12 Engine Company Operations Fdny

Probationary Firefighters Manual
Chapter 12
ENGINE CO. OPERATIONS
OBJECTIVE:
To familiarize the firefighter with basic engine company

operations.
CONTENTS:
Engine Company Operation Basics- Intrrduction, In Quarters,

Response Considerations, Fire Scene Operations, Personnel
Assignments, Stretching and Operating Hoselines
Engine Evolutions
FDNY Firefighting Procedures

FDNY Evolutions
FDNY Firefighting Procedures, Vol 2, Book 1- Engine Co.

Operations Ch 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,12
FDNY Evolutions 1, 1A, 8,9,10,22
SOURCE:
FDNY REFERENCE:
12
PART ONE
ENGINE OPERATION BASICS
Section
Title
Page
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................1
IN QUARTERS ...........................................................................2
RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS ..............................................7
FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS .....................................................10
PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS .................................................15
STRETCHING AND OPERATING HOSELINES.....................33
WATER LOSS.37
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ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS
PART 1: ENGINE COMPANY OPERATION BASICS
he engine company is the basic unit of service in this Department and its tactics and
operations should be familiar to all members. The purpose of this manual is to provide
both general and specific information concerning engine company operations.
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
This manual is based upon engine company staffing of an officer and four (4) firefighters.
In units staffed with five (5) firefighters the "door" and "control" functions are each
performed by an individual firefighter. Engine company personnel should be familiar with
both 4 and 5 firefighter operations since Department staffing varies on a citywide basis
each tour.
1.2
Engine Company firefighters must be familiar with the apparatus currently in service with
the Department. Various makes and models exist and the differences between the
apparatus include hose bed size and layout, location and number of discharge outlets,
location and number of compartments, position of equipment such as ladders, large caliber
streams, and hydrant connections.
1.3
When giving assignments, the Officer on duty shall ensure members are reminded of their
designations as safety team members. These members must be aware that this designation
is based on their units order of arrival at the box and will change as additional units arrive.
While operating members shall pay particular attention to the following provisions:
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The United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administrations
(OSHA) revised standard regarding respiratory protection states:
1.3.1 Where an employer does not know or cannot reasonably estimate the
concentration of contaminants in the work environment, it is assumed that the
atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH).
1.3.2 When a fire progresses past the incipient stage, the fire area must be considered
and IDLH atmosphere. Every member entering the IDLH atmosphere must be
equipped with personal protective equipment and a self-contained breathing
apparatus. No member shall enter, leave or operate in an IDLH atmosphere unless
the member teams-up with at least one other member and remains within visual or
voice contact with that member. Each member of the search team shall know the
company identity and assigned position of the other members of the search team.
Handie-talkies or other electronic communication devices are not acceptable to
replace visual or voice contact. At least one of the members of the team within the
IDLH must have a handie-talkie and must be able to contact a handie-talkieequipped member of the Safety Team outside of the IDLH atmosphere.
1.3.3 At least two members must team up prior to entering an IDLH (Two-In) and there
must be at least two other members outside the IDLH (Two-Out), who are
designated as a Safety Team. The members of the Safety Team shall be available
to assist the interior team(s) if the need arises. If a member leaves a contaminated
area, another member using an SCBA must accompany this member to a safe
area.
1.3.4 If a confirmed life hazard is discovered and immediate action could prevent the
loss of life, appropriate action (rescue activity) may be taken by an individual
member. This applies only for a known life hazard, not for standard search and
rescue activity. If such action is taken, the Incident Commander must be
immediately notified and appropriate adjustments made. In all incidents of such
individual action, the Incident Commander shall forward a report detailing the full
particulars to the Chief of Operations. A thorough review of each of these
incidents will be conducted.
2.
IN QUARTERS
2.1
Planning and preparing for an engine company response begins the moment the fire
officer and firefighter enter quarters. The blackboard at the housewatch desk should be
checked for any information that may affect the response or operations of the unit.
Situations such as street closings, hydrants or mains out of service, standpipe or sprinkler
systems inoperative, equipment changes on the apparatus or adjoining companies out of
service should be noted and possible alternate courses of action considered and discussed.
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2.2
Immediately after the start of each tour the officer shall conduct a roll call of the on duty
members and designate assignments. The following positions shall be assigned: nozzle,
back-up, door, and control. For units staffed with four (4) firefighters, the door and
control positions will be performed by the same member. Engine companies should
also designate a member to perform forcible entry in the event that the assigned ladder
company is delayed. When giving assignments, the Officer on duty shall ensure
members are reminded of their designation as safety team members. (see Chap. 6,
pg. 69) These members must be aware that this designation is based on their units
order of arrival at the box and may change as additional units arrive.
2.3
In addition to assigning firefighting positions, the officer will assign each member an
apparatus riding position, mask and handie-talkie radio.
2.4
Immediately after roll call, the company officer, accompanied by the chauffeur, should
inspect and examine the unit's apparatus. Any deficiencies noted shall be remedied or
otherwise handled as per Department procedures and proper entries and notifications
made by the officer. The following specific topics shall be discussed:
General response routes and any modifications to normal response routes.
Road and weather conditions.
Dangerous areas or intersections.
The above listed topics are especially important for covering or detailed officers and
chauffeurs.
2.5
Following the roll call, all engine company firefighters shall examine the apparatus hose
bed to familiarize themselves with the manner in which the hose is packed or folded.
This is particularly important for detailed, overtime, or other than regularly assigned
members.
2.6
Engine company firefighters shall stand roll call with all their Department issued personal
protective equipment. This equipment includes helmet, bunker coat, bunker pants and
boots, gloves, and hood. In addition, a hose strap, chock, and spanner shall be carried by
each engine company member. All members shall place their protective equipment at or
near their respective riding position so that it can be donned prior to responding when
necessary. The member on housewatch shall be guided by Regulations Chapter 20.
2.7
Department equipment such as Scott masks, handie-talkie radios, and PASS alarms shall
be assigned and inspected according to Department SOP's. Department issued flashlights
should also be exchanged and inspected at this time and placed on the apparatus at each
riding position. The location and presence of all tools and equipment on the apparatus
shall be known by all assigned members and shall be verified at the start of each tour.
The absence of a critical piece of equipment should be discovered during a routine
apparatus inspection rather than at the scene of a fire or emergency.
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2.8

The most important tools engine company firefighters use on the fireground are:
Serviceable hydrants
Engine apparatus
Hose and fittings
Nozzles
2.8.1
Hydrants - The importance of locating, connecting to, and operating a serviceable

hydrant cannot be overemphasized. All engine company firefighters should be
familiar with operating procedures for the several types of hydrants currently in use.
In addition to different types of hydrants, there are several hydrant security devices
which firefighters must be able to remove or activate.
2.8.2
Apparatus - In addition to transporting firefighters and equipment to the scene of a

fire or emergency the engine company apparatus provides the water supply for fire
attack. All engine company firefighters should be able to perform the following
functions:
Transfer the engine apparatus from "road" to "pump".
Connect the apparatus to a hydrant using each of the several connections
available and standard hose.
Charge and maintain adequate pressure on a hoseline using the pump panel
controls.
2.8.3
Hose and fittings - Engine company firefighters must be familiar with the current
hose inventory and methods of stretching. Fittings may be required to connect and
adapt hose to other hose and hose to appliances. A well trained firefighter should be
able to quickly locate and place into operation all hose/fitting combinations.
2.8.4
Nozzles - There are several different types and styles of nozzles in use in the
Department and a knowledgeable engine company firefighter should be familiar with
the specific applications and methods of use for each type. For example, the solid
stream tip (MST) is useful for high volume flows with long reach, superior
penetration and reduced nozzle reaction. It is required for standpipe operations due to
its effective performance at low pressures. A fog tip is effective for ventilation, fires
near energized electrical equipment and dispersing vapors at gas leaks. At the start of
each tour, all nozzles carried on engine company apparatus should be inspected and
examined to insure: (see Fig. 2-1 to 2-3)
What type of nozzles and/or tips are attached to each hoseline.
That rubber washers are placed correctly in female couplings and tips, and are
not dried out or cracked.
That nozzles are hand fastened to hose and tips are screwed on by hand.
That fog nozzles are not clogged and are maintained in the straight stream
position (tip rotated to the right).
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That all control handles and shut-off valves operate freely and are maintained
in the closed position.
1/2 inch O.S.T.
15/16 inch M.S.T.
1 1/2 inch S.O.
Fig.2-1 - 1 1/2 inch solid stream nozzle with 1/2 inch outer stream tip and 15/16 inch main
stream tip for use on 1 3/4 inch handline.
2 1/2 inch S.O.
1 1/8 inch M.S.T.
1/2 inch O.S.T.
Fig. 2-2 - 2 1/2 inch solid stream nozzle with 1/2 inch outer stream tip and 1 1/8 inch main
stream tip for use on 2 1/2 inch handline.
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Fig. 2-3 - Adjustable fog/straight stream tip for use on both 1 3/4 inch and 2 1/2 inch handlines.
(Shown here on 1 3/4 inch handline)
2.9
Successful fireground operations do not happen by accident. For an engine company to
perform well at fires and emergencies, its officers and members must be involved in an ongoing
training program. The following Department activities must be conducted to ensure that a high
level of performance and professionalism is maintained:
2.9.1
Company drills - These are the most frequent drills conducted. The monthly
drill schedule contains numerous engine related topics and there are several drill
periods available each month for instruction in engine company operations. A
wide range of experience and knowledge can be imparted to the members each
tour by taking advantage of the varied backgrounds and firefighting experience of
the company officer and senior firefighters on duty. This is the drill period when
firefighters will be most receptive to instruction and will feel free to ask
questions.
2.9.2
Multi-unit drills - This weekly drill period of 1 1/2 hours is an opportunity for
several companies, both engine and ladder, to assemble and receive hands-on
training. Engine company officers can use this period to review recent operations
and walk through Evolutions with new members. Ladder company firefighters
can also be instructed on engine company tactics.
2.9.3
Critiques of recent operations - Immediately upon return from a fire or

emergency is the best time to conduct a critique or review of the operation.
What each member of the company did and why they did it can be discussed
and examined. The purpose of the critique is to provide a learning
experience for all
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3.
RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS
3.1
All responses to fires and emergencies should begin with proper receipt of the alarm. All
responding members should be informed as to the type of alarm the unit is responding to
and the location or address. This information will determine whether or not protective
clothing is necessary (CFR-D responses may not require complete donning of protective
equipment) and will prepare members for the type of action or tactics that might be
required, such as a hand stretch or the use of rolled-up lengths.
3.2
The only type of response that is helpful to the Department and the public is one that is
completed safely and accident free. Apparatus accidents can cause injuries to members
and civilians and damage to the apparatus. Units unable to proceed to the alarm location
are unable to render the assistance for which they were initially summoned. For these
reasons a safe and reasonable response is necessary.
3.3
Engine companies returning from previous alarms or available on the air (10-8) must
consider the potential hazards caused by responding from locations outside of quarters.
Other companies responding to the same incident may not expect to encounter this unit,
which will be responding using other than its normal response route. This situation can
cause surprise meetings at intersections and result in units arriving out of normal
response sequence. It should be noted that the above situations can also occur when
relocated companies respond from quarters (As always, units should be guided by their
response assignments, i.e., 1st due, 2nd due, etc.). When two engine companies arrive at
approximately the same time, but out of response sequence, they shall be guided by the
alarm box assignment and operate in accordance with this Bulletin. For this reason, the
second due engine company shall make no extraordinary effort to arrive first due, unless
it is obvious the first due engine company will be seriously delayed.
3.4
Engine company members responding to an alarm should monitor the Department radio,
handie-talkie, and MDT screen. This will provide the officer and members with vital
information about conditions at the scene and any problems encountered by earlier
arriving units including water supply problems, trapped occupants, difficulties in locating
the fire, heavy smoke conditions, or the need for special equipment.
3.5
Engine company firefighters should be prepared to conduct specific tactics for each of the
following types of responses:
3.5.1
Engine only - Since this is a single unit response, action to control situations in
addition to engine work may be required such as forcible entry, victim removal,
and search. All members must comply with the provisions of Sec. 1.3 of this
Chapter).
3.5.2
First alarm response - Knowing if the unit is first or second due prepares the
company for certain procedures that may be employed upon arrival. If first due,
the engine company can expect to initiate strategy and tactics according to the
conditions found and to transmit the appropriate preliminary radio reports. If
arriving second due, the engine company must ascertain if the first due engine
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company has arrived and if not, assume their duties. If the first due engine has
arrived, the second due engine company will augment and assist the first engine in
whatever tactics have been initiated unless otherwise assigned by the Incident
Commander (IC).
3.5.3
3.6
Multiple alarm response- When responding to multiple alarms, engine companies

should anticipate long hose stretches, the need to supply large caliber streams, and
to provide relief for first alarm engine companies.
Apparatus Positioning
In order to avoid passing the fire building, if no specific address is given,
engine companies should slow down upon approaching the box location.
Look for any indicators that might identify the location of the fire or
emergency or for persons attempting to gain the companys attention. Be
careful not to pass through an intersection where a turn into the block may
be necessary. When a street address is provided, proceed directly to the
location. House numbers generally follow a pattern, but be aware that
some streets have house numbers on one side that do not relate to the
numbers on the opposite side. Being familiar with the response area and
any variations will assist in a units response efficiency.
The officer will decide where to position the apparatus once the fire
location has been determined. This decision must be based on several
factors, such as overall objectives, water source, type of fire, how close to
the fire building the apparatus will be, the type of stretch to be made, and
if the apparatus will block out or be blocked out by other incoming units.
As per Department regulations, engine companies shall precede ladder
companies when both units are responding together on the same alarm.
This response sequence allows for several apparatus positioning options
and does not hinder ladder company positioning.
In order to facilitate an efficient and coordinated operation, the officer of
the first engine company should strive to enter the block ahead of the first
ladder company and from the same direction. This is particularly
important where street width or parked cars would prevent the engine
from passing the ladder apparatus to reach the desired hydrant. ( Fig. 3-1 )
This order of arrival allows the engine company firefighters to initiate a
back stretch and accurately estimate, and remove enough hose by hand to
reach the entrance of the fire building and adequately cover the anticipated
fire area. After sufficient hose is removed, the engine company chauffeur
(ECC) can proceed forward to the next hydrant and complete the
remaining connections. This approach gives the members of the unit a
view of up to three sides of the fire building prior to stretching a line. The
engine company chauffeur (ECC) will be afforded a good view of street
conditions and any approaching apparatus. This enables the ECC to
contact via radio any company approaching from the opposite direction
which might prevent the engine from reaching the desired hydrant.
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Engine
Fig. 3-1 - The above illustration depicts an engine company stopping past the fire building to
perform a back stretch. After firefighters remove sufficient hose to reach the fire,
engine apparatus back stretches, dropping hose as it proceeds to the hydrant. This
allows the ladder company apparatus to take a tentative position upon arrival. With
the exception of a fire building located at the end of a narrow dead end road, the
ladder company should normally allow the engine company to enter the block first.
This is to insure that both units dont impede each others operation. Another
exception to this procedure can be found in AUC 200 section 5.3.11, Winter
Operations.
3.7
Engine Company Supply Guidelines

3.7.1 Establishing a positive water source is essential for a safe fire operation.
Failure of a water source or pumper can lead to serious injury or death of
FD members. It is essential that a positive water source be maintained. In order
to provide a reliable and uninterrupted flow of water, all arriving engine and
squad companies (assigned as an engine) shall locate and connect to a positive
water source (hydrant, drafting, etc.).
3.7.2 Whenever possible, the following guidelines should be followed:
Only two handlines should be operated from a pumper.
The supply pumper in a relay operation should not supply any handlines or
large caliber streams.
The pumper supplying a large caliber stream should not supply any handlines
or additional large caliber streams.
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If an emergency requires exceeding the above guidelines, the supply or operating

pumper shall be augmented as soon as possible to ensure that positive water is
maintained and the Incident Commander shall be notified.
4.
FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS
4.1
FIREFIGHTING OBJECTIVES
PROTECTION OF LIFE
o The protection of life is the primary consideration at any fireground operation.
Engine companies are often confronted with life saving operations upon arrival.
Life saving operations are placed ahead of firefighting when sufficient firefighters
are not available to do both, as is the case when no ladder company is on the
scene. Judgment is a key factor when confronted with this situation. The best life
saving measure may be a prompt attack on the fire which, if allowed to spread,
would trap occupants. A life hazard, visible upon arrival, must be addressed.
o However, immediate rescue attempts by the first arriving engine company without
simultaneously stretching and positioning a hoseline should be attempted only in
extreme situations.
o Factors impacting on the decision to attempt an immediate rescue include:
The provisions of Sec. 1.3 of this Chapter are complied with.
Occupants endangered by being in the immediate vicinity of the fire.
Number of persons trapped.
Occupants threatening to jump.
Means of egress cutoff by fire.
Ability to reach occupants with portable ladders.
Anticipated arrival time of the first due ladder company.
Staffing level of the engine company--four or five firefighters.
Actions that the officer of the first arriving engine company can
implement to protect endangered occupants include:
Position a hoseline between the fire and the endangered occupants.
Ventilate to draw fire, heat, and smoke away from the endangered
occupants.
Give verbal instructions and assurances to the occupants.
Close doors to limit the spread of smoke.
Ensure that incoming units are informed of the location of

endangered occupants.
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Depending on staffing, one member may be released from the

stretch and proceed to the roof to provide vertical ventilation over
the stairs. This action may reduce panic by relieving the smoke
condition in the stairway. Proper tools must be brought to the roof
and access to the roof of the fire building shall be made in
accordance with established Department guidelines for the roof
position.
LOCATING THE FIRE

o Before any fire attack can be initiated, the exact location of the fire must be
determined. This is the first stage of the fire suppression effort.
o Refer to response printout and/or department radio for reported particulars, i.e.
floor or apartment number.
o Upon arrival, an exterior survey of the building should be conducted for
visible flames, smoke, smoke blackened windows, occupants in distress, fire
escapes being utilized by fleeing occupants, etc.
o Solicit information from occupants exiting via the interior stairs.
o Listen to handie talkie radio traffic from ladder company personnel.
o Often the odor given off by burning materials, even if there is no visible
smoke, may indicate what is burning and perhaps indicate where the fire
might be located:
Wood and paint odor - apartment.
Food on the stove - apartment.
Fuel oil odor - boiler room or basement.
Rubbish odor - public hallway/stairway, compactor room, shafts.
Electrical odor - overhead lights in hallways.
o While enroute to the reported fire location look out hallway windows or up
stairwells for indications of fire or smoke.
o If a particular apartment is suspected to be the fire location, but the door is
locked and there are no visible indications of a fire, try jostling the door.
Smoke might puff out around the door casing.
o When the exact location of the fire has been determined it must be conveyed
to the other units operating on the scene. The most direct route to the fire
area must be relayed to the members stretching the initial hoseline.
CONFINING/CONTROLLING THE FIRE

o Confining and controlling a fire is the second stage of the fire suppression
effort and includes those actions taken to prevent the fire from extending
beyond the area already involved. This is generally the immediate concern,
and fulfills the role of placing a hoseline between the fire and the majority of
the building occupants.
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o Confinement of the fire must take into consideration the intensity of the fire as
well as the known or anticipated direction of fire spread. Be aware that the
fire may be extending via pipe recess, voids, concealed spaces, etc.
o Depending on the type of building and the fire location, the first line stretched
and operated may be committed to confining any fire extension while a
subsequent hoseline is utilized to extinguish the main body of fire.
o Example: Fire in the cellar of an Old Law Tenement (OLT), the first line is
stretched into the first floor to protect the interior stairs and the second line is
stretched into the cellar to extinguish the fire. (FFP-MDs Sec 4.2.1)
o In some situations the closing of a door or window may play a vital role in
confining the fire while hoselines are being stretched to the location.
o EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE
o Extinguishment is the third stage in the fire suppression effort.
o Initial extinguishment includes knock down of visible flames and readily
apparent burning and smoldering material debris. Final extinguishment means
that any fire uncovered by opening up and overhauling procedures has been
extinguished.
4.2
STRATEGY AND TACTICS

4.2.1
The objectives of firefighting are to protect life and property by performing

rescues, and by locating, confining and extinguishing fires.
4.2.2
Strategy and tactics defined:

STRATEGY - The general plan or course of action decided upon by the IC in
order to achieve firefighting objectives.
TACTICS - The operations or actions required to carry out the strategy selected
by the IC.
Most fire operations employ an offensive strategy which emphasizes the rapid
stretching of hoselines for an aggressive interior attack on the seat of the fire.
Engine company tactics at most structure fires are to stretch a hoseline via the
primary means of egress (main entrance to the building), connect to a hydrant and
attack the fire.
A defensive strategy may be employed, initially, at large or expanding fire
operations where protection of exposures or containment of the fire is critical.
Emphasis is placed on developing large water flows. Tactics compatible with
these conditions might include positioning the apparatus for use of a LCS, such as
the deck pipe, stretching a 2 1/2 inch hoseline for exposure protection or dropping
3 1/2 inch hose to supply an incoming Tower Ladder.
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4.2.3

Selection and implementation of any strategic plan and its supporting tactics is
dependent upon an accurate and ongoing size-up of the fire situation. Size-up
starts with the receipt of the alarm and continues until the fire is under control.
The size-up process may be carried out many times and by many different
individuals during the course of a fire. The responsibility for size-up initially lies
with the first officer on the scene, however all engine company members must
make a personal size-up of the fire situation. As higher ranking officers arrive, the
responsibility for size-up is passed up the chain of command.
An accurate and complete size-up must include consideration of the following strategic
factors. They are:
A.
Time of day
G.
- sleeping occupants at night
- rush hour traffic delays in response
- limited visibility at night
Location/ extent of fire

- cellar, sub cellars
- cockloft
- dumbwaiter
B.
Life
H.
- residential vs. commercial building
- occupied vs. vacant
- transient vs. permanent residents
I.
- ambulatory vs. non-ambulatory
occupants
Area
- large volume of fire
- long stretches
Height
J.
- elevator operations
- standpipe stretches
- long stretches
K.
Construction
- frame buildings
- Truss roof and floor beams
- fire resistive
L.
- Old Law Tenements
Occupancy
- Public Assembly
- Health Care Facility
M.
- Hazardous Materials
- Fuel Loading
Water supply
- hydrant spacing
- hydrant serviceability
Street conditions
- construction
C.
D.
E.
F.
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- elevated roadways
and railways
- overhead wires
Auxiliary appliances
- standpipe systems
- sprinkler systems
Weather
- wind direction and velocity
- freezing conditions
- heat stress
Apparatus & Equipment
- large caliber streams
- large diameter hose
- foam equipment
Exposures
- six sides of fire
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COAL WAS WEALTH
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5.
ENGINE COMPANY PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS
5.1
ENGINE COMPANY OFFICER

5.1.1
After the engine company officer has determined that a hoseline is needed, the
location, route, and number of lengths required in the stretch should be relayed to
the unit's members. Properly trained firefighters should be able to perform the
following tactics without the officer's personal supervision:
Hose estimate and removal from the apparatus.
Positioning the apparatus at a serviceable hydrant.
Connection of the apparatus to a hydrant.
Stretching a hoseline.
Supplying booster water if ordered.
Operation of apparatus mounted large caliber stream (LCS) device.
Supplying standpipe and sprinkler systems.
5.1.2
The first arriving engine company officer should consider the removal and
placement in the street of a second hoseline if fire conditions indicate it is
warranted.
5.1.3
After ordering the first hoseline stretched, the engine officer should enter the fire
building and begin gathering information that will assist the unit in stretching
rapidly and accurately to the fire area. This information should include:
5.1.4
Handie-talkie transmissions from the ladder company.
Type of stairway present (i.e. return, straight run, around elevator).
Presence or absence of a wellhole.
Difficulties caused by large numbers of fleeing occupants.
If no ladder company is present, the Engine officer shall attempt to enter the
IDLH when teamed up with another available member. He/she may only enter
individually to address a known life hazard as per Sec. 1.3 of this Chapter. If
the ladder company is forcing the door to the fire area, the engine officer should
proceed to the area immediately below the fire and:
Determine the layout of the area (in multiple dwellings, layouts tend to be
similar in each vertical line of apartments).
Look at the ceiling for signs of structural weakness or holes.
Look out a window to determine the location and extent of the fire on the
fire floor.
When returning to the fire floor, look out a stairway window in order to
gain a different view of the fire floor from below.
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5.1.5

While gathering information concerning the hoseline stretch, the engine officer
should be alert to building occupants with information relative to persons trapped
or distressed. If persons were reported trapped on the initial alarm, or if
information or statements indicate this possibility, the engine officer should
determine the following:
Where are the people trapped?
How many people are trapped?
Are the trapped persons children or adults?
Are the occupants normally home at his time of day?
5.1.6
While searching within a fire area, interior doors that can be used to help confine
the fire until the arrival of the hoseline should be closed as soon as possible.
5.1.7
If the entrance door to the fire area (for example: this may be the apartment door
in a multiple dwelling or a bedroom door in a private dwelling) is found open by
the engine officer and entry is not possible, it should be closed immediately to
prevent the products of combustion from entering the hallway and contaminating
the upper floors and preventing the escape or removal of civilians from above the
fire. Door control is critical to the safety of any firefighters operating on the
floors above the fire.
5.1.8
Upon arrival of the nozzle team at the entrance to the fire area, the officer should
assure that each fire fighter is properly equipped with bunker gear, helmet, gloves,
mask and hood. After ascertaining that sufficient hose has been stretched and
flaked out, the officer should call for water via handie-talkie and see that the line
is properly bled of trapped air.
5.1.9
Prior to opening the door to the fire area for advancement of the line, the engine
officer must assure that no firefighters will be exposed in the hallway or on the
stairs above as the fire attack is initiated. This can be done via handie-talkie or in
person. When the door to a fire area or fire apartment is opened, particularly in
buildings equipped with thermal pane windows that have not self vented, there
exists the possibility that fire will flash outward and upward and seriously expose
or burn any firefighters operating in unprotected positions above the fire.
5.1.10
Immediately before moving into the fire area with the hoseline, the engine officer
should relay to the nozzle team information gathered while the line was being
stretched. This information might include phrases such as: two rooms, left rear,
straight down the hall, second room on left or holes in the floor, stay to your
right hand wall.
5.1.11
The nozzle team must begin every interior fire attack through the door to the fire
area crouched low, near the floor, regardless of conditions. A sudden ceiling
collapse, rapid self-venting or a fire driven by wind could create a blowtorch
effect at the entrance door and seriously injure any firefighter in its path. After
entry is made into the fire area, the engine officer can evaluate conditions and
adjust or modify the method of advance used.
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5.1.12
During the advance of the hoseline, the engine officer must constantly monitor
the nozzle team's progress and the conditions around them. The protection
afforded by bunker gear, masks, and hoods tends to insulate firefighters from the
hostile fire environment which could cause members to penetrate unknowingly
into severe conditions.
5.1.13
As the hoseline is advanced into the fire area, the engine officer should
communicate orders and directions to the nozzle team using as few words as
possible. The nozzle team should be advised of their progress and given
estimates of how much fire remains to be extinguished.
5.1.14
Engine company officers should develop a communication system with the nozzle
firefighter for use when voice communications are impaired due to stream impact
noise, power saw operations, opening up and ventilation noise. The following
system of touch signals can be used in conjunction with verbal commands to relay
orders:
Opening or closing the nozzle--One or two slaps on the back or shoulder.
Direction of stream--Tug or pull on the arm or nozzle, either left or right.
Advancement of hoseline--Steady push on back or mask cylinder.
Halt or stop advance--Pull back on shoulder, bunker coat or mask

assembly.
5.1.15
The engine company officers position while supervising the nozzle team must
remain fluid. Due to conditions such as tight quarters, sock or furniture
impediments, forays to vent or search and the nozzle team making turns and
bends, the officer may have to drop back on the line, switch sides or even move
ahead of the nozzle momentarily to allow for optimum nozzle positioning.
5.1.16
If an emergency situation develops which requires the immediate withdrawal of

the nozzle team, the officer or other member aware of the situation should
indicate this fact by using four (4) strong slaps on the shoulder of the other
members and then pull them in the direction of retreat.
5.1.17
After the main body of fire has been extinguished, the engine officer should order
the nozzle shut down. This action allows heat and smoke to rise and vent and any
remaining fire to "light up" and indicate those areas requiring follow up
extinguishment. At this time the officer can check adjoining rooms or areas for
fire extension.
5.1.18
When conditions permit, the engine officer may order a fog or broken stream
directed out a window in the fire area to assist in removal of heat and smoke
conditions. This action will also make search and overhaul operations easier. If
the main stream tip (MST) was used to extinguish the fire, an effective broken
stream can be produced for venting purposes by removing the tip and partially
shutting down the control handle. The stream is directed out the selected window
with the nozzle held 4-5 feet back from the window and the stream filling the
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opening. If the FT-2 was used for extinguishment, the tip is adjusted so the a fog
pattern fills the window opening and is operated similar to the MST.
5.1.19
The nozzle team is composed of the nozzle and back-up firefighters under the
leadership of the officer. While some decision making authority is delegated to
the nozzle firefighter, it must be understood that any actions taken are under the
strict supervision of the officer in command of the line. The officer must exercise
the power of command under fire attack conditions and expect prompt, implicit
and unqualified response.
5.1.20
The following listed tactics are of such importance to fire control efforts that the
decision to implement them is reserved for the engine officer alone.
5.1.21
Calling for water (charging the line).

Opening the nozzle.
Initial stream direction ( at ceiling, seat of fire, etc. )
Direction of team advance.
Initiating line advance.
Stopping line advance.
Stream shut down.
When adequate knock down has been achieved.
Use of stream for cooling.
Use of fog for attack.
Use of fog or broken stream for venting.
Amount of water used.
Assignment of engine firefighter for venting or search.
Relief of nozzle team.
Need for relief of the unit.
Necessity to back the hoseline out.
Decisions that may be delegated by the engine officer to the nozzle team include:
Direction of stream.
Rate of advancement.
Opening nozzle in an emergency.
Partial shut down of the nozzle to reduce nozzle reaction and regain
control.
Calling for more line.
Sweeping floors with stream.
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5.2

THE ENGINE COMPANY CHAUFFEUR (ECC)

5.2.1
The primary responsibility of the ECC is the safe delivery of the personnel,
apparatus and equipment to a reported fire or emergency and the delivery of water
to the operating firefighting force.
5.2.2
The ECC must monitor the handie-talkie for instructions and information that
may require action and be ready to assist members in distress if ordered by the IC.
5.2.3
Engine company apparatus should be positioned as close as possible to the fire

building to reduce the time, effort and number of lengths needed for the stretch.
This tactic requires a coordinated effort between the ECC and the Engine
Company officer and the first arriving ladder company for optimal placement.
5.2.4
ECCs must recognize the need for and initiate supply line operations when
required. When arriving other than first due, the ECC must remain aware of water
supply needs of units already on the scene.
5.2.5
Tactics that ECCs must be capable of performing include:
Back stretch
In-line pumping (ILP) (Fig. 5-2)
Relaying water
(Fig. 5-3)
Drafting
(Fig. 5-4)
(Fig. 5-1)
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Fig. 5-1
BACKSTRETCH
Fig. 5-2
IN-LINE PUMPING
Fig. 5-3
RELAY PUMPING
Fig. 5-4
DRAFTING WATER
5.2.6
The ECC should position the apparatus for a backstretch whenever possible. A
hydrant in the immediate vicinity of the fire building may be used if it allows for a
rapid stretch and will not interfere with ladder company positioning.
5.2.7
When performing a backstretch, even if an obstructed hydrant is encountered,

connection to such hydrants can usually be accomplished using a length of 3
inch hose which must be carried and ready for this purpose or the 35 foot yellow
hydrant connection.
Note: WHEN STRETCHING HOSE LINES OFF THE APPARATUS, THE

APPARATUS SHOULD BE POSITIONED SO THAT IT WILL NOT
INTERFERE WITH LADDER COMPANY POSITIONING.
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5.3

THE NOZZLE POSITION

5.3.1
The firefighter assigned the nozzle occupies one of the most challenging and
dangerous positions on the fireground. The duties associated with the nozzle
position routinely take this firefighter in close proximity to the fire and require a
determined and experienced member.
5.3.2
The nozzle is assigned by the officer at roll call along with the other engine
company positions. The engine officer retains the flexibility to alter the assigned
positions in order to allow a less experienced firefighter to work the nozzle at a
minor fire where valuable on the job training can be gained.
5.3.3
The nozzle firefighter stretches the first length of hose with the nozzle attached
via the route and to the location as ordered by the officer. This location should be
a safe area in proximity of the fire area such as a stairway landing, hallway or
adjoining area.
5.3.4
After flaking out the line in preparation for its advance, the nozzle firefighter
should complete donning all required protective equipment including opening of
the mask air cylinder and activation of the PASS device.
5.3.5
When the engine officer calls for water the nozzle firefighter must prepare to
bleed the line of any trapped air. The nozzle can be cracked slightly open while
the water is filling the line or it can be opened fully and closed quickly after water
reaches the nozzle.
5.3.6
The nozzle firefighter should never enter the fire area without water. To do so
could allow the fire to rapidly extend and overtake the nozzle team causing burns
to them and any firefighters operating behind or above them.
5.3.7
When preparing to enter the fire area with a charged hoseline, the nozzle
firefighter should ensure that if an adjustable fog/straight stream tip is being used,
it is in the straight stream position (rotated to the right). If the solid stream tip is
being used the 1/2 inch outer stream tip (OST) must be removed.
5.3.8
If the engine company is present on the fire floor prior to opening the door to the
fire area the firefighters assigned the nozzle and back-up positions, as well as the
officer, should position themselves on the same side of the entrance and remain
low. When the entrance door is opened the heat, smoke and toxic gases from the
fire should be allowed to blow. As the smoke lifts, the nozzle firefighter may be
able to look into the fire area at floor level and observe the room layout. Once the
nozzle is opened, the thermal layers are disrupted and visibility is reduced
significantly.
5.3.9
Once the nozzle team has water in the attack line and the door is opened, entrance
is made into the fire occupancy. If the actual fire area is an interior room the
nozzle firefighter must recognize this and advance as close as possible to the fire
before opening the nozzle.
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5.3.10
As a general rule, the nozzle should not be opened on smoke. If fire or high heat
is encountered the nozzle can be used to cool and push the fire gases back toward
the fire area by directing it upward toward the ceiling using a rapid side to side or
clockwise motion.
5.3.11
After making the initial entrance into the fire area the nozzle team should move to
either side of the doorway. This action is taken to remove these members from the
flue like conditions that develop when the entrance door is opened. This condition
becomes even more pronounced when the fire has not vented via windows and the
entrance door is the first opening into the fire area.
5.3.12
While operating the line the firefighter assigned the nozzle position should hold
the nozzle at arms length, out in front. This position allows the firefighter to
redirect the nozzle quickly by simply bending the several feet of hose in the
desired direction.
5.3.13
As the attack line is advanced into the fire area, the floor must be swept with the
stream. This action cools hot plaster or burning debris and removes other
potentially dangerous objects such as broken glass and drug paraphernalia from
the path of the advancing firefighters. A change in the sound of the stream as it
sweeps the floor could indicate the presence of an opening such as a hole, a
stairway or an elevator shaft.
5.3.14
The manner in which a firefighter physically advances the hoseline may depend
on the conditions encountered. There are several methods that can be used, each
with their own advantages.
Crawling - This method is useful where heat conditions require a very

low approach to the fire area.
Duck walking - This tactic is useful where rubble or debris which cannot
be swept with the stream may cause injury or difficulty to the nozzle team.
In housing projects or office buildings with concrete floors, duck walking
keeps scalding water, a consequence of the fire attack, from absorbing into
the bunker pants and burning firefighters knees.
Leg forward (or outstretched leg) - This method can be used where the
integrity of the floor is in doubt. The outstretched leg is used to feel for
holes in the floor before the full weight of the firefighter moves forward.
Probing with the leg forward will also help the nozzle firefighter recognize
the presence of descending stairs, ramps, or open shafts. This technique is
recommended for commercial occupancies.
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Fig. 5-5
5.3.15
The following nozzle handling techniques for directing the stream during fire
attack are important for the nozzle firefighter to know and understand.
A.
When operating the stream as the advance is made, the stream should be
directed forward and upward, striking the ceiling and deflecting the stream
toward the fire area (see Fig. 5-5).
The deflected water will:
Cover a greater area.
Break up and cool superheated combustible gases at ceiling level.
Provide greater heat absorption by breaking up on impact and

exposing more water surface area to the heat.
Prevent rollover of the advancing fire. Prevent development of

flashover by cooling the upper levels of the fire area.
B.
Rapid side to side or clockwise rotation of the nozzle pushes the heat, fire
and steam ahead of the nozzle team.
C.
As progress is made, the initial angle of the stream can be lowered and the
stream can be directed toward the main body of fire.
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D.
Minimum steam generation at the lower level of the passage or hallway is

desirable for rapid advance, therefore impacting side walls with streams
should be minimized at lower levels. The steam generated initially at the
upper levels will be pushed ahead with the heat and fire. Maintaining an
adequate rate of flow will condense the steam and cool the fire gases
ahead of the stream and will carry away the lower wall heat in the run-off.
E.
The stream should not be operated directly overhead. This can cause hot
water and debris to fall on the firefighters below. There are, however,
several emergency situations which may justify this tactic:
When the room lights up overhead.
Fire rolls overhead or from behind.
F.
When stock, furniture, partitions, vehicles, machinery or other

obstructions block or prevent the stream from hitting the main body of
fire, use the ceiling, walls or other stable, stationary objects to deflect
water onto the fire.
G.
Avoid knocking down stock with the stream whenever possible as it will
conceal or extend fire and impede the hoseline advance. Fallen stock could
also make it difficult for members to exit the fire area or back the hoseline
out.
5.3.16
If rooms to either side of a hallway must be extinguished while advancing toward

the main area of involvement, the stream should be operated well ahead of the
line prior to turning to operate into the side rooms. This action is necessary in
order to push back the advancing fire sufficiently to allow the nozzle team to
safely reposition and operate into the side rooms.
5.3.17
A cardinal rule of engine operations is DONT PASS FIRE. When advancing

an attack hoseline through a fire area consisting of several rooms, it is usually
only necessary to operate the stream from the doorway of each room/area. By
utilizing the reach of the stream, the fire can be knocked down in these rooms and
the hoseline can be advanced rapidly to extinguish the remaining areas. This tactic
may leave smoldering debris or window frames but there should be no visible
flame in the areas passed. (The term knock down means to have control of the fire
area without complete extinguishment)
5.3.18
As the attack hoseline is advanced through the fire area all doors must be opened
to assure that the nozzle team does not unknowingly pass an area involved in fire.
Closed doors to closets, stairways and other rooms may contain hidden or
extending fire which can burn through or erupt behind the nozzle team cutting off
their escape route. Hoselines can also be burned through leaving the engine
company without water and fire in front and behind them.
5.3.19
There are several situations which could result in the advance of the attack
hoseline being halted or slowed:
Situation #1 - Fire will not Darken Down or Cool Down
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An engine company is making good progress advancing through a fire area
and is suddenly stopped or slowed by fire that will not cool down or darken
down.
Possible causes for this situation are:
The stream is not adequately penetrating into the fire area.
The stream may be inadequate for the size/intensity of the fire.
A heavy body of fire may exist in another area which the stream is
incapable of reaching.
Possible solutions:
The stream direction may need to be adjusted to enter the room more
completely or an advance of a few more feet may be necessary to open
another avenue or direction of attack.
The gallons per minute (GPM) flow may be insufficient due to friction
loss, low pump pressure or kinks in the line. A handie-talkie message
to increase pressure or get the kinks may result in an increased
flow and faster knock down of the fire.
If fire exists in an area which is incapable of being reached by this

hoseline such as the floor below or an adjoining area, this attack line
must make a stand at this point and hold the fire until a back up line
can be stretched. The second hoseline can be stretched to the other
area involved or can be advanced together with the first attack hoseline
to press the attack into the fire.
Situation #2 - Fire has Darkened Down But Will Not Cool Down
Possible causes for this situation are:
The material and furnishings in the fire area have not been completely
extinguished.
Fire has extended into walls, floor and ceiling spaces and continues to
burn there.
Inadequate ventilation of the fire area.
Possible solutions:
The areas where the fire was knocked down may need additional
water application to completely extinguish all material, furnishings and
structural components.
Wall, floor and ceilings must be opened up to expose and extinguish

any hidden fire.
Initial or additional ventilation must be performed including the use of

a fog or spray stream by the engine company.
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5.3.20 FIRE ATTACK TECHNIQUES:

Knowledge of the floor layout is the most valuable asset to a nozzle team
advancing under heavy fire and/or smoke conditions. If the smoke is not
banked down to the floor, a quick glance at floor level before opening the
nozzle can give the nozzle firefighter and officer an indication of the floor
layout. From this position, obstructions such as furniture, debris or other
obstacles which could impede the advance of the nozzle team may be
evident. The glow of the fire may indicate the direction and distance the
team has to advance. Once the line is opened, any visibility will be lost
until adequate ventilation is accomplished.
The nozzle should be cracked open as the nozzle team waits for water.
The sound of exhausting air will indicate water is on the way, and any air
in the line will be expelled. The line must be bled before the fire attack
begins.
NEVER enter the fire area with an uncharged hoseline. However, the
hoseline should be stretched as close to the fire area as possible before being
charged. An uncharged hoseline is stretched more rapidly and it is less
fatiguing than attempting to move a charged hoseline into position.
All members should operate on the same side of the line. When the door
to the fire area is opened members should be low and to one side of the
opening, to let the pent up heat and gases vent prior to advancing.
Once the line is advancing, keep moving toward the seat of the fire. In
order to reduce the chance of burn injuries and ensure rapid knockdown,
the nozzle team should move aggressively but deliberately.
Let the reach and penetrating power of the stream do the work, especially
in large area buildings or when several rooms are involved in fire.
The stream should be

operated out front and
overhead.
The water
should be deflected off the
ceiling and upper walls.
The nozzle firefighter
should hold the nozzle at
arms length to allow for
maneuverability
and
change of nozzle direction
(see Fig. 5-6).
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Fig. 5-6
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As the fire darkens down, the angle of the stream may be lowered to
directly cool burning solid fuel material.
Do not open the nozzle on smoke; try to get as close to the fire as safely
practical without risking burn injury.
Do not crowd the nozzle.
As the advance is made, listen for crackling of fire, look for a glow of fire
in the smoke, feel for heat.
Listen to the sound of the stream as you sweep the nozzle across a room or
area. The sound of the water striking a wall or partition will change if an
opening such as a door or window is encountered. This opening might
lead to a room or a hallway leading to another group of rooms where fire
might still be burning.
Once the fire appears to be knocked down consider shutting down the
nozzle to let the smoke and steam lift. Be prepared to reopen the nozzle at
any moment.
Even with the use of bunker gear, the floor should be swept with the
stream as you advance to cool any burning material and prevent knee and
leg burns. This action will also sweep broken glass, hypodermic needles
and other debris from the path of the advancing nozzle team.
If it becomes necessary to withdraw an attack hoseline from a position due
to fire intensity, the stream must be kept in operation and the line should
be backed out. Firefighters withdrawing a hoseline from an interior
position should never turn their backs on the fire.
5.4
THE BACK-UP POSITION

5.4.1
The member assigned the back-up position is the second firefighter on the
hoseline. This firefighter moves toward the fire behind the nozzle firefighter
providing physical as well as moral support.
5.4.2
A major function of the back-up position is to flake out the hoseline while waiting
for water and to facilitate the hoselines advance once it is charged.
5.4.3
Flaking out a hoseline can be accomplished using several methods depending on

the conditions encountered. The following options can be used:
The hose is flaked up the public hall stair above the fire floor. After the
hoseline is charged the weight of the water in the line moving down the stairs
will assist the firefighter assigned the door position feeding the line into the
fire area (see Fig. 5-7).
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The hoseline is flaked out in the hallway on the fire floor. In buildings with
large halls on each floor such as H type buildings and newer apartment
houses, this option is effective (see Fig. 5-8).
The hoseline is flaked out into an adjacent or opposite apartment on the fire
floor. This tactic is useful when a small hallway is encountered and the hose
cannot be laid up the stairs (see Fig. 5-9).
The hoseline can be flaked out either wholly or partially in the public hallway
on the floor immediately below the fire floor. This option is utilized when the
volume or intensity of fire prevents access to the fire floor for flaking out the
hoseline (see Fig. 5-10).
Fig 5.7
Fig 5.8
Fig 5.9
Fig 5.10
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5.5

5.4.4
It is the back-up firefighters responsibility to absorb as much nozzle reaction as

possible. By performing this function, the nozzle firefighter is able to advance and
handle the nozzle without having to fight against the backward thrust of the
operating stream.
5.4.5
In order to effectively operate, the back-up member must take a position as close
as physically possible behind the nozzle firefighter. This arrangement allows the
back-up member to exert forward thrust on the hoseline to counter the nozzle
reaction.
5.4.6
The back-up firefighter must maintain a firm grip of the advancing hoseline at all
times. If this member was to lose control of the line, the reaction of the opened
nozzle could pull it through the grasp of the nozzle firefighter leaving the nozzle
team unprotected from the fire . The unrestrained hoseline would also become a
hazard until it was controlled or shut down.
5.4.7
When the nozzle firefighter wants to change the direction or elevation of the
stream , the back-up member must maneuver the section of hose behind the
nozzle firefighter in the opposite direction. The back up member must stay alert to
the intentions of the nozzle firefighter and be able to quickly reposition behind
that member.
5.4.8
During the initial hoseline advance, the back-up firefighter must maintain the
hoseline below the level of the operating nozzle and keep the line as straight as
possible.
THE DOOR POSITION

5.5.1
The third firefighter on the hoseline occupies the door position. This firefighter,
like the nozzle and back-up firefighters removes approximately one length of hose
from the hose bed. Following the back-up firefighter, the door firefighter carries
the hose to a drop point, then lightens up on the line while proceeding to the fire
area.
5.5.2
Upon arrival at the entrance to the fire area, the door firefighter assists with
flaking out the hoseline in preparation for it being charged.
5.5.3
After the officer calls for and receives water at the nozzle, the nozzle team enters
the fire area. At this point the firefighter at the door position slowly feeds line into
the advancing nozzle team.
5.5.4
This member must not push the hoseline to the nozzle team, but instead provide
enough slack in the line so that they can advance easily.
5.5.5
The door firefighter should maintain a bow or rise in the section of hoseline
between the door and the nozzle team (see Fig. 5-10). This tactic will allow the
door firefighter to monitor the advance of the nozzle team by observing the
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straightening of the hoseline. As the hose straightens the member restores the bow
in the line.
5.5.6
The door firefighter should conserve mask air, if conditions allow. If either
member of the nozzle team requires relief or is injured, the door firefighter can
quickly move into position and the attack on the fire can continue. The door
firefighter should consider leaving the flashlight on which would serve as a guide
for members exiting the fire area.
5.5.7
An important task of the door position is to monitor and observe heat, smoke and
fire conditions at the entrance doorway. Undetected or extending fire could
suddenly erupt or appear between the entrance and the nozzle team. The door
firefighter is in a prime location to detect this situation and warn the nozzle team.
Fig. 5 - 10
5.6
THE CONTROL POSITION

5.6.1
The last firefighter on the hoseline occupies the most important control position.
The control firefighters primary function is to assure that the correct amount of
hose is stretched in order that the nozzle reaches the seat of the fire. It is necessary
that this member have the experience and knowledge to correctly estimate the
number of lengths of hose required for the type of stretch ordered by the officer.
5.6.2
This firefighters objective is to minimize the number of lengths stretched in order

to reduce friction loss and kinks in the line. Excessive hose increases both friction
loss and the potential for kinks which can cause a considerable reduction in both
flow (gpm) and stream quality (compactness and reach) at the nozzle. Kinks also
require higher engine pressures which increases the possibility of a burst length.
5.6.3
The success of an engine company hoseline operation relies greatly upon the
actions of the control firefighter. The practice of assigning this important position
to detailed ladder company firefighters or engine company firefighters who are
unfamiliar with the units apparatus or building types, should be avoided. Where
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possible, only the most experienced and knowledgeable firefighters should be

assigned the control position. This will assure an accurate hose estimate and
removal from the apparatus. A hoseline that is stretched quickly but in an
uncontrolled fashion may result in excess hose and kinks or insufficient hose and
a short stretch.
5.6.4
The control firefighter must develop good judgment in estimating the hose needed
for various stretches by being familiar with the types of buildings in the units
response area.
5.6.5
Factors that must be considered before a hoseline is stretched include:
Distance from apparatus to building entrance.
Distance from building entrance to foot of stairs.
Type of stairs i.e. straight run, enclosed, return, around elevator,

presence/absence of a well hole.
Number of floors to ascend or descend.
Distance to fire area from stairs/entrance.
Size of fire area.
5.6.6
In order to keep track of the number of lengths of hose removed from a units hose
bed by its members or others assisting in the stretch, the control firefighter must
remain last in the stretch. Regardless of whether they are assisted by another unit
or they perform the stretch alone, the control firefighter must complete the control
function prior to initiating any other tactics. This is especially true when using the
back stretch. In this situation the ECC is waiting for the hose to be removed prior
to proceeding to a hydrant. If the control firefighter was to momentarily leave the
back step area to assist in the stretch, the ECC will be delayed in proceeding to
and connecting to a hydrant, which delays water to the nozzle. Another and more
serious situation can occur if the ECC observes the control firefighter leaving the
back step and assumes that enough hose has been removed. If the ECC proceeds
to the hydrant and sufficient hose has not been removed a short stretch will result.
Both of the above situations illustrate the critical importance of the control
firefighter completing the hose estimate and removal prior to initiating other
tactics.
5.6.7
When the second due engine arrives at the scene and a hoseline is being stretched,
the first due control firefighter should not delegate or transfer the control position
to the second due control firefighter. Instead, the first due control firefighter
should maintain a position at the hose bed and complete the hose estimate and
removal. The arrival of the second engine is not justification for the first due
control firefighter to leave that position. Rather it eliminates the reason to leave,
since there are now an additional 3 or 4 firefighters to assist with the stretch.
5.6.8
The control firefighters hose estimate function is considered complete when one
of the following occurs:
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A.
B.
5.6.9

The required number of lengths is removed from the hose bed, the line is
broken, and connected to a pump discharge outlet. This scenario would
occur when:
A hydrant in close proximity to the fire building is used. In this

case the control firefighter may assist the ECC with hydrant
connection.
ILP is used and the engine apparatus will remain near the front of
the fire building.
The required number of lengths is removed from the hose bed and the
control firefighter signals the ECC to proceed to a more distant hydrant
(back stretch).
After completing the initial hose estimate, the control firefighter must perform the
following additional tasks:
Assist the ECC with the hydrant connection. This is done when the fire is
located on a lower floor and the hydrant is in close proximity to the fire
building.
Feed slack toward firefighters ahead on the line. This includes pulling
hose around parked cars, trees and building entrances where hose often
gets pinched or couplings snagged.
Flake out any hose between the apparatus and the building entrance door,
paying close attention to sharp bends or folds which may become kinks
once the hoseline is charged.
Check any doors that the dry hoseline is stretched through to assure that
they are chocked open. If a door was to close over a dry hoseline that was
subsequently charged, it would be extremely difficult to free the hose and
may result in a drastic reduction in flow.
Eliminate kinks in the charged hoseline while moving toward the fire area.
This may require repositioning of hose in halls and stairways and
straightening any bends that are restricting the water flow. It must be
remembered that a single 90o kink in an 1 3/4 inch hoseline can result in a
loss of 20 gpm or more. Successive kinks in a hoseline produces an
accumulative affect on reducing flow and a hoseline with 3 kinks, for
example, could lose 90 gpm or more, resulting in an ineffective and unsafe
fire stream.
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5.7

THE SECOND TO ARRIVE ENGINE COMPANY

5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
In keeping with the Departments goal of teaming engine companies to the

greatest degree possible, the general duties of the second to arrive engine
company are as follows:
Assist with the stretching of the initial handline.
Assure that the first due engine is connected to an adequate water supply.
Relieve the first due engine company personnel as required.
The specific duties of the second arriving engine officer include:
Water resource officer for the first hoseline.
Provide a communications link between first due engine and IC.
Control the number of members on the fire floor, limiting it to those

necessary and directing others to appropriate staging areas below the fire
floor.
For reasons of safety, keep track of members going to the floor(s) above
the fire. All members going to the floor(s) above the fire, before the fire is
controlled, should communicate their identity to the second due engine
officer before proceeding above.
The second arriving ECC shall:
Position their apparatus at a hydrant and test it prior to assisting the first
due ECC.
Monitor the Department radio and answer for the Battalion or Division
aide if either fails to respond to repeated calls from the dispatcher.
When Signal 10-70 is transmitted, the dispatcher will designate the second
arriving engine company as the Water Resource Unit. They must be prepared
to initiate water supply operations compatible with conditions encountered at the
scene. Their primary objective is to assist the first arriving engine to obtain a
positive water source.
6.
STRETCHING AND OPERATING HOSELINES
6.1
Stretching and operating hoselines is the primary function of an engine company. All
members must realize the importance of the initial line stretched at a structural fire. More
lives are saved at fire operations by the proper positioning and operating of hoselines than
by all other life saving techniques available to the firefighting forces. The majority of
structural fires are controlled and extinguished by this initial line.
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6.2

GUIDELINES FOR HOSELINE PLACEMENT

6.2.1
First Hoseline
The first line is placed between the fire and any persons endangered by it. This is
accomplished by stretching the hoseline via the primary means of egress, usually
the main stairway. This tactic:
Provides a base for confining and controlling the fire.
Allows occupants to evacuate via the stairs.
Allows members to proceed above the fire for search.
In most cases the first line is stretched via the interior stairs to the location of the
fire. The purpose of this line is to protect the primary means of egress for
occupants evacuating the building and to confine and extinguish the fire. An
exception to stretching the first line up the interior stairs may be made when flame
is issuing from windows opening onto the fire escape and endangering people
trying to come down the fire escape. In this case the first line may be operated
from the street to protect people on the fire escape. A second line should be
promptly stretched into the interior of the building. If it is determined there is no
life hazard in the building, the first line is positioned between the fire and the
most severe exposure. The most severe exposure does not necessarily mean
where the fire is likely to spread. Lines must be stretched to protect life first and
in the absence of a life hazard, the first line should be placed to protect the
greatest amount of property.
When placing a hoseline to protect an exterior exposure, it should be positioned
so that the stream can be used alternately between operating on the exposure and
the fire. When using streams to protect exposed buildings, the water should be
applied onto the buildings surface for best results.
Example: Fire extending from cockloft of vacant row frame building, Exp. 4 is
vacant and Exp. 2 is occupied. First line would probably be stretched to protect
life hazard in occupied Exp. 2.
NOTE: The Engine Company officer shall announce via the handi-talkie when the initial
hoseline attack is to commence. Advancing hoselines will cause conditions
opposite the hose line and above to worsen as the heat, fire, and steam are pushed in
the direction by the force of the stream. Conditions in areas behind, adjoining or
above the operating hoseline must be monitored for sudden possible deterioration
due to the effects of hoseline advancement on the fire. All members must be alert
to fireground communications concerning hoseline placement and the
commencement of hoseline operations so that they may seek refuge if necessary.
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6.2.2

Second Hoseline
Unless otherwise ordered, the second line is placed to back up the first line. This
tactic is used for the following reasons:
To provide a back-up to the first hoseline in case of a burst length in the

first hoseline.
To provide a second line to be used simultaneously with the first hoseline

if fire conditions warrant.
If the second line is not needed on the fire floor, it can be advanced to the
floor above. The second line stretched must consist of sufficient hose
to cover the floor above.
6.2.3
Third Hoseline
Depending on the occupancy and the fire conditions, a third hoseline may be
required. Unless otherwise ordered, this line may be stretched to:
Cover a secondary means of egress.
Protect persons trapped on fire escapes above the fire.
Adjoining building to protect exposures or operate across shafts.
Prevent vertical extension.

See Fig 6-1 for hoseline placement guidelines.
Fig. 6-1
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6.2.4

Other Hoseline Placement Guidelines

A. Difficulty might be encountered at some fire situations in conducting a direct
attack through an apartment doorway due to a heavy volume of fire, wind
conditions or forcible entry problems. A possible tactic to overcome these
problems is to utilize the fire escape to conduct a fire attack into the
apartment. BEFORE THIS IS INITIATED, members in the apartment
must exit to a safe area of refuge and the apartment door must be closed in
order to preserve the integrity of the hallway and interior stairs.
Another tactic is to enter an adjoining apartment and operate the hoseline
through small holes in the common partition wall. Several small holes
strategically located along the length of the common wall at approximately
waist level might allow stream penetration into a majority of the rooms in the
fire apartment.
B. Hoselines shall not be operated in opposition to each other. Hoselines operated in
opposition to each other will push the heat, fire and steam toward the opposing
nozzle team, creating dangerous operating conditions that can result in injuries to
members on each nozzle team as well as to ladder company personnel.
C. Permission must be obtained by the IC before exterior hoselines are directed
into a fire building.
D. Immediate notification must be given to the IC when a situation is discovered
that requires the positioning of an additional hoseline.
E.
When a hoseline is determined to be operating ineffectively, the IC must be

notified.
6.3
In order to assure efficient and timely stretching of the first attack line, the services of the
first two engine companies will be utilized. Whether staffed by 4 or 5 firefighters, the
pairing of engine companies will in most cases result in a more rapid and efficient
hoseline stretch and provides for continuity of the hoseline attack in the event emergency
relief of the first engine is required.
6.4
Unless the presence of a confirmed life hazard requires the immediate stretching of a
second line, the second engine shall augment and assist the first engine.
6.5
Both engine companies shall retain unit cohesiveness. With the exception of the first due
control firefighter, second due engine firefighters, assisting in stretching the first line, should
strive to maintain their position assignment on the line i.e. second due nozzle firefighter,
backup firefighter, and control/door firefighter should follow the first due engine company.
6.6
The officers of the first and second due engine companies shall communicate with each
other and with the Incident Commander.
6.7
In one and two story structures, where the amount of hose required is four lengths or less,
the need to assist on the first hoseline is not as great and engine companies are generally
capable of stretching and operating individually. In such cases, the officer of the second
engine company should make contact with the officer of the first engine company to
ascertain if their assistance is required.
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6.8
Once the fire is located and the decision is made by the first arriving units to confine or
extinguish the fire, orders must be given for the stretching of hose lines. The type of
stretch, size of hose, and number of lengths will depend on many factors:
Location and severity of fire.
Type of building or outside fire involved.
Source of water.
Type of hose loading on apparatus.
6.9
To minimize the number of lengths required and provide for rapid hoseline positioning,
consideration must be given to the use of:
Well-hole stretch.
Fire escape stretch.
Utility rope stretch via exterior of building.
Utility rope stretch via interior stair shaft windows.
In-line pumping.
Standpipe stretch with folded hose.
7.
LOSS OF WATER ON THE FIRE GROUND

The basic premise of the Engine Company operation is just that Basic. We must stick
to the basics of hose line placement to extinguish the fire. While stretching is in progress,
therell be many variables to contend with; however having a good strong understanding
of the basics will get us through a difficult stretch, or one in which there is a loss of
water. Unfortunately, there will be times when we are challenged to a greater extent to
position or maintain our hose line in operation. Three of these instances include:
Kinks in the hose line
Burst lengths
Stretching short
These three situations will severely impact our operation. Each one will affect our water
supply, and if not handled quickly and efficiently, can jeopardize the lives of both
civilians and firefighters. These situations must be addressed. First well discuss what
we can do to prevent them from occurring; secondly, what needs to be done once a
problem has arisen.
7.1
Water Loss - KINKS
The first area to cover is water loss due to kinks. This is also the easiest to correct. In
fact, the proper stretching and positioning of the hose line will reduce the occurrence of
kinks greatly.
A single 90o kink in an 1 inch hoseline can result in a loss of 20gpm or
more. Successive kinks in a hoseline produces an accumulative affect on
reducing flow and a hoseline with 3 kinks, for example, could lose 90gpm or
more, resulting in an ineffective and unsafe fire stream.
All members should monitor handie-talkie communications. When an engine
officer calls for additional pressure and the Engine Company Chauffeur
(E.C.C.) responds that he is supplying sufficient pressure, this is a good
indication that there are significant kinks in the line which must be corrected
immediately.
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The control position is responsible for estimating the stretch accurately by

limiting extra hose to 1 or 2 extra lengths. Effectively controlling the stretch
will minimize kinks which can develop in the line.
The control position is also responsible for flaking out hose before its
charged and checking the line for kinks once the line is charged. Start in the
street and work your way up to where the door position is feeding hose into
the fire area.
All members stretching the hose line into position can reduce the number of
kinks that form by properly flaking out the hose.
Any time the nozzle team advances and the line is fed from the hall into the
apartment, there is a chance that a kink will form in the hallway.
The control position, once on the fire floor, should help feed the line into the
fire area and continuously check the line insuring no new kinks have
developed.
When we know that we are dealing with kinks, the bottom line is to locate the
kink(s) and remove them. The way that you choose to remove the kink will
be based upon the situation that you are in.
LEAVING KINKS IN THE LINE IS NOT AN OPTION!!!
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7.2

Water Loss- BURST LENGTH
WATER LOSS
URGENT!!!
BURST LENGTH
While having a kink in the line affects a hose line operation, it can usually be quickly
located and corrected. This is not the case when we have a burst length. A burst length
will severely affect the operation and can, depending on the situation, take a considerable
amount of time to correct. There are many variables that will come into play when it
comes to correcting the problem.
The optimal situation is to never have a burst length, but this is something that cannot be
guaranteed. There a number of things that we can do to help prevent a burst length from
occurring.
The correct estimate of the stretch on the part of the control position will
allow the ECC to maintain proper pump pressures. Excess hose calls for more
pump pressure and a greater chance of bursting a length. While it is good to
have extra hose so that we do not stretch short, we do not want to have excess
hose in the stretch.
Use the apparatus for as much of the stretching as possible. Hose stretched at
fires should be laid as close to the side of the street as possible and on the
same side as the hydrant or pumper. If it is necessary for hoselines to cross
the street, the lines should cross in front of the fire building. This allows as
much room as possible for the maneuvering of apparatus.
Extra hose on the sidewalk must be kept away from the front of the building
where ladders are being placed and falling glass may puncture it.
During the stretch, care should be taken when going under and around rusted
and jagged doorframes and newel posts, broken glass in the hallways,
construction debris with exposed nails, etc.
Caution should be taken where skylights are present. Falling glass from
vented skylights can puncture and burst hose lines. Therefore, do not flake
out hose directly under any skylight when possible.
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When operating in the fire apartment, recognize areas of burning embers and
hot debris. Members shall prevent the hose from being damaged by burning
material.
Things that need to be considered:
A burst length constitutes a Water Loss and when recognized by any

member, should be transmitted as an Urgent message on the radio.
Communication at this time is extremely important. This fact should
be communicated to the Incident Commander (I.C.) immediately. The
I.C. is the highest-ranking officer at the scene.
Once a burst length is confirmed, the engine officer must initiate

action to correct the problem. This may include using the second
engine officer (water resource officer) and members in coordinating
the effort to solve the problem.
The unit with the burst length should back out of the fire area and seek
an area of refuge.
All units operating on the floor or floors above should be notified

immediately to either back down to the floor below the fire or seek an
area of refuge.
If a hose line is in place on the floor above, it will have to be called

down to cover the main body of fire.
At any working fire it may be decided to put another uncharged hose

line to the front of the fire building to be used if any of the lines
operating should have a problem.
All engine companies should consider carrying an extra length of 1

and 2 hose (with proper size nozzle attached) similar to standpipe
fold/roll ups that can be easily accessed and brought into the building
to replace a burst length.
Correcting a Burst Length:

To determine how to best correct a burst length, first we must decide where the
burst length is located in the stretch.
Once determined where its located, we must decide if we are dealing with a long
stretch or a short stretch. Any stretch that is four lengths or less is considered a
short stretch; all others are considered long stretches.
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Burst Length in Lead or Nozzle Length (Two Options)

o Long Stretch (five or more lengths)
Shut down the line at the pumps. Remove nozzle, then
remove the lead length of hose from stretch. Insert a new
lead length from the apparatus and reattach the nozzle.
When complete, notify the ECC to re-charge the line.
o Short Stretch (4 lengths or less)
Shut down the line at the pumps. The nozzle is removed
from the lead length. Lead length is removed from the
stretch. Nozzle is reattached to the second length and a
new length can be added at the pump panel by ECC. Once
the hose butts are attached and confirmed as such, the line
can be recharged and advanced back into position.
NOTE Option #2 is only to be used when you are dealing with a short stretch.
Burst Length in the Middle of the Stretch (Two Options):

o Eliminate one length- If the stretch is long enough and its
possible to eliminate one length, shut down the line at the
pumps. Disconnect the butts of the burst length, eliminate
it from the stretch, then pull the butts of the adjoining
lengths together and reconnect the butts. Call for water to
recharge the line when complete.
o Replace the Burst Length- Shut down the line at the pumps.
Have members bring in an extra length of (Rolled/Folded)
hose from the apparatus. While waiting for the new hose,
the members in hall shall disconnect the damaged length of
hose and when the new length arrives, insert it into the
stretch. Call for water to recharge the line when complete.
NOTE Both of these options are available for either the long or the short stretch.
Burst Length in the Street: Manpower in the street should be able to

shut down the pumps, replace the damaged length , recharge the line
and not have to withdraw any of the members from inside the fire
building to assist.
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7.3

Stretching Short
Accurately estimating the length of the stretch is the responsibility of the control
position. It is a job that must be done correctly because if there is not enough
hose in the stretch then the nozzle team will not be able to reach their objective.
If there is too much hose in the stretch then we must increase the pump pressures
and risk bursting a length of hose as well as create more kinks in the line and
make it less manageable. They key is to have some extra hose but not an excess
of hose.
Estimating the Stretch

o Distance from apparatus to building entrance.
o Distance from building entrance to foot of stairs.
o Type of stairs i.e. straight run, enclosed, return, around
elevator, presence/absence of a well hole.
o Number of floors to ascend or descend.
o Distance to fire area from stairs/entrance.
o Size of fire area.
What we can do to help estimate the stretch:

o Knowledge of building construction. Knowing the
differences in sizes and layouts between building types, i.e.,
New Law Tenement (N.L.T.) or Old Law Tenement
(O.L.T.)
o Knowledge of the buildings in the district. When on AFID
or EMS runs, note any remarkable features affecting our
Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P.).
o Knowledge of different types of stairways. Do they wrap
around an elevator core? Are they return style with a well
hole? This information will affect the number of lengths
required in the stretch.
o Knowledge of how much hose is on the apparatus. You
need to know this in case you are distracted during the
stretch. You will know how much hose is off the rig based
upon how much is left on the rig.
o Remember the ECC needs to know the number of lengths
so that they may set the pump pressures accordingly.
How to correct a stretching short situation:

o 1 or 2 hose Short Stretch (four or less lengths)
First shut down. Then add a length of hose at the pump
panel. Recharge line. Continue advance.
o 1 with a long stretch (5 lengths or more) or already
charged:
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A length of 1 hose with a nozzle attached is brought to
the front of the line. The tip is removed from the original
nozzle and the extra length is added by connecting the
female butt to the shut off. In order to charge the new lead
length, we must open the shut-off from the original nozzle
which will now be acting as an in-line gate. When a shut
off is being used as an in-line gate great care must be taken
as it must be monitored so that it does not accidentally get
shut down. This option, adding a length to a charged hose
line, allows us to keep the line in operation without shutting
down at the pumps.
o 2 with a long stretch (5 lengths or more) or already
charged:
Shut down the line at the pump panel only after the
additional lengths of hose have been brought to the front of
the line. The nozzle is removed from the lead length of
hose and the additional length(s) are added on. Place this
nozzle onto the new lead length of hose and call the ECC to
recharge the line.
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7.4

Conclusion
The loss of water on the fire ground is a very serious situation, and it is something
we must strive to prevent. Even with our best efforts there will be times when
these situations arise and we must be prepared to deal with them. We must
remember that any time we have a loss of water, both civilians and firefighters are
at great risk. Communication at this time to all members operating at the incident
is extremely important. It will be through our knowledge, training and
professionalism that we will reduce these problems and when it does happen we
will handle it quickly and efficiently, without compromising the operation.
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PART TWO
ENGINE EVOLUTIONS
SECTION
TITLE
PAGE
ESTIMATING A HOSE STRETCH .................................................47
WELL HOLE STRETCH ..................................................................48
FIRE ESCAPE STRETCH ................................................................50
UTILITY ROPE STRETCH ..............................................................52
BACKSTRETCH ...............................................................................54
INLINE PUMPING ...........................................................................55
RELAYING WATER ........................................................................59
SUPPLY AND OPERATE FROM A STANDPIPE .........................61
2 HOSE UP THE AERIAL ..........................................................65
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1.

ESTIMATING A HOSE STRETCH

1.1
When the orders are given to stretch a handline, a rapid estimation of the number
of lengths required to reach the seat of the fire is in order. The general rule for
estimating the number of lengths in the fire building is:
1 length per floor + 1 length for the fire floor.
Ex. 5 story NLT, fire on the 4th floor would require 5 lengths (4+1=5).
1.2
This rule assumes that the engine has stopped at the fire building and the required
lengths are removed prior to repositioning the apparatus at a hydrant.
1.3
For large multiple dwellings (H-types and their variations), hose estimations must
consider the distance from the backstep of the engine to the entrance door. In
some cases several lengths of hose might be required to reach the entrance door.
The distance from the entrance door to the base of the stairway must also be
considered. This is in addition to the required one length per floor plus one for
the fire floor. Some buildings may require two lengths for the fire floor.
1.4
If the engine apparatus is positioned at a hydrant before reaching the fire building
or has to pass the fire building, the additional distance must be taken into account
in estimating the number of lengths required to reach the seat of the fire. The
building frontage can be used to estimate the required number of additional
lengths. Ex: row of OLT's, engine is two buildings past fire building, OLT 20-25'
wide, at least 2 lengths will be needed to reach the entrance to the fire building.
1.5
Use the apparatus for as much of the stretching as possible. Hose stretched at
fires should be laid as close to the side of the street as possible and on the same
side as the hydrant or pumper. If it is necessary for hoselines to cross the street,
the lines should cross in front of the fire building. This allows as much room as
possible for the maneuvering of apparatus.
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2.

WELL-HOLE STRETCH
2.1
The use of a well-hole for stretching the hoseline allows for more rapid
positioning of the line and reduces the number of lengths required. The rule of
thumb is that a 5 story stretch up a well-hole requires about one length of hose
(see Fig. 2-1A & 2-1B).
2.2
The engine officer should communicate to the members stretching, the presence
of a well-hole, as soon as possible. The officer should look up the well to see if it
goes up the entire stairway. In certain stair configurations, a well exists between
the 1st and 2nd floor, but the rest of the stairway does not have sufficient space to
accept a charged hoseline.
2.3
The stretch is accomplished as follows:

A.
The nozzle firefighter has two options depending on the size and
configuration of the well-hole.
Narrow well-hole - nozzle firefighter drops his/her folds at the base

of stairway, securely grasps the nozzle and proceeds up stairway
pulling hose up through well-hole.
Wide well-hole - nozzle firefighter carries nozzle and lead length in

well.
B.
If conditions on the fire floor are favorable,

and the door to the fire area is controlled,
sufficient hose must be pulled up and flaked
out on the fire floor.
C.
If the fire has extended into public hallway,

sufficient line must be pulled up and flaked out
on the floor below.
D.
When sufficient line has been pulled up the

well-hole, the line must be secured with a hose
strap.
E.
The backup firefighter initially feeds line to the

nozzle firefighter from the base of the stairway,
then proceeds up the stairway pulling line up
the well-hole.
Fig. 2-1A
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2.4

F.
The door firefighter lightens up on the line and proceeds up the stairway
pulling line up the well-hole.
G.
The control firefighter will remain at the base of the stairway until notified
by the officer that sufficient hose has been stretched. Any remaining hose
on the first floor should be flaked out and checked for kinks, once the line
is charged.
When a second hoseline is stretched up a well-hole, caution must be exercised to

ensure the first and second lines do not become entangled. To prevent
entanglement, the nozzle firefighter should carry only the nozzle and change
hands at each newel post (turn) as the line is stretched up the well-hole. A utility
rope can also be used if the well-hole is large enough to accommodate its use.
Fig. 2-1B
WELL - HOLE STRETCH

Fire on fifth floor
TOTAL =
3 LENGTHS
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3.

FIRE ESCAPE STRETCH

The fire escape stretch can be utilized to stretch a hoseline (or an additional line) via the
outside of the building. The line can be stretched to the balcony of the floor below the
fire and in through a window and up to the fire floor via the interior stairs. Another
option, when there is no access via the interior (i.e. a vacant with damaged interior stairs)
is to stretch up to the balcony of the floor below the fire and then gain access to the fire
area via the balcony through a window on the fire floor.
NOTE:
The following is the procedure to follow when utilizing the fire escape to
access the fire floor from the fire escape.
3.1
Sufficient hose should be stretched and arranged below the fire escape balcony.
3.2
The hose can be hoisted with a utility rope or a 6 foot hook.

If the rope is used:
the nozzle firefighter should proceed directly to the balcony of the floor
below the fire and pull up the nozzle once the Control firefighter secures it
to the rope.
If a 6 foot hook is used:
members ascend the fire escape and position themselves on successive
balconies, with the nozzle firefighter proceeding to the upper balcony. At
ground level, the control firefighter inverts the hook and places the handle
of the controlling nozzle onto the hook. The handle is passed from the
member below to the member on the balcony above. The member on the
lowest balcony (door Firefighter) remains at this position to lighten up on
the hose until sufficient hose is hoisted. Nozzle and back-up firefighters
continually pass the hook up and move up until the nozzle reaches the
balcony of the floor below the fire.
In both cases the control firefighter will remain at ground level and assist
in hoisting and securing the line. Once sufficient line has been hoisted and
the line has been charged, the control firefighter can ascend the fire escape
and join the nozzle team (see Fig. 3-1).
3.3
Once the nozzle reaches the balcony of the floor below the fire, the nozzleman
must secure the nozzle and notify other members to move up one landing
(exception: Control firefighter remains at ground level). At this point the
nozzleman pulls up sufficient hose to make entry on the fire floor above. This
additional hose can be flaked over the fire escape railing. Once this hose is in
place the nozzleman can position himself roughly half way up the steps to the fire
floor landing to await water.
3.4
The back-up man, upon reaching the balcony below the fire will pull additional
hose to operate through the fire area above. When sufficient hose is pulled onto
this balcony the back-up man will secure the line with a hose strap and then join
the nozzleman.
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3.5
The doorman, will initially lighten up on the hoseline as its being hoisted. Once
the backup man is done hoisting hose the doorman (if necessary) will secure the
hose to the fire escape railing and then proceed up to flake out hose from the fire
escape into a window on the floor below the fire.
3.3
The line must be secured with hose straps on alternate floors, beginning with the
floor below the fire.
Fig. 3.1
3.4
NOTES:
The line is secured with hose straps beginning with the floor below the fire
and continuing with alternate floors down.
Hose straps are used as follows: hook end of strap is passed around hose and
through loop of rope. Its then pulled taught, brought over and under fire
escape railing, and then hooked on strap.
Prior to charging the line members must position themselves between the dry
line and the building- not the dry line and the fire escape railing.
Fire below the 4th floor, the line is stretched up the well of the fire escape.
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4.

UTILITY ROPE STRETCH

4.1
Engine companies should carry 75 feet of 3/8 inch nylon rope to be used for a
quick, efficient stretch to upper floors or roofs (see Fig. 4-1). This rope can be
used to haul the line:
To roofs of low buildings, i.e., taxpayers, three story frames, brownstones.
In vacant buildings when interior stairs are missing or damaged and would
present a hazard in supporting an interior stretch.
In buildings with the staircase winding around an elevator shaft.
At fires requiring three lines, when the interior stairs already have two
lines on them.
When CIDS or previous knowledge indicates its use.
In non-standpipe project buildings.
Fig. 4-1
4.2
Example: Utility Rope Stretch Via Stair Shaft Window In Buildings With Stairs
That Wrap Around An Elevator.
In order to reduce the number of lengths required and speed up the stretch,
the line can be hoisted via stair shaft window with the utility rope. If the fire
is below the third floor, the line is stretched up the stairs.
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The officer's initial size-up will determine if this type of stretch would be
beneficial in reducing the number of lengths required. Knowledge of the
building, the location of the fire, and availability of stair shaft windows will
assist in making this determination.
The line is stretched as follows:
4.3
The officer proceeds to the floor below the fire with the rope, selects
the window to be used, and communicates this information to the
control firefighter. The rope is deployed from this window.
Sufficient lengths must be brought into the lobby and the folds
arranged near the window selected by the officer. The nozzle
firefighter attaches the rope to the nozzle, places the nozzle outside the
window, then proceeds to the floor below the fire.
The backup firefighter will join the nozzle firefighter when relieved by
the control firefighter. The control firefighter must remain at the
window until enough line is hoisted to ensure that the line does not get
hung up. Once the line is charged, the control firefighter will check
for kinks and join the nozzle team.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS USING UTILITY ROPE

Before the utility rope is deployed, look out the window and check for
obstacles or obstructions such as air conditioners, clotheslines, overhangs or
setbacks which might interfere with the rope.
Remove the child guard if present, raise the lower sash and ensure that it stays
open.
At the lower floor window, lower the top sash, grab rope and tie to nozzle.
Members must be aware that tools will be required to remove child guards.
Some windows will be secured closed and others may have stops which limit
the raising of the sash only a few inches.
Hinged windows which open outward can prove difficult and similar windows
on intermediate floors may have to be closed to prevent the line from getting
hung up.
If difficulty is encountered in raising a window, remove glass from sash.
53
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Chapter Twelve
5.

BACK STRETCH:
A backstretch is a stretch of an attack line in which the pumper reaches the fire before the
hydrant. The necessary amount of hose to reach the fire is removed and the pumper can
be used to fill out the stretch. As the pumper proceeds to a hydrant the additional
necessary hose peels off the rear of the hosebed.
5.1.
Steps:
Pumper stops in vicinity of fire building so as not to impede the positioning of a
truck company. (In most cases the engine will stop the proper distance beyond
the building entrance, taking into account the type of ladder apparatus responding
in, directly from behind). Firefighters remove enough hose to reach fire. (See Fig
5-1). Use side of hoseload that ends with male coupling. Attach nozzle to line
and advance to point of operation.
Pumper proceeds to hydrant playing out hose on way. One member (control
firefighter) rides rear step, standing clear of moving hose. Upon reaching
hydrant, connect pumper; break hose line and attach to pumper. Officer gives
command, "Start Water." Control firefighter after controlling stretch, proceeds to
fire, moving hose close to curb, removing kinks etc.(See Fig 5-2)
Fig 5-1
Fig 5-2
54
FDNY
Chapter Twelve
5.2

Removing Hose From Apparatus

To Remove hose from apparatus one member mounts rear step of apparatus,
places arm through first 3 folds of hose, gives a strong pull, steps down and walks
backward, dragging hose. Firefighter lays hose on ground about 15 feet from
apparatus and slightly to side in direction of stretch. A second firefighter lays the
next three folds directly to rear of apparatus. A third member lays the next three
folds slightly to side away from direction of stretch. There are now three full
lengths laid out neatly in street. Additional hose may be removed similarly.
Advancing line to fire -- (Three members used). Attach nozzle to line. Each
firefighter carries three folds of hose. They walk toward point of operation with
loop of hose between each member. As they advance, hose is played out in a
continuous line beginning with last firefighter.
When fire and hydrant are adjacent, apparatus need not be used in stretching lines.
If, on rolling in to fire, the officer anticipates use of multiple lines, two lines shall
be laid simultaneously by apparatus performing stretch.
6.
INLINE PUMPING:
Inline pumping is a stretch of the supply line in which the hydrant is located before the
fire (in relation to the direction of the pumpers response). In this evolution the supply
line can be stretched from the hydrant to the pumpers operating point (in this situation
the hose would peel off the hosebed as the pumper proceeded to the operating point).
Another option would be to hand stretch the supply line from the operating point back to
the hydrant.
5 FF Engine Co.
Note: 4 FF Engine Co.

Hydrant FF = Control FF
Hydrant FF = Control FF
Hose FF = Back-up FF
Hose FF = Door FF
6.1 Steps:
Pumper stops so that the rear step is opposite the hydrant. The Hydrant FF
equipped with a hydrant wrench and a 2 gate, tests the hydrant. A bolt cutter
should be taken if necessary.
After the hydrant is deemed serviceable, the Hose FF keys the hydrant by
pulling sufficient 3 hose from the hose bed prepared for In-Line Pumping
(ILP) and takes a turn around the hydrant. (See Figure 1) The Hose FF then
mounts the pumper's backstep, and prepares to use the signal buzzer. (See
Note 10)
55
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

The Hydrant FF should:

1. Maintain the key as the pumper proceeds. (See Figure 2)
2. Connect the 3 hose to the 4 outlet of the hydrant.
(See Figure 3)
3. If time permits, connect a 2 gate to the hydrants 2 outlet.
(See Figure 3)
4. Waits for notification from the ECC before opening the hydrant.
(See Figure 4)
Figure 2
Hydrant FF Maintaining Keyed Hose
Figure 1
Hydrant Keyed With 3 " Hose
Figure 3
Hydrant FF connecting 3 hose to 4

outlet of hydrant
2 gate connected to 2 outlet of
hydrant
Figure 4
Hydrant FF waiting for notification

to start hydrant water.
6.2
At a slow rate of speed, playing out 3 hose, the pumper proceeds to the vicinity
of the fire building, so as not to impede the positioning of a ladder company.The
Hose FF rides the rear step and monitors the playing out of the supply hose.
6.3
Pumper stops at the operating position where the members remove enough hose to
reach the fire. The ECC:
1) Drops booster tank water into pumps
2) Engages the pump
56
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

3) Breaks the 3 inch supply line and connects it to the 3 gated inlet on
the pump panel side.
4) Notifies the Hydrant FF to start water.
Note: The ECC should leave the gated inlet closed while opening the drain to the gated
inlet, thus allowing air in the 3 supply line to exhaust. When good water flow is
observed flowing through the drain, the ECC should close the drain.
The ECC should then slowly open the 3 inlet gate fully, then prime the pumps and begin
fire line operations as per standard operating procedures.
Supplying booster water upon Officer's orders shall be given priority over hooking up the
in-line supply line.
6.4
After receiving notification from the ECC to start water, the Hydrant FF opens the
hydrant fully and then proceeds to the pumper for the purpose of controlling the
stretch. The Hydrant FF, after controlling the stretch, ensures tools are placed on
the apparatus and then proceeds to the fire, moving hose close to the curb,
removing kinks, etc.
Note: Depending on staffing, the initial handline stretch will be controlled by either the
Door FF (5 FF Engine) or the ECC (4 FF Engine), until relieved by the Control FF
(Hydrant Firefighter).
6.5
When the Engine Officer calls for water, the ECC supplies available water,
notifying the officer as to type. If booster water is used, the ECC must notify the
Engine Officer when hydrant water is started.
6.8
ECC notifies the Incident Commander and incoming Engine Companies when the
necessity exists for the ILP pumper to be augmented. (See Note 5)
NOTES:
1.
Hydrant shall be tested and flushed before the supply line is committed.
2.
Hydrant selected for ILP must be on a 6 or larger main. During Water Alert, ILP shall
not be used unless absolutely necessary.
3.
Pumper shall use 3 inch hose as the initial supply line from the hydrant to the pumper.
4.
Not more than 6 lengths of hose shall be used in the initial supply line.
5.
When intake pressure drops below 15 psi, the pump operator shall have his intake supply
augmented.
6.
Necessary fittings to connect to a hydrant shall be preconnected to the 3 supply hose

on the pumper.
7.
In order to prevent injuries or damage to hose or equipment, the supply line shall not be
preconnected to an inlet of the pumper.
57
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Chapter Twelve

8.
Consideration should be given to the pumper mounted deck pipe nozzle in ILP
positioning when the need for exposure protection or quick knock down is evident.
9.
Pumpers should not be positioned where they will prevent effective utilization of aerial
and tower ladders.
10.
Pumper may proceed to the operating position, stopping only to drop the Hydrant FF off
for testing the hydrant. Generally, a maximum of 3 lengths of 3 supply line may be
hand stretched back to this hydrant if necessary.
11.
Time permitting, a 2 gate should be attached to the hydrants 2 outlet for possible
augmentation if necessary. This is particularly effective when the hydrant being used for
ILP is nearby (3 lengths or less).
12.
The ECC of the ILP should have water supply augmented when the intake pressure drops
below 15 psi. The method selected requires judgment based on fire conditions, location
and location of apparatus.
13.
The following signals shall be sent from back step buzzer:

One buzzer tone ----------- Emergency stop.
Two buzzer tones --------- Hose FF is in position, pumper to proceed.
Three buzzer tones -------- Area to rear of pumper is clear for backing up operations and
under proper supervision.
14.
ILP is another option in stretching firefighting lines. It may be used in lieu of the back
stretch when conditions indicate that ILP may be advantageous.
ILP may be utilized as a supply option when signal 10 70 is transmitted.
15.
The capacity of a hydrant is a major factor in In-line pumping operations. The capacity of
a hydrant is based on many variables (size of main, location within the system etc.). It is
important for units to know the capabilities and limitations of hydrants in their response area.
58
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Chapter Twelve
7.

RELAYING WATER
A relay operation is one in which one pumper supplies water to another. Relay
operations
can
complicate
pumping
operations
because
they
require
coordination between two or more pumpers (potentially accruing higher pressures) and
two or more pump operators (necessitating more communication). In addition there is an
increased possibility of introducing air into an operating pumper and losing prime.
However, if a water relay is warranted, the following procedure shall be implemented.
Figure 1
Supply Pumper
7.1.
Figure 2
Operating Pumper
Steps:
The Officer or ECC of the operating pumper (normally 1st due pumper), upon
finding no viable water source transmits signal 10-70 via Department radio and
HT and decides on optimum position of the pumper, factoring such things as
easiest hose stretch, ladder company accessibility, fire conditions, collapse
potential, etc.
The next arriving pumper, designated as the Water Resource Unit, upon
hearing signal 10-70 must find a viable water source.
The supply pumper connects to a hydrant utilizing either the 10 or 35 hydrant
connection. The necessary lengths of 3 hose are stretched from a 3 outlet
of the Supply Pumper to the Operating Pumpers 3 gated inlet on the pump
panel side of the pumper.
Figure 4
3 hose Into Operating
Pumper's 3 Gated Inlet
(Pump Panel Side)
Figure 3
3 Hose From Supply
Pumper's 3 Outlet
59
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

Both the Supply Pumper and the Operating Pumper must remain in the Volume
Position. An exception to this is standpipe operations, where head pressure needs
to be overcome. In this case, the operating pumper will operate with its pump in
the Pressure configuration. (Supply pumper will still be in volume).
Figure 5
Transfer Valve in the Volume
When ready to send water, the Supply Pumper ECC communicates this to the
Operating Pumper ECC. Upon confirmation that the Operating Pumper is
ready the Supply Pumper ECC should fully open the 3 discharge valve to
supply idle pressure. Idle pressure is hydrant pressure plus pressure imparted
by the pump at idle (typically 100-125 psi).
This relay procedure should accommodate two-2 handlines without intake
pressure gauge dropping below 15 psi on the operating pumper. If the Intake
pressure gauge reading does drop below 15 psi on the Operating Pumper, then
the ECC of the Operating pumper should request the Supply Pumper to
increase throttle (tap-up pro-pressure governor) in 10 psi increments as needed.
If the Supply Pumpers Intake pressure gauge drops below 15 psi, the Supply
Pumper ECC should contact the Operating Pumper ECC and the Incident
Commander and inform them that the hydrants supply limit has been reached.
must communicate this to the Supply Pumper ECC who will slowly increase
throttle as needed.
NOTES
1) Time permitting, a 2 gate should be attached to the 2 hydrant outlet for
possible augmentation if necessary.
2) For operations where head pressures must be overcome (e.g., standpipe
operations) requiring higher pump pressures, the Supply Pumper should be in
the volume position and the Operating Pumper must be in the pressure
position.
3) In most circumstances, in the volume position the reading on the pump pressure
gauge of the Supply Pumper should be around 100-125 psi. (Hydrant pressure
50-75 psi plus pressure of pump in volume - around 55 psi)
60
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

4) On some hydrants with high pressures (e.g., parts of Staten Island) the Intake
pressure reading on the Operating Pumper may reach or exceed 150 psi, even if
the Supply Pumper is in the Volume position. If the Operating Pumper ECC
notes the intake pressure is greater than 150 psi or the automatic intake relief
valve discharges (this should happen when the inlet pressure reaches 150-175
psi), he/she should communicate with the Supply Pumper ECC to insure he/she
is in the Volume position.
5) If possible, it is better to set up a relay operation before supplying handlines.
6) Officers ordering ECCs to drop booster tank water should be aware that in
addition to the possibility of running out of water, it also increases the
possibility that the pump may loose prime, necessitating the ECC to shut down
lines and re-prime the pumps.
7) The capacity of a hydrant is a major factor in Relay Operations. The capacity
of a hydrant is based on many variables - size of main, location within the
system etc. It is important for units to know the capabilities and limitations of
hydrants in their response area.
8.
SUPPLYING A STANDPIPE AND OPERATING FROM A FLOOR OUTLET

A standpipe system is an auxiliary fire protection system installed in certain
buildings/facilities. The requirement of standpipe systems is based on any of the
following factors: building height, floor area, and/or fire department vehicle access.
While the use of a standpipe system can make for a much more effective operation, its
imperative that all units follow the following procedure in utilizing this system.
8.1
ECC- Connect pumper to hydrant and charge pump. Stretch 3" hose line from
pumper and connect to Siamese to supply standpipe siamese. Start water.
Augment supply to siamese with second hose line from pumper.
8.2
Control firefighter will proceed to the floor below the fire with a folded length of
2 hose and the standpipe kit. The Nozzle, Back-up and Door Firefighters (if a
five (5) fighter company) will proceed as follows:
Place folded lengths on floor landing below standpipe outlet, or in hallway
adjacent to stairway door containing standpipe, with straps facing up and male
and female hose butts adjacent to each other. Length with nozzle is placed
most distant from standpipe with nozzle facing in direction of stretch. If
available and needed, place additional length(s) in the sequence before nozzle.
61
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

Leave straps connected on folded lengths and proceed as follows: (Photo 8-1)
Remove protective covering from male butts.
Nozzle firefighter connects hose butts between lead length and second
length.
Backup firefighter connects hose butts between second and third

lengths.
Door firefighter (if present):

a) Connects hose butts between 3rd and 4th lengths (if needed).
b) Assists Control firefighter in hooking up to standpipe.
c) Assists Nozzle and Backup firefighters.
Photo 8-1
Disengage straps from the folded lengths. The Nozzle firefighter may opt to
take his length up to the fire floor before removing the strap.
Nozzle and Backup firefighters advance the hoseline up the stairway to the fire
floor. Hose plays out in the same manner as if it was stretched from the bed of
the apparatus. Door firefighter (if present) monitors hose as it plays out to
prevent kinks and snags. Control firefighter operates standpipe.
On the officers command to start water, the Control firefighter opens the
standpipe outlet valve. Nozzle pressure is controlled from standpipe outlet
valve. In order to ensure the proper pressure at the outlet valve, the Control
firefighter must remain at the outlet until relieved by the 2nd Engine officer, at
which point he can move up and assist in moving the charged hoseline.
62
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

NOTES:
a. All hoselines stretched from standpipe shall be 2" hose with controlling nozzle and
1" Main Stream Tip. All hoselines stretched from standpipes shall be connected to
outlets on floors below the fire floor. Variations from stretching initial hoselines from
standpipe outlets on a floor below the fire due to building configurations shall be
approved by division commanders and placed in the CIDS program.
b. If a pressure reducing/restricting device (PRD) is found on the standpipe outlet, it
should be removed. If the PRD cannot be removed, and there is no other outlet
available without a PRD, than it is permissible to use an outlet with a PRD.
c. Always connect in-line pressure gauge to standpipe outlet to ensure correct nozzle
pressure. Pressure gauge can be carried attached to the Control firefighter's length in
the same manner as is the nozzle.
d. Controlling nozzle must always be carried attached to the folded lead length.
e. Observe the color of siamese or outlet caps and indicating signs or plates before
connecting hose lines. Color markings for the systems are:
StandpipeRed
Automatic Sprinkler..Green
Non-Automatic Sprinkler..Aluminum
Combination Standpipe/Sprinkler.Yellow
To supply the standpipe if the Siamese is inoperable (but the system is otherwise
serviceable) or if the Siamese is supplied but further augmentation is required, this can
be done by connecting and supplying water to the first floor outlet. To make this
connection a 3x 2 reducer and a 2 double female is required. Another option to
make this connection would be to use a 3 double female and a 2 x3 increaser.
f. Before water is started, member controlling supply must personally check connection of
hose to proper siamese.
g. If building is equipped with both standpipe and sprinkler systems and standpipe is to be
used, the engine company first to arrive must connect first line to standpipe siamese and
second line to sprinkler siamese.
h. Another pumper must augment the supply to combination standpipe and sprinkler
systems.
i. Certain pumpers in the FDNY are capable of deliver water at high-pressure, that may be
need in high-rise buildings. During high-pressure pumping, members must not utilize
stairways as staging or rest areas. Utilize minimum amount of personnel in stairways
served by standpipes, during high-pressure operations.
j. Exposed male hose butts on folded lengths must always be protected.
k. Photo 2 demonstrates how to carry folded lengths so as to protect the firefighter and
others from the exposed hose butts. Note that the folded length is placed with the butts
toward the body, minimizing the chance of the butts flopping around (especially in tight
quarters like elevators).
63
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

Photo 2
l. The folded lengths shall be placed on the floor with the butts facing up. For narrow
landings, folded lengths can be stacked on stairs, adjacent to each other. (Photo 3)
Photo 3
64
FDNY
Chapter Twelve
9.

STRETCHING 2 HOSE UP AN AERIAL

Stretching a line up an aerial is another option available to place a hoseline from the
exterior when the situation calls for such. The procedure is as follows:
9.1
Connect pumper to hydrant and charge pump.
9.2
Place turntable of aerial ladder directly below objective. Raise ladder and place it
in position with tip of ladder level with sill..
9.3
Stretch hose from pumper and use controlling nozzle. Arrange hose in folds
below turntable.
9.4
Officer climbs ladder, enters window, surveys conditions, and orders line
advanced. Nozzle, backup, and doorman use life belts. The nozzleman climbs to
turntable; nozzle is passed up to him. Placing hose under left arm and nozzle over
right shoulder, nozzleman climbs the aerial. Backup and doorman follow
nozzleman, lightening up on line. Nozzleman snaps life belt on top rung of aerial
and passes nozzle and hose in over sill to officer who holds the line. Nozzleman
then climbs in the window. Backup continues up, positions at top of the aerial,
and snaps life belt on top rung. Doorman positions at middle of the aerial and
snaps life belt hook on rung. The Control firefighter positions on turntable to feed
hose up ladder.
9.5
When the backup and doorman are locked in to aerial, the nozzleman, assisted by
those locked in to aerial pulls sufficient hose in for operations.
9.6
When sufficient hose is raised both the backup and doorman secure the hose with
hose strap to the aerial, unsnap their life belt, and move up to join nozzleman for
operations.
9.7
When hose is flaked out and everyone is in position the officer gives the
command to start water.
NOTES:
1) Hose is placed on left side of ladder as men climb.
2) All members operating on ladders shall wear personal harness or life belts.
65
FDNY
Chapter Twelve

66

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Probationary Firefighters Manual

ENGINE CO. OPERATIONS

To familiarize the firefighter with basic engine company

Engine Company Operation Basics- Intrrduction, In Quarters,

FDNY Firefighting Procedures

FDNY Firefighting Procedures, Vol 2, Book 1- Engine Co.

RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS ..............................................7

FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS .....................................................10

PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS .................................................15

STRETCHING AND OPERATING HOSELINES.....................33

Probationary Firefighters Manual

PART 1: ENGINE COMPANY OPERATION BASICS

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Probationary Firefighters Manual

General response routes and any modifications to normal response routes.

Road and weather conditions.

Dangerous areas or intersections.

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Hose and fittings

Hydrants - The importance of locating, connecting to, and operating a serviceable

Apparatus - In addition to transporting firefighters and equipment to the scene of a

Probationary Firefighters Manual

1/2 inch O.S.T.

15/16 inch M.S.T.

1 1/2 inch S.O.

2 1/2 inch S.O.

1 1/8 inch M.S.T.

1/2 inch O.S.T.

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Critiques of recent operations - Immediately upon return from a fire or

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Multiple alarm response- When responding to multiple alarms, engine companies

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Engine Company Supply Guidelines

Probationary Firefighters Manual

If an emergency requires exceeding the above guidelines, the supply or operating

FIRE SCENE OPERATIONS

The provisions of Sec. 1.3 of this Chapter are complied with.

Occupants endangered by being in the immediate vicinity of the fire.

Number of persons trapped.

Occupants threatening to jump.

Means of egress cutoff by fire.

Ability to reach occupants with portable ladders.

Anticipated arrival time of the first due ladder company.

Staffing level of the engine company--four or five firefighters.

Position a hoseline between the fire and the endangered occupants.

Give verbal instructions and assurances to the occupants.

Close doors to limit the spread of smoke.

Ensure that incoming units are informed of the location of

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Depending on staffing, one member may be released from the

LOCATING THE FIRE

CONFINING/CONTROLLING THE FIRE

Probationary Firefighters Manual

STRATEGY AND TACTICS

The objectives of firefighting are to protect life and property by performing

Strategy and tactics defined:

Probationary Firefighters Manual

Location/ extent of fire

Probationary Firefighters Manual

COAL WAS WEALTH

Probationary Firefighters Manual

ENGINE COMPANY PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS