10 LTE Basic Knowledge PDF

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LTE Basic Knowledge
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Agenda
1
LTE Network Architecture
LTE Protocol
LTE Key Technology
Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS

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Page 2
Network Architecture of LTE
Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE architecture becomes much more simple
and flat, which can lead to lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility and
shorter time delay of user data and control signalling.
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Page 3
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, The e-NodeBs are

interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface,
which enabling direct transmission of data and signaling.
The EPC (Evolved Packet Core) consists of MME, S-GW, PGW,HSS,PCRF and son on.

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EPC Network Simplification
Page 4

Paging, handover,
bearer control, idle
state mobility
handling
Routing, mobility,
charge and
account, PDN,
and QCI
IP address
allocation, gating
and rate
enforcement

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Page 5
Function of LTE Network Element

e-Node hosts the following functions:
p
p
p
p
p
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer

Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility
Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both
uplink and downlink (scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast
messages (originated from the MME);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling;
MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the

following functions:
NAS signaling and security;

AS Security control;
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
p
p
p
S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following

functions:
P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following

functions:
p
Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL

and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement;

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Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point

for handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per
UE, PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI
granularity for inter-operator charging.
Page 6
Comparison b/w UTRAN&E-UTRAN
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2
X2
UTRAN
The main difference between UMTS and LTE: the removing of RNC network element
and the introduction of X2 interface, which make the network more simple and flat,
leading lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility and low latency

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Page 7
Agenda
1
LTE Protocol
LTE Key Technology

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Page 8
Radio Frame Structure
Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE
Type 1, applicable to FDD
Type 2, applicable to TDD
FDD Radio Frame Structure
LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f 15kHz and 2048order IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* f) second
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which is
0.5ms. One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP
configuration
FDDRadio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block

p
p
p
LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

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Time-Frequency Resource Unit

DwPTS
TDD #1
System Bandwidth
GP
UpPTS
Sub-carrier
1 Sub-frame, TTI: 1ms

2 Slots
Frequency
User 1
FDD
User 2
User 3
Time
7 Symbols
1 Resource Block: 12 Sub-carriers

1 Sub-carrier = 15KHz
180KHz (Total 200KHz with Guard)
1 Sub-frame
2 Slots
2 RBs
1 Sub-frame = 2 Slots,
14 Resource Elements (RE)

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Page 10
Frame and Slot Structure (Normal CP)

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Page 11
Resource Element Mapping (6 RBs, 2 Antenna)

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Page 12
Introduction of LTE PHY- Physical Channels

Downlink Channels
p
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information

for cell search, such as cell ID.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the

MAC Layer
resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ
Physical Layer
information.
p
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the

downlink user data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers

information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Mapping between downlink transport

channels and downlink physical channels
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid

ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast

information.
Uplink Channels
p
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the
MAC Layer
random access preamble.

p
Physical Layer
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink

user data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ

ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality
Mapping between uplink transport channels

and downlink physical channels
Indicator (CQI), etc.

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PHY
PHY
MAC
MAC
Channel Mapping

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One Antenna Port
Introduction of LTE PHY- DL Physical Signals(1)

RS (Reference Signal):
p
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
Two Antenna Ports
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in TimeFrequency Domain
R0
R0
l=0
l=6 l=0
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)
Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential and
the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are optional.
Characteristics:
l=6
RE
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R1
R0
l=0
Four Antenna Ports
R0
R0
R0
l=6
R0
l=0
l=6
R1
R1
R1
R1
R0
RS symbols on this
antenna port
l =6 l=0
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
l=6 l=0
Not used for RS

transmission on this
antenna port
R1
Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cellspecific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is the
pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-frequency
domain.
The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
demodulation.
Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,
also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
R2
R1
R3
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port
R2
R1
R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R3
R2
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R3
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port

R0
l=0
R0
l=6 l=0
Antenna Port 0
R1
l=6
l=0
R1
l=6 l=0
R2
l=6
Antenna Port 1
l=0
R3
l=6 l=0
l=6
Antenna Port 2

l=0
l =6 l =0
l=6
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over a Single

Frequency Network
Antenna Port 3
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Page 15
Introduction of LTE PHY- DL Physical Signals(2)

Synchronization Signal:
p
p
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
synchronization signal comprise two parts:
n
Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.
n
Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:
p
The bandwidth of the synchronization signal is 72

subcarrier, locating in the central part of system
bandwidth, regardless of system bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted only in
the 1st and 11th slots of every 10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is located in
the last symbol of the transmit slot. The
secondary synchronization signal is located in the
2nd last symbol of the transmit slot.
Caution:
Synchronization signals are sometimes named as
Synchronization Channel (P-SCH & S-SCH) in some
documents. The meaning should be the same, which
represents the signals transmitted in the specified
time-frequency locations. Please dont be confused
with Share Channel (SCH).

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Synchronization Signals Structure
Page 16
Introduction of LTE PHY- UL Physical Signals

Reference Signal:
p
Freq
The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization between

E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink channel estimation.
Two types of UL reference signals:
n
DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal),
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
n
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
DM RS associated with PUSCH is

mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
Time
Freq
Characteristics:
p
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since SCFDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in the
bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
The slot location of DM RS differs with associated PUSCH
and PUCCH format.
Sounding RSs bandwidth is larger than that allocated to UE,
in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for channel
estimation in the whole bandwidth.
Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame. The
transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. SRS
transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve
time/frequency/code diversity.
CautionThe SRS mapping will be difference in many

documents, since the protocol are still under discussion when
these document been compiled. The mapping shown in this
slide is the result from the latest protocol version.

DM RS associated with PUCCH

(transmits UL ACK signaling) is
mapped to the central 3 symbols each
slot
Time
Freq
DM RS associated with PUCCH

(transmits UL ACK signaling) is
mapped to the 2 symbols each slot
Time
System bandwidth
PUCCH is mapped to up & down

ends of the system bandwidth,
hopping between two slots.
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Page 17
Introduction of LTE PHY- Cell Search

Initial Cell Search:
Basic Principle of Cell Search:

p
Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-UTRAN in

time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell ID.
Two steps in cell search:
n
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of ID within
Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Synchronization
Signal;
n
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP length and
Cell Group ID by demodulating the Secondary
Synchronization Signal.
About Cell ID
p
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two parts: Cell
Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest version defines that
there are 168 Cell Group IDs, 3 IDs within each group. So totally
168*3=504 Cell IDs exist.
cell
(1)
(2)
N ID
= 3N ID
+ N ID
p
(1)
N ID
represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
(2)
N ID
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to 2.
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
UE doesnt know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at
the first time switch on.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in
the spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This
procedure takes time, but the time requirement are typically
relatively relaxed. Some methods can reduce time, such as
recording the former available network information as the prior
search target.
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of
time-freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the
PBCH and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth
and Tx antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the
IDLE state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH
for monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources
will be demodulated to receive paging message.
Caution: 170 Cell ID groups are defined in the earlier

protocol version. So totally 170*3=510 Cell IDs exists,
which is mentioned in some early-written documents.
Please be noticed this differences.

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Page 18
Introduction of LTE PHY- Random Access

Detail Procedure of Random Access:
Basic Principle of Random Access :

p
Random access is the procedure of uplink

synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN.
Prior to random access, physical layer shall
receive the following information from the higher
layers:
n
Random access channel parameters: PRACH

configuration, frequency position and preamble
format, etc.
Parameters for determining the preamble root

sequences and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set
for the cell, in order to demodulate the random
access preamble.
Two steps in physical layer random access:

n
UE transmission of random access preamble
Random access response from E-UTRAN
Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a

preamble transmission by higher layers.
The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a
target preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI
and a PRACH resource .
UE determines the preamble transmission power is
preamble target received power + Path Loss. The
transmission shall not higher than the maximum
transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
loss estimate calculated in the UE.
A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble
sequence set using the preamble index.
A single preamble is transmitted using the selected
preamble sequence with calculated transmission power on
the indicated PRACH resource.
UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is
passed to higher layers. The higher layers parse the
transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier

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Page 19
Introduction of LTE PHY- Power Control

Basic Principle of Power Control:
p
Downlink Power Control:
Downlink power control determines the EPRE (Energy

per Resource Element);
Uplink power control determines the energy per DFTSOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol.
The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant. The

transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
transmission power.
Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the comparison
of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power control.
Uplink Power Control:

p
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop
power control.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
UE report CQI
DL Tx Power
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled

respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example:
X2
PPUSCH (i) = min {PMAX ,10 log 10 (M PUSCH (i)) + PO_PUSCH (j) + (j) PL + TF (i) + f(i)}
p
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the

path loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The
control principle is shown in above equation. The following factors
impact PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum
transmission power PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial
transmission power PO_PUSCH, estimated path loss PL, modulation
coding factor TF and system adjustment factor f (not working during
opened loop PC)

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UL Tx Power
System adjust
parameters
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element

DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
Page 20
Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol Stack
Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol:
User-plane: For user data transfer

Control-plane: For system signaling
transfer
Main Functions of User-plane:
Header Compression
Ciphering
Scheduling
ARQ/HARQ
Main Functions of Control-plane:

p
RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions as

for the user plane
PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
protection
RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
measurement reporting and control
NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
authentication, security control
Control-plane protocol stack
User-plane protocol stack
Layer 2
Layer 1

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Page 21
Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - Overview

Layer 2 is split into the following layers:
Main Functions of Layer 2:
MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer
Header compression, Ciphering
RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer
Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol )

Layer
Layer 2 Structure for DL

Scheduling, priority handling,

multiplexing and demultiplexing, HARQ
Layer 2 Structure for UL
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Page 22
Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - MAC Layer

Main functions of MAC Layer:
p
Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
Mapping between logical channels and transport

channels
Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol
Data Unit) belonging to one or different radio bearers
into/from TB (transport blocks ) delivered to/from the
physical layer on transport channels
Traffic volume measurement reporting
Error correction through HARQ
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
Priority handling between UEs (dynamic scheduling)
Transport format selection
Padding
Control Channel: For the transfer of control plane

information
Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane
information
Control Channel
UL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
Traffic Channel
DL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
MAC Layer
Structure

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Page 23
Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - RLC Layer

RLC PDU Structure:
Main functions of RLC Layer:

p
Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM or UM
TM data transfer
p
p
Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC CRC

check, CRC provided by the physical)
Segmentation according to the size of the TB: only
if an RLC SDU does not fit entirely into the TB
then the RLC SDU is segmented into variable
sized RLC PDUs, no need padding
The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC

header is independent of the SDU sequence number
The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the
scheduling scheme. SDUs are segmented
/concatenated based on PDU size. The data of one
PDU may source from multi SDUs
Segmentation
Concatenation
Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be

retransmitted: if a retransmitted PDU does not fit
entirely into the new TB used for retransmission
then the RLC PDU is re-segmented
Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio bearer
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs except
at HO
Protocol error detection and recovery
Duplicate Detection
SDU discard
Reset

RLC PDU Structure

AM: Acknowledge Mode
UM: Un-acknowledge Mode
TM: Transparent Mode
TB: Transport Block
SDU: Service Data Unit
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
RLC
Layer
Structure
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Page 24
Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - PDCP Layer

Main functions of PDCP Layer:
p
PDCP PDU Structure:
Functions for User Plane:

n
Header compression and
decompression: ROHC
n
Transfer of user data: PDCP receives
PDCP SDU from the NAS and forwards
it to the RLC layer and vice versa
n
In-sequence delivery of upper layer
PDUs at handover for RLC AM
n
Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs
at handover for RLC AM
n
Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at
handover for RLC AM
n
Ciphering
n
Timer-based SDU discard in uplink
Functions for Control Plane:
n
Ciphering and Integrity Protection
n
Transfer of control plane data: PDCP
receives PDCP SDUs from RRC and
forwards it to the RLC layer and vice
versa

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PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octetaligned

PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes
long
PDCP PDU Structure
PDCP Layer
Structure
ROHC: Robust Header Compression
Page 25
LTE 3GPP Specification Overview

Physic Layer
TS 36.xxx for LTE Specification
Interfaces and Procedure
Layer 2 and Control Protocol

36.300 E-UTRAN Overall Description: Stage 2
36.302 E-UTRAN Services Provided by the Physical
Layer
36.304 User Equipment (UE) Procedures in Idle Mode
36.306 User Equipment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities
36.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol
Specification
36.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification
36.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Specification
36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol
Specification

36.201 LTE Physical Layer: General Description

36.211 Physical Channels and Modulation
36.212 Multiplexing and Channel Coding
36.213 Physical Layer Procedures
36.214 Physical Layer Measurements
36.401 E-UTRAN Architecture Description

36.410 S1 General Aspects and Principles
36.411 S1 Layer 1
36.412 S1 Signalling Transport
36.413 S1 Protocol Specification
36.414 S1 Data Transport
36.420 X2 General Aspects and Principles
36.421 X2 Layer 1
36.422 X2 Signalling Transport
36.423 X2 Protocol Specification
36.424 X2 Data Transport
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Agenda
1
LTE Protocol
LTE Key Technology

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Page 27
LTE Key Technology OFDMA & SC-FDMA
OFDM & OFDMA
DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform

Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
assigned part of the system bandwidth.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due

to orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO.
SC-FDMASingle Carrier Frequency Division

Multiple Accessingis the multi-access
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency

domain synchronization. High PAPR.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency

due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
The subcarrier assignment scheme includes

Localized mode and Distributed mode.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with

OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.
DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Frequency
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 2
Time
Sub-band 12Sub-carriers
User 3
Time
Sub-band12Sub-carriers
User 3

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Page 28
OFDMA Benefits
CP resist ISI caused by multipath effect
GSM FDM Spectrum
OFDM system spectrum
Spectrum Efficiency Improvement
Multi-element
Transmitter
Multi-element
Receiver
Frequency-selective scheduling &

Adaptive modulation and coding
eNB
UE
Easy to co-work with MIMO

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Page 29
Uplink SC-FDMA for PAR resistance

l
Compared with single carrier system, OFDM will cause high peak-to-average ratio (PAR), which will
caused problem for the amplifier design and increase the UE implementation cost accordingly.
The main difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA is that the latter performs DFT before
performing IFFT for transmission, which can be taken as a time-domain precoding operation.

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Page 30
Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA(QPSK example, M=4 subcarriers)

1, 1
-1,-1
-1, 1
1, -1
1, 1
-1,-1
-1, 1
1, -1
CP
Frequency
fc
15 kHz
CP
fc
60 kHz
Frequency
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for

one OFDMA symbol period
Data symbols occupy M*15 kHz for

1/M SC-FDMA symbol periods
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LTE Key Technology MIMO
Downlink MIMO
MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve

spatial multiplexing, including single user mode SUMIMO and multi user mode MU-MIMO.
In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is

used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to
control/reduce the interference among spatial
multiplexing data flows.
The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to

one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MUMIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users
and the resources are shared within users. Multi user
gain can be achieved by user scheduling in the
spatial domain.
Uplink MIMO
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to

implement the UL multi transmission and relative
power supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single
antenna UEs are associated to transmit in the MIMO
mode. Virtual-MIMO is still under study.
Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.

Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
scheme.
MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the

same time-freq resource) can be achieved by VirtualMIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
gain.
User1
Pre-coding vectors
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
Scheduler
User k data
User 1 data
S1
User 2 data
User k data
Pre-coder
MIMO
Decoder
User2
User2
S2
User k
Channel Information
Channel Information
MU-MIMO

User k
Scheduler
Virtual-MIMO
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Page 32
s0
s2
s1
s3
Lay 0
Lay 1
Precoding
s 0 s 1 s2 s3
Layer Mapping
Transmit Diversity
s0 s 1 s 2 s3
-s 1* s 0* -s 3* s 2*
Ant 0
Ant 1

Precoding
Layer Mapping
2 Antenna Transmit Diversity (SFBC)
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2 Antenna MIMO

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Page 34
4 Antenna MIMO
W0
W1
s0
s2
Lay 0
W2
W3
s0 s1 s2 s3
y0
y1
Ant 0
y0 = w0s0 + w4s1 + w8s0 + w12s1

y1 = w0s2 + w4s3 + w8s2 + w12s3
W4
W5
s1
s3
Lay 1
W6
y1
Ant 1
y0 = w1s0 + w5s1 + w9s0 + w13s1

y1 = w1s2 + w5s3 + w9s2 + w13s3
W7
Layer Mapping
y0
W8
W9
s0
s2
Lay 2
W10
y1
Ant 2
y0 = w2s0 + w6s1 + w10s0 + w14s1

y1 = w2s2 + w6s3 + w10s2 + w14s3
W11
s0 s1 s2 s3
y0
W12
W13
s1
s3
Lay 3
W14
W15
y0
y1
Ant 3
y0 = w3s0 + w7s1 + w11s0 + w15s1

y1 = w3s2 + w7s3 + w11s2 + w15s3
4 Antenna Spatial Multiplexing (Two Codewords, Without CDD)

D-TxAA ( Double Transmit Antenna Array ) Scheme

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Page 35
MIMO Operation in LTE

Tx Diversity extends coverage
Spatial Multiplexing boosts capacity

User1
User1
codeword
Mod
S
F
B
C
User 1 data
User 1 data
User k data
MIMO
Decoder
User2
User k
Scheduler
Channel Information
UE1
Virtual-MIMO in UL
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
MIMO
encoder
and layer
mapping
Beamforming extends coverage
UE2
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

UE2
User1
codeword
Mod
Beamforming
Precoding
Processing
DL SU-MIMO
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
MIMO
encoder
and layer
mapping
UE1
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2
DL MU-MIMO

Huawei Confidential
Page 36
UE2
UE1
MIMO, the Key to Improve Cell Throughput

-- System Gain: 2X2 MIMO over SIMO
1x2 SIMO
UE 1
Macro
LLL
TTT
EEE
Throughput (Mbps)
eNodeB
2x2 MIMO
eNodeB
SIMO
MIMO
xx.xx%: Gain
18.15%
16.4
28.34%
15.12%
12.09
14.23
13.88
9.42
12.36
ISD:500m
ISD:500m
ISD:1732m
Speed:3km/h Speed:30km/h Speed:30km/h
UE 1
SIMO
MIMO
xx.xx%: Gain
Micro
In typical urban area:
Throughput (Mbps)
46.94%
46.40%
35.18
34.15
56.68%
26.87
23.24
24.03
17.15
15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro

~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro
Outdoor-to-Indoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor
Speed: 3km/h
Speed: 3km/h
Speed: 30km/h

Huawei Confidential
Page 37
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
2 bits per symbol

in each carrier.
4 bits per symbol

in each carrier.
6 bits per symbol

in each carrier.

Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Mobility Velocity (km/h)
Adaptive MIMO Increasing Cell Throughput

Cell Center
Cell Edge
Open Loop
Adaptive MIMO
Adjust MIMO mode according to
channel quality and users velocity
DL:OL-SM
UL:MU-MIMO
DL:SFBC
UL:Rx Diversity
Benefits:
Closed Loop
Different MIMO modes fit different

scenarios
DL:CL-SM
UL:MU-MIMO
DL:CL-Tx Diversity
UL:Rx Diversity
SFBC and CL Tx Diversity (rank=1)

increase link reliability and coverage
OL SM and CL-SM (rank=2)
increase throughput
10% gain in average cell throughput
Channel Quality (SINR)

Huawei Confidential
over non-adaptive MIMO.
Page 39
Cell Interference Control

ICICInter-Cell Interference Coordination
p
ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control
the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
SFR Solution
p
SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary
band and secondary band with different transmit power.
The primary band is assigned to the users
in cell edge. The eNB transmit power of
the primary band can be high.
Secondary
Band
Secondary Band
Secondary
Band
Power
Power
Cell 2,4,6
Cell 1
2
Cell 1 Primary Band
Frequency
Total System BW
The total system bandwidth can be assigned to

the users in cell center. The eNB transmit power
of the secondary band should be reduced in
order to avoid the interference to the primary
band of neighbor cells.

Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
Frequency
3
Secondary
Band
1
6
Power
Cell 3,5,7
Frequency
Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Agenda
1
LTE Protocol
LTE Key Technology

Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Technology comparison for features

UMTS (R99)
HSPA
HSPA+
LTE
Radio Access
W-CDMA
W-CDMA
W-CDMA
OFDMA DL
SC-FDMA UL
Bandwidth
5 MHz
5 MHz
5MHz or 10MHz (DC)
Scalable from
1.4MHz to 20MHz
Modulation
DL
QPSK
QPSK/16QAM
QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM
Modulation
UL
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK/16QAM
QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM
Antenna
Systems
Rx Diversity
Rx Diversity
2x2 MIMO
2x2 - 4X4 MIMO
Network
Structure
Node B + RNC
Node B + RNC
NodeB + RNC
Or eHSPA NodeB
eNodeB to EPC
Services
Circuit & Packet

Switched
Circuit & Packet

Switched
PS but compatible to
CS
PS Only
Transport
ATM/ Mixed ATM &

IP
ATM/ Mixed ATM &

IP
Option for All IP
All IP

Huawei Confidential
Page 42
LTE vs. HSPA+ comparison summary (1/2)

R8 HSPA(+)
Time To Market
Market / Operator
adoption
Commercial deployment by 2009
Commercial deployment by 2010
66+ operators commited

54% Mobile BB users by 2015
(HSPA&HSPA+)
~59 operators commitments

20% Mobile BB users by 2015
Infrastructure commercial
2009
date
1st commercial terminal
Evolution from Legacy
2009
2009
2010
Smooth evolution based on Huawei Uni-BTS

and One Unified Core
Smooth evolution based on Huawei Uni-BTS

and One Unified Core
Backwards compatibility
Inherent
& roaming with legacy
Frequency band
Frequency bandwidth
LTE
LTE commercial terminal are multi-mode

GSM/UMTS/LTE allowing inter-RAT HO
IMT2000 (Technology Neutral)

Common trends for 850MHz, 900MHz, AWS,
2.1GHz
IMT2000 (Technology Neutral)

Common trends for DD, 1800MHz, AWS,
2.1GHz, 2.6GHz
5MHz 10MHz
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz

Huawei Confidential
Page 43
LTE vs. HSPA+ comparison summary (2/2)

R8 HSPA(+)
Peak rates
Average throughput in a
cell
DL Throughput at cell
edge with 800 m ISD
multi cell single user
Latency
Scalability
Fading
42 Mps DL/ 11 Mpbs UL in 5 MHz

84Mbps DL / 22Mbps UL in 10 MHz
LTE
43 Mps DL/ 28 Mpbs UL in 5 MHz
86 Mbps DL / 57 Mbps UL in 10 MHz
173 Mbps DL / 115 Mbps UL in 20 MHz
5.8 Mbps DL MIMO 2X2 16QAM

(5MHz-ISD 500m)
7.8 Mbps DL MIMO 2X2 (5MHz-ISD 500m)
1 Mbps
( 2.1 GHz, 5 MHz, MIMO 2X2 16QAM)
5.8 Mbps
( 2.6 GHz, 20 MHz, MIMO 2X2 64QAM)
User plane: 40ms
User plane: 13-20ms
Multi-carrier (5MHz stepping),

Single User MIMO up to 2x2
Single carrier, linear scaling in bandwidth from

1.4 to 20 MHz - Single user MIMO up to 4x4
Time dependent scheduling and frequency

diversity gain vs less efficient spreading over
carrier bandwidth (5MHz)
Frequency AND Time dependent scheduling

mitigates fading impact
Soft frequency re-use
ICIC
Interference

(better OFDM orthogonality, less interference)
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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LTE Basic Knowledge

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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LTE Network Architecture

LTE Key Technology

Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS

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Network Architecture of LTE

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Network Architecture of LTE

The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, The e-NodeBs are

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EPC Network Simplification

Network Architecture of LTE

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Function of LTE Network Element

Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer

MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the

NAS signaling and security;

Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.

S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following

P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following

Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL

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Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point

Comparison b/w UTRAN&E-UTRAN

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LTE Network Architecture

LTE Key Technology

Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS

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Radio Frame Structure

Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE

Type 1, applicable to FDD

Type 2, applicable to TDD

FDD Radio Frame Structure

FDDRadio Frame Structure

Concept of Resource Block

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Time-Frequency Resource Unit

1 Sub-frame, TTI: 1ms

1 Resource Block: 12 Sub-carriers

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Frame and Slot Structure (Normal CP)

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Resource Element Mapping (6 RBs, 2 Antenna)

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Introduction of LTE PHY- Physical Channels

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the

resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers

Mapping between downlink transport

Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid

Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the

random access preamble.

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ

Mapping between uplink transport channels

Indicator (CQI), etc.