ECO-EFFICIENCY

Eco-efficient companies and industries must deliver competitively priced

goods and services that improve the quality of life, while reducing
ecological impacts and resource use intensity to a level within the
earths carrying capacity.
One of the important questions is :
how much more efficient do companies and industries need to be to
become more sustainable?

Globally the goal is to quadruple resource productivity so that wealth is

doubled and resource use is halved.
This has been described as the need to achieve a Factor 4 increase in
resource efficiency.

Implementing factor 4 strategies and becoming eco-efficient will require

changes in processes and products.
This is unlikely to be achieved with incremental improvement. It will
require truly novel approaches to the development and use of
technologies, products and services.

This is a huge challenge for engineers and scientists and to respond it to

it, we must rethink the way we design, operate and analyze industrial
systems.

The role of technology in achieving sustainable development

Sustainable Technology
Sustainable technologies enable human to meet their needs with
minimum impact on the environment.
Many kind of sustainable technologies in fact already exist, ranging from
direct solar and wind power to recycling.
Some, such as wind and water power, were invented centuries ago. The
others are much younger, for example, the solar cell was invented in
the 1950s.
These technologies however have failed to become widespread largely
for social and economic reasons, not technical ones.

Sustainable Technology

Many other technologies and practices that could reduce the

environmental impact of economic activities are also already available.
For example, numerous technical means of improving the scope and
rate of recycling of waste materials exist but are poorly used in many
countries.

Latest technological advances offer even greater opportunities for a

more sustainable production.
Recall that technological progress in the past 2 centuries has been the
major source and the engine of economic growths.
It is expected therefore that todays technological transformation could
play a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development.
They offer the prospects of reconciling economic development and
prosperity with environmental improvement and create new possibilities
for reducing environmental impacts, improving health, expanding
knowledge, stimulating economic growth and ensuring a better quality of
life.
Leading these transformation are the accelerated developments in:
information and communication technology,
biotechnology and
the just-emerging nanotechnology.

Information
and
nanotechnology.

communication

tech.,

biotechnology

and

Breaking barriers to knowledge and participation,

Tremendous possibilities for improving education and political
participation,
Advances in drugs production,
Speed up plant breeding,
New crops with greater drought and disease resistance, more
nutritional values and less environmental stress,
Nanotechnology has the potential for creation of smaller and cheaper
devices, using less materials and consuming less energy

Technological advances

Providing goods and services, improving health, nutrition,

knowledge and living standards, reducing environmental
pollution and increasing peoples participation in the social,
economic and political life of their communities.
Deliver necessary improvement in resource efficiency and
contribute to economic growth through productivity gains.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Technological advances creates and opens up new avenues for

sustainable development. However it also creates new risks.
Todays technological advances raise concerns about their possible
environmental, health and socio-economic impacts.
Most effective response to technological risks is the adoption of
precautionary principles
When an activity raise threats of harm to the environment or human
health, precautionary measures should be taken even if some causeand-effect relationships are not yet fully established scientifically.

It is basically a better-safe-than-sorry principle

Sustainable Development in Energy Sector

Activities of Petroleum Industry

Find the reserve

Create conduit connecting

sub-surface to surface
Get them out of the ground
Treat and process them into
valuable products
Deliver them to the customers

Input: Lots of technology

Output: Big profit, and
lots of wastes

Reservoir

Oil Field Production System

Separator

Gas

Metering

Scrubber

Compressor

Oil

Tank

Oil treater

Coalescer

Glycol
dehydrator

oil
Water

Disposal well

To refinery

OIL, GAS, WATER

Gas lift

Gas

Fluid level

gas

oil
water

Primary recovery
(20-30%)
oil
water

Secondary Recovery (water flood)

gas

oil
water

oil

treatment

Water
injection

Water flooding: injection with pattern

Injection

Injection

Prod

Injection

Injection

Supply of Oil Fuels (BBM)

Oil/gas Field

Processing

BBM

Plantations

Processing

Biofuel

Source unsustainability ?

Supply of Electricity

Coal Mine

Power Plant

Electricity

Waste and/or Plantation

Biomass

Coal Mine

Power Plant

Source unsustainability ?

Electricity

Supply of Electricity

Gas
Field

Coal Mine

LNG
Import

Power Plant

Source unsustainability ?

Electricity

Supply of Electricity

Geothermal
Field

Coal Mine

Power Plant

Source unsustainability ?

Electricity

Supply of Electricity

Geothermal
Field

Coal Mine

Wind

Power Plant

Source unsustainability ?

Hydro

Electricity

Solar

ENERGY RESOURCES

Biomass

Petrochemical Industry Tree

C2

[Sumber: Shih-Chi & Huffman, 1981]

Biomassa Sebagai Bahan Baku Alternatif Industri Petrokimia

Sumber: Study Group for Cooperation in Overseas Training, the Association of Petrochemical Industries in Japan 1975,
Establishment of the Petrochemical Industry, From Planning to Production and Marketing

Batubara dan Kokas Sebagai Bahan Baku Alternatif Industri Petrokimia