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Еволуција риба
Еволуција риба
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Agnatha, ( 1.).
,
stracodermi ( 2.). ,
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2
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Dunkleosteus-, Cocosteus, ,
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( 4.). Dicksonosteus
.
4. Cocosteus
http://www.dinosoria.com/coccosteus.htm
Antiarchi
.
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, . 20-30
.
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. .
.
Bothriolepis Asterolepidoidei .
Pterichthys , a
.
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.( 6.)
6. http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/placoderms/thirteenth.html
Acanthodii
.
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Climatius je .( 7.)
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Acanthodes.
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7. Climatius http://digilander.libero.it/karl.corti/me-thought.html
Chondrichthyes
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450 . ,
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(palatoquadratum) ,
(cartilago Meckeli) .
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Elasmobrachia
Cladoselachii
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, (
8.).
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.
claspers
.
Cladoselachii .
Cladoselachi ,
, .
, ,
.
5
8. Cladoselachi http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/139358
Pleuracanthodii
Pleuracanthodii
. ,
.
Pleuracanthus
.
(
9.).
9. Pleuracanthus http://zburian.blogspot.com/2012/06/pleuracanthus.html
.
.
,
. Pleuracanthod ,
( 10.). .
.
10. Pleuracanthod.
http://www.paleoweb.cz/paleo/kameny_miraspis/ukaz_nazev_zk.php?jm
eno=miraspis&kod=&cislo_polozky=154
Symmoriida
, 359294Ma .
: Symmoriidae, Falcatidae, Stethacanthidae. Symmoriidae
300 .
Stethacanthida.
.
Symmoriida Cobelodus ( 11.).
2
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
11. Cobelodus-
http://www.deepseawaters.com/ancient-fishesCobelodus.html
Falcatidae 25 30 ( 12.).
.
, ,
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.
, , .
.
Bear Gulch , .
12 Falcatus-a .http://www.prehistoricwildlife.com/species/f/falcatus.html
Stethacanthidae ,
380 300 .
. Stethacanthus,
( 13.). , ,
60 .
.
, Symmoriid
, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
13. Stethacanthidae
http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/tetrapodsandamphibians/p/ste
thacanthus.htm
Selachii
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Cardabiodontidae
, .
1999. () 94 .
6 , Cardabiodon
ricki. ,
( 14.).
. ,
, .
Cardabiodon
,
, .
,
.
.
14. Cardabiodon-, .
http://users.skynet.be/somniosus/Pictures/cretaceous/Lamniformesnew/Cardabiodon-intro.jpg
Cretoxyrhinidae
125 100 , .
. , .
1840. 7 , 450-900 .
. , ,
Xiphactinus. , 5
. Cretoxyrhina Mantelli ( 15.).
, .
.
Cretoxyrhina Mantelli
. Cretoxyrhina Mantelli
. ,
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Odontaspididae
. ,
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1.3 1.5 , 3 .
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16. Odontaspididae http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/idlamniformes%20.htm#Odontaspididae
10
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Cetorhinidae
Cetorhinus maximus je
,
(
17.).
. :
,
,
.
. 12
, 7 9
.
. .
.
17. Cetorhinus maximus http://www.sharksider.com/baskingshark.html
, , , , .
100 .
, .
Alopiidae
, .
( 18.). , .
, 6 .
. .
11
Megachasmidae
1976, 750 5
,
. ,
, .
"", 6,5 . 1983.
11
.
, .
1985, John G. Maisey
.
,
,
Cetorhinus maximus,
Cetorhinidae. 1990,
Leonard Compagno
19. Megachasmidae .
.
http://cdn0.cosmosmagazine.com/wp,
content/uploads/20110811_shark2.jpg
. (
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species).
.
, .
, 42 .
. ,
, ( 19.),
, ,
( 20.). ,
.
Pseudocarchariidae ( 21.)
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Scapanorhynchus ( 23.),
. Scapanorhynchus
( ) . ,
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. -
. , Scapanorhynchus,
, .
65 ,
3 . ,
,
. ,
. Scapanorhynchus- 24.
23. Scapanorhynchus .
http://www.gmalicante.org/paleontologia/ANDRES/DIENTES/scapan
orhynchus.png
24. Scapanorhynchus.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S
capanorhynchus.jpg/300px-Scapanorhynchus.jpg
Anomotodon
Mitsukurinidae. ,
. .
.
Lamnidae
, , ,
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, 1300 .
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14
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. .
,
(fig 1). ,
.
Helicoprion ,
(fig 2). 2013. ,
, ,
(fig 3).
http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/h/helicoprion.html
15
Orodus , 2 ,
.( 26.)
25.
http://www.rhyniechert.com/images/sharks2/orodusmaple2.JPG
Carcharodon megalodon
.
Otodus obliqus
. Cretolamna appendiculata
. Otodus obliqus
. .
Carcharocles auriculatus.
,
Carcharocles angustidens . Carcharodon megalodon
.angustidens
, , .
, 18 .
, 1667.
. .
,
(The Head of a Shark Dissected).
.
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. 1973.
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1996. . , . .
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.
15,9 .
2002. .
.
,
. 1 129
. 15.5 ,
12 .
27. Megalodon .
http://gta-myths.wikia.com/wiki/File:Megalodon_vs_Great_White.jpg
17
.
, .
,
( 28.).
, , .
.
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, ,
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. 2008.
, ,
15.9 , 108, 514 N.
Dunkleosteus,
Tyrannosaurus rex-.
. ,
. , 36
.
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, ,
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.
28. . http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg
18
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Otodontidae
Otodontidae . .
Otodus. .
.
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.
.
(18 ).
Carcharocles auriculatus
. .
.
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: , ,
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12.56 21 .
.
.
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.
..
3 m.
, .
,
. 2 4 .
.
3m.
Rhincodontidae
Stegostomatidae
Orectolobidae
Hemiscylliidae
Ginglymostomatidae
29. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/id-orectolobiformes.htm
Squaliformes 120 . .
, , .
. , ,
.
20 , Lanternshark . 5
Spined Pygmy Shark.
. ,
, ,
. Squaliformes .
915
. 3674 ,
Centroscymnus coelolepis .
.
, 50.6 . ,
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. 22 6 .
Pristiophoriformes .
9 .
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30% , .
, , , 170
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30.
http://www.paleodirect.com/pgset2/f020.htm
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( 31.).
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, ,
.
31. .
http://english.fossiel.net/information/article.php?id=480&/Rays
Mylobatis, , .
, . ,
, . 3000 .
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Chimaera
( -),
( 32.).
,
32. .
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111552/chimaera
. Acanthorhina . Bear Gulch
Echinochimaera meltoni.
, , ,
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Osteichthyes ()
,
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24
Osteichthyes : ctinopterygii
Choanichthyes. , ( ) Chondrostei, - Polypteri, - Holostei, Teleostei. : Crossopterygii,
- Dipnoi.
ctinopterygii
,
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, ,
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: Chondrostei, Holostei Teleostei.
Chondrostei
,
, .
. .
25
, ,
, .
, , .
, , .
Palaeoniscoidea
, ,
. ,
, .
, Cheirolepis,
. ( 33.).
.
. 55 .
.
. ,
. Palaeoniscus , ,
30 .
, .
, ,
, Platysomus ( - ).
,
- ,
,
,
( 34.).
.
.
,
.
.
18 ,
.
34. Platysomus
.
http://paleopedia.free.fr/Actinopterygien_classification.html
26
:
1. Paleonescoidei, .
2. je (Acipenseriformes) 3 24 , Acipenser, Huso ,
Polyodon.
, , ( )
Acipenser, , 4 5
. , .
. Chondrosteus,
,
.
, ,
, .
Saurichthys: , ,
. , ,
( ). 9
15 , 90 ( 35.). .
Polypteri
(
, = ,. = ) ( 36.).
, .
36. . http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
27
.
. ,
.
.
. :
, Polypterus Calamoichthys.
Polypterus, : (Polypterus bichir) ;
(Polypterus senegalensis) . Calamoichthys
Calamoichthys calabricus.
, , .
Holostei steostei
. ,
, ,
- Teleostei. .
.
, , . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, .
. .
37. . http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/136148/Living-and-fossil-forms-of-Holostei
Semionotidea .
. ,
28
,
. Semionotus
, .
, : . Lepidotus- ( - )
, , ,
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. , Lepidotu
. , Baryonyx-
. , Lepidotu ,
, .
.
Dapediu ,
. , , ,
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.
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,
. Lepidosteus,
( 39.). , ,
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.
39. Lepidosteus
http://chestofbooks.com/reference/AmericanCyclopaedia-V7/Gar-Fish-Or-Gar-PikeLepidosteus.html#.VATzPcWSwRU
29
Amioidea, , .
. Caturus , ,
(
) , ,
,
.
.( 40.)
40. Caturus
http://www.fossilmall.com/Pangaea/solnhofen/solnfossils1/s
olnhofen1.htm
Amia, ,
, ,
.
, , .
, . ,
. ,
.
Pycnodontoidea ,
. .
, - . ,
. . Gyrodus
, ,
. .
( 41.).
41. Gyrodus-,
.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gyrodus_
macrophthalmus_-_Naturmuseum_Senckenberg__DSC02234.JPG
30
42. Coelodus-.
http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/Mc
GrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE558000FG001
0.gif
43. Coelodus-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodus
ycnodus . ,
. , .
Teleostei
, .
. ,
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. .
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, : , , .
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-,
.
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.
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. 97% 20.000 ,
. .
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. ,
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. .
.,
, .
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.
Isospondyli (Clupeida) ,
. .
Leptolepis, , . ,
.
32
, .
, (
44.). ,
, .
Leptolepis .
44. Leptolepis-.
http://dinosaurs.wikia.com/wiki/Leptolepis
Portheus (Xiphactinus) , ,
.
.
.
,
.
Xiphactinus.
,
. Xiphactinus
Gillicus arcuatus,
45. Xiphactinus .
http://oceansofkansas.com/xiphac.html
( 45.). Xiphactinus , ,
Cretoxyrhina,
. ,
: Clupea, Sarmatella, Sardinella, Alosa, Meletta .
, ,
(Salmonoidea), .
Ostariophysi (Cyprinida) , .
.
(Cyprinoidei), : Leuciscus, Rutilus,
Aspius, Gobio Cyprinus. (Siluroidei) .
Apodes () , ( 46.).
, . ,
. .
. ,
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. , 40
. , ,
33
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,
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, .
, , , .
46. http://www.pcelica.co.rs/ribe/vrste/jegulja.php
47. . http://www.varalicar.rs/ribe_stuka.php
34
48. .
http://www.fiskbasen.se/storspigg.html
49. .
http://www.zasticenapodrucja.com/UserFiles/image/prirodnabastina/fauna/konjic.jpg
50. . http://www.cibsub.com/bioespecie_essyngnathus_acus-28080
Acanthopterygii , , ,
.
,
. , ,
. , .
(Percoidea), : Serranus, Morone, Smerdis,
Properca, ( ).
(Scombroidea), (Scorpaenoidea),
(Heterosomata ), (Gobioidea), ( ,
) (Plectognathi),
(Echeneoidea), (Lophioidea) . ,
.
35
Choanichthyes
.
,
.
, .
, , .
, .
, ,
, (
). ,
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36
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, ,
. .
, .
. .
,
.
. .
, .
. Rhipidistia,
. Caelacanthi,
, , .
Rhipidistia . .
orolepis, , .
. Osteolepis e a, 7 45 (
52.). , ,
, , .
.
52. Osteolepis-
.. http://www.prehistoricwildlife.com/species/o/osteolepis.html
Holoptychius , . , .
. .
,
. , . .
,
. , .
53. Holoptychius-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holoptychius_quebecensis.jpg
37
54. Eusthenopteron-.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg
Rhizodus, , , ( 55.).
, -.
. , .
22 .
,
,
.
55. Rhizodus- .
http://es.dino.wikia.com/wiki/Archivo:Rhizodus.jpg
38
Caelacanthi, .
. , .
. .
, .
, Diplocercides, . Caelacanthus,
, , , ., , .
Whiteiidae, Caelacanth-. Piveteauia
Whiteia.
Rebellatricidae, , ,
Caelacanti-a ,
. 1.30 .
Latimerioidei
Undina Macropoma .
, , .
Latimeria, 1.5 . ,
, 1938. ,
. .
, ,
. Diplurus . Libys ,
60 , .
, .
. Libys 1842. .
Holophagus. Undina Macropoma .
,
, . Undin , , ,
, . Macropoma ,
, ( 56.).
Macropoma , ,
() (),
.
56. Macropoma .
http://www.prehistoricwildlife.com/species/m/macropoma.html
39
Dipnoi
Dipnoi , ,
, , .
.
.
. , .
, . :
Epiceratodus () ,
Lepidosiren () , Protopterus ()
.
.
, .
57. . http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/106876/Living-andfossil-forms-of-Dipnoi-fishes
,
. 2 3 . ,
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.
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.
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40
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,
. , ,
. .
. .
, , ,
,
( ),
, ( )
. ,
.
, . ,
( )
,
, .
, , (dentale, maxillare
praemaxillare), , .
: Dipteroidea,
; Ceratodontoidea,
.
Dipteroidea, .
.
, .
. .
, .
Dipnorhynchus , , 70 ,
, , .
,
, . Dipterus,
, . , 30 ,
, .
58. Dipnorhynchus.
http://img4.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20130608143801/dino/es/images/1/10/Dipnorhynchu
s.jpg
41
, ,
. , .
. .
5 6 .
.
Scaumenacia, , ( 59.).
; , . ,
. .
.
. .
59. Scaumenacia.
http://www.miguasha.ca/mig-en/scaumenacia.php
Rhynchodipteris, , 50 ,
. , .Ctenodus,
, ., ,
. ,
.
Ceratodontoidea .
. , .
, . ,
, . ,
. Ceratodus (-), Epiceratodus-.
Ceratodus , ,
. :
. Ceratodus- , Epiceratodus-
. Ceratodus- , ,
.
42
60. Ceratodus-
.http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Prehisto
ric-Animals/Fish/Osteichthyans/Ceratodus/Ceratodus-1.html
43
. , - , 1974.
, .
Grande Lance, The First Esox (Esocidae: Teleostei) from the Eocene Green River Formation, and a Brief
Review of Esocid Fishes, 1999. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Kenshu Shimada, Mesozoic Origin for Megamouth Shark (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), 2007. Journal
of Vertebrate Paleontology
., ., 1980: .- - , .
. ., ., 2004: . -
, 159, .
. - , 1974. ,
.
Serena Fabrizio, Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea,
2004
Siverson, M. and Lindgren, J. Late Cretaceous sharks Cretoxyrhina and Cardabiodon from Montana,
2005. USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Web :
http://www.fossilsforsale.co.uk/ukfishfossils.htm
http://virtualology.com/classagnatha/agnatha.org/
http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/placodermi/arthrodira.html
http://paleopedia.free.fr/Actinopterygien_classification.html
http://www.deviantart.com/morelikethis/artists/271135842?offset=10&view_mode=2
http://www.newark.osu.edu/facultystaff/personal/jstjohn/Documents/Cool-fossils/Paleozoic-fish.htm
http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils55/fishfossils55.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114311/chondrostean
http://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/bony-fish/scientific-classification/
http://www.bionet-skola.com/w/Ribe_sa_ko%C5%A1tanim_skeletom
http://www.bionet-skola.com/w/Zrakoperke
44
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