so does my father.
Hepimiz korku filmlerinden holanyoruz; babam da.
- "I'm not hungry."
- "Neither / Nor am I."
- He didn't protest, nor did he say a single word.
Protesto etmedii gibi tek bir kelime de etmedi.
2.4. so / such ... that ile
- So delicious was the meal that we couldn't help wondering whether it was really Jane
who had cooked it.
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Yemek o kadar lezzetliydi ki bir an yemei yapann gerekten de Jane olup olmadn
merak ettik.
2.5. Yer belirten "preposition"lar ile
- In came Tom.
(Ve) ieri Tom girdi.
- Up jumped two large dogs.
Yukar iki iri kpek zplad.
- Round the corner walked a policeman.
Bir polis memuru keyi dnd.
- Under the table was lying a huge dog.
Masann altnda koskoca bir kpek yatyordu.
2.6. Comparative clause ile
- His answer was shameful; equally regrettable was his behaviour.
Verdii yant utan vericiydi - davran da bir okadar zcyd.
- A year ago two crashes occurred at the corner, and more recently has come the news of
a third.
Bir yl nce bu kede iki kaza oldu, ve u yaknlarda bir ncsnn haberi geldi.
2.7. Condition clause ile
- Should there be a delay, call me.
Bir gecikme olursa beni ara.
- Had we known about your coming, we could have met you at the airport.
Geliinden haberimiz olsayd seni havaalannda karlardk.
2.8. Concession clause ile
- Hard as you may study, I doubt you'll pass.
Ne kadar ok alsan da geeceinden kukuluyum.
2.9. Reason clause ile
- Tired as he was, he stopped walking.
Yorgun olduu iin yrmeyi kesti.
2.10. Similarity and Comparison clause ile
- Tom was a man of power, as had his father been.
Eskiden babasnn olduu gibi Tom da kudretli bir adamd.
2.11. eitli sfatlarla
- Little did we imagine that the whole Soviet Union would collapse.
Sovyetler Birlii'nin kecei aklmzdan bile gemezdi.

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ANY / EVERY (ONE/BODY/THING/WHERE

1. Any
"Any" aadaki anlamlarda kullanlabilir.
- I haven't got any brothers.
Hi erkek kardeim yok.
olumsuz yap/anlam + any = hi

- I can eat anything.

Ne olsa yiyebilirim.
olumlu yap/anlam + any = ne olursa olsun/herhangi bir
Bundan tr,
- Nobody can ride this horse.
Bu ata hikimse binemez.
- Anybody can ride this horse.
Bu ata isteyen herkes/kim istese binebilir.
- In Turkey, anybody can be a taxi driver.
2. Every
"Every" kelimesinin, eviri asndan, bir tek aada deinilen kullanm nem tamaktadr.
- Not everyone knows this formula.
Bu forml herkes bilmez.
rnek cmlede de grld gibi, bu yap olumsuz yklem ile Trke'ye aktarlmaktadr.

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