SINGAPORE STANDARD SS 557 : 2010 (ICS 91.200) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Demolition (Formerly CP 11) Published by ‘SPRING Singapore 2 Bukit Merah Central Singapore 159835 SPRING Singapore Website: www.spring.gov.sg Standards Website: www.standards.org.sg RING ‘singapore Enabling Enterprise 21 OCT 29~ i | | | | a i | ( | SINGAPORE STANDARD SS 557 : 2010 (Ics 91.200) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Demolition (Formerly CP 11) All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore ‘Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from SPRING Singapore at the address below: Head Standards SPRING Singapore 2 Bukit Merah Central Singapore 159835 Telephone: 62786666 Telefax: 62786667 I: stn@spring.gov.sg Emai ISBN 978-981-4278-54-6SS 867 : 2010 a This Singapore Standard was approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee on behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 30 July 2010. First published, 1980 First revision, 1992 Second revision, 2002 Thitd revision and re-numbered as SS 557, 2010 The Building and Construction Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Name Capacity Chairman Mr Goh Peng Thong Member, Standards Council 1" Dy Chairman: MrLee Chuan Seng ‘Member, Standards Council | 2" Dy Chairman: Mr Tan Tian Chong Member, Standards Council | Secretary 2 Mr Kenneth Lim SPRING Singapore | Members 2 Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force } Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore i Mr Chan Yew Kwong Ministry of Manpower i] Mr Paul Fok Land Transport Authority Mr Goh Ngan Hong Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers Mr Anselm Gonsalves National Environment Agency Mr Desmond Hil ‘Singapore Contractors Association Limited Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects Ms Andris Leong Building and Construction Authority ‘Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon Nanyang Technological University ig f Dr Lim Lan-Yuan The Association of Property and Facility Managers Mr McDonald Low Real Estate Developers’ Association of Singapore Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Urban Redevelopment Authority * : ‘Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore Mr Davis Ong Wee Choon ‘Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation : Er. Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board Dr Tan Guan ‘Association of Consulting Engineers, / Singapore Mr Tang Pei Luen JTC Corporation j Co-opted Members + Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity Prof Choo Yoo Sang National University of Singapore 2 COPYRIGHTessere ttn | i 1 i | i SS 557 : 2010 Neen ed The Technical Committee on Construction Management appointed by the Building and Construction Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Name Capacity Chairman Mr Desmond Hill ‘Member, Building and Construction Standards Committee Secretary Ms Lee Hiok Hoong SPRING Singapore Members Dr David Chua Kim Huat National University of Singapoe ‘Mr Choong Teck Min Building and Construction Authority Er. Hashim Bin Mansoor Ministry of Manpower Er. Low Kam Fook Institution of Engineers, Singapore Er, Ng Say Cheong Housing & Development Board Er, Tan Joo Chuah ‘Surbana Corporation Pte Ltd Mr Tan Yew Meng ‘Singapore Polytechnic Er. Yap Boon Leong Land Transport Authority Er. Yeang Hoong Goon CPG Corporation Pte Lid Co-opted Members Dr Ting Seng Kiong ‘Nanyang Technological University ‘The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this standard comprises the following experts who contribute in their individual capacity: Name Convenor Er. Low Kam Fook Co-Convenor : Dr David Chua Kim Huat Members Mr Chan Weng Fitt Steven Er. Chang Heng Choy (WG Secretary) Mr Koh Ek Yeow (corved tit June 2009) Er. Ngan See Pyng Mr Ng Chun Tat Er. Ng Peng Yuen, John Er. Vashdev Atmaram Khialani ‘Mr Tong Tee Hui ‘The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are: Asset Recovery Pte Ltd Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S.E.Asia) Pte Ltd Building and Construction Authority C & V Engineering Pte Ltd First Engineers Consuttants Housing & Development Board LKK Construction Pte Ltd Ministry of Manpower ‘National University of Singapore ‘Surbana Intemational Consultants Pte Ltd 3 coPyRiGHT(biank page) 4 copyricHT e 8 a B 5 8 2 a1 Scope 8 2 Normative references 8 | 3 Definitions 4 Compliance with the authorities’ requirements ___ 0 4-7 aheral Coeee eee eee cee | 4.2 Risk management 10 { 5 Development of demolition plan and stability report 40 | 5.1 General 10 1 52 Survey " i 5.3 Demolition plan and stabiity report preparations 13 i 6 Temporary supports 16 : 61 General 6 6.2 Typos of temporary supports 16 63 Hoarding, covered walkway, caich platform and catch fan 7 | 7 Health and safety considerations 19 7. General 19 é 7.2 Safety of personnel on site 20 7.3 Safety and convenience of third parties 20 7.4 Protection of property 21 | | 8 Environmental considerations 2 | 81 Dust control 22 i 82 Noise control 22 : 8.3. Smoke emission control 2 1 8.4 Water pollution control 2 | 85 Vector control 22 i 8.6 Hazardous materials a i 9 Debris and waste handling 24 i 9.4 Waste minimisation and recycling 24 | ‘ 92 Removal of asbestos materials — Identfc: ECE oer 26 | | 10 Methods of demolition 25 | 10.1 General $$ 8 i 10.2 Principles of structural demolition See ta | i 10.3 Top down demolition by machines 28 | i 10.4 Top down demolition by manual method 38 | i 10.5 Mechanical demolition by machine operating from the ground 40 10.6 Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse a 10.7 Common demolition techniques 44 11 Demolition of stabilty sensitive structures 44 11.4 General a 112 Precast concrete stuctires 11.3. Prestressed concrete structures 44 11.4 Cantilever structures #8 11.5 Composite structures (Slabs andbeams) SI seul. --,-pauenenstaseaseusedsues0sstes0usissississitsirsissnssnssnrsransanraruar |, 5 COPYRIGHT| | | SS 657 : 2010 EE Page 12_ Demolition of special structures a7 124 General 47 122 Masonry and brickwork arches, ar 123 Independent chimneys 4 12.4 Spires 49 12.5 Lattice fowers and masts 50 12.6 Storage tanks st 12.7 Chemical works, gas works and similar establishments 5t 128 Basements and retaining walls, 52 ANNEXES A (normative) List of relevant Acts and Regulations 53 B (informative) Demolition checklist for resource recovery 55 C (normative) Hazards associated with prestressed materials 58 TABLE 4 Propping requirements on the operation of machine 7 I ! FIGURES 1 Demolition scheme for tall buildings 15 2 Hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform 18 i 3 Typical design of a catch fan 19 4 Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery 30 j 5 Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete beam 34 | 6 ‘Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete extemal column 34 | 7 Felling of reinforced concrete wall separately from the beam 36 8 Sequence of demolition of slab 7 22 Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab 39 8b Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab and beam 38 40 Demolition of reinforced concrete internal wall by manual method 40 dl 11 Demolition of masonry and brickwork arches a7 | 12 Demolition of pylons and masts 50 i C1 Post-tensioned beams 60 i Bibliography 6 | i | 6 coPyRIGHTi SS 557 : 2010 Se Foreword This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Working Group on the review of ‘Code of practice for demolition’ appointed by the Technical Committee on Construction Management which is under the purview of the Building and Construction Standards Committee. This standard is a revision of SS CP 11 : 2002 which was first published in 1980, CP 11 has been re- numbered as SS 557. Demolition is an operation which requires special skill and procedures for it to be carried out safely and successfully. This Code represents a standard of good practice and has been prepared with the object of formulating the discipline to which these procedures should conform. It is intended for the use by all those involved or engaged in demolition, or in the preparation, supervision and execution of demolition contracts. Compliance with it does not confer immunity from conformance to the relevant statutory and legal requirements, In revising this Code, the Technical Committee has updated the code with current practices and statutory requirements on demolition works, including the development of a demolition plan and stability Teport, and has incorporated new requirements for public heath and safety. Issues relating to the protection of the environment, including waste minimisation and reoyciing in relation to demolition works, have been expanded. There has been a greater emphasis on the demolition of high-rise buildings especially with the use of machinery. A new section on stability sensitive structures has also been added. Relevant clauses of BS 6187: 2000 ‘Code of practice for demotion’ are adopted with the permission of British Standards Publishing Ltd. ‘Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above reference. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the subject of patent rights. SPRING Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of such patent rights. NOTE 1 Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of ‘either amendment slips or revised editions. 2 Compliance with a Singapore Standard doss not exempt users from legal obligations. copyricHTSS 557 1010 I Code of practice for demolition 4 Scope ‘This Code recommends good practices for the safe demolition of buildings and structures. It also takes into account issues which affect the environment Recommendations are included for: (2) development of the demolition plan and stability report (©) proper and effective management of the demolition process (©) maintaining structural stability, through the provision of temporary structural supports, where necessary (¢) managing deliberate collapse 2 Normative references 2.4 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Bs 8607 : 1998 Code of practice for the safe use of explosives in the construction industry BS EN 12811-1:2003 ‘Temporary works equipment. Scaffolds. Performance requirements and general design SSCP 14 Code of practice for scaffolds I S88 CP 20 Code of practice for suspended scaffolds i i SSCP 23 Code of practice for formwork 4 SSCP 49 Code of practice for noise control on construction and demolition sites i | SSCP 84 Code of practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces i $8280 Specification for metal scaffoldings ‘ Part 1: Frame scaffoldings i | Part 2: Modular scaffoldings i ‘| NAto SSEN 1991-1-4 Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures ~ General actions — Wind actions 2.2 In Singapore, local Acts and Regulations are applicable. The list of relevant Acts and a Regulations in Annex A should not be considered as exhaustive. Latest version of the Acts and | | Regulations shall apply. 8 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Sl 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Code, the following definitions shall apply: 3.4 Building owner ‘A person or an organisation having the right to demolish or partly demolish a building, including plant or other structure, by virtue of legal ownership or other legal authority. 3.2 Catch fan A protective screen fixed to the face of a building to contain falling debris during demolition. 3.3 Chute ‘An enclosed shaft used to transfer debris from one level to another, set at an angle to prevent free- falling debris. 3.4 Demolition contractor Aperson, company or an organisation carrying out the demolition. 3.5 Felling ‘The deliberate collapse of a structure such that the debris falls within a pre-determined area. 3.6 Gas expansion burster A steel cylinder containing a pressurised gas that expands with great force when energised by an electric current, 3.7 Grapple ‘A powered claw mounted on a base machine for use in handling waste material. 3.8 Hoarding A temporary structure of solid and robust construction separating the demolition site from adjacent property. 3.9 Hot work ‘The application of heat (including the use of tools that can produce an incentive spark) to plant, tanks or vessels that contain or have contained flammable substances. 3.40 Hydraulic burster A steel cylinder fitted with a number of pistons or wedge arrangements that are forced out under hydraulic pressure. 3.11. Machine mounted impact hammer A larger breaker mounted on an excavator and powered either by hydraulics or by compressed air. 3.12 Pre-weakening Deliberate weakening of a structure as part of a more efficient controlled design collapse mechanism to be effected shortly afier the deliberate weakening, 9 COPYRIGHTSS 657 : 2010 el 343 Shear ‘A powered scissor-action cutting tool mounted on a base machine for cutting metal 3.14 Shoring ‘Assystem of temporary supports to prevent movement 3.15 Thermal reaction A process involving cutting a structural steel member by a mixture of a metal oxide and a reducing agent which when ignited will react to liberate a iarge quantity of heat. Alter ignition, which may be remotely initiated electrically, the steel becomes plastic and a small unbalancing force applied by means of a rope attached to 2 winch is sufficient to effect the collapse of the member. 3.46 Thermic lancing This is used to cut through materials including concrete. The tip of the lance is preheated to start an coxygention reaction which produces an intense heat source that is then applied to the material to be cut. Once started itis self-supporting 3.17 Weakening Deliberate removal of parts of a structure that can reduce its ability to resist loadings, including imposed loadings and its own self-weight. NOTE — Weakening may be undertaken to create openings (for example, in walls and floors) for removal of materials. Weakening excludes deliberate structural pre-veakening 4 Compliance with the authorities’ requirements 44 General ‘All demolition works shall be carried out in accordance with appropriate Acts, their Subsidiary Regulations and relevant standards. All plant, equipment, materials and work processes used in the works should conform to these requirements. The building owner or his agent should obtain approval from the relevant authorities prior to ‘commencement of any demolition works. 4.2 Risk management Prior to any demolition works, a risk assessment shall be conducted to identity hazards that are likely to occur. By assessing the risks of accidents that may occur, appropriate risk control measures can 'be undertaken so that reasonably practicable steps can be taken to eliminate or control the risks arising from such hazards, & Development of demolition plan and stability report 5.1 General ‘A demolition plan is important to ensure that all activities and use of equipment in the demolition ‘works are executed in the right sequence and safe manner, and that proper protection and shoring works are erected. The demolition plan should only be prepared with findings from a detailed survey of the bullding to be demolished and its vicinity. Particular attention should be given to special features and dangerous elements of the structure, including electrical mains and services. Throughout all stages of the demolition, it is essential to maintain the structural stability of the building 10 coPyRicHT| a 4 SS 557 : 2010 EEE EEE EEEEEEEESEEEEEEEIREmeeeeeemmememee= eee al being demolished, including neighbouring and adjoining buildings and temporary works. This is to be supported by a stability report with the necessary and appropriate calculations. 5.2 Survey 5.2.1 Before commencement of any demolition works A detailed survey and examination of the building or structure and its surrounding shall be carried out by a Civil Professional Engineer (PE). Photographs should be taken where necessary. All available plans of the building or buildings should be examined. Where the nature of the construction is uncertain, a special site investigation should be carried out. The relationship and condition of the adjoining property, services and other properties which may be affected by the demolition should also be considered, taking into account the existence of easements, wayleaves, party rights, boundary walls and other encumbrances. ‘When the building owner has information available about hazards likely to be encountered during the demolition process, he should make it available to the contractor when inviting tenders for the demolition work. Such information should consider the possibility of drains, sewers or special services passing through or on the property. ‘Where misfired bombs and world war relics are found, the Police should be notified, 6.2.2 During the survey Particular attention should be given to the nature of the construction of the building or structure with Particular reference to those components or services detailed in 6.2.2.1 to 5.2.2.8 The building or structure should be examined and, if necessary, tests carried out to determine its condition, and whether the constituent materials have deteriorated in strength which could result in creating instability due to a particular demolition process. A careful examination of the whole site should be made including basements, cellars, vaults and other voids and dumps of materials, or rubbish to establish whether there are any drums containing flammable materials, gas cylinders, domestic aerosol sprays and similar items which could cause a hazerd if they were involved in a fire. A survey on hazardous materials and dust should also be included, Enquiries should be made conceming previous usage of the site to determine the nature of any risk of danger arising therefrom (e.g. from petrol tanks, gaseous materials, flammable or explosive materials, injurious chemicals and radio-active materials’). In such cases, measures to ensure public safety, security and to prevent contamination of the demolition debris by such substances and any special provisions should be implemented. The action to be taken will depend upon the nature of the material present and relevant authorities should be consulted, If there are any survey benchmarks on the building to be demolished, the relevant authorities should be informed. 5.2.2.1 Roof and framed structures The overall stability and the possible occurrence of unbalanced thrusts should be checked. All bracing members should be identified and protected to ensure that demolition is carried out in a sequence that maintains the stability and safety of the remaining structures and adjacent works. iphadio-active substances may be found in certain types of lightning protection elements, smoke detectors and the lke, "1 copyrichtSS 557 : 2010 ET 5.2.2.2 Walls ‘Walls should be checked to determine whether they are loadbearing and whether party or cross walls are properly bonded into the front and rear walls. The thickness and condition of walls and gables, including walls to adjoining property, which are to remain in position should be noted. Particularly, the reduction in thickness of walls at cupboards, etc.to be noted to determine the extent of precautionary and final support required The possible effects on the remaining structures due to the removal of buttress walls should also be considered. 5.2.2.3 Cantilever structures ‘The nature of the support or tallloading of any cantilever construction such as balconies, heavy cornices or staircases should be investigated 5.2.2.4 Stability sensitive structures Stabilly sensitive structures (refer to Clause 11 for its demolition) include precast concrete panels and frames, prestressed concrete structures, siressed-skin structures and slung structures (i.e. floor) that are in some way suspended from an umbrella type framework supported from a concrete core. It is essential to proceed with caution and to carry out a full investigation to determine the type of structural framework and the principal details before commencement of any demolition. ‘This may be done by: (2) obtaining the necessary information from the engineers responsible for the original design of the framework and from the contractors responsible for the construction of the buildings. If the original design engineers are unavailable, then experienced specialists in the relevant field should be consulted (©) obtaining information from the Authority responsible for approving the design and details for the original buildings. (©) carrying out a visual inspection of the building by a PE having a good general knowledge of structural frameworks, and where necessary carefully exposing parts of the structure to determine the details of construction. If prestressed members are identified then particular attention has to be given to establish the type of stressing used at the time of construction. 5.2.2.8 Basements, cellars, vaults and other voids Basements, cellars, vaults and other voids should be tested for flammable vapours if there is any suspicion of such vapours being present. These should be carefully examined and it should be determined whether they extend under public footpaths or beyond the curtilage of the site. Consideration for the effects of the removal of the cross walls and the stabilizing load of the superstructure on the existing basement retaining walls should be accounted for. The effects of the retaining action of the basement walls on adjacent property should also be determined. 5.2.2.6 Wells and underground storage tanks The position, depth, types of wells and contents of tanks should be determined. This particularly applies to chemical works, gas works and similar establishments, Before any physical inspection is, made, precautions should be taken to guard against the effects of any residual contents. Wells and underground storage tanks should be tested for flammable vapour if there Is any suspicion of such vapours being present. 2 COPYRIGHT| i | i | i | | SS 557 : 2010 5.2.2.7 Dangerous structures When a structure is declared dangerous by the relevant authority, itis important to determine the type of construction, the cause of any damage and reasons for the structure to be declared dangerous. before deciding on the appropriate method of demolition ‘The demolition of dangerous structure or any required remedial work before demolition should be carried out to the satisfaction of the relevant authority. 5. 8 Mains and services Mains and services which may have to be diverted, removed, plugged or cut off, in addition to those which have to remain on or offsite, have to be established and protected. These may include: (@) — crainage; () electricity; (co) gas; @) water: (©) telecommunication cables; () radio and television relay lines; (9) hydraulic pressure mains; (h) sewerage; and (any other services. 5.3 Demolition plan and stability report preparations ‘The PE should prepare the demolition plan and stability report incorporating the necessary calculations, The demolition plan” should include a site plan, building layout plan, method statement and supervision plan. 5.3.1 Site plan ‘The site pian should include the following information: (2) Location of the building to be demolished; (0) A detailed topography of the site and its surroundings together with ground level contours, and sections of the slopes and ground supported by the building where appropriate; (©) Details of ground removal and/or backfiling; and () Distances from the building to be demolished to its adjacent buildings, streets and structures. 6.3.2 Bi 9 layout plan ‘The layout plan of the building should include the following information for all floors of the building to be demolished: (2) The design five loads; (b) The structural support systems; (©) Principal materials of construction: (@) Structural arrangement and construction of unconventional structural elements (refer to Clauses 11 and 12); 13 copyRiGHTSS 557 : 2010 —E——_—EEE_——— (©) The conditions of the building, e.g. the degree of deterioration including the appraisal of the load carying capacities of the deteriorated building structures where required; and (Neighbouring properties affected by the demolition including all adjoining buildings, shared staircases, party walls, etc 5.3.3 Method statement The method statement should include: {a) Procedure for the demolition of the buliding; demolition cycle; detailed sequence of demolishing particular structural members and the method of demolition to be adopted, including the use of any particular type of machine. The demolition scheme for tall buildings js shown in Figure 1 {b) Where machinery is used, a plan showing the route of movement of the machinery, including temporary ramp for descent, lifting of the machinery and any structural alterations for supporting the machinery, (©) Precautionary measures for the protection of the public including hoardings, covered walkways, catch platforms, catch fans, scaffolding, protective screens and safety nets. (4) Shoring and precautionary measures to be provided for all affected adjacent buildings, slopes, retaining structures and services at each stage of the demolition works. (€) Shoring and temporary supports to be provided to the building to be demolished. () Methods for handling and disposal of debris, including any temporary accumulation of demolition debris at upper floors and at ground floor. NOTE ~ Debris should not accumulate against the hoarding or external wall. Excessive accumulation of debris may cause overloading condition and may induce lateral loading on the walls and thus should be avoided. The propping design should include the debris loading of not less than 300 mm height. (@) Other provisions such as CCTV may be necessary to monitor dem: demolition of high-rise buildings. 1n works especially for 5.3.4 Supervision plan ‘A supervision plan shall be submitted. PE shall state when or at what stage he would inspect the site. Special attention should be paid to eliminate overloading of floor due to accumulation of demolition debris. ‘The PE should brief the site supervisor on the method statements and precautionary measures to be enforced on site. He should provide a copy of the demolition plan to the site supervisor and instruct him to monitor the height of demolition debris that can be allowed to accumulate on each floor and check that the propping requirements are adhered to for the support of the suspended floor. A fulltime site supervisor should be appointed to supervise the demolition works for complex buildings and bridges. Examples of such buildings are — — High-tise buildings; - Buildings in built-up areas; = Structures with limited redundancy, i.e. cantilever beams and slabs and tensioned structures; = Buildings with unbonded prestressed elements and limited load transfer capability. 4 coPYRIGHTi SS 557 : 2010 5.3.5 Stability report (including calculations) ‘The stability report should cover the following: (a) Stability of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition; (©) Supporting calculations to demonstrate that the use of powered machinery will not affect the safely of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services; () Structural calculations for all temporary supports and bracings when powered machinery or equipment is used; (d) Stability of neighbouring buildings, adjoining properties, party walls, streets, land and services which may be affected by the demolition work: (e) Structural calculations for temporary and permanent supports that are required to support eighbouring buildings, adjoining properties and party walls; and () Calculations demonstrating that the demolition work will not render the margin of safety inadequate, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services. Cantilever ore Scotolding Temporary. props Sofaty ret Catch fon ot 10m vertcoh interval Sofety net Site bound. | site boundary | Covered wots / Covered watncy / catch pitt catch pltioen Hearing Hoarding Figure 1 — Demolition scheme for tall buildings 15 copyRiGHTSS 557 : 2010 6 Temporary supports 61 General ‘Temporary structural supports should be used in accordance with the appropriate standards and should be sufficient and suitable for the work required. NOTE — Refer to SS CP 14, SS CP 20 and BS 5975 for further guidance on the design for temporary structures. Proprietary systems should be designed and constructed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, Temporary structural supports should be in position prior to the disturbance or removal of the existing supports which are taking structural loads, including vertical and/or horizontal loads. They should be suitably robust and founded on secure and effective foundations, be adequately laced and braced ‘and, if appropriate, capable of resisting dynamic loadings. They should be checked both prior to and during demolition for effectiveness, including for the effects of vibration. 6.2 Types of temporary supports 6.2.1 Scaffolding ‘Any scaffolding required should be designed and erected in accordance with BS EN 12811-1, SS 260 ‘and SS CP 20. Where scaffolding is required, it should normally be an independent tied scaffold. ‘When completed, scaffolds should be left in a condition suitable to perform the duty for which they were intended, and should conform to the requirements of the statutory regulations and with any local Authority requirements. To ensure that the scaffold remains stable at ail times: (a) __ there should be no unpianned removal of scaffold ties; (6) any debris collected on a scaffold should not exceed the design loading of the scaffold and signs clearly denoting the permissible loading should be prominently cispiayed; (©) measures should be taken to prevent debris from be the scatfold; accidentally dislodged onto or from (6) arrangements should be made for the scaffold to be adjusted as necessary and removed in @ progressive and planned manner as the work proceeds, to ensure its continued stability. 6.2.2 Shoring and propping ‘Shoring should be designed and erected in accordance with SS CP 23. It should be adequate for its purpose, placed in position at the appropriate time and should be designed not to interfere with subsequent works. ‘The shoring should be checked for effectiveness during demolition and should never be loaded in excess of the design limits. Table 1 gives the propping requirements under typical loading conditions. Where an altemative propping arrangement with steel props of different axial load carrying capacities to suit particular sites is required, it should be appropriately designed. 16 coPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Table 1 - Propping requirements on the operation of machine Minimum design imposed load of floor Requirement on propping ‘slab (kNim’) 15 30 50 75 Woxinum weight of each machine on floor siab | 44 PF 7 4 Minimum no. of floors to be propped 7 5 4 3 Maximum spacing of steel props 12m | 12m [| 12m [| 12m NOTE The values are derived based on a 300 mm thick transient demolition debris, CAUTION (2) Table 4 applies for machine weight of not more than 11 tonnes. For machine weighing more than 14 tonnes, the PE should carry out a design check. (0) The propping requirements do not apply to special structures and structures with unconventional layout, e.g. prestressed concrete structure, precast concrete members, silos, steel framed structures, etc. (©) In general, no accumulation of demolition debris on any floor is allowed unless checks have been carried out to ascertain the structural adequacy of the floor supporting the debris, () The use of demolition debris or demolished building elements as temporaty access ramp is prohibited on suspended structures. (@) The steel props should have a minimum axial load carrying capacity of 25 KN. Closer ‘spacing of steel props is required for area directly under the temporary ramp. () The steel props should be laterally braced in both the orthogonal directions. (9) Both the top and bottom of steel props should be firmly secured in positions to prevent dislodgement. (h) Spreader beam should be provided for props resting directly on the ground, if necessary, to prevent excessive settlement, 6.3 Hoarding, covered walkway, catch platform and catch fan Hoarding, covered walkway and / or catch platform (refer to Figure 2) shall be designed by a PE to suit individual site circumstances. Hoarding should be provided aiong the full length of the site boundary. The criteria for use of covered walkway for a site depend on the height of the building being demolished and its proximity to the vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic. Covered walkway andfor catch platform should be provided if the building with clear space between buliding line and lot boundary is less than the building height or where itis deemed necessary. The roof of the covered walkway and/or catch platform should be designed to support a minimum uniformly distributed load of § kN/m* for buildings less than 10 storey high or 10 kNim* for building of 10 storeys and above or any other higher design loading which the PE deems appropriate. ‘The hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform should be designed to sustain the wind load in accordance to Singapore National Annex for SS EN 1991-1-4 using 20 m/s as basic wind speed (hourly mean speed), The location of the proposed covered walkway should be compatible with existing traffic arrangements. 7 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 ooo sie teueys | oggo | N ofan} 7 / goo0 | Oooo Weal tiene distance 9H _y ) 0000 nooo Ste. Boundary ™ oo0o0 J go a a | ssheoy og | i out : ooo Wer tne > I va (Case 2-H > Clear distance 2 Hi2 Covered walkway and hoarding are required | Hi | oo | oo | ot oo 4 og | terra ou oo doar dtonce < H/2 ea ocooogd ocmnooo 4 Case 3— Clear distance < Hi2 | | atch plato and hoarding ae required NOTE ~ Drawings are not to scale Figure 2 — Hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform 18 COPYRIGHT| \ | | 1 ‘ | q i | | | | SS 557 : 2010 Catch fan should be installed at a distance of not more than 10 m below the working floor. A catch fan should have a horizontal extension of 1.5 m from the exterior face of the building. The typical angle of inclination should be 20° to 45° from the horizontal plane, The design loading for the catch fan should be at a minimum of 5 kNim*. Figure 3 shows the typical design of a catch fan. Seofilsng Safety net — Pa Stool all te ——— Stee! wie te 7 edn on nl open a sual we fe Coich fa ot evey 10 m—t veto! intone | Steel wire tie — ste! walle Figure 3 - Typical design of a catch fan 7 Health and safety considerations 74 General Demolition is a hazardous operation and, at all times, the methods, materials and equipment should ‘comply with the need to safeguard life and property. “A permit to work system shall be implemented as stipulated under the Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations. It is essential that precautions should be taken both before and during actual demoition for the (@) safety of personnel on site; (b) safety and convenience of third parties; and (©) protection of properties. 19 copyRiGHTSS 557 : 2010 7.2 Safety of personnel on site Demolition is an operation which comes within the scope of statutory regulations (refer to Annex A for list of relevant Acts and Regulations). ‘The following recommended practices should be adopted to ensure safety on site: 7.24 Machinery The demolition contractor should be responsible for ensuring that the machinery is (2) ofa required type taking into consideration the location and type of work involved; (b) inthe control of a competent operator, and (©) maintained in good working condition at all times. Where appropriate, the machinery should comply with the relevant standards. 7.2.2 Protection of site personnel All workmen, during demolition work, should wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Special precautions and procedures should be teken to address spectic health and safety hazards projects such as working in confined spaces (SS CP 84), exposure to chemicals lead paint, asbestos, Gust noise and vibrations which may adversely affect the health of persons using the site; Care should be taken to guard against the risk of flooding in the demolition of deep basement and underground structures where flooding can arise from sources such as: (@) Lack of natural drainage; (©) _ Ingress of ground water, either from natural sources or a leaking water main or sewer, (©) Catastrophic flooding, especially if the demolition site is adjacent to a large body of water ‘such as lake, river, canal, sea, lagoon or reservoir. Where works of demolition are likely to result in materials or debris falling on to the site access(es), protective coverings and covered walkway should be erected. 7.3 Safety and convenience of third parties 7.3.1. Apperson carrying on demolition operations should make sure that any building that is party demolished on its site Is, as far as is practicable, properly secured or closed against entry at all times when demolition operations are not in progress and that the building or structure is left in a safe ‘condition at the close of each day's work. All practicable steps should also be taken to prevent the exposure of third parties to substances hazardous to health that are or could be present during demolition work. When a building is to be partially demolished, it should be ensured that at no time during the process of demolition is the safely of any occupant of the remaining portion put at risk. If necessary, the ‘occupants of the remaining portion should be evacuated, 7.3.2 When demolition works are in the railway protection zone and adjacent to public streets, the demolition works shall comply with the requirements of the relevant authorities. ‘The building owner or his agent should plan and execute the demolition works taking into account the safely of people travelling on the raliway and public streets, passing through, under, on, over or next to the sile. The building owner or his agent should adopt safe work methods and observe all 20 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 precautionary measures so as not to endanger or compromise the safe operation of the rapid transit and road systems 7.3.3 Where works of demolition are likely to result in materials and debris falling onto the public access or private property that is not a part of the demolition site, protective hoarding, or catch fans should be erected, or a temporary closure applied to the public access. Catch fans should be of adequate strength for its intended purpose. The site should be secured by means of protective hoarding of appropriate height. Controlled access should be implemented to prevent unauthorised personnel from entering the site. 7.4 Protection of property Where shoring of adjacent building is necessary, it should be designed and supervised by a PE (refer also to 7.4.2). Temporary protection from the weather, debris and dust should be provided to protect the adjoining/adjacent buildings. When grubbing out foundations or reducing to new levels adjacent to existing buildings not being demolished, care should be taken to ensure that the support to the remaining foundations or land is not disturbed. Precautions should be taken also to prevent water penetration to adjoining buildings. Where a watertight basement has been built in ground having a high standing water table level, the basement should be filled with material to prevent flotation. 7.44 Vibration and impact ‘Special care should be taken when undertaking demolition works to ensure that no undue vibration is ‘caused which could result in damage to other properties. It is recommended that the vibration leve! should be monitored carefully to ensure compliance with relevant authority requirements. 7.4.2 Precautions against uncontrolled collapse The removal of certain parts of the building or structure during demolition can result in other parts becoming unsafe and it is necessary to predetermine where temporary support will be needed, If the structure abuts other buildings, the abutting buildings should be given such lateral support as is given by shoring designed by a PE before the existing lateral support is disturbed. The shoring should be designed to allow for construction activities with the least possible interference. 7.4.3. Other precautions 7.4.3.4 Adverse weather condition Before stopping any part of the demolition work for the day, the demolition contractor should consider whether the remaining structure which has yet to be demolished is capable of withstanding the adverse weather condition such as wind load 7.43.2 Electrical hazards ‘When machinery is used for demolition purpose, care should be taken to ensure that no part of such Machines can come into direct contact or in close proximity to overhead or underground electricity wires or cables. Where such a possibilty exists, the relevant authority should be consulted in order to assess properly the degree of isk and offer advice accordingly. Precautionary measures may include Physical barriers, disconnection, recovery or diversion of the affected wires or cables. 24 coryRicHTSS 557 : 2010 NN cS 7.4.3.3 Fire or explosion hazards Precautions should be taken to prevent the risk of fie or explosion caused by gas or vapour. When thermal reaction or thermic lancing is used, consideration should be given to the prevention of oxygen enrichment and the altendant risk of explosion or ignition of flammable vapours. Containers of ‘oxygen, acetylene and liquified petroleum gas should be handled with care and stored and used in accordance with accepted practice. ‘The use of thermal cutting tools in close proximity to timber and other flammable materials should be avoided unless suitable precautions are taken against the risk of fire or explosion. Use of explosives should be handled in accordance with BS §607, and used only by or under the control of a person competent in their use (refer to 10.7.2). 8 Environmental considerations 8.1 Dust control The demolition contractor should take measures to control dust emission from affecting the areas ‘outside the demolition work area. Such measures may include enclosing the demolition work area by effective mechanical means, dust screens/netting, etc. and/or installation of water spray system to spray water to reduce dust emission. Where necessary, the demolition contractor should take precautions to prevent the spreading of mud and debris onto the road and public access by vehicles. 82 Noise control ‘The demolition contractor should take measures to control the generation of noise from the demolition site, Such measures may include limiting the use of compressors and other plant to stated hours, reducing the number of such equipment in use at any time, fitting and use of silencing devices and/or erection of noise barriers to shield the noise generated. The noise abatement measures should comply with SS CP 49. The noise monitoring to be carried out and the noise emission levels shall ‘comply with the relevant regulations. 8.3. Smoke emission contro! The demolition contractor should ensure that all plant and machinery that are used at the demolition work area are maintained and operated in a manner such that they will not give rise to smoke emissions and comply with the relevant regulations, 8.4 Water pollution control ‘The demolition contractor should ensure that adequate sanitary and treatment facilities are provided, All effluents that are prohibited to be discharged into the public sewer shall be collected and sent to approved treatment plants for disposal. All sewage and sullage water are to be discharged into the public sewer. No sewage or sullage water or water with other pollutants (listed in "Water Pollution ‘Act) should be discharged into the open drain at all times. If a standby generator set is used at the demolition site, the contractor should ensure that it is placed under shelter and within a kerbed up area to contain any oil spillage. Oil drums, including the empty drums, should also be kept under cover and within a kerbed up area to contain any accidental spillages of oil, The contractor should also take adequate measures to ensure that there is no discharge of oil spillages or wastewater in the open drain. 8.5 Vector control ‘The contractor upon taking over the buildings for demoliton should implement vector control works, Records of the vector control work/inspections should be maintained and made available for audit checks by the relevant authorities. 22 COPYRIGHTsonsintiiininasiinl SS 557 : 2010 a The following guidelines on vector control should be adhered fo, The contractor should (2) Prior to demolition — treat all toilet bowis, gully traps and bamboo holders with insecticide before filing with sand, Dismantle flushing cisterns, kitchen sinks and wash basins. — ensure that the windows/doors are properly closed to prevent rain water from gaining entry, particularly at the balcony area. — empty the water tank, = remove all oof gutters ~ check and cary out vector contol measures weekly to ensure that the vacant building is free of mosquito and other vector breeding. = ensure no ponding of water in drain and the surrounding within the site, = carry out thermal fogging if there is presence of adult mosquitoes and step up source reduction efforts fo search out potential breeding sites and remove or destroy these sites to deny mosquitoes of breeding opportunities. (0) During demolition = ensure ground depressions caused by demolition works are filed or levelled up daily at the end of the working day to prevent water ponding. = continue with vector control measures at least once a week for the duration of the demolition work. — alll container offices, workers quarters and temporary structures should be provided with a pitched roof. The pitched roof should not have gutters and should be water- tight. (©) After demolition ~ ensure that the site is properly levelled to prevent ponding of water. - continue with vector control measures, Including the removal of any water-bearing receptacles if the site is left vacant for a period of time during the period when the contractor occupies the site. - ensure any drainage systems provided are maintained regularly to prevent water stagnation and breeding of mosquitoes during the period when the contractor ‘occupies the site, 8.6 Hazardous materials Where asbestos wastes are found, an approved asbestos disposal contractor shall be engaged for the collection, transportation and disposal of the asbestos wastes at an approved landiil by the relevant authority. The asbestos disposal contractor shall obtain a written permission from the relevant authority for the disposal of asbestos wastes at the approved landfill All asbestos waste materials shall be packed in properly sealed and labelled containers before transportation to the disposal site for landfill, Building owners or contractors who intend to carry out removal works involving asbestos materials should comply with the guidelines in 9.2. 23 ‘COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 9 Debris and waste handling 9.1. Waste minimisation and recycling In land scarce Singapore, there is a need to consistently reduce waste sent to the landfils and incineration plants. via the reuse and recycling of scrap materials as much as possible. tis therefore prudent fo factor in the need to minimise demoftion waste through careful planning, scheduling and execution of demolition work. ‘The following guidelines for pre-demolition audit, sequential demolition and on-site sorting should be sees te tacitate and maximise resource recovery of demolition and waste materials for beneficial sete ond recyating, without compromising safely measures and practices given in tis standard, A demoliton checklist for resource recovery is given in Annex B. 9.4.4 Pre-demolition audit {A pre-demoliion audit should be completed prior to commencement of demoliion work to enable eisai suitable of being recovered for reuse / recycling to be identified. The process includes identiying potential recoverable materials and tho level of material segregation required to achieve this potential which normally depends on the type of buildings to be demolished, “The audit allows the full potential of a building to be properly assessed and to determine the most Gffective steps and measures to be put in place for sequential demolition and waste segregation prior to the demolition. This involves detailed planning which covers: (2) Site location; (b) Project site and building structures to be demolished; (©) Initial design for de-construction where applicable; (d) Processes to separate different types of materials; (©) Demolition schedule incorporating sequential dismantling / demolition for recovery of materials for reuse / recycling; () Debris handling; (@ Calculation and estimation of the diferent types and quanttes of materials to be recovered and recycled. 9.1.2 Sequential demolition ‘The sequence of demolition should be planned so that demolition materials can be sfficienty ana aiectively recovered by minimising contamination of recyclable reusable material such a8 concrete, bricks glace, wood, etc. Sorting of materials should be carried out according to prevaling technological practices or national guidelines to maximise efficiency. ‘This sequential demolition approach should be adopted unless the PE ascertains that the stabilly of the building during demolition is compromised. 9.1.3 On-site sorting “The contractor should submit a waste management plan for the sorting, processing, recovery and disposal of demolition materials to comply with the relevant authority's requirement. ‘The coniractor should exercise due diligence in the documentation of the amount and types of waste produced, the movement of the waste from the site to an approved disposal / recycling facilty (for 24 COPYRIGHTer SS 557 : 2010 aay materials that need to be sent to extemal sorting / recycling facilities), and should keep records of this information. The records should include: (2) Quantity of each type of material that can be recycled, (b) Name and particulars of the contractor engaged to convey the demolition waste to the disposal / recyciing facility. (©) Quantities and types of sorted materials sent out to recyoiing facilities. (4) Quantities and types of demolition waste generated from the site that cannot be sorted for recycling and disposed of at the approved disposal / recycling facility. To facilitate the checking of the movement of the waste in (c) and (d) above, the contractor should use a record book to record each vehicle load leaving the site, giving the date, time, vehicle number, driver's particulars and disposal receipt number. {e) Reconciling the total demolition quantities with the quantities sorted and sent for recycling and disposal on a regular basis 9.2 Removal of asbestos materials — Identification and notification ‘The presence of asbestos materials may be indicated in the original building plans or specifications, Prior to commencement of any demolition works or removal of any part of a building or structure, checks should be conducted on existing available information, The contractor should ascertain if materials in the building or structure contain asbestos. Materials suspected of containing asbestos should be sent for analysis. If any works involving asbestos is required to be carried out, due notice shall be sent to the relevant authorities prior to commencement of such works. Contractors should refer to Factories (Asbestos) Regulations or its succeeding reguiations on requirements for notification. 10 Methods of demolition 10.1 General ‘The sequence in which a building or other structure is demolished can be critical to the safety of the workers and the general public. The sequence of demolition will depend on the type of construction. Except in special circumstances, buildings and structures should be demolished in reverse order to their construction. Multi-storey buildings or structures should be demolished storey by storey, ‘Access to areas affected by each phase of the demolition work needs to be restricted or made safe. Restricted areas and safe distances may be required during: (2) Dropping of debris; {b) Operation of demolition machinery; (c}__ Pre-weakening activities; and (d) Deliberate collapse or pulling over of buildings or structures Some common demolition techniques used with the demolition methodologies comprising mechanical, thermal, water jetting or percussive demolition (10.3 to 10.6) are given in 10.7. 25 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 40.2 Principles of structural demolition 10.2.4 General When selecting the most suitable method, the knowledge of the site should be applied and the interdependency of elements and the nature of the structure should be taken into account. Each of the basic principles of structural demoition, Le. progressive, deliberate collapse or deliberate removal should be considered. These same principles should be applied whether there is a full or partial demolition, or where structural alterations are to be carried out ‘The demolition methodologies are given in 10.3 to 10.8 10.2.2. Types of structural demolition 10.2.2. Progressive demolition Progressive demolition should be considered to be the controlled removal of sections ofthe structure, whilst retaining the stability of the remainder and avoiding collapse of the whole or part of the building to be demolished. Where progressive demolition is adopted, it is essential that the key structural members on which the integrity of the structure relies should, together with their sequence of removal, be clearly indicated in the method statement and also identified on site. Progressive demolition should be considered for the majority of sites and is particularly essential in confined and restricted areas. 10.2.2.2 Deliberate collapse mechanisms. ‘Demolition by deliberate collapse should be considered to be the removal of key structural members to cause complete collapse of the whole or part of the building or structure. Where deliberate collapse demolition is adopted, the key structural members to be removed should be clearly indicated, together with the sequence of removal, in the method statement and also identified on site. ‘This method should be employed only on detached, isolated, reasonably level sites where the whole structure is to be demolished. There should be sufficient space to enable equipment and personnel to be removed to a safe distance. Where parts of a structure are to be demolished by deliberate collapse in separate operations, there should be no potential instability of the remaining structure to cause a hazerd to personnel on the site and to other people near the structure being demolished, 10. 2.3. Deliberate removal of elements ‘The deliberate removal of elements should be considered to be the removal of selected parts of the structure by dismantting or deconstruction. This method can be used, for example, in the lead up to deliberate collapse or as part of renovation or modification work. The elements to be removed should be identified and the effects of removal on the remaining structure fully understood and included in the method statement, with the elements to be removed marked on site. Sections of the structure should not be removed if instability of any of the remainder could result in a possible risk to personnel on the site and to other people nearby. Adequate measures should be implemented for safe removal of such sections. 10.2.3 Load-bearing structural elements. 0.2.3.1 Roof trusses ‘Where @ pitched roof is to be removed progressively, the roof structure should be removed to wall 26 ‘COPYRIGHT snc i ec stsisicvosssiestesinensSS 557 : 2010 Plate or pad level, Enough purlins and bracing should be retained to ensure stability of the remaining roof trusses while each individual truss is removed progressively ‘Temporary bracing should be added, where necessary, to maintain stability. The end frame opposite to the end where dismanting is commenced, or a convenient intermediate frame, should be independently and securely guyed in both directions before work starts. Generally, the bottom ties of ‘trusses should not be cut in sit. 10.2.3.2 Cantilevers Cantilevers such 2s cantilever retaining walls, propped cantilevers, balanced bridge construction, canopies, comices, staircases and balconies rely on superimposed loads or balancing restraining loads for their stability. They should be either demolished or supported before the counterbalancing, tailing-down or balancing loads are removed. 10.2.3.3, Columns ‘The engineered removal of columns can aid efficient demolition, but the degree and type of fixity of the connections at the top and bottom should be determined as these can be crucial to the predictabilty of collapse patterns and thus the safety of the demolition. 10.2.3.4. Reinforced concrete slabs Before demolition is commenced, the load bearing characteristics of the slab should be confirmed by first establishing the reinforcement details, including the direction of the main reinforcement by, e.g. electronic sensing or by making small trial holes. The strength and quality of the concrete should also be determined. The method of demolition should take into account the pattern of reinforcement, e.g, whether itis one-way or two-way spanning In addition, account should be taken of any stress reversal, which can occur in slabs or beams propped at, e.g. mid span, because the main steel reinforcement will not be situated in the ‘appropriate position to form part of a continuous structure. 10.2.3.6 Beams When removing beams by cutting or dismantling, the method adopted should ensure that, for example: (2) any weakening of the structure by, e.g. increasing the effective length of columns, should be taken into account (b) before lifting and lowering, temporary support should be provided if required. If dropping is planned however, the dynamic effects should be taken into account. (©) effects of stress reversal if continuous beams are to be reduced to shorter lengths are taken into account. 10.2,3.6 Jack arches ‘Where tie rods are present, they should not be cut until the horizontal thrusts have been removed by, eg. removal of the arch or series of arches in the floor. The floor should be demolished in strips parallel to the span of the arch rings (i.e. at right angles to the beams supporting the arches). 10.2.3.7 Portal frames A single portal frame should be considered a combination of two columns and a beam (which can be continuous or pin-jointed) forming a frame in a vertical plane, where the joint between each column ‘and beam is designed to be moment-resisting The type of rigidity at the base, the rigidity of the connection where the lengths of beam are joined can differ and should therefore be established. ar COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 NS 10.2.3.8 Wal The verticality of walls should be ascertained, load-bearing walls identified and the security of bonding at the ends of cross walls should be established. The type of construction should be identified, including solid walls and cavity construction. The structural condition of walls which are to remain, including the walls of any adjoining property, should be established. This should also be applied where walls have been cracked or fractured. The possible effect on the remaining structure of the removal of buttressing walls should also be considered with particular regard to wind loading. The method decided upon for demolishing cantilever retaining walls should take account their dependency on loading from above, or the propping action from floors or other structural members which can affect their stability (refer to 10.2.3.2, 10.3.2.3 and 12.9). 40.3 Top down demolition by machines. 10.3.1. Provisions for machine movement and access ‘The adequacy of the existing structural elements should be checked for the imposed loading due to the machinery. Consideration should be given to the supports, lifting and access of the machine as follows: (2) Supports for machinery ‘The floor structure should be checked for the loadings imposed by the machine. Propping, if required, should be installed below the working floor to support the safe operation of the machine. The propping requirements for the operation of the machinery are given in 6.2.2. ‘The movement of the machine should only be within the propped area. Steel plates / frames or other appropriate means may be required to transfer the machinery imposed load to the supports, ‘Movement of the machine should not be allowed in the following areas: — within 2 m of the building edge: = within 4 m of any floor openings; or - any cantilever structures, unless adequately propped. ‘The limits of the movement of the machine should be prominently marked and visible at all times. (b) Lifting of machinery ‘The machinery should be lifted onto the working floor of the building using crane or other appropriate means approved by a PE. Propping should be installed before the lifting operation. Only machines with a valid Lifting Machine (LM) Certificate should be used for lifting operations. (©) Temporary ramp ‘Temporary ramp is to facilitate the movement of the machine from floor to floor. It should be designed by a PE. The temporary ramp Is to be fabricated using structural steel members designed to the requirements of the relevant standard. The slope of the ramp should not be steeper than 45 degree for the safe descent of the machine. If excavators late used to lower temporary ramps to the next floor, the excavator has to be designed and manufactured to function as a lifting machine and should possess a valid Lifting Machine Certificate, Demolition debris or demolished building element is prohibited to be used as a ramp on suspended floors, 28 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 a Alternatively, the machine may be lowered to the next floor using erane or other appropriate means approved by the PE. 10.3.2 Demolition sequence The sequence of demolition should be determined according to the actual site conditions, constraints, building layout and construction method and sequence. Generally, the sequence of the demolition ‘should be the reverse of the sequence of construction. Figures 4 (a) to (f) show the typical sequence of top down demolition rethod with machinery. For each floor, the following sequence should apply. (@) Before the demolition of internal structural elements of the floor, all cantilever slabs and beams, canopies, and verandahs on the floor should first be demolished; (b) Structural elements of the floor, in general, should be demolished in the following sequence: = walls (non-structural) - slabs; — secondary beams; ~ main beams; = columns and structural walls 10.3.2.1 Cantilever canopies and balconies Cantilever canopies and balconies are stability sensitive structures that warrant special attention in the demolition and should be adequately propped before demotion. They should be demolished in the following sequence: - external walls and parapets; = slabs; secondary beams; = main beams. 10.3.2.2 External walls, beams and columns ‘Adequate lateral support should be provided to ensure stabilty before the elements are weakened and pulled down inwards to prevent the elements from faling out ofthe building. (2) Brick in-fl wall ‘A safe method of demolition from top down should be adopted to avoid any potential hazard of bricks falling out of the building. After the in-fll bricks are removed, the reinforced concrete frame may be dismantled by taking down the individual beams and columns separately and/or by taking down the frame of a bay between two columns as described in 0.3.2.2 (b), (c) and (d), () External beam Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external beam to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building. 29 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Meee ea ee nnn en — i trowel Fit, Sefety net — i pene freee, Scaffolding Catch fon: {@) Demoliton of slabs end beams Safety rat Seatfls Catch fon {b) Continue demotion of slabs and beams Figure 4 — Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery 30 coPyRIGHT1 SS 557 : 2010 | 4 | | 1 i saity ot —1X f] “Feemporary p10 | seating 1X] | lero | | Rae T | LL | EE | (one Li | Tra | {6} An aceass ramp of sea structural frame to alow machine i to descend tothe for below | 1 Safty net —-f Ferporery prop | seateiog — Tor: | aT Te i in | u | ae a ~ ini i th A ut - NEE fH {€) Demolition of internal columns Figure 4 - Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery (contd)SS 557 : 2010 say re | scl Tene i i J i i atch for — | (6) Demolition of extemal columns selsy nt —| | ft [aim ey one i | i ! tt | Ut | i L | TH 0 | cat fon ! : * Lili == | {f) Continue demolition of extemal columns Figure 4 - Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery (contd) i 32 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 ‘The sequence of demolition of the external beam should be as follows (refer to Figure 5): ~ The concrete is broken away at both ends near its column supports using e.g. a crusher or breaker to expose the steel reinforcement. - The steel reinforcement at one end should be cut for the beam to be safely lowered atthe same end. - The same process is then repeated for the other end to remove the entire beam, The external beam may also be removed together with the external frame [refer to 10.3.2.2 (al (©) External column Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external Column to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building, ‘The sequence of demolition of the external column should be as follows (refer to Figure 6) - The concrete at the bottom of the external column should be removed to expose the steel reinforcement. This will reduce the pulling force and ensure that the break | | | | occurs at the desired location. | | | | - The steel reinforcement at the internal face should be cut whereas the steel reinforcement at the extemal face should remain; and - The column should be safely pulled down inwards by appropriate mechanical means. () External reinforced concrete frame Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external reinforced concrete frame to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building, The sequence of demoition of the extemal reinforced concrete frame should be as follows: — The external reinforced concrete frame may be demolished in sections not more than 3'm in width and within a bay between two adjacent columns, ~ The bottom of the two columns should be pre-weakened [refer to 10.3.2.2 (c)]; and - The steel reinforcement of the beams connecting the frames should be cut off The frame should be pulled down by winch and pulley or other systems. (©) Extemal reinforced conerete wall C0} Load bearing concrete wall Before demolition, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external reinforced concrete wall to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building ‘The sequence of demoition of the oad bearing concrete wall should be as follows: = Reinforced concrete walls may be demolished by cutting down the wall into manageable sections not wider than 2 m, 33 ‘COPYRIGHTSS 587 1010 a supporte— cu 2 four + : Sequence of cermiton Ee (1) Soeur lateral support at beer anes 2) Remove conerat to exgo00 sts! cut t raiforcement st beam anc (@)Cutboam riforomant at Cut 1, C42 ‘Sed Cat postions polar) Lower beam to toor Column | — (8) Cut beam steal enforcement at Cut poston (©) Lower boam to fer Foor level Figure - Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete beam anh een ttt a (seein sytem C ©) tt pattern ~~ Pull direction cemove concrete to expose steel Lr a a. si renfoeemant stbotiom of lima [Reid ection off (9) catrerrcamant Cu poston on Reaires cect of. fot same side of pull direction \ Sed eeebecaract (9) Lower count oor ut Floor level Figure 6 - Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete external column, 34 copyRIGHT | | | | i | i | 4 i i | a |SS 557 : 2010 Se aE nn Le — The bottom of the wall should be pre-weakened on the interior face of the wall section using hand held tools to minimise debris from falling out from the building. - After the concrete along the vertical separation line is removed, the steel reinforcement should be cut. ~ The wall section should be pulled down by the wire and winch or other systems. (i) Non-load bearing wall ‘The dismantling procedures of non-load bearing walls are similar to that of the load bearing wall (except that beams are removed after the non-load bearing walls are removed). Figure 7 shows the felling of non-load bearing wall sections separately from the beam. 10.3.2.3 Floor slabs Floor slabs should be demolished by gradually breaking away the concrete. The steel reinforcement should remain and be cut off after the concrete is broken away. There should not be any imposed loading including demolition machinery on the slabs to be demolished. The sequence for demolition of typical floor slabs is as follows: (2) Stabs supported by beams (refer to Figure 8) Demolition should begin in the middle of the slabs and advance towards the supporting beams. (b) — Flatslabs Demolition of tt slabs should begin at the centre of the bay between the supporting columns ‘and proceed outwards to the columns and/or members that provide lateral support of the slabs. Care must be taken not to prematurely weaken the shear capacity at column faces or other supports. In general, when demolishing a column strip or part of it, adequate temporary props should be provided before demolition of the relevant strip. The sequence of demolition of the fiat slabs should be designed by a PE taking into consideration the existing load-bearing columns have to be adequately braced horizontally at ‘any time and/or the slab propped adequately. ‘The slab may be demolished by machine with breaker, hydraulic crusher or other appropriate approved attachments. 10.3.24 Internal beams Beam should not be removed until it is adequately secured and all dead loads imposed on the beam are removed, including the slabs supported by the beam. 10.3.2.6 Internal columns Columns may be demolished by using the same procedures as described for the external column in 10.3.2.2 (0). Internal column should not be removed until it is adequately secured. it may be dismantled by pre- weakening at its base. 36 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Oo E ce + axiiionl fe wre for WY external wally only allie anchored to internal External reinforced concrete wall (view from inside) Bear r q ot sie wie to pull ‘down the wall section ‘Secure sted wire rope to column ' —— 7 Section A prior o puling NOTE — For suspended floor, one of the ropes should be tied to the upper beam to ensure controlled falling. ==} i Figure 7 — Felling of reinforced concrote wall separately from the beam 36 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 - Sequence of demotion (2) naa request temporary rors (2) Hack and emave sib concate (8) Cutand remove seh see enorcement (@ One-way slab Sequence of demotion: (1) sta required temporary props (@ Hackand remove slab conarae (@)Cutand remove sab ste! entrcement 4 \— os on (b) Two-way slab Figure 8 - Sequence of demolition of slab 37 ‘COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 eee ee 3 40.4 Top down demolition by manual method 10.4.1. Goneral ‘The demolition sequence is typically the same as the top down mechanical method. In general, the following sequence should apply: (a) Before demolition of main building and its internal structures on each fioor, all cantilever i structures in particular should first be remove. i In demolishing the external wall or parapet wall, the procedure as stated in 10.3.2.2 should : apply. {b) Demolition of the floor slabs should begin at mid span and work towards the supporting beams. i (©) _ Floor beams should be demolished in the order as follows: = cantilever beams; i = secondary beams; then - main beams. If structural stability of beams is affected, e.g. due to loss of restraints, the affected beams should be propped prior to loss of support or restraint (¢) __Non-load bearing walls should be removed prior to demolition of load bearing walls, () Columns and load bearing walls should be demolished after removal of beams on top. : 10.4.2. Cantilever structures and balcor ‘The demolition sequence of cantilever structures and balconies is generally as follows: (2) The extemal wall should be demolished first, and detail is referred to in 10.3.2.2; (b) Any structure or dead load supported by the cantilever system should be removed prior to i demolishing the cantilever slabs and beams; (©) The concrete should be broken down gradually starting from the exterior edge of the cantilever floor, working inwards and toward its supporting beams (refer to Figure 92); (@) The cantilever beam should be demolished after the demolition of the connecting floor slab. Demolition of the cantilever beam should not advance further than the floor slab so that the . support for the slab is always maintained. Figure Sb shows the sequence of demolition of the | canfilever slab and beam; and (©) Saw cut and lift may be used to dismantle the cantilever features. The slab should be cut into a manageable size and lifted away. The cantilever beams should be cut and removed after the removal of the slab load and any load supported by them. 10.4.3 External walls, beams and columns | ‘The methodology is similar to 10.3.2.2 except that manual means / by wire and winch method is used. 38 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 i ab steel reinforcement iA i sy enue t T | Sequence of damoltion: canter ' ' contieer bean ean fo (1) natroqued tampa pope (2) Hack and remove slab concste (9) Cutand remove sab steal enforcement Figure 9a — Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab eam inforcement 1 WEEEEEEEEEEETEET —-tbd actions of ‘emaiton ‘Sequance af demelson (9) Inca requied temporary props (2 Hack and remove beam cancate (9) Cutsnd move beam stl renorcoment Figure 9b ~ Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab and beam 39 | COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 10.4.4 Floor slabs ‘The sequence for demolishing slabs supported by beams and fiat slab is the same as described in 10.3.2.3 respectively. Reinforced concrete floor slab should be demolished by first breaking away the concrete followed by cutting off the reinforcement steel, There should not be any imposed loading including demolition machinery on the slab to be demolished. ERAN 10.4.5 Internal walls, beams and columns Demolition of internal beams and columns as described in 10.3.2.4 and 10.3.2.5, The internal beams / colurnns may be dismantled by cutting the reinforcement at their ends and lowered by wire and winch system (refer to Figures § and 6). Demolition of internal walls as described in 10.3.2.2 (e) (refer also to Figure 10) 7 Sequnoe of enetton ab Lites spar Pub econ (9) Seowelaeal sppertatwation 2) Instat put wire 2 wal op y © Catvertel oot i to ced asen aout mmr eee Same seo pul ceston i y et ‘Seaton (©) Lower nao oo. Fee a a Figure 10 — Demolition of reinforced concrete internal wall by manual method o i 10.5 Mechanical demolition by machine operating from the ground [ Hl 40.5.1. General | | Buildings can be demolished by using machine operating from the ground outside the building. Such ‘machines are typically equipped with long boom arm. The machine should operate with a minimum clear space of half the remaining building height to be demolished. This serves as a safety buffer against falling debris, 10.5.2 Demolition sequence ‘The structural elements, in general, should be demolished top down in the following sequence: is cantilever along the building peripheral; - perimeter bear; i = slab; - secondary beam; = main beams; - wall = column ‘The PE shall assess the stability of each section of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition. 40 COPYRIGHTSS 557: 2010 ee Ot 10.6 Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse involves the removal of the key structural members and causing complete collapse of the whole or part of the building or structure being demolished. ‘The demolition sequence should be competently designed. It should be employed only on detached, isolated, reasonably level sites and where the whole structure is to be demolished. There should be sufficient space to enable equipment and personnel to be moved to a safe distance. Sections of a structure should not be pulled down by deliberate collapse in separate operations if this ‘causes the remaining structure to be unstable. CAUTION : This activity is potentially hazardous and effective control and monitoring systems should be implemented to ensure that the designed requirements are complied with. 10.7 Common demolition techniques 10.7.1 Demolition by wire rope pulling NOTE - This method of mechanical demolition involves attaching wire ropes to a structure, usually of steel, and pulling the pre-weakened structure to the ground by winch. The results of risk assessments and the availability of many other demolition methods should demonstrate whether wire rope pulling is appropriate. However, wire rope pulling should not be used (on brick or masonry structures. ‘When undertaking the risk assessment, the following considerations should be included: (a) Wire rope pulling should only be used on structures where it is possible to safely attach the ropes. {b) Provision of a second (stand-by) rope, in case the first rope breaks or becomes detached. (©) Ropes should be attached prior to any pre-weakening. (@) Only stee! wire ropes should be used, and these should be inspected to ensure they are fit for the purpose. (©) Provision of restraining ropes from before pre-weakening until it has been completed to prevent premature collapse before the pull commences, () Use of a pulley system so that the pulling machine and operator(s) are moved away from the direct line of fall of the structure. (a) Protection of the pulling machine operator against failure of the rope system, as well as projected demolition material by suitable positioning, possibly within an enclosure. If attempts to cause collapse are unsuccessful, an altemative remote method of demolition should be selected and used, following an assessment of the then current state of stability of the structure. CAUTION : It could be dangerous for anyone to approach the structure which is partially demolished. 10.7.2. Demolition by explosives (refer also to 7.4.3.3) Where explosives are to be used for demolition, a specialist or specialist firm or company experienced in the controlled application of explosives for the safe removal of buildings and structures should be employed subject to obtaining approvals from the relevant authorities. a COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 cS 10.7.3 Other demolition techniques Other demolition techniques such as mechanical, thermal, water jetting or percussive demolition available are generally more limited in application, and in a number of cases are useful for smaller demoiition works. Some of these demolition techniques are listed in 10.7.3.1 to 10.7.3.5. As with the previously described methodologies (10.2 to 10.6), they may be used in combination with other techniques. In all cases, they should be carried out by persons experienced in the use of the particular equipment involved, and the equipment should be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. ‘Any other demolition techniques not listed in this section, such as high pressure waier jetting and demolition by chemical agents etc, should be undertaken only by, or under the supervision of appropriately trained personnel as they are highly specialised activities. 10.7.3.1. Machine mounted impact hammer NOTE — Demolition by impact hammer involves the progressive demolition of masonry and concrete structures by applying heavy biows to a point in contact with the material, and may be pneumatically or hydraulically operated. When impact hammers are working on upper floors, regular inspections of the supporting foors, the areas around these floor and any temporary works should be made from places of safely to ensure that there is no deterioration in stabilty, e.g. due to vibration from its operation. Access to floors beneath, other than for the purpose of inspections, should be prohibited during these activities. If it is necessary to cut the steel reinforcement, remote means should be considered. The steel reinforcement should be cut so that it does not spring and injure workers during the operation. Impact hammers should not be used to demolish tall vertical features such as walls or columns from the side where there is the possiblity of debris falling onto the machine or the workers. 10.7.3.2 Power grapples and shears Power grapples and shears are frequently hydraulically operated. Power shears may be used as an alternative to oxyacetylene cutting or the like to crop and cut through metal such as reinforcing steel or beams, particularly where there might otherwise be a risk of fire or where the more precise cutting possible with a torch is not required. Care should be taken to ensure that any member to be severed is elther effectively supported or if to be allowed to fall, will neither endanger personnel nor the remaining structures. Power grapples may be used to handle waste material, either to move it about a site or to load other vehicles when disposing of the waste. As some debris resulting from demolition has a high density, care should be taken to avoid overloading the equipment itself and the risk of the machine overturning as 2 result of instability induced by a heavy load. 10.7.3.3 Cutting by drilling and sawing Drilling and sawing are used either to remove totally part of a structure or to produce a potential fracture zone (e.g. by stitch driling, which is drilling a line of overlapping holes), and are frequently used in conjunction with other methods of demolition, particularly bursting. Diamond or tungsten tipped drills or saws are normally used. These methods can be employed in confined spaces, or for ‘work that requires a high degree of accuracy, or where the noise, dust and vibration resulting from some other methods would be unacceptable, They may be used to cut up floors and suspend slabs into manageable sizes, or to cut holes and slots in parts of a structure. Whilst this is being done, the piece to be removed should be adequately supported. Use of these methods avoids damage to the surrounding area. 42 COPYRIGHT | i | | iSS 557: 2010 en eee iy In order to flush out the resulting dust, and to cool the equipment during use, it is usual to employ running water in volume as @ coolant. This needs to be borne in mind if it is proposed to adopt this method of demolition, i.e. measures should be taken to provide a suitable supply of water, and to collect and safely dispose of the resultant waste water. Care should be taken that any sparks produced during sawing does not constitute a health or fire hazard. 10.7.3.4 Bursting Bursting techniques can be used for the demolition of concrete, masonry and rock, and should be considered, e.g. where environmental constraints such as reduction of noise, dust and/or vibration need to be taken into account. ‘An estimate of when failure will occur should be made even though it can be difficult to predict the exact timing of structural failure because of the slow build-up of intemal forces. Work should be planned so that when the structure or mass does fail, it does so in a manner that does not create a tisk. 10.7.3.4.1 Gas expansion burster The effect of the burster is obtained by inserting it into @ prepared cavity in the mass to be demolished. Upon being energised, the resultant increase in pressure of the gas ruptures a diaphragm, releasing the gas into crevices in the surrounding structure which is then fractured ‘A gas expansion burster should be effectively restrained within the prepared cavity in order to prevent it from becoming projected in an uncontrolled manner. 10.7.3.4.2 Hydraulic burster Hydraulic bursters work on the same principles as gas expansion bursters, in that they use an expanding device to force apart a mass, but the process is not as rapid as in a gas expansion burster. Pistons or wedges are placed in a prepared cavity and are gradually jacked out under pressure, the resulting increase in size of the device fractures the surrounding material Work should be planned and controlled to ensure that dislodgement of the hydraulic bursting equipment is not a risk, e.g. when failure of the structure occurs. 10.7.3.4.3 Expanding dem jon agents This method of bursting employs the use of expanding chemicals that are mixed, e.g. with water to form a liquid or paste. The mixture is poured into pre-drilled holes in the material that is to be demolished, and expands to cause a fracture. ‘The handling, mixing, pouring and use of the chemicals should be undertaken in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. An assessment of the products being used should form the basis for the selection and use of appropriate, safe methods of work, including the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 10.7.3.5 Thermic lancing NOTE - Thermic lancing is used fo cut through materials including concrete. The tip of the lance is preheated to start an oxygenfion reaction which produces an intense heat source that is then applied to the material to be cut. Once started itis self-supporting. During thermic fancing, combustion typically produces molten material and thick smoke, therefore suitable precautions should be taken, particularly where there is limited ventilation, 43 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 I 411 Demolition of stability sensitive structures 11.1 General PE instructions should be obtained and, at all stages of the demolition, supervision should be by ‘persons fully experienced in this type of work to ensure the structure is stable at all times. NOTE — Where expiosives are to be used for demolition, 2 specialist or specialist fm or company, experienced in the controlled application of explosives should be employed subject to obtaining approvals from the relevent authorities. 41.2. Precast concrete structures [A precast reinforced concrete structure consists of prefabricated members that are jointed together in position on site. It should be borne in mind that the joints may not provide stifiness and the structure may rely on panel walls for its stability Joints may be of insitu construction depending for their strength on the bond between steel reinforcement and conerete grout, or they may depend on a mechanical connection. Where a building has been constructed with an industrialised system, detailed information on the method of design and construction should be obtained before any demolition works are considered ‘Attention should be paid to the principles of the structural design to determine which parts of the structure depend on each other to maintain overall stability. Temporary supports to individual elements of the structure may be necessary. For precast structures, special attention should be paid to the connection detalls between the various precast elements to ensure that stability of these elements are maintained during the course of the demolition as the connections are not cast monolithically. Where there are prestressed precast members, the same precaution should be exercised with reference to the section on Prestressed concrete structures under 11.3. There may be mechanical joints used to connect precast members to in-situ reinforced concrete members, and reference should be made to the design and construction of these members to determine the method of demolition. 11.3. Prestressed concrete structures 11.3.4 General ‘The nature of prestressing is such that effective measures should be taken during the demolition of elements containing prestressed materials to ensure the control of inherent stored energy. Summaries of the methods for recognizing different forms of prestressed materials and the safety aspects to be considered during demoittion are contained in Annex C which should be read in conjunction with this clause. 14.3.2 Preliminary examination ‘The first and foremost activity is to inspect all available records of the structure of the building and try to establish whether the construction conforms to these records. If none is available, a careful visual examination may show whether a structure is prestressed or not. after such examination there is stil doubt as to whether the structure is prestressed, the advice of a PE experienced in this type of construction should be sought. CAUTION : In some instances, the inherent properties of the stressed section can delay failure for some time and the presence of the large prestressing forces can cause sudden and complete collapse with litle or no warning 44 ‘COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 11.3.3 Pretensioned members Consideration should be given to demolition by lifting down elements after the removal of any covering materials, for breaking up away from the structure. Where in-situ demolition is deemed appropriate, consideration should be given to the use of temporary support systems, 11.3.4 Post-tensioned members 14.3.4.4. Independent precast units Units should generally be removed from structures before being broken up. Demolition of individual units can take place insitu, but this should in a predetermined manner and with restraint provided to movement and appropriate prop support systems. Hazards associated with prestressed materials are given in Annex C. ‘Transverse stability and strength can be affected and should be taken into account, and appropriate lateral support should be provided, if required. Detensioning of the prestressed strands should be carried out before demolition of the prestressed members. Adequate shields should be installed prior to detensioning to prevent any hazard due to possible fly-out 1.3.4.2 Progressively pre-stressed structures ‘As the loading and reaction effects on these types of buildings are highly specialised, appropriate specialist engineering advice should be obtained and the demolition carried out in strict accordance with that advice, Itis essential to obtain the advice of a PE, and to demolish the structure in strict accordance with the method statement supplied by him. The stored energy in this type of structure is large. In some cases, the inherent properties of the stressed section may delay failure for some time, but the presence of these prestressing forces may cause sudden and complete collapse with little warning, 11.3.4.3 Monolithic prestressed structures. Engineering advice should be obtained before any attempt is made to expose the tendons or anchorages of structures in which two or more members have been stressed together. 11.4 Cantilever structures Cantilever structures such as cantilever retaining walls, propped cantilevers, balanced bridge construction, canopies, comices, staircases and balconies rely on superimposed loads or balancing restraining loads for their stabilty. They should be either demolished or supported before the counterbalancing, tailing-down or balancing loads are removed, 11.5 Composite structures (slabs and beams) Some basic structural elements have litle inherent strength and rely upon the composite nature of the complementary members for their stifiness. The nature of any dependency can be broken by early demolition activities and this should be identified as it may be necessary for temporary supports to be used. 45 coPYRIGHT| i SS 557 : 2010 De eee een el Any demolition sequence involving composite structures should take into account the following factors: (@) Prior to achieving composite action, steel beams will probably have been checked for their ability to support, unpropped, the loads on them during the construction phase, however this ‘should not be relied upon and further assessments should be carried out. (b) Lateral restraints to the compression flange provided possibly by the slab (whether in situ concrete or precast units) or by temporary bracing during the construction phase. (c) Restraint, or composite action, can rely upon e.g. friction between the slab and the top flange. Steel beams, in which the lower flange is prestressed by encasement in high grade concrete, should Usually be removed intact from their working position before being processed. There can be movement of the beams when lifting the overlying slabs prior to removing the beams, this should be taken account of in the proposed method of work. 11.6 Bridges 11.6.1 General Bridges should be demolished in the reverse order of construction using, e.g cutting and fifting (or temoving the entire deck as one unit). Work should commence by removing as much dead load as possible without interfering with the main structural members. On isolated sites, a deliberate method of collapse may be possible provided the ends of the girders are previously freed and the work is carried out under the supervision of a person possessing special knowledge of this type of work. ‘Atter removal or deliberate collapse, if required, those parts of the structure should generally be broken up before removal from site, if required, Precaution should be taken to ensure that the collapse structure does not present a hazard when being cut into smaller pleces. ‘Special care should be taken where work is being carried out over water. 41.6.2. Temporary works ‘Temporary works should be designed to carry the required loads and temporary bracing should be incorporated in the bridge structure, where necessary, in order to maintain stability under the most severe conditions. Before transverse members are removed, if appropriate, temporary supports and guys should be fixed to the main beams or girders. Where the horizontal thrusts from the abutments are designed to be taken by the deck, these should be dealt with by, e.g. inserting temporary struts prior to removal of the deck. Where temporary support is required as part of the demolition method, e.g. in the case of skew bridges, it should be in place before the stability of the bridge is compromised. (On a confined site, the section to be demolished should be supported by suitable lifting equipment, then cut and lowered to the ground under control. 41.6.3 Counterbalancing Where bridges have been constructed using @ counterbalanced cantilever design, the demolition technique needs to ensure stability by taking into account considerations such as act of balance loadings and the lack of fixity at supports by using , e.g. temporary supports. Where counterbalancing is used, the balancing materials should be securely and safely fixed. If necessary, the bridge of elements of it should be transversely braced. 48 coryricHTSS 557: 2010 Eee 41.84 Continuous structures Where a bridge is continuous over one or more supports, consideration should be given to either cutting the deck above the piers to form a simply supported structure, or cutting the deck at midspan to form statically determinate cantilevers, taking into account the ability of the structure to maintain stability in these forms. 12 Demolition of special structures 124 General There are numerous special structures that have not been specifically noted in this standard. Although the general principles of demolition apply, each case should be considered carefully on its merits bearing in mind the particular construction, previous use and age of the structure. 12.2 Masonry and brickwork arches As arches carry load by exerting horizontal thrusts outwards at their spring points over the length of the construction, to ensure that the stability of the arch is maintained, the horizontal thrusts should be resisted. Methods to maintain stability during demolition in the vicinity of arches and of the arches themselves should ensure the balance of the forces by, for example: (@) shoring to transmit horizontal thrusts to the ground; (b) building in temporary tie bars; () reducing vertical imposed loads; (d) demolition of the arch in whole strips; (e) temporary props; {8 some combinations of (a) to (e). CAUTION : Failures in arches can occur both because the horizontal resistance has been removed or reduced, or because horizontal forces have increased as a result of increased downward loads. Ultimately resistance to these loads may be at some distance from the arch being considered, such as at the end arch, where there are multiple arches. Expert advice should be obtained and, at all stages of the demolition, the closest supervision should be given by persons fully experienced and conversant in this field to ensure the structure is stable at all times. ‘The normal sequence of demolition is as shown in Figure 11. 8) Sponsrel — (6) Se ere epee ey ZT |= Eee (1) Remove spsnate! ning down (2) Arch rng jpaemrora es: Remove arch ng Remove abutments (3) Abvimeats Figure 11 ~ Demolition of masonry and brickwork arches aT ‘COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Neen een ee ee EEEEEEEEEEEEETeeeem 12.3. Independent chimneys 12.3.1 Methods 12.3.1.1 General Expert advice should be obtained and, at all stages of the demoiition, the closest supervision should bbe given by persons fully experienced and conversant in this field to ensure the structure is stable at all times. In general, machine demolition should be used in preference to hand demolition. Any internal lining should be’ demolished progressively with the rest of the structure or removed prior to collapse, if appropriate. As material will generally be dropped inside the chimney, debris should be cleared according to a planned method and in a controlled sequence in order to prevent a build-up of internal pressure in the chimney. ‘Openings should be large enough for the safe removal of debris and should be designed to ensure continuing stability until collapse initiation, if appropriate. 12.3.1.2 Progressive demolition by machine Consideration should be given to progressively lowering the structure from the top using machines. Machines that should be considered will depend upon the particular circumstances and can include independent machines on the chimney top, that may or may not be suspended during operation. The security of the machine on the chimney should be ensured at all times. Consideration should also be given to the use of machine mounted attachments. The method by which the debris is allowed to fall and is subsequently collected, including any means of access, should be planned. 12.3.1.3 Progressive demolition by hand Hand demolition should be carried out from a safe place, such as a working platform. NOTE ~ This may be provided either internally or externally. A careful inspection and survey should be made to determine whether existing ladders, climbing irons ‘and bands are sa‘e if itis proposed to use them for access. No reliance should be placed on existing features without a full assessment. ‘Work methods should ensure that any comice or similar projecting feature is adequately supported or tailed down before the weight of the structure above is removed 12.3.1.4. Demolition by other means If demolition by other means such as deliberate collapse, wire rope pulling and explosives are to be deployed, expert advice should be sought. 12.3.2. Masonry and brick chimneys Where progressive demolition by hand is used, the chimney should be demolished course by course. The debris may be allowed to fall to the ground internally, but should be cleared in a planned way as the work proceeds in accordance with 12.3.1. Where the masonry, brickwork or mortar is of poor quality, this should be taken into account, e.g. by not eniarging existing openings. Where adequate access cannot be provided, debris should be lowered in suitable containers outside the chimney rather than dropped internally 12.3.3. Steel chimneys Where progressive demolition techniques are used, the chimney should be taken down from the top, and the plate should be cut into manageable sizes and lowered to the ground. If the lining is concrete, difficulty may be experienced in burning the plate with it in position, the lining should be removed first. 48 coPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 Sune lay Guys, if any, should be cut systematically as the shaft is lowered. Where necessary, temporary guys to be first fixed at other points. 12.3.4. Reinforced concrete chimneys (in-situ, precast and prestressed) ‘The type of concrete construction should be established so as to determine whether they are in-situ, precast or prestressed. If they are post-ensioned, work should be carried out in accordance with specialist engineering advice Where it would be appropriate to use progressive demolition techniques, the chimney should either tbe taken down in sections from the top in panels of manageable size which should be lowered to the ‘ground, or should be broken up in-situ ‘When chimneys are progressively removed in cut panels, the concrete should be broken out locally to expose the reinforcement at the edges of each panel. Each section should be supported, if required, prior to the reinforcement being cut Remaining panels at the top of the chimney should not be left in an unstable condition. At the end of ‘work periods, e.g. at the end of the working shift, the top should be left level with no unstable parts. 42.3.5. Fibre reinforced concrete chimneys. Normally these chimneys are constructed inside a framework and should be demolished in a si manner to that employed for masts (refer to 12.5). 12.4 Spires The fabric of the spire should have been examined to determine its condition and whether there has been any deterioration in the strength of the materials. The surveying of spires should include struciural materials that are obscured by cladding. Measurements should be taken to determine the verticalty of the spire. Examination of the structure should be carried out to ensure that vibration caused by pre-weakening and driling does not cause any of the structure, such as masonry oF brickwork, to be dislodged. If necessary, specialist engineering advice should be obtained with respect to any pre-weakening that may be necessary. Reference should be made to any relevant information ‘The same demolition principles should be applied to spires as for chimneys, when both deliberate collapse and progressive demolition should be considered, particularly using remote machine techniques. Demolition by deliberate collapse should be considered only on sites that are detached and reasonably level, where the whole structure is being demolished and where there is sufficient ‘space all around the spire for an adequate exclusion zone to be provided. When progressive demolition is being used, the heavy solid stonework at the peak of a masonry spire, which can normally be removed only after releasing the central tie rod, should be reduced to @ suitable size if manually handled before being lowered to the ground. Other considerations should include the following, as appropriate: (@) Any hand demolition should be carried out from a safe working platform, such as by scaffolding encircling the spire. (b) —Flame-cutting tools should not be used to remove metal fitings or clamps from timber ‘components in a spire, because of the risk of fire. (©) An assessment to establish whether the stonework above the spider should be supported temporarily in position before the tie rod is released, patticularly where the structure is in poor condition. (4) Any overhanging or corbelled stonework when the weight of the structure above is removed. (©) Need for temporary bracing 49 copYricHT$$ 557 : 2010 12.5 Lattice towers and masts 12.5.1, General Before any demolition work commences, all power supply to overhead cables that are carried by pylons and masts should be disconnected. Lattice towers and masts should be adequately earthed Guring the demolition process. As stabifty is often provided by tensioned guy ropes, the amount of {ension and thus the overall balance of forces in the guys, which is critical to the stability of the mast, should be known from the survey and should be taken into account. Independent (tubular) structures that are secured only at the base should be considered to act as cantilevers. 12.5.2. Structural condition ‘Athough all prime members of the structure should be visible for inspection, a check for corrosion ‘should be undertaken patticularly at base plates and connection materials. ‘Assessments of wire ropes should also be made, taking into account the difficulty of inspection as corroded or broken strands can be hidden inside or covered by grease 42.5.3 Access and safe places of work Works on the lattices, towers and masts should be carried out by a competent person who is trained fo work on such structures. All personnel working at height should at al times be equipped with a safety hamess. 12.8.4 Demolition methods Before felling, @ steel wire rope should be attached to @ spreader near the top of the structure and the slack in the Tope taken up. The two legs nearest to the direction of fall should be partially severed fand then the two legs further away should be completely severed. The pylon or mast may be pulled over when all personnel are clear (refer to Figure 12). sec SRT ‘Sequence of dation: () Fixeprentor (Take up slack on rope (9) Party cut pasts a (A) Spreader — (@ Completely xt posts 316) (9) Putover winch pe ee EEE sree Sha be Ht — , ) ros Direction of pull ®) a) Figure 12 — Demolition of pylons and masts 50 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 The selected methods of demolition should sufficient space should be ensured. ise the need for work at heights. If felling is used, For progressive dismantling, the operations should be carried out in @ predetermined order, based on a structural analysis of all stages to determine the degree of residual stability. CAUTION : Removal of bolts by hand can be difficult due to loads imposed on them from the structure or other reasons. For the demolition of lattice towers or pylons, progressive demolition techniques should be considered, so that assemblies of manageable size can be safely lowered to the ground by crane or attached derrick For guyed structures, the removal of guys should be carried out in a controlled sequence to ensure continued stability during demolition. 12.6 Storage tanks 12.6.1 General CAUTION : The preparation and cleaning of plant that has contained flammable or combustible materials for internal inspection, hot work and demolition is a specialised activity. There is always the possibility that storage tanks can contain hazardous atmospheres. Unsafe work practices can result in fires or explosions, not only from such obvious sources as hot work, but also, eg. from friction sparks, an increase in temperature, or build-up of electrostatic charge. Consideration should be given to ensuring that during any of the activities discussed in this section, the external environment of the tank(s) is similarly free from potential hazards. Depending on the size, weight and type of construction of the storage tank, consideration should be given to cutting and then removing the roof in one piece by crane. If this is not appropriate, provision of temporary roof supports should be considered to ensure the stability of the roof during the demolition. ‘The underside of the floors of storage tanks should be investigated for leakage andlor trapped vapour in any voids beneath the base plates which can give rise to a risk of fire and explosion. Preferably, where possible, they should be lifted prior to cold cutting into manageable sized pieces 12.6.2 Storage tank cleaning and making safe ‘The demolition contractor should ensure that the storage tank is cleaned and made safe by a specialist prior to commencement of demolition works. Similar preparation / decontamination procedures should be applied to associated pipeworks and equipment, prior to its dismantling and/or entry. CAUTION 4 : If storage tanks have contained even a small amount of flammable or combustible gas, liquid, sludge or solid, including dust or powder, and have not been cleaned effectively, an explosion can occur on application of the flame cutting blow torch, Cold cutting by remote means should be considered CAUTION 2 : If storage tanks contain water, the atmosphere inside the storage tanks can be depleted of oxygen and contain flammable hydrogen due to corrosion. Reference should be made to the SS CP 84. 12.7 Chemical works, gas works and similar establishments The demolition or dismantiing contractor is to make certain that wherever the demolition or dismantling of plant or equipment is to be undertaken, a full investigation should be made of the Previous use and substances contained within the plant Advice should be sought from the relevant authorities before any demolition work is carried out on storage tanks which have contained any ‘explosive or flammable materials. 51 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 ‘Avery careful inspection should be made of all elements of construction so as to determine whether there is any deterioration or deformation. It is strongly recommended that the construction in this type of works is examined by a competent person experienced in this field so as to determine the nature of any explosive / flammable materials and / or chemical deposits and how they may influence the method of demolition or dismantling, 12.8 Basements and retaining walls 12.8.1 General Before commencing the demolition of deep basements or retaining walls, the contractor should check whether any intermediate wails or diaphragm slabs are supporting the retaining or perimeter wall, so that suitable support may be provided if necessary. Any previous structural assessments should be referred to for additional information. The relevant authorities should have been consulted before any ‘wall supporting a road or highway is to be removed. ‘Appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent uplift to basement and water penetration to adjoining buildings. 42.8.2 Open basements, collars, vaults and other voids Where basements, cellars, vaults or voids need to be left open, provision of shoring should be considered to maintain the stability of the open walls. 12.8.3. Filled basements, cellars, vaults and other voids Where basements, cellars, vaults or voids need to be back-filed, all organic matter should be first removed. ‘Where the basements, cellars, vaults o voids adjoin any other property, any party or adjoining cellar ‘walls should be inspected as these may not be of adequate strength to withstand the resultant ground pressure imposed on them by the fil. If the party or adjoining walls are inadequate, specialist ‘engineering advice should be Sought to determine the method of strengthening of such walls prior to backfilling. Provision should be made for adquate damp-proofing, 82. COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 a EEE Annex A (normative) List of relevant Acts and Regulations NOTE ~ In Singapore, local Acts and Regulations are applicable and therefore the following list should not be considered as exhaustive and further enquiries are advised, ‘The latest version of the Acts and Regulations shall apply. Building Control Act, Cap 29 Building Control Regulations 2003 Environmental Public Health Act, Cap 95 Environmental Public Health (Registration of Environmental Control Officers) Regulations, Cap 95, Regulation 2 Environmental Public Health (Public Cleansing) Regulations, Cap 95, Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations, Cap 95 Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations, Cap 95, Environmental Protection and Management Act, Cap 944 Environmental Protection and Management (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations, Cap 948 Environmental Protection and Management (Hazerdous Substances) Regulations, Cap 944, Environmental Protection and Management (Air Impurities) Regulations, Cap 944 Environmental Protection and Management (Prohibition of the Use of Open Fires) Order, Cap 944 Conirol of Vectors and Pesticides Act, Cap 59 Radiation Protection Act, Cap 262 Radiation Protection (lonising Radiation) Regutations Radiation Protection (Transport of Radioactive Materials) Regulations ‘Sewerage and Drainage Act, Cap 294 ‘Sewerage and Drainage (Sanitary Works) Regulations, Cap 294 ‘Sewerage and Drainage (Sewage Treatment Plants) Regulations, Cap 204 Sewerage and Drainage (Surface Water Drainage) Regulations, Cap 294 Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, Cap 294, Regulation 5 Explosive Substances Act, Cap 100 Planning Act, Cap 232 Petroleum (Storage Licence Fees) Rules Cap 229, Rule 2 Petroleum (Transport and Storage) Rules Cap 229, Rule 1 Petroleum (Transport By Land — Fees) Rules Cap 228, Rule 3 Public Utilities Act 2001, Cap 261 Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations Cap 264 Rapid Transit Systems Act, Cap 263A Rapid Transit Systems (Development and Building Works in Railway Corridor and Railway Protection | Zone) Regulations Rapid Transit Systems (Rallway Protection, Restricted Activities) Regulations Street Works Act, Cap 320A Street Works (Works on Public Streets) Regulations 53 coPYRGHTSS 55 010 Workplace Safety and Health Act, Cap 354A Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations 2007 Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 Workplace Safety and Health (Abrasive Blasting) Regulations 2008 Workplace Safety and Health (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2009 Factories (Asbestos) Regulations, Cap. 104, Regulation 4 Factories (Operations of Cranes) Regulations, Cap. 104 Factories (Scaffolds) Regulations 2004 54 COPYRIGHTSS 567 : 2010 Annex B (informative) Demolition checklist for resource recovery Site location Identify site location, neighbouring conditions, and site restrictions such as specific restrictions on the time of operation, limitation on the noise and vibration, traffic conditions, ete which may hinder mobile/on-site recycling. Project site and building structures to be demolished Identify the building/structures to be demolished, verify dimensions of site, building set backs, available working spaces for on-site sorting processes and equipment, and temporary storage space of sorted materials, and feasibility for mobile/on-site recycling Assess the method of construction of the building and special structural features that need special treatment during sequential demolition. Create a detailed inventory of each type of material used in the construction of the building (conerete, bricks, glass, wood, inert and non-inert materials, etc). Assess the existing fixtures: any features which may affect the demolition progress. ‘and need to be removed prior to demolition of the structure, such as furnitures, doors, water tanks, air conditioning units and other mechanical services. Determine the amount and type of reusable and recyclable materials and fixtures that ‘can be recovered with the help of the local recyclersicollectors. Assess the conditions of the building including the history of building use and any potential risk of contamination with regards to the concrete / materials used, such as finishes, Alkali silica reactivity potential, ete. Propose an arrangement for the removalidisposal of hazardous materials and/or chemical wastes if they are present in accordance to prevailing Acts and Regulations. Define the sequence of demolition with a view to maximise recovery of materials to be reused and recycled, and also reduce the potential risk of contamination to the materials to be reused and recycled jal design for de-construction Demolition should preferably be done in the reverse order of construction. Processes to separate different types of materials; Dedicated site for material recovery processes and equipment for the sorting and storage of different types of materials for maximising recovery of materials and recycling; 55 ‘COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 : Ce al Contractor should: C1 Propose processes to sort each type of identified materials to be reused and recycled to maximise recovery of materials (¢.g sort into categories such as concrete, bricks, glass panes, wooden fitings such doors, metal or plastic fittings such as pipings, inert and non-inert materials, eto), 1 Separate materials on-site with adequate number of chutes and containers of appropriate size. Separate containers will be used for each type of material to be recovered. 1 Propose processes and equipment (eg crushers, screens, conveyors, ete) to recycle i demolished concrete. Identity external recyciing facilities to which materials are to be sent for sorting and recyciing if in-situ processing is not possible. 4.5 Demolition schedule a 1 Develop a realistic schedule which will reflect the time required for installation of ya precautionary measures, testing and removal of hazardous materials, removal of if materials for reuse/recycling, sequential demolition process, on-site sorting and site restoration : 4.6 Debris handling (CO Identify potential on-site sorting works and removal of non-structural materials such ‘as timber, doors, partitions, ceilings, windows, bricks, tiles, etc. and disposal to recycling facilities. Plan for an adequate number of chutes and containers of appropriate size , depending on the rate of debris generation, and the disposal route. Label all material collection containers based on the materials to be collected and sorted. (Make transport arrangements to external sorting/recyciing facilities to ensure sufficient in-situ storage space for sorted recyclable materials. 4.7 Recovery / recycling target 1 Establish 2 clear recovery/recycling target for the demolition project with respect to the demolition waste identified based on the pre-demolition audit carried out before demolition. C1 _ Establish a proposed method for sequential demolition that would effectively deliver the specified target to maximise resource recovery without compromising safety and the quality of the recovered materials. 2 Sequential demolition 1 _Demoiition to be executed in conformance with the method statement approved by the PE. (Removal of hazardous materials such as asbestos waste and unwanted toxic chemicals, are completed before demolition 1 Removal of non-fixtures and domestic remains such as furniture, household appliances, etc. for recovery and recycling 56 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 reel 1 Stripping and removal of metal components such as window frames, pipes, etc., timber components such as doors, wooden floors, etc., and other wastes such as bricks, tiles, asphaltic materials, ceramic products, and any other parts of the buildings which may contaminate the debris of building bearing structure for recovery and recycling. (Demolition of the bearing and main structure in a manner to maximise material recovery. The building demolition should begin after all the above non-structural materials have been stiipped and removed. 3 On-site sorting C1 A method statement for the on-site sorting, processing and storage of recyclables, and disposal of construction and demolition materials arising from or in connection with the demolition work should be submitted. CA proposed plan for conveyance of recyclables and debris required for off site transportation. o Means to reduce the dust, noise and vibration impacts. a Proper packaging, labeling and storage of sorted waste generated in the demolition process. Submit details of debris disposal in terms of the amount and types of demolition waste generated from the site. C1 Submit details of debris management system and the movement of the waste from the site (either to be used as hardcore for road access or sent to an approved disposal / recycling facilities for further processing into recycled products and aggregates for beneficial reuse/recycling), C1 tfon-site sorting is not possible, materials can be collected as co-mingled waste to be sent to approved recyclers for recovery. 87 coPyRIGHTSS 567 : 2010 ES Annex C (normative) Hazards associated with prestressed materials C.1__ Classification of prestressed concrete structures ~ Types of prestressed members ‘There are five main categories of prestressed member. The form of the members in a structure should be identified before attempting demolition, bearing in mind that any prestressed structure can contain elements of more than one category. Category 4 — Members presiressed before the application of the superimposed loads and having all the cables or tendons fully bonded to the concrete or grouted within ducis. Category 2 - As category 1, but the tendons are left deliberately ungrouted. This type of construction can sometimes be recognised from the access points provided for inspection of the cables and anchors. More recently, unbonded tendons have been used in the construction of beams, slabs and other members; these are protected by grease and surrounded by piastic sheathing, instead of the usual metal duct Category 3 - As category 2, but with the tendons placed extemal to the structure. This type of construction is easily identifiable as the protective plastic sheath or concrete layer covering the cables ‘can be seen during inspection. The use of external unbonded cable has become more common in the construction of bridges as it has the advantage that the tendon can be replaced. Category 4 - Members that are post-tensioned progressively as the building construction proceeds and the dead load increases, using bonded tendons as category 1 (refer to Figure C.1a). Category § - As category 4, but using unbonded tendons as in category 2, which could present an even greater hazard itis not possible to reduce the prestress gradually. Examples of progressively prestressed members may be found in the podia of tall buildings or some types of bridge, particularly segmental. The greatest care should be exercised in demolishing such members fo avoid upward or hogging failure, which could have catastrophic results. Such failure may occur when part of the dead load has been removed. Therefore, itis essential that cables or tendons are cut in succession as the load is removed, in order for a reasonable state of equilibrium to be maintained. C2 Hazards C.2.1 Stored energy Post-tensioned tendons contain a large amount of stored energy which makes demolishing structures that contain them a problem. This is particularly the case when the tendons are unbonded or partly bonded, since there is nothing to contain the energy and prevent the anchorages being projected from the end of the member like a missile, Therefore, it is important that the following safety precautions are taken when demolishing prestressed concrete structures: (2) No personnel should pass behind the end anchorages during the demolition process. NOTE 1 ~ if anchorages remain unprotected, no cutting of cables should be allowed and alternative methods should be found. 58 COPYRIGHTSS 557 : 2010 (b) End anchorages should be covered and shielded by timber, concrete or steel plates and the demolition method approved by the PE in advance of the works. (€) The minimum number of people necessary to carry out the work should be in the area of the cutting operation. (d) _Allcutting operations should be supervised and monitored. (€) Propping or counter-balancing should be provided where necessary, NOTE 2~ The capacity and positioning of props should be such as to allow for a sudden, uncontrolled release of prestress, It should be remembered that locking nuts are used as anchorages at the ends of prestressed bars and these are as potentially dangerous as other forms of anchorage. Any inadvertent release of prestress due to the unscrewing of these locking nuts should be avoided. €.2.2. Handling Prestressed members are usually designed to resist applied loads in one direction only and should be handled with this in mind, Sudden failure of the element can occur if handled incorrectly. Elements with multiple tendons are normally prestressed symmetrically and asymmetric release of stress should be avoided where possible, so as to minimise any uncontrollable sideways bu However, damaged members may fail even though handied correctly. Segmental structures need to be handled with particular care since any reverse or transverse bending can cause the section to become unstable, particularly when no steel crosses the joints. Where the member contains corroded and partially bonded cables, mishandling may lead to a sudden loss of prestress that could cause the section to fail at a joint £23 Continuous members Members continuous over more than one support may have tendons which run over more than one span or along the full length. Demolition of one section may release and collapse the adjoining spans. Progressive collapse is a real possibility, particularly in the case of category 2 partly grouted tendons and structures (refer to Figure C. 1b), C.2.4 Progressively prestressed members Category 4 and 5 structures provide additional hazards, as the construction process cannot easily be reversed during demolition. tis important to ensure that the removal of dead weight does not impair the stability of the structure and cause premature collapse. Possible secondary effects of this failure should be considered, such as the collapse of wall cladding panels as a result of the removal of dead load. Rupture may be preceded by upward deflection, with excessive deformations causing collapse. €.2.5 Signs of damage or deterioration In a prestressed concrete element, if the concrete is found to exhibit signs of damage or deterioration or if the tendons or anchorages show signs of damage or corrosion, extreme care should be exercised when lifting the member. In some cases, such as in the deterioration of high alumina cement concrete or in structures affected by alkalt-siica reaction, it may be advisable to add temporary bracings before the element is removed €.2.6 Inadvertent collapse In some cases, sudden collapse can occur where incorrect demolition procedures have inadvertently been used. Failures of this type occur with little or no waming and as such are of particular danger to site personnel. 59 COPYRIGHT ————ESS 557 : 2010 Dee el fs bing i wrest {ood on beom || [ is nee) tehtonis : ‘eresed —— The posi-tensioned bom could be unstable during progressive derafon {Professional Engineer should be consulted) fa) Proarassively tensioned heams Anchorages| Line of lensioned tendons continuous ‘over two spans Perticwar care has to be token if | tendons ore in ungrouted ducts ; (©) Elevation of a two-span beam with post-tensioned tendons Figure C.1 ~ Post-ten: 60 COPYRIGHTSS 557 a Bibliography Code of Practice for Railway Protection, Land Transport Authority (LTA) Code of Practice for Works on Public Streets, Land Transport Authonty (LTA) Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone, Land Transport Authority (LTA) | Workplace Safety and Health, Risk Management Risk Assessment Guidelines, Ministry of Manpower (available at www.mom.gov.sg) | Guidelines on the Removal of Asbestos Materials in Buildings, Ministry of Manpower (available at vwwnw.mom.gov.sg) Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings (2004), Hong Kong Buildings Department 61 COPYRIGHTSS 557: 2010 a ABOUT SPRING SINGAPORE SPRING Singapore is the enterprise development agency responsible for helping Singapore enterprises grow. We work with partners to help enterprises in financing, capability and management development, technology and innovation, and accessing new markets. As the national standards and accreditation’ body, SPRING develops and promotes an intemationally-recognised standards and quality assurance infrastructure that builds trust in Singapore enterprises, products and services, thereby enabling their global competitiveness and facilitating global trade. SPRING Singapore 2 Bukit Merah Central Singapore 159835 Tel: 6278 6666 Fax: 6278 6667 E-mail: queries@spring gov.sg Website: http:/wwwspring.gov.sg ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME Under the national standardisation programme, SPRING Singapore helps companies and industry to ‘meet intemational standards and conformity requirements by creating awareness of the importance of standardisation to enhance competitiveness and improve productivity, co-ordinating the development and use of Singapore Standards and setting up an information infrastructure fo educate ‘companies and industry on the latest developments. SPRING Singapore is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and their implementation. Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of test, nomenclature, services, etc. The respective standards committee will draw up the standards before seeking final approval from the Standards Council. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of Singapore Standards, all committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and manufacturing organisations. Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for specifications or requirements on a particular product, process or service in an area where there is an absence of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over a period of two years before assessment on their suitability for approval as Singapore Standards. All comments are considered when a technical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to determine the feasibility of its transition to a Singapore Standard. Technical References can therefore become Singapore Standards after two years, continue as Technical References for further ‘comments of be withdrawn. In the international arena, SPRING Singapore represents Singapore in the International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Sub-committee for Standards and Conformance (SCSC) and in the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and ‘Quality (ACCSQ). The Singapore National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission which is supported by SPRING Singapore, represents Singapore in the IEC. 2 coPyRIGHT