:

:
.

342/09
253/08
431/09
351/09
134/08

: ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. ................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 .................................................................................... 10
1.4 .............................................................................................. 11
1.5 ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 ............................................................................................ 14
1.7 ( ) ........................................................... 15
1.8 ............................................................................ 17
1.9 ............................................................................................................. 23
1.10 ................................................................................................................. 27
1.11 ...................................................................................................... 30
1.12 .............................................................................. 34
1.13 ............................................................................................................... 36
1.14 ........................................................................................................ 37
1.15 .................................................................................. 38
1.16 ..................................................................................................... 39

1.
,
.
.
.
. ,
. .

. ,
, .
, .
, . ,
, .
, ( ) (
-).

1.
:
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. ,
11. ,
12. ,
13.

1.1

 :
1. ,
.
2.
(
,
) .
3. , .
4. ,
(
).
5. ,
,
.
6. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
.

1.1

.
.
:

,
. ,
(P) (Q)
(R)
(1.1)
,

. :
() () .
,
.

(mmHg), (kPa),
(cm H2O)
,
.
120 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg.

.
.

(1.2)

( ) , R .
.

.
, .

 :
(1.3)
- :
(1.4)
gde je stalna gustina fluida, P pritisak fluida I .
, :
(1.5)
- je .

:
, , ,
, .
,

= 0, u

u . , ,
(1.5) :

(1.6)
Px . Px
r.
,
r = r0.
:

(1.7)

(1.8)

 , :

(1.9)
:

(1.10)

.
,
. N
= N ,
:

(1.11)
:

(1.12)
,
Q , PxAoA
.
. ,
.
1.1
. ,
.
.

1.1 , ,

, .
, ,
,
.
, , , .
.

1.2
, .
V, ,
V ,

(1.13)
C je konstanta , V0 je .
24 ,
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
, .
,
20 mm Hg, ,
5 10 mm Hg.
1.13 .

,
(1.14)
7

 ,
.
. 1.9
.
(1.15)
2() .
,

(1.16)
.
1.14
L 0 ,
1.

(1.17)

(1.18)

. 1/
, R /.

 Q ,
, .
(1.2) RQ
= 0 1

1.2

0 1

(1.19)
1.14 :

(1.20)

(1.21)

 V0 .
0 = 1

(1.21)

1.3
. ,
5-10 m, 0,5 .
,
, -, , , , ,
.
, , , .
, ,
.
, ,
, .

.
25 mHz.

1.3 .
10

 1.3 .
,
. Qi x=0
x=L , L .
q.

(1.22)
.
.
3 mm Hg,
i 8 mm Hg,
28 mm Hg.

1.4
:

-
-
-
-
(Pc)
(L).
.
.- -

-
-
11

x=0 => R=L, R .

15.1
(0)
.
(Qf) - (x=L/2 => Qi )
q(x) .
.
( Kf)
, (r) ( )
(r^4 )

12

1.5
,
(. 15.5)

.15.5
,
.
,
(Pa) (Pv) .
(Ves ) -
(p-V)
(Ves) (Pa)

13

 . -

F-

1.6

.

.
.
- () .

14


. 15.13 15.16 - (P/V).
-

- - 4 (Q, Pa, Pv i V)

1.7 ( )

. 15.7. -,
.

15.7
-
( )

15


,
.
.

.
.

-,
. (Cs) , (Ra i
Rv)
(Pa=Ps1; Pv=Ps2)

16

1.8
,
,
, , . ,
, .
15.8.
. ,
. a, v, s p , , , ,
. ,
,

. , r, l, d s , ,
, , . ,

. ,

,
,

15.8.

15.8

17

 , .

:
,

(15.54)
,

(15.55)
.

(15.56)

, a , .

:
,

(15.57)

(15.58)
.

(15.59)

, ,
, . , ,
.

:
,

(15.60)
,

(15.61)
.

(15.62)

:
,

(15.63)

(15.64)
.

(15.65)

12 13 (8 , 4
). , , ,
.
(15.66)

.

18

 . ,
Maple Mathematica,
. ,
. ,
(
),
,
, .
4 4 , 9 9
. (Hoppensteadt)
(Peskin) (1992), ( 3).

15.9 - ,

15.8

.
( 15.9). ( 4)

. ,

. .

19

 - :

:
,

(15.67)
,

(15.68)
.

(15.69)

:
,

(15.70)
.

(15.71)

:
,

(15.72)
,

(15.73)
.

(15.74)

:
.

(15.75)

, (
) :
,

(15.76)

(15.77)

(15.78)
,

(15.79)

(15.80)
,

(15.81)

. ,
F,
.

(15.82)
20

 , ,
,
.
,
. , ,
. (
), 15-20%
. , 30-40% .
(
l,
l) 20%
26% .
,
.

l,
mmHg;
mmHg;
mmHg;
mmHg;
mmHg.
5,6 , 80
0,07 . ,

l/mmHg;
l/mmHg;
mmHg/(l/min);
mmHg/(l/min);
mmHg/(l/min),
(l/mmHg)/udar;
(l/mmHg)/udar.

,
- , . ,
. ,
,
(15.83)

, 0,07

, 40 mmHg.
(
l/mmHg),
,
.

. , 24
.

.
, ,
.
,

, y
x. , y
x, :
(15.84)

21

 15.2 , , -
. , , -5,4,

15.2 - ( )

. ,

. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
, .
( 50% -
() .)
.
,
.
,
, .
,
, .
50%, , .

22

 :
1. , ,
;
2. ( ), ,
, , ;
3. ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,

,
. ,

,
.
, ,
.

1.9

. :
1. ,
;
2. , ;
3. , , ,
, .

, .
, ( , ),
.
,
, . ,
,
( 15.10).

23

 , , 75 mmHg 175 mmHg

.

15.10
. ( (Guyton) (Hall) (
), 1996. , 17-4, . 203.)
(15.88).
.
,
( 11). ,
, , ,
. , 25%
,
( 15.11).
,
,
,
, , . ,
. ( )
.

.
.
. ,
,
, .
.
, , .

24

 ,
.

15.11 : ,
. ( (Guyton)
(Hall) ( ), 1996. , 17-2, . 200.)
. :
,
. ( (Guyton) (Hall) (
), 1996. , 17-1, . 200.)
.
( (Huntsman) 1978;
(Hoppensteadt) (Peskin) 1992.)

[ ]
[ ]
,
(15.85)
,
(15.86)
[
]
[
]

,
( ),
. [ ]
, [ ] .
,
[ ] .
(15.87)
.
, ;

.

[

(15.88)

25


.
, ,
, . ,

, ,
. ,
.

15.10.
75 mmHg 175 mmHg,
,

(15.89)

(
( (Remark):

l/min,
mmHg).

.)
[

[ ]
(
([ ]

(15.90)

] ), [ ]
mmHg, [ ]
mmHg),
[

]
[

(15.91)

(15.92)

(15.93)

15.10
, .
.
(15.88)
.
, . 15.11
. ,
, (15.93). , 15.11
. ,
, (15.93). ,

.

26

1.10
,
, ,
,
.
. ,

, , 5 (
5 1 ). ,
,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
( ),
.

. ,
,
.

( ) ,
. ,
. , ,
.

, .

.
- ,
, .
:
1.
(
)
;
2.
, ;
3.
,
.

27

 , .
.
180-200 , 220
. 20-40
20 30 .

.
, , , ,
. 15.2
. ,
.
,
- .

.
. ,
, . ,
()
. ,
, . (
, ). 30 .
, .

, ,


(15.94)
, , . ,

"" . ,
100 50 mm Hg,

, , .
, ,

() ,

.
[ ]
[ ]
(15.95)
e e e
[ ] .
(15.96)
(15.87), .

28

 (15.67) - (15.75), ,
.
, .
, .


, , ,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
. :
(

,
(

)
(

(15.97)

(15.98)

e e,

.

. ,
.
.
.
, , ,
. , ,

. (
),

.
,
,
. , , ,
. ,

, .

29

1.11
,
. ,
: 12% .
, , .
,
, ductus arteriosus,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, , foramen ovale.

, . , ,
.
, -
, ductus arteriosus foramen ovale ( 15.12).
, .
:
:
(15.99)
:
(15.100)
:
(15.101)
:
(15.102)
:
(15.103)
.

30

 15.2
,
. , :
(15.104)
(15.105)
(15.106)
(15.107)
= , = , = , = , = foramen ovale, = ductus
arteriosus. ,
, . ,
.
14 (5 , 3 6 ), 12
,
31

, . ,
, . :
(15.108)
, :

(15.109)

(15.110)
,
.
. , ,
,
.

. ,
,
,
. , ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
:
(15.111)

(15.112)

(15.113)

(15.114)

(15.115)
, a a a e.

,
.
(15.116)
(15.117)
(15.118)

32

, . ,

,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,

.
, ,
. , ,

. ,
. ,

. (15.106)
(15.107)
,

. ,
.
:
(15.119)
(15.120)

)(

(15.121)

(15.122)

( ),
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,
(

(15.123)

33

, ,
, ,
,

(15.124)
(
), ,
, .
,
,
, . (
)
,
"".

1.12
, ,
,
. :
1. .
2.
, .
3.
, .

()
,
. 1 5.500 ,
, ductus arteriosus.
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
, .
, ,
(15.123), , ,
.

34

 foramen ovale
,
,
. (15.124),
, ,
.

()
,
,
. ,
,
(15.125)
(15.126)
(15.127)

(15.128)
, ,
.

,
. " ",

(

(15.129)

.

,
. Banding ,
,
, . . Banding
,
,
(

(15.130)

35

1.13
A(x,t).

. u .
-
.

. L

(15.131)
, L x :
(15.132)

. P
:

(15.133)

) X=0

.
, L x :
(15.134)

(15.132) :
(15.135)
.
, :
(15.136)

.
:
(15.137)

36

1.14

. , .

.
(15.135) (15.137)
,

, .
,
X=0 X = L .
X= 0 X= L (. 1).

1:
c-(compliance) .
, , c ,
x, . ,

, c(x) .
, R.

37

 (15.137) :
(15.138)
x=0 x= L :
(15.139)
:
(15.140)

,
Q(t).

P/R ( , x=L, c(x)=0, R ).
P:
(15.141)
, Q(t)
, P ( ).
, Q=0 0,
. , ,
, .

1.15
, (15.135)
(15.137) , :
(15.142)
(15.143)
u P:
(15.144)
.

38

 ,
,
. 4m/s,

.
(15.144) :
(15.145)
f g . f(t-x/s) f(x)
, g(t+x/s) .
u:
(15.146)

1.16

,
, .
.
, , , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
. , pistlshot ,
,
. - ,
.
, :

(15.147)
(15.148)

39

 :
(15.149)
:
(15.150)

(15.151)

. , C (x,t)
. ,

, x-ct=const. (x,t) .
(15.144)

. .
, (x,t)
.
C :
(15.152)
w(x,t) :

(15.153)

,

.
.

,

. B

s ,

40

(15.154)
, dx/dt=s,

B :

.
(15.155)

(15.156)
:
(15.157)

:
(15.158)

:
(15.159)
:
(15.160)
,

,

,



,

. , u (0,t)
.
u(x,0)=0, P(x,0) =P0
,
.

41

 2

( 2).
, ,
u+K(P) - ,
u-K(P). (
C- ). C- ,
, u=0 i P= P0 ( ).
,
,
.
,
.
,

. K(P)
P u
.
u+K(P)
.
u(0,t)
t 3.

,
,
,
t.
. ,
.

. C+, t-,
,

,

.

42

:
(15.161)
(15.162)

:
(15.163)
(15.164)

t.

. ,

, x=0. ,
. -
, .
s

A(P),
.

, u(0,t) ,
x. 2, , u(0,t)
t, x .

3.

43