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Glossary of Terms and Table of Conversion Factors Used in Design of Chemical Propulsion Systems
Glossary of Terms and Table of Conversion Factors Used in Design of Chemical Propulsion Systems
NASA SP-8126
SPACE
VEHICLE
DESIGN
CRITERIA
(CHEMICAL
PROPULSION)
GLOSSARY
OF
CONVERSION
DESIGN
OF
CHEMICAL
TERMS
AND
FACTORS
TABLE
USED
OF
IN
SYSTEMS
PROPULSION
CASE
COpF
LE
OCTOBER1979
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
SPACE
ADMINISTRATION
FOREWORD
This
Glossary
associated
is all
Propulsion.
NASA
(A
Space
document.)
collection
in the
an
better
list
of
the
Vehicle
design
and
used
in the
terms
does
it include
system.
properties
order,
and
with
series
monographs,
of conversion
propulsion
among
design
greater
is neither
exhaustive
on Chemical
with
highly
No
specialized
to material
design
are
fabrication
terms
It does
terms
unique
but
of all published
final
pages
vehicles
of monographs
an
aid
in
of
this
would
fill
in achieving
producing
it is based
not
meanings
included,
its
greater
effort.
all-inclusive;
conventional
materials
multiple-word
nor
list
the
for space
set
as
design
Propulsion.
well-accepted
systems
and
in the
on
and
on Chemical
it became
apparent
that a unified
factors
for units as they are used
to the
personnel
efficiency
('enter
monographs
in the
presented
addition
Research
Criteria
is included
monographs
as a useful
and
NASA-Lewis
Design
of chemical
both
monographs
propulsion
in this
Criteria
by
33
serving
presented
engineering
done
of
development
in design
Glossary
monographs
Design
communication
The
work
a set
course
of preparing
these
and definitions
and table
need,
consistency
of tile
m generating
In the
of terms
obvious
nor
outgrowth
contractors
(e.g.,
are
presented.
The
in the
normal
general
airfoil,
to a small
sigllificant
appearing
include
terms
entirely
and
torce)
of a chemical
relating
are arranged
sequence
terms
scientific
pressure,
segment
terms
on
to
material
in alphabetical
of usage:
for
example,
ablative
cooling
appears
as such, not its cooling,
ablative,
and lip seal appears
as such, not
seal, lip. Conversio11
Factors
for converting
U. S. customary
units
to thc International
System
of
density,
heat
The
Units
Glossary
Center,
Comments
National
Office),
October
who
(SI
flux,
units)
specific
was
also
compiled
edited
concerning
Aeronautics
Cleveland,
1979
are presented
impulse)
Ohio
the
the
and
and
Design
in alphabetical
of the
physical
quantity
(e.g.,
involved.
edited
Criteria
by
Russell
monographs
technical
content
Space Administration,
44135.
order
as
of
B. Keller,
Jr.
on Chemical
of
the
Lewis
Research
Propulsion.
this Glossary
will be welcomed
Lewis
Research
Center
(Design
by the
Criteria
CONTENTS
Page
GEOSSARY
FACTORS
OF TERMS
.............................
FOR CONVERTING
DEFINITIONS
OF SYMBOLS
U. S. CUSTOMARY
AND ABBREVIATIONS
Design Criteria
Monographs
UNITS TO S1 UNITS
FOR UNITS
Issued to Date
iii
..............
.........
...........
87
91
93
GLOSSARY
OF TERMS
-Aablation,
process,
phase
process
in which
heat is absorbed,
transitions
thermal
blocked,
(melting,
energy
is expended
dissipated,
and/or
vaporization,
and
layer; convection
in the liquid
layer
into the solid body; chemical
reactions;
ablative
cooling,
nozzle
or chamber
ablative
material
through
accelerometer,
an
usually
charge,
forces
charge
on
through
absorber,
chamber,
to
the
the
an array
designed
or
instrument,
acceptor
transmitted
designed
of ablation
the gravitational
acoustic
the process
measures
wave
sublimation);
reduction
of the heat
transferred
wall by ablation
of material
on the
material,
degrading
of
diaphragm
of acoustic
prevent
side
an
transfer
radiant-energy
from
wall
so
hot
as
to
dissipate
measures
by
In the
include
boundary
conduction
products
incident
change
to a
heat
by
in velocity,
or
in velocity
that
distributed
combustion
the
combustion
a change
igniter
into
transport:
is detonated
in a through-bulkhead
resonators
oscillatory
mass
that
of imparting
internal
internal
formulated
a transducer,
capable
by a sacrificial
loss of material.
generated
by mechanisms
that
along
by
the
shock
initiator
the
increasing
wall
of a combustion
damping
in the
engine
system
action
time.
pressure
level
interval
actuation
actuated
time.
actuator,
mechanical
device
that
motion
adhesive,
from
attainment
to attainment
material
elapsed
of a specified
of a specified
time
converts
applied
from
final
receipt
hydraulic,
between
initial
fraction
of
signal
to
pneumatic,
components
fraction
of maximum
of maximum
first
motion
electrical,
to
bond
thrust
or
the
of
thrust
or pressure
the
potential
device
energy
components
or
level
being
into
together
structurally
adiabatic,
removed
term applied
to a thermodynamic
from the system
involved;
when the
process
process
in which
heat is neither
added
is reversible,
it is called isentropic
to nor
load
consideration.
failure,
whichever
Allowable
load
equivalent
engine,
sea-level
engi he)
ambient,
environment
almular
wall
anodize,
means
Failure
rocket
condition
or measured
nozzle,
to
that,
may
if exceeded,
be
produces
defined
as
failure
buckling,
of the
yielding,
structural
ultimate,
nozzle
produce
element
or
fatigue
function.
stress
is
strength
engine
term
referring
surrounding
anisotropy,
load
condition
prevents
the component
from performing
its intended
is sometimes
referred
to as criterion
load
or stress:
allowable
to material
altitude
observed
{or stress),
that
is designed
to operate
to a condition
or state
a component
or systenl
in a material
properties
with
in which
change
an
a protective
annular
oxide
when
throat
fihn
{e.g.,
properties
the
axis
not
a metal
an outer
(usually
pressure
tile same
of observation
by
conditions
temperature,
are
ik)rmed
on
at high-altitude
Isec
of
in all directions;
or test is changed
wall
All
and
by
a centerbody
electrochemical
the
to inhibit
ratio,
ratio
nozzle
asperities,
result
also
segmented
ratio.
to chord
of the
throat;
articulated,
aspect
fluid
vortexing
at the
geometric
flow
called
of width
3. ratio
minute
irregularities
separation
at localized
regions
in the
axial
deflection,
elongation
adjacent
to the
inlet
to engine
inlet
of the
thereby
nozzle
to the geometric
expansion
to accommodate
in a rectangular
to depth
exit
or simply
able
flow
in a rectangular
or roughnesses
separation,
self-ignition
wall
on
the
area of
motion
passage:
combustion
surface
flow
ratio
2. ratio
of blade
height
chamber
of a component,
usually
the
process
asymmetric
autoignition,
tank
area ratio
to height
of width
of the surface-finishing
not
and
inner
area
expansion
or jointed
1. ratio
length;
to
same
of
the
exhaust
jet
from
the
nozzle
plane
or spontaneous
or compression
combustion
along
the
of propellant
longitudinal
axis
wall
nonuniformly
or
-Bbacklash.
I. dead
tolerances
dement
a gear
space
in linkages:
or errors
and
baffle,
the
tooth
used,
thickness
exerted
element
on
balance
piston,
thereby
reduce
balance
face
ratio,
balance
ribs.
blades
impeller
back
side
the
special
axial
of
the
on
and
tube
film
to deflect,
of
use
of
1. configuration
that
forms
the
to balance
imposed
on the
bearings
effective
closing
area
the
back
of
control
of controlled
of a plug
in the
the
and
assembly
of the controlled
the
check,
tooth
or
spacing
interrupt
combustion,
ball
of
fluid
or in a tank
and
a regulated
mixture
gases
to reduce
in the
to the
rotor
base of a plug
with
near
reduce
partial-emission
nozzle
force
axial
pressure
necessary
thrust
forces
to actuate
the
in a turbopump
lace
to the actual
that
reduce
pressure
a flow
downstream
variable
ratio
to
the
unbalanced
the
and
area
of the seal
pressure
on
the
loads
a ball
upstream
the
seal
impeller
thrust
a hollow
of
of the
pump
axial
incorporating
mating
the attachment
the
into
wtriation
opening
counteract
used
low-temperature
vane)
to
device
valve
the
used
decrease
inserted
with
base.
cavity,
between
for stabilizing
thereby
Barske pump.
low-specific-speed
with radial blades
base
used
chamber
and
help
rotary-action
cooling,
element
mechanical
loads
ratio
passage
provide
chamber
fabrication
control
gear
screen)
chamber
valving
bandwidth,
limits
desired
value
barrier
wall,
from
positional
2. the clearance
in a combustion
pressurized
a poppet
tube.
flow
(plate,
results
poor
slosh
chamber,
ball valve,
that
produces
of a meshing
device
balance
flow
movement
backlash
instrumentation:
for cxample,
for preventing
ball
unwanted
in position
partitioning
motion,
or
excessive
the
pump
plane
(or vane
nozzle
passage
through
that
a ball
rotates
valve
to align
lines
(e.g.,
the
drop
pressure)
wall
of a combustion
severity
having
of truncation;
support)
above
of
gas-side
an open-face
2. portion
and
below
cJmmber
heating
impeller,
of
its
to
the
often
of a blade
(or
basefixity, index of the relativetightnessin tile mountingof a bladein tile rotor or a vane
in the vanesupport
basepressure,
staticpressurein thebasecavityof a plugnozzle
bearing(rolling-element).mechanicaldevice,usuallyconsistingof two integralconcentric
channelswith rollingelements(e.g.,spheresor cylinders)confinedbetweenthem,usedto
supportandpositiona rotatingshaftwith aslittle friction aspossible
bed reactor,term for
filled
with
Belleville
compressed
a gas generator
material
that assists
a solid
spring,
truncated
axially ; some
bell nozzle,
downstream
nozzle
of the
bellows,
conical
metal
washer
configurations
produce
thin-wall,
circumferentially
positive
similar
component
bevel
gear.
expulsion
one
nonparallel
axes:
bias
spring
spring,
of
also,
of
pair
a gear
used
chamber
or thermal
is nearly
action
that exerts
a nonlinear
spring
rate
a negative
rate over a portion
of the
with a circular
opening
for a throat
and
throat
that gives the nozzle
a characteristic
compressed
longitudinally
and,
duct
movements
by deflection
provide
design
in which
the combustion
decomposition
by either catalytic
corrugated
an axisymmetric
bell shape
cylinder
that
when
travel
contoured
can
be
wall
elongated
or
when integrated
into a duct
assembly,
can accommodate
of the corrugations
(convolutions);
also used in tanks
fluid
of
and
in fluid
systems
wheels
whose
toothed
whose
teeth
to maintain
are at an angle
a detail
part
to
isolate
working
to the
in a preferred
a regulator
surfaces
are
rotating
axis
position
while
to
or valve
or
inclined
to
the assembly
is
nonoperating
bifurcation
bird-cage
length
joint,
junction
attachment,
of the
blade.
carefully
fluid,
adjust
method
chamber
bipropellant
valve,
common
actuator
I. one
shaped
of
of two
from
valve
a set
tubes
tor
the
or flow
attaching
injector
as an airfoil
such
chamber
to a separate
incorporating
of slat-like
both
objects
that
on
passages
fuel
rigidly
(a)
the
rotation
blades
with
another
to injector,
retaining
and
fixed
at the
shaft
units
shaft,
in a fluid
shaft:
bolts
2.
extend
the
aft end
valving
to a rotatable
the
or passage
in which
ring
oxidizer
of the
rotates
tube
driven
each
creates
a Ilat
plate
slat
by
being
a flow
of
used
to
in a slotted
valve
a slotted
bleed.
(slide).
chamber
valve
ctlamber
that
between
1. col_,tinuous
between
controls
flow
upstream
flow
upstream
and
by means
and
a pilot
downstream
plate
that
is rotated
lines
of a flat plate
downstream
of gas through
a flat
that
slides
transversely
in
lines
wdve.
2. to remove
or draw
off fluid
from
system
bleeder
cloth,
processing
1. decrease
layer on the
blockage
factor,
blockage;
system,
us propellant
boattail,
aft
nut
(rear)
end
ratio
complete
removal
of flow
area
ullage
to connect
of a rocket
system
volume
and
that
design
corrected
propellant/pressurant
and
used
effective
end wall;
or percentage
the
closed
to facilitate
of gas in vacuum-bag
parts
fraction
is consumed
coupling
vehicle
the
used
in pump
blades and
conversely,
blowdown
B-nut.
fabric
of reinforced-plastic
blockage.
boundary
lbr
open-weave
thereby
area
is increased
for blockage
to design
that
in ullage
decays
the
to account
flow
area
pressure
level
to a threaded
the
connector
propulsion
system
and
its interface
with
tankage
Boltzmann
superposition,
overlaying
to a time-varying
input
booster,
the
two or more
or basic
sections
first
such
separable
of a series
of step
self-propelled
functions
section
(stage)
to find
borescope,
otherwise
boundary
combustion
the
arrangement
inaccessible
layer,
in fluid
chamber
surface
of mirrors
locations
to
flow,
the
wall
or nozzle
the
point
at
or
fihn
fiber
of
wall;
optics
fluid
that
next
its thickness
which
fluid
velocity
velocity
makes
reaches
is taken
99
the
of
percent
having
allowing
inspection
surface
as the
response
vehicle
purpose
possible
to a bounding
usually
the gross
in a rocket
boss.
thickened
protuberance
in the wall of a duct
or tank
for the
attachment
of components
or connection
of other lines or instruments
from
and
is increased
seal tubing
contains
flow
blade
thickness
or flow passage
such
radial
of
of
as the
distance
freestream
intermediate
is dry
and
stage
relatively
in the
stiff
polymerization
at room
bubble
point,
gas pressure
at which
a test fluid: used to determine
filter
builtup
shaft,
bulkhead,
usually
with
structural
used
burndown
materials
burn
shaft
rate.
burning
literally,
temperature:
rate
at
surfacc,
in grain
to
butt weld
lips bent
tile
propellant
of components
such
the
separate
a solid
axis
of
rate
at which
web
of a filter
sleeves,
structure
fluids
contained
usually
applies
burns,
surface,
the
the
i.e.,
stage
the
immersed
and
in
couplings
containing
it:
in a single
tank
to thin-gage
rate
at a specified
decreases
in this
heated
as collars,
two
propellant
to that
resin:
when
at the surface
with no material
added"
up on ends to be welded
which
the
to
physically
perpendicular
design,
forms
perpendicular
vehicle
weld. fusion
with burndown
but softens
a gas bubble
rating
a multiplicity
membrane
in a rocket
of a thermosetting
temperature
duct
of recession
pressure
in thickness
of a
and
during
grain
motor
operation
burning
surface,
any given
burn
time.
of maxmmm
time
all surface
during
propellant
for a solid
thrust
of a solid-propellant
propellant,
or pressure
grain
that
is not
restricted
from
burning
combustion
the
level
interval
from
to web burnout
attainment
of a specified
initial
fraction
at
by fluid
pressure,
fluid
pressure
burst
test. pressure
test of
can withstand
the calculated
butterfly
around
valve,
flow
of
fluid
until
pressure
valve
a transverse
at which
a pressurized
a component
burst pressure
constructed
axis within
to close
the
flow
to rupture
off
passage
component
will rupture
to determine
or throttle
flow
whether
by rotation
tile component
or" a circular
disk
10
C-
cage.
them
mechanical
contrivance
to the bearing
raceways
camber,
curvature
curvature
of
to the chord
Campbell
diagram,
variable,
general
used
capacity
[pump).
the
plot
in a bearing
mean
of
line
rotational
to identify
resonant
volume
of liquid
captive
firing,
partial
thrust
while
restrained
to verily
design
and demonstrate
data
test
firing
bonding,
cementing
use of a thin
case
layer
hardening,
material
(case)
casing,
the part
casting
powder,
infiltration
(e.g.,
than
the
vs blade
per unit
system,
the
solid
elements
distance
from
the
frequency
with
forcing
or turbine
in which
stand;
rolling
and
point
or rotating
confiues
of greatest
function
as a
machinery
in
time
the
system
performance
for
the
in a pump
pumped
the
engine
is operated
is completely
at full
instrumented,
or
and
are obtained
propellant
propellant
in a solid
to the
motor
rocket
motor;
case
through
so that
the
the
2. the outer
insulation
by
liner)
of a metallic
harder
of the pump
small
speed
in a test
(the
contains
airfoil;
conditions
of the solid
of adhesive
is made
an
of a propulsion
of
that
surface
the
housing
inner
that
O.050-in.
with
carbon
portion
surrounds
(1.27
outer
portion
of the
(core)
the
ram))
impeller
grains
used
in
the
interstitial
casting
process
"cat-eyes".
discharge
long,
narrow
turbine
exhaust
openings
gases
between
thrust-chamber
coolant
tubes
provided
to
cavitating
venturi,
convergent-divergent
constriction
in a line that produces
cavitation
at its
throat;
because
of the cavitation
effects,
flow of the liquid
in the line is a function
only of
pressure
cavitation,
upstream
of the constriction
formation
static
and
whenever
the
pressure
chamber,
see combustion
even
instantaneous
becomes
though
collapse
less than
chamber
11
the
the
downstream
pressure
of
vapor
bubbles
fluid
vapor
pressure
in
varies
a flowing
liquid
ignition
chamber
gases in a combustion
channel
coolant
pressure,
stagnation
construction,
passages
pressure
of the exhaust
use of machined
grooves
characteristic
flow field
line. mathematical
characteristic
characteristic
velocity,
ratio of effective
exhaust velocity
grain to
chamber
or chamber
to form
severe thermal
degradation
of an organic
by thermal degradation
of a material
chamber
line inclined
of the solid-propellant
volume
to nozzle
to the direction
exhaust
velocity
throat
area
to thrust
coefficient;
the
also called
characterization.
1. definition
of physical or chemical properties
of a material in relation to
its application
or use in a propellant
formulation
or rocket motor; 2. definition
of the total
limctional capability
of a component
or system
chatter,
low-flow
check
uncontrolled
conditions
valve, flow-control
rapid
seating
and
unseating
of a flow-control
device,
usually
at
by mechanical
or
only
cross section
loaded
temperature
to
prior to engine
choked flow. flow condition in a flow passage such that flowrate through or upstream
passage cannot be increased by a reduction
of pressure downstream
of the passage
chord, straight line connecting
trailing edges of an airfoil
chugging,
low-frequency
oscillatory
combustion;
hydraulically
coupled to the propellant
feed system
12
in a fluid
system,
the
of the
the leading
and
oscillations
are
13
combustionstabilizationdevice,contrivancein
the combustion
chamber
that
reduces
or
eliminates
oscillatory
combustion
by reducing
the coupling
of the oscillations
with
driving combustion
processes or by increasing the damping inherent in the engine system
the
compliance
(fluid). effective
unit pressure change
per
compressibility
composite
propellant, solid propellant
a continuous
solid phase
compressibility
factor,
system
ratio of ideal-gas
comprising
density
an elastomer
the fluid-column
fails to recover
loads
coined
word
for "cone
Conoseat.
trademark
all-metal radial seal
contact
ratio,
contaminant
average
of
Aeroquip
number
tolerance,
in cylinder",
amount
of teeth
Corp.,
a specific
Marman
in contact
(by weight)
solid-propellant
Div.
for
of a standard
pressure
similar
parts,
joint
using
an
gears
contaminant
a fixed
grain configuration
a leak-proof
in a pair of meshing
after
due to internal
connector,
mechanical
device for joining or fastening
together two or more
e.g., lines or tubes in a fluid system or wires in an electrical system
conocyl,
in
to real-gas density
compression
set. percent of deflection
by which
time under specified squeeze and temperature
compression
system, duct system wherein
are reacted by the support structure
a discrete
in fluid volume
(added
that
causes
at the inlet of
the pressure
contamination
tolerance
level, value of contaminant
particle size, or level of contamination,
in a fluid system at which the specified performance,
reliability,
or life expectancy
of the
components
of the system is adversely affected
contraction
ratio, ratio
the area of the throat
chamber
at its maximum
diameter
to
controller,
device that converts
an input signal from the controlled
variable (temperature,
pressure,
level, or flowrate)
to a valve actuator input (pneumatic,
hydraulic,
electrical, or
mechanical)
to vary the valve position to provide the required correction
of the controlled
variable
14
convolution,
metal)
tube
longitudinal
coolant
relatively
tube.
regeneratively
wall
Coulomb
directed
wave
small-diameter
cooled
coupling,
mechanical
that
piece
of
material,
representative
cracking.
1.
thermal
decomposition
hydrocarbons
and
other
creep,
than
permanent
the load
creep
strength,
which
a given
crevice
similar
degree
material
to
the
which
will not
of
critical
crack
tile concentration
stress
size.
level,
crack
or
a given
exhibit
flaw
and
caused
size
some
material
a significant
used
presstirant
a turbopump
in a part,
that
hydrocarbons
above
which
by a tensile
resists
creep;
amount
the
lighter
and
to allow
flow
load
to obtain
also,
properties
device
or compressive
is required
or
in a
accompanies
into
device
a flow-control
time
shaft
connector
to evaluate
of a flow-control
always
(in opposite
a separable
as a test specimen
(complex)
but
the
(e.g.,
that
is less
creep
maximum
load
at
of creep
in a narrow,
relatively
deep opening
where
two
fluid that acts as an electrolyte;
corrosion
occurs
of the
reactive
in a pressure
become
also,
material
2. opening
material;
gradient
will grow
of
is used
of material
to yield
parts
two
turbopump;
of a
to cool
in magnitude
together
pressure
corrosion,
corrosion
that occurs
surfaces
meet and trap a reactive
because
fluid
specified
deformation
necessary
is constant
(usually
the wall
propellant
and
or" heavy
cracking
pressure,
effective
differential
valve) will open and allow flow of fluid
force
thin-wall
to or tbrming
carrying
vapor
of the
products,
and
in a
of propellant
of the
and subsequently
attached
nozzle
friction
fastens
components
formed
conduit
or
damping:
device
simpler
of fluid
chamber
simultaneous
migration
a permeable
membrane
connects
the shaft to othcr
fluid system
line or duct
coupon,
plastically
thin-wall
combustion
damping,
dry-friction
opposite
to tile velocity
counterpernmation,
directions)
across
(corrugation)
unstable
15
species
vessel
(i.e.,
established
at or above
within
which
the
the
failure)
trapped
crack,
at a
ignition
pressure,
pressure
below
which propellants
spline,
spline
modified
along
fluids or conditions
cryogenic
propellant,
cryogenic
cryopump,
extremely
propellant
a natural
cryogenic,
at low temperatures,
that
cannot
frequency
or profile
usually
grain, solid-propellant
to anticipate
at temperatures
condensing
may
be operated
below
cylindrical
slide or piston valve, valve with a cylindrical
covered or uncovered
by sliding of a piston in the bore
-150C
-150C
vapors
in a rocket
with
(123K)
(123K)
and gases on
and closed)
cross section
bore
(123K)
type of coupling
(e.g., opened
16
below
system
misalignment
-150C
confined
cyclic vibration,
vibration
mode, induced
by rough combustion
periodically
produces severe g loads at one predominant
frequency
cyfindrical
of a rotor/stator
at or below
be ignited
generated
and
engine,
still
that
is a circle
radial
holes
that
are
-Ddam.
flat
separate
datum,
shaft;
plate
two
inserted
streams
reference
stlrface
normally
debond,
the
localized
debulk,
term
decontamination,
component,
deflagration,
In
applied
burning
in order
to partially
or fully
bearing
locations)
on a turbopump
shoulder
of two
application
to pressure
to
(e.g.,
shaft
interlhce
the
process
process
the
move
points
or the
at the
by
manilk)ld
directions
less than
neutralize
components
cemented
of pressure
prior
10 -llmm
Hg(1.333x10-13
or
remove
together
to initiation
harmflfl
of cure
N/cm
fluids
2)
from
or assembly
deflagration,
products
axis
(q. v.)
cleaning
system,
critical
of adhesive
prcpreg
a fluid
opposite
longitudinal
failure
vacuum,
into
from
for locating
shaft
to compact
deep-space
perpendicularly
approaching
in which
reaction
away
from
large
front
quantities
advances
unreactcd
of gas and
at
material:
less
than
energy
are released
sonic
a dellagration
velocity
may,
but
rapidly.
and
need
gaseous
not,
be
an
explosion
design
and
allowables,
precise
accepted
values
design
burst
pressure,
design
load
{or pressureL
design
margin,
maximum
term
limit
product
for the
device
design
has a design
safety
account
for
quality,
load
be based
factor,
design
difference
margin
mechanical
on yield,
buckling,
limit
load
properties
multiplier
such
load
the
greater
as slight
than
variations
strength
within
by the
structure:
or on fatigue
17
ultimate
in
in material
the
ultimate
multiplied
the
design
of a component
1 applied
design
load
factor
devices's
cycle life under
requirements
by 100,000
stress,
the stress,
in any structural
element,
that results
load or combination
of design loads, whichever
condition
limit
and
capability
design
design
load.
ultimate
of safety
safety
factor
to perform
full working
cycles,
then
cycles
distributions
or ultimate
by the
(or pressure)
e.g., if an expulsion
exceeds
mission
uncertainties
and
multiplied
between
of 100,000
arbitrary
magnitude,
pressure
of the
of material
analysis
structural
properties,
the
safety
design
to
fabrication
factor
may
life
design
factor
of the
stress
explosion
supersonic
reaction-front
characterized
by propagation
of tile reaction
front within
velocity
and by motion
of reaction
products
in same
lllOVelllen
deviation
angle,
cambcr
angle
between
dewetting,
oxidizer
diffusion
factor,
diaphragln.
actuator
to expel
I.
thin
and
propcllant_,,
in which
difl'usion
membrane
that
on the blade
can
be used
dilatation,
diluent,
fluid
temperature
material
ioften
resulting
to attenuate
separable
separated
displacement
(displaced)
dissociation,
divergence
short
halves,
without
term
fuel)
from
chemically
or more
metals,
force:
thickness,
separation
to the
if eel) breaks
added
nlean
blade
frec from
thc
the
balanced
properties
to prevent
fluid
2. positive
expulsion
temperaturc
_volume)
exhaust
distance
of the
by
formation
of a compound
of the
into
sce half-angle
18
the
to
also,
to the
ideal
a separable
which
or as an
dcvice
and
pressure
the
gas
used
creatc
cool
any
substance
below
the
added
to a
material
flowrate
for a quick-disconnect
leakage
or extent
gas
combustion:
of the
in a pump
or decrements
in bulk
to
surface
wherein
increments
or expanding
excess
suction
outer
boundary
chemically
flowrate,
connector
an interlace
seal and, usually,
a latch-rclcase
the use of tools in a very short
time
as a result
angle,
two
in discrete
of enlarging
one
discharge
coefficient,
basis of one-dimensional
disconnect,
of joining
or operating
the action
tangent
the hinder
as a seal
proceeding
the
particles
ol'local
diffusion
bonding,
method
intermolccular
bonds
digital,
direction
in solid
and metal
index
oullet-fluid
edge
phenomenon
embedded
tile reacting
direction
as
streamlines
calculated
characterized
locking
mechanism
in fluid
layer
simpler
components
l]ow
on
the
by
two
:it can
are
shifted
be
divergence
efficiency,
ratio
of thrust
calculated
flow) to the thrust of an ideal-flow
nozzle
DN.
index
to bearing
speed
in revolutions
capability:
the
product
shaft
speed
dome
manifold,
donor
shock
charge,
external
charge
in a through-bulkhead
wave through
the bulkhead
to detonate
the
double-base
per minute
for
manifl)ld
propellant,
that
spans
propellant
the
actual
nozzle
of bearing
bore
contour
(potential
in millimeters
(D_ and
IN)
the
back
with
of the injector
two
initiator
whose detonation
charge on the internal
side
explosive
ingredients,
e.g..
transmits
nitrocellulose
and
nitroglycerin
double
localion
pilot,
registry
between
mating
or where location
is transferred
doublel,
injector
dowllcomer.
conveys
coolanl
I. axial
and
through
dr}, cycle,
llow
13t,mp
radially
ratlially
consisting
fccd
passage
from
fluid
from
a higher
to
flows in tile same direction
immp.
enters
pattern
of
wherein
two surfaces
surface
lo anolhcr
one
or
more
pairs
of
establish
orifices
relative
that
produce
S [ l'C_.ln/S
co nvcl'gJllg
drag
orifice
components
from one
whose
rotor
is carried
the
rear
of
a lower
location
as cxh;.lusl ,_,ls
consists
within
of a disk
the
hladc
the
injcclor:
on
a vehicle:
with
nan._
passages
2. vertical
3.
short
around
radial
the
feedlinc
coolant
disk
tube
blades.
and
that
in which
The
flow
is discharged
:1 pOll
opcralion
of a valve
or similar
component
without
propellant
or test
fluid
in the
passages
dry-fihn
lubricant,
by coating
the stlrlacc:
dynamic
imbalance,
rotor
is rolalionally
rotates
about
the
requires
material
thai
reduces
measurement
distribution
misaligned
bearing
axis.
alld
of
dynamic
seal. mechanical
device
region of a fluid-system
component
rotor
with the
i)ynamic
correction
rolling
with
or sliding
a slippery
mass
such
friction
fihn,
that
between
often
the
mating
permanenlly
principal
inertia
surfaces
bonded
axis
to
of the
bearing
axis. Moments
are generated
when the rotor
imbalance,
also referred
to as nlonlelll
imhalancc,
in two
or more
planes
perpendicular
used to minimize
lcz, kage of
when there is relative
motion
19
to the
rotor
axis
duct.seeline
ductile failure,
dimensional
dump
cooling,
rupture
of
change
without
structural
fracture
method
reducing
of
material
heat
transfer
exhaust
gas down
the nozzle
coolant
passages
at the exit being used to increase
performance
20
after
plastic
by
dol'onnution
flowing
alld discharging
the
the
also,
nozzle
gas at the
tinacccptablc
collant
exil,
turbilw
expansion
actual
of a bellows
joint
this area creates
area
acted
on that
results
ill a force
of the
(pressure
in ally
convolutions:
separating
device
; for example,
the area
internal
pressure
exerted
force)
tending
to elongate
over
the
bellows
effective
heat
heating
dissipated
ablation,
per unit
efficiency,
ratio
elastic
limit,
deformation
elastomer,
twice
of
conditions
undergoing
mass
of ablated
of energy
maximum
polymeric
its original
electrical
figure
and
delay,
time
under
to energy
input
that
can
that
and
on release
period
for
material
material
length
merit
steady-state
output
stress
of
the
material
ablation;
the
specified
be applied
at room
from
a given
temperature
quickly
initial
electrical
to steady-state
represents
the
heat
conditions
to a body
return
subjected
quantity
without
can
be stretched
to its original
signal
producing
permanent
to approximately
length
to first
motion
of the
activated
part
electroexpiosive
contact
with,
electrical
or
energy
electron-beam
produces
heat
electroforming,
end
burning
a long
process
for fusion
plating,
1. the
in the
strength,
load
is created
on total
longitudinal
cylindrical
end
reduction
structure
axial-load-carrying
by the pressure
terminals
a controlled
the workpiece
hollow
process
burning
direction;
under
in which electrically
insulated
terminals
are ill
that
reacts
chemically
when
the required
the
in which
of seamless
chemical
effects
through
by striking
production
effects.
contrivance
a composition
level is discharged
welding,
the
electroless
device
tEED),
adjacent
to,
stream
containers
high-velocity
electrons
by electrodeposition
for deposition
surfaces
of
in a vacuum
of a metallic
of internal-burning
2. three-dimensional
strain
coating
grains
condition
contributed
near
the
ends
stress
capability
separating
of braided
force
21
wire
in the hose
sheath
of a flexible
hose
section;
by
of
injector,
type
of injector
that
produces
atomization
by impingement
plate
equal-percentage
characteristic,
in which
a percentage
change
percentage
change
equilibrium
sufficient
relation
between
ira opening
at
valve flow
any stroke
and the
increment
composition,
time for reactants
chelnical
composition
to achieve
chemical
that the
balance
exhaust
burning,
increased
burning
of solid propellant
at high velocity
over tile burning
surface
that
erosive
burning
that includes
evaporative
rate.
flow
burning
rate
of combustion
freezing,
to pressures
element
stroke
cause
an equal
gas would
attain
if given
of surface
material
by tile action
of moving
liquids
or gases; may
of suspended
solid particles
and in some cases by corrosive
action
erosive
moving
high-velocity
valving
will
in flow
erosion,
wearing
away
accelerated
by presence
the lluid
expands
of a jet on
freezing
below
of solid
propellant
products
that
the triple
can
over
occur
point
the burning
when
of the
") "3
results
combustion
augmentation
products
induced
by
surface
a liquid
liquid
from
be
of
leaks
into
hard
vacuum
and
exfoliated
exhaust
expands
laminate,
stripped
plume, hot gas ejected from the thrust chamber of a rocket engine: the plume
as the vehicle ascends, thus exposing the engine and vehicle to greater radiative area
exhaust
plume biowback,
condition in which ambient
gases forward, over the motor and its attachments
exit. aft end of the divergent portion
the nozzle : also called exit plane
exit pressure,
pressure
of the exhaust
expansion
geometry,
contour
expansion
exploding
bridge-wire
between two terminals
of a nozzle,
pressure
drives
the nozzle
the exhaust
exhaust
gases leave
of the nozzle
from throat
(EBW). initiator
consisting
and exploded by application
to exit plane
explosion,
very rapid chemical reaction or change of state in a material involving production
of a large vohime of gas and resulting in rupture of the material container
(if present} and
generation
of a shock wave in surrounding
medium
explosive
valve, valve having a small
high-pressure
gas to change valve position
explosive
charge that when
(also known as a squib valve)
expulsion efficiency,
index of the ability of an expulsion
tank : the ratio of expelled volume to loaded volume
external expansion,
a controlled-expansion
expansion
wall
of the exhaust
23
device
detonated
to expel
throat
the liquid
directly
provides
from a
without
24
number of cycles
prior to failure
of stress,
under
a stated
test condition,
filler, substance
added to another
material
(usually an elastomer
or plastic) to improve
material properties,
alter one or more specific properties
(e.g., change hardness), or extend
or dilute the material
fillet, material
faired into
relieve stress concentrations
fill yarn. yarn running
perpendicular
by the junction
to the length
of two surfaces,
primarily
to
of the fabric
through
or through
a porous
of particulate
surface.
contamination
in
finite-element
method,
computer-based
technique
for structural
or hydrodynamic
analysis,
in which the structure
or flow system is divided into many small segments (called elementsL
for which a matrix of coefficients
of algebraic equations
is set up and solved for wflues of
the desired
finocyl,
parameter
coined
(stress,
strain, velocity,
etc.)
a specific
25
solid-propellant
grain configuration
flame spreading
ignition
of the
flaw.
interval,
time period
entire grain surface
unplanned
flexible
discontinuity
hose.
pliant
flexible
joint
ball-joint
ducts
assembly
in one
flexure
restrains
two
a solid
propellant
inner
core
such
sections
both
solid
is attached
connector
duct
inchides
of the
the
and
flexible
tube.
element
in
tube
is rigidly
flow
angle,
flow
coefficient,
a torquemotor-design
and
attached
direction
flowfield,
to the valve
of gas flow
in a pump,
tip speed);
the device
:it any
ratio
and
flow
limiler,
device
pressures,
in particular
that
body'
point
absohite
device,
(separated
of convoluted
detachment
buckling
as metal
bellows,
flexible
motion
and
restraint
allows
fits
poppet
interconnecting
motion
fluid
seals
velocity
motion
but
between
thc
tlow
to nozzle
to rotor
flowrate
flow
the
stream,
the
as a spring
referred
of the
or
linkage
axial
the
hose,
between
member
and
acts
nozzle,
of the
or plastic
ends
gas t]ow
from
axis
tangential
at specified
flowratc
at or below
a specified
flow during
presstire
surges
flowl,
metal
to prevent
to fixed
the
to the
grain
relative
vohlmetric
states
grain
permits
end and
in the
thermodynalnic
to control
restricting
the
transmits
at one
of axial
in a flow-control
aerodynanlic
separation
valve,
a dc torquemotor
propellant
member
disk. supporting
member
in a poppet
valve that
rotation
and prevents
misalignnlent
of concentric
valving
flow
of a flexible
nonrigid
joins
planes:
ignition
particularly
section),
that
or more
flexure
(blade
across
consisting
braided
the core
(flexible
first
in a structure,
conduit
tubing
and an outcr
and separation
when
from
in the
chamber
wlluc
the wall
velocity
pressure
or nozzle
over
of the
drop
a range
of
flow
passage
flow-to-close
valve,
valve in which
element
provide
a closing force
the
flow
direction
and
forces
acting
on
the
valving
flow-to-open
the
llow
direction
and
forces
acting
on
the
valving
ball
of
element
flow
valve,
provide
iube.
turbulcncc
tube
and
valve
in
an opening
inserted
presstire
which
force
in hollow
drop
26
a ball
valvc
to smooth
the
l]ow
and
to reduce
than
forcing
flow.
flow
in which
inversely
with
radius
function,
four-way
separable
connector
that
is disengaged
by explosive,
hydraulic,
pressure
vibration
valve,
simultaneous
valve
flow
the
lluid
of the
flow
or alternating
having
paths
four
tangential
stress
that
controlled
through
the
velocity
is forced
to vary
in a manner
passage
imposes
working
wtlve:
an oscillation
passages
commonly
on a system
such
used
that
to
control
very
high
there
are
two
double-acting
actuators
fractographic
analysis,
order to determine
the
fracture
mechanics,
this
discipline
and
provides
principles
bending
term
mode
free height,
and
resonance
of a spring
of
a surface;
free-vortex
flow.
tangential
flow
velocity
fracture
of minute
for analyzing
the
to resist
a complete
in the
2.
by any constraints
brittle
of a material
to designate
or
surface
under
of structural
flaws
and
the
effects
magnification
material
cracks
in
under
in structural
load:
materials
of such
discontinuities
applied
to
and
behavior
used
tmimpeded
fhlid
techniques
capability
1. length
jet
with
importance
of shaft
height
stream.
another
dealing
the
on material
toughness,
free-free,
free
science
emphasizes
nonhomogencities
fracture
examination
of a fractured
nature
of the fracture
jet
the
free
from
the
fluid
varies
inversely
lack
of
(unloaded)
the
central
in which
brittle
axial
with
27
restraint
the
first
lateral
condition
orifice
flow
failure
exit
region
velocity
radius
to
in
the
a flow
is constant
of the
flow
point
of
passage,
from
passage
hub
impingement
where
flow
to tip while
on
is
the
fretting,mechanism
of wearthat actson matingmetallicsurfacesto producesurfacedamage
when onesurfacerepeatedlymovesthroughsnlall-amplitudcdisplacements
relativeto the
othersurface
friability, tendencyof crystallinestructureto crtunble
frozen composition, exhaust-gaschemical compositionthat does not changeduring
expansionin tile nozzle
fuel. liquid or solid material used to supply thermal energy by chemicalreaction
(conlbustion)with anoxidizer
fuel binder, continuousphasethat contributesthe principal structuralconditionto solid
propellant but doesnot contain any oxidizingelement,either in solution or chemically
bonded
full-complementbearing,needleor
rolling-element
shaft
and
function
initiating
charge,
fuse.
ignition
spacing
roller bearing
that does
elements):
tile needles
bearing
time.
energy
in an electroexplosive
device,
tile
and some
later
function
such
as
igniting
cavity
tile
fill the
or start
of pressure
device
not incorporate
or rollers
ride
an inner
directly
race (a
on the
fully
time
period
between
application
or'
bridgewire
hreak,
ignition
of outpt_t
rise
consisting
of
a detonating
or
dcflagrating
train
for
per
unit
propagation
energy
FV factor,
length
retainer
(F)
term
and
in seal
rubbing
design
speed
28
of total
contact
load
circunlferential
of
G-
of a given
galling, progressive
surlhce damage
being increased friction and possible
of mating
seizure
parameter
sliding
that
is produced
surfaces
under
by a pneumatic,
high loads,
the result
galvanic corrosion,
surface damage due to generation
of an electric current
resulting from
the exposure
of electrically
connected
dissimilar metals to an electrolyte;
the metal that is
lower on the EMF scale is rapidly attacked
garter spring, helically coiled wire spring with its ends connected,
maintaining
a radial (sealing) force on an element on a shaft
gas distributor,
passive
device
that
determines
the
flow pattern
used
in tension
for
an ullage
space
gas generator,
assemblage
of parts similar to a small rocket engine, in which propellant
is
burned to provide hot exhaust gases to (1) drive the turbine in the turbopump
assembly of a
rocket vehicle,
or (2) pressurize
liquid propellants,
or (3) provide thrust by exhausting
through a nozzle
gasket, deformable
a fluid system
element
used to prevent
leakage
between
gas-metal-arc
(GMA) welding, inert-gas welding process
between a bare consumable
filler wire and the workpiece
gas permeativity,
gas solubility,
capability
capability
of a gas to penetrate
of a given gas to dissolve
two relatively
static
or diffuse
through
another
surfaces
all electric
gimbal,
to incline
freely
curing
in any direction
of a liquid polymer
29
arc
substance
conditions
gas-tungsten-arc
(GTA) welding, inert-gas welding process wherein heat is produced
electric arc between a nonconsumable
electrode and the work; a filler metal is optional
gel stage, condition
reached during
an essentially "no flow" condition
in
the yokes
by an
tests show
or clevises of
Gimbar.
coined
gland,
cavity
mated
part
word
ill
that
which
together
Goodman
slrucltlr'al
diagram,
adequacy
oo so-so,
term
comp_,nent
sla>_, abme}
grain,
for
integral
piece
anomaly,
an ()-ring
or
of
stress vs alternating
of the component
inspection
temperature,
process
whether
molded
rocket
relation
includes
strength
the t,._Tr()(,)'ve
'_[J]d the surface
oI" the
the O-ring
plot of mean
( latiguc
lifct
a test
is installed:
confine
nonhomogencity
grai,i conditioned
ignition
guide
ring with
in a sot by determining
a spccil'ic
V_.I]LIO
oxidizer
in a solid
l+crformance-vs-timc
grain
Ior a gimbal
and
in cured
unit'orm
that
a given
or extruded
motor
stress
solid
establishes
parameter
propellant
is shaped
to
propellant
grain
temperature
in a component,
that
prodttce,
(e.g.,
of
thc
falls
the
used
to appraise
acceptability
below
{or,
comprises
when
a void,
propellant
of
both
burned,
fuel
just
pocket)
before
gyroscopic
molnent,
oI the rotating
axis,
moment
induced
as in _lgyroscope
on
rotating
3O
components
by the
angular
and
a specified
or a fflcl-rich
grain
any
conversely.
displacement
zone
blanket,
cryogenic
component
falling
heat
of ablation,
limits
heat
result
below
(e.g.,
total
chamber,
wall
soak.
increase
rate
transfer
of heat
through
wrapped
to prevent
heat
chamber
that
the
around
of welding
all
temperature
an ablative
unit
in which
for short-duration
or
or brazing
a portion
within
the
of
component
material
dissipates
per unit
mass
area
the
parts
unit
31
capacity
components
when
or emprically
per
heat
of
the
chamber
wall
firing)
in rocket-engine
contiguous
analytically
per
form
by the heat
minimum
incident
in temperature
coefficient,
affected
tip speed
of ablation
(effective
heat-transfer
sheet
an actuator)
combustion
transfer
of material
in
operating
of the
heat
temperature
o, heat
region
heater
a stated
See effective
heat-sink
the
electrical
from
ablated.
(HAZ).
discharge
no active
determined
temperature
after
cooling
firing
parameter
difference
has ceased,
the
exists
between
that
expresses
two
the
substances
hermeticseal.sealevidencing
nodetectableleakageor permeationof gasor moisture
Hertz stress, maximum compressivestressdue to the pressurebetweencontacting
load-carrying
elasticbodies,atleastoneof whichis a curvedbody
heterogeneous
decomposition,separation
of a substance
into simplercomponentsthatdiffer
in phase
lfigh-cycle
fatigue,
life-cycle
greater than 10 4 cycles
capability
hi-pot
test performed
at a high
teeth
wheels
hob.
test.
tool
dielectric-strength
used
for cutting
the
determined
of worm
homokinetic
plane,
in universal
joints
plane containing
the shafts and bisecting
hot-core
injector,
injector
by a "cold"
fuel sheath
hot
and
fire. term
operated
measured
hot-gas
applied
while
: period
valve,
that
valve
produces
that
need
controls
a central
not
the
hot
term
applied
streaking,
zones
derives
housing,
hub/tip
stratification
of high-temperature
from the localized
physical
ratio,
to materials
ratio
of
electric
or gear
flow
of hot
burning
the plane
them
range:
that
combustion
generally
is normal
region
in which
the engine
and
its components
to the
surrounded
is started
(ignited)
is observed
and
duration
gases,
low elongation
gases
strain
wheels
opening
at temperatures
having
elastic
potential
hot-gas
be full operational
restricting
the flow at mainstage;
it operates
as high as 1000F
(811K)
or higher
hot-short,
the
(or gimbal
joints),
the angle between
of operation
by
at
in excess
(brittle)
in a combustion
low
power
of 200F
at elevated
chamber
into
levels
of radius
that
forms
of pump
the containing
rotor
at blade
hydraulic.
1. operated,
moved,
or effected
device using a liquid as the operating
fluid
by liquid
32
envelope
hub
used
and
temperatures
longitudinal
gases that
do not break
up and mix with cooler
gases;
heat marks visible on the chamber
wall after firing has ended
structure
but
(366K)
term
for an assembly
to radius
of rotor
to transmit
at blade
energy;
tip
2. a system
or
hydraulic
dashpot,
device used to reduce the velocity
fixed stop, so that impact energy levels are reduced
of the
actuator
as it approaches
hydrogen
embrittlement,
decrease in a metal's tensile strength,
notched
tensile strength,
fatigue strength,
resistance to crack growth, and especially ductility as a result of absorption
by the metal of newly formed gaseous hydrogen
hydrostatic
bearing, fluid-fihn
bearing
of the surfaces is externally
supplied
hydrostatic
pressure,
fluid pressure
wherein
the pressure
due to gravitational
required
to maintain
separation
force
hydrostatic
seal. seal that incorporates
features that maintain
means of pressure
provided
either by an external
source
across the seal
an interfacial
film thickness by
or by the pressure differential
hypergolic
ignition,
ignition that involves no external
energy source, but restdts entirely
from the spontaneous
reaction
of two materials
when they are brought
into contact:
materials may be two liquids or a liquid impinging on a solid
hypergolic
propellants,
propellants
33
when mixed
34
or initiation
system,
part of the solid rocket igniter that converts a mechanical,
or chenfical input stimulus to an energy output
that ignites the energy release
injection
cooling,
method
of reducing
heat transfer
to a body by mass-transfer
cooling
accomplished
by injecting a fluid into the local flow field through openings in the surface of
the body
injector,
produce
innercore,
device
efficient
in a liquid rocket
engine
and stable combustion
pressure-carrying
insulation
(thermal).
from that surface
material
tubular
flexible
that
applied
atomizes
member
to a surface
and
mixes
of a flexible
to prevent
region
of mating (common
boundary)
between
interference
diagram, plot of the various vibrational
any modal-shape
standing-wave
frequencies
coincide
dimensions
of the mating
parts:
heat
transfer
to
to or
to a combustion
and is absorbed by
elements
35
refers
region
interconnected
interference
fit. retention
of a component
in a mounting
solely
between the interfaces;
the degree of friction (and hence retention
relative
and oxidizer
hose
or reduce
interegen,
coined
word meaning
internally
regenerative;
term
chamber design in which heat is conducted
away from the throat
liquid film coolant over the forward part of the chamber
interface,
fuel
whether
36
37
38
-KKiel probe,
total-pressure
contoured
ring that collects
kinematics,
study
of motion
probe
consisting
and converges
exclusive
of
the
of the
an
flow
impact
stream
influences
tube
of mass
surrounded
and
K seal.
flexible
metal
seal with
a cross
determined
section
39
by pressing
shaped
like
a K
a smoothly
force
kinetic
performance,
that
portion
of the
nozzle
performance
that
equilibrium
state of tile chemically
reacting
system
during
gas expansion
Knoop
hardness,
indentation
hardness
a material:
similar to the Brinell test
by
a rhombohedral
depends
diamond
on
the
into
40
-Llabyrinth seal.clearance-type
sealin which the fluid beingsealedmusttraversea tortuous
pathin orderto escape
Lam6'sequation,equationfor stresses
in thick cylinders
laminarflow. fluid flow in whichthemotionof the fluid is smoothandregular,andthereis
nocrossflowbetweenadjacentstreamlines
laminar-flowbench,controlled-cleanliness
benchusedfor critical assemblyoperations;the
benchis closedat the sidesandtop andhasa rearwall that distributesfilteredlow-velocity
air acrossthe work areato prevententry of airbornecontaminantsinto theassembly
laminarization,processby which a turbulent boundarylayer reverts to laminar-like
characteristics
asa resultof flow acceleration
land.the actualsealingsurfaceof thepart that mateswith a seal
latch. 1. mechanicalor magneticdevicethat maintainsa flow-control componentin a
desiredpositionwithout the constantapplicationof power;2. devicethat fastensonepart
to anotherbut issubjectto releasesothe partscanbeseparated
launchvehicle,the combinationof booster,upperstages,
andspacecraft
(or otherpayload)
adaptermakingup the total rocket at time of launch;thespacecraftor payloaditself is not
regardedaspart of the launchvehicle
leakage
rate.thequantity of fluid escaping
pasta sealill a givenlengthof time
"leak-before-burst"condition,conditionrequiringthat crackspenetratinga pressure-vessel
wall do so without reachingthe (critical) sizefor unstablepropagation(i.e., the sizethat
leadsto brittle fracture)
leverlink. mechanicallinkagebetweentile actuatorandthe valvingelementof rotaryvalve
that consistsof a leveror crankon the rotary memberanda link with clevisconnections
from theleverto the actuatorshaft
Lewisnumber,dimensionless
parameter,the ratio of massdiffusivity to thermaldiffusivity
liftoff, term designatingtile instant of vehicleflight at which vehiclecontact with all
holddownandsupportdevicesisterminated:alsocalled"first motion" of the vehicle
41
testing,
exposure
are expected
line
(or ductL
that
conveys
linear
characteristic,
value
in final
enclosed
walls)
constant
of a component
to occur
under
to reduce
(usually
length,
heat
distance
live length,
overall
imposed
dellections
load factor,
loading
surface
ratio
relation
the
transfer
along
length
between
downstream
pressure
in cross
valve
slot.
chaml_er
thrust
condition
being
low-cycle
than
lumped
fatigue,
cycles
10 4
mass.
concentrated
slot
inside
life-cycle
concept
section
flow
and
leakage
in dynamic
mating surface
wall over
which
in a bellows
to its overall
rocket
within
when
at or above
film coolant
that
with
relatively
thin
valving
element
stroke
at a
capability
that
motor,
the achievement
the smallest
practicable
a presstlrc
the
a propellant
in (shaft)
to the motor
case or
combustion
chamber
regulator
regulator
grain
dynamic
analysis
42
static
remains
are capable
applications
in liquid
by
state
of accommodating
of the
w_lume
is kept
required
closed
propellant
in response
to
setpoint
parallel
determined
at a point
and
mass
Iockwire.
I. flexible
slender
rod or thread
of material
matching
holes
in two (rotatingt
parts so as to fasten
securely
in place by means of a wire
longitudinal
conditions
to the wall
of the convolutions
of vehicle
no-tqow
the operational
specifically
used to bond solid propellant
material
used to line the inner wall of the
efficiency,
in a solid
area and web thickness
Iockup.
of
testing
circular
flight
drop
extremes
and
will occur
pressure
straight-line
of pressure
to the
engine-system
passageway
fluid
(usually
metal)
that is passed thru
them
together
securely:
2. to fasten
by
to the
the
wherein
axis
plastic
of the grain
strain
a mass
range;
is treated
generally
less
as if it were
factor,
ratio of the structural
deflection
produced
produced
by a steady
load of the same magnitude
mainstage,
rocket
main
flow
attainment
valve,
valve,
90
usually
of propellant
mandrel,
percent
or
more
of
the
fluid
steady-state
an alternating
rated
load
thrust
level
to
of
inlets
that
forms
fluid-flow
usually
margin
stress
of safety,
the
enclosure
geometry
the
of the
thrust
chamber
the
central
cavity
of
distributes
separable
the
flow
connector
aid of a lanyard,
fraction
technique
of addition
mass
that
disconnect,
with
addition,
flux.
upstream
injector,
that
controls
in
casting
the
of
in a desired
manner
from
an inlet
or
or outlets
operated
forces,
in terms
just
grain
to an outlet
manually
located
to injector
tool
manifold,
mass
of
by
in the
engine
solid-propelhmt
mass
of sound
by
which
of analysis
of small
flowrate
the
that
a given
area
or disengaged
by manual
device
load
evaluates
of mass
is engaged
or similar
allowable
that
amounts
through
cam,
or stress
the
exceeds
gas dynamics
at specific
the
within
design
a rocket
load
or
motor
locations
expressed
as the
to vehicle
total
ratio
of mass
flowrate
to flow
a re a
mass
ratio.
initial
I. ratio
of usable-propellant
mass
to vehicle
mass-transfer
cooling,
cooling
liquid,
or gas)
of mass
(solid,
master
lap. lapping
match
other
lap. lapping
in contour
mating
surface
final
of the
ring.
ring-like
for a face seal
(burnout)
or
technique
work
together
mass
piece
of
disk-like
two
launch
mass;
2. ratio
of vehicle
mass
characterized
with
a master
mating
part
on
43
by an energy-consuming
tool
detail
the
expenditure
shaft
parts
so that
or housing
they
that
are
matched
provides
to each
the
sealing
ratio,
modality,
mode.
cycle,
over
the
mass
nunlber
any
modified
relation
propulsion
elapsed
flowrate
of peaks
of the various
linear
comprised
total
total
up to 80 or 90(_
relation
relation
proportional
to a sensed
parameter
separation,
stratification
momentum
as a result
momentum
thickness,
in the boundary
layer
monocoque,
major portion
to a control
the
and
relative
thickness
as a restllt
of the
of wall
that
scheduled
number
of
flow
in
44
valving
in which
a combustion
hot core
with
the
exothermally
is capable
stroke
followed
that
is
by a linear
relation
the
controlled
within
the
chamber
variable
regulated
(esp.
is
range
in
a gas
gases
a momentum
stressed
body
element
of stroke,
variable
potential
flow
shear forces
decomposes
an elastic
a square-root
of the
in which
stresses
of fuel
distribution
and
30%
or device
velocity
term applied
to a structure
of the torsional
and bending
propellant
hydrazine
flow
is continuously
of
of the high
monopropellant,
liquid
hydrogen
peroxide,
and
valve
remainder
system
flowrate
of which
to approximately
with
term
for
of particle-size
patterns
between
up
of stroke,
by mass
in a plot
vibration
modulating,
generator)
applied
divided
(or modes)
stationary
requirement
time
of oxidizer
characteristic,
of a parabolic
system
mission
outer
equal
skin
to produce
to that
carries
hot
lost
all or
gas:
e.g.,
-NNaflexseal.trade
name
NASTRAN.
acronym
Natorq
seal.
trade
needle
valve,
valve
negative
gain.
negative
element,
name
when
amplified
for NASA
valve
throat
for a U-shaped
tapered
for a control
circuit
seal
program
ring
a long
metal
for structural
seal
rod
(pintle)
in control
propellant
no bleed,
valve
being
term
under
of
circle,
nodal
diameter,
no-fire
limit,
firing
applied
pattern
circuit
an increase
is the head
to a control
circuit
nodes
of vibration
maximum
occurring
current,
causes
an
in a flexure
by a decrease
cavitation
is no flow
in the
pump
of gas through
the
pilot
term
firing
meters
gas chemical
to a control
a control
between
that
a diametral
line
or capacitance
without
of combustion
is prevented
for
a circle
the
that
can
be applied
to the
the device
flow
of
liquid
propellant
without
range
exhaust
applied
nomnodulating,
cycles
unit of deflection
is accompanied
to suppress
forms
voltage,
valve
of the products
region
etc.)
pressure
pump
inlet, between
the head due
vapor
pressure,
expressed
in feet of
there
forms
that
power,
flow-control
control-pressure
that
nodes
in its operating
term
the
available
in which
device
composition,
reaction
noninterflow,
pressure,
this
of vibration
pattern
nonequilibrium
chemical
of the
conditions
valve,
cavitation
or closing
in regulated
mechanical
spring
force per
that an increase
in deflection
of an electroexplosive
noncavitating
opening
deflection
pumped;
steady-state
nodal
for gradual
pressure
spring
rate.
change
with the characteristic
opposing
in which
net positive
suction
head INPSH).
the difference,
at
to total
fluid pressure
and the head due to propellant
the
analysis
translated
term
force
computer
for a modified
with
decrease
in flexure
flexible
limits;
by
circuit
composition
in the
in which
exhaust
simultaneous
a pressure-positioned
system
or device
sometimes
45
called
resulting
flow
three-way
in which
from
incomplete
gas
into
and
Otll of a
valve
the
controlled
a "bang-bang"
system
variable
(flow,
nonpositive-displacement
pump. pump in which the fluid pressure is raised by alternately
adding to and then diffusing the kinetic energy of the fluid ; examples of this type of pump
are the axial-flow,
Barske,
centrifugal-flow,
drag, Pitot,
normally
closed valve, powered valve that
failure of the actuating energy or signal
returns
assumed
propellants,
bipropellants
see "energetic"
propellants
and Tesla
to a closed
position
to an open position
by the elements
that derive
on shutoff
in a fluid-system
thermal
energy
on shutoff
or on failure
component
primarily
or on
when no
from oxidizer-fuel
nozzle. 1. carefully shaped aft portion of the thrust chamber that controls the expansion
of
the exhaust
products
so that the thermal
energy produced
in the combustion
chamber is
efficiently
converted
into kinetic
energy,
thereby
imparting
thrust
to the vehicle;
2.
convergent
passage in a pump or turbine that directs fluid into or leads it away from the
impeller or turbine wheel
nozzle
extension,
expansion
nozzle
wheel
nozzle
structure
suction
that
is added
a change in nozzle
or passages
to the main
nozzle
in order
to increase
construction
through
which
fluid is directed
onto
the turbine
head
motion
parameter
expressing
object
46
heat transfer
to
0-
O/F.
offset
ratio
of mass flowrate
or shear deflection,
its centerline
oil canning,
is parallel
flexing
of oxidizer
lateral
to mass flowrate
deflection
to the centerline
of unsupported
of the opposite
occurs
term
referring
in response
to a system
to input
or device
in which
letter
full-stroke
actuation
or deactuation
signals
sheet metal
joint
end
or mechanical
preset;
there
system in whichthe
response of the
is no feedback
of the output
for
operational deflections,
deflections
(e.g., by thrust vector gimballing,
components
are subjected
imposed on a structure
during engine operation
or flight
thermal differential,
flight accelerations,
and mechanical
vibration)
operational
pressure
startup, or shutdown)
operator,
transients,
rises in operating
pressure (due to water hammer,
rapid
with sufficient
duration to be felt as loads on the system or structure
squeeze,
oscillatory
by pressure
to function
compression
combustion,
oscillations
between
unstable combustion
in the rocket
in either transverse or axial modes
47
may
grain is stressed
of an orange
be either
opposite
engine
hollow
surfaces
or motor,
beyond
or solid;
of a gland
characterized
outgassing, release of gas from a material when it is exposed to an ambient pressure lower
than the vapor pressure of the gas; generally
refers to the gradual release of gas from
enclosed surfaces when an enclosure is vacuum pumped
overexpansion,
pressure
expansion
overstroke, displacement
displacement
of
nozzle
exhaust
of an operating
gas
component
to a pressure
lower
that exceeds
than
the
the maximum
ambient
allowable
overtravel tolerance,
feature of rotary valves such as the ball or blade whereby shutoff can
be achieved
even when the valving element
is not rotated
to exactly the same closure
position each time
oxidizer, material whose main function
is to supply oxygen or other
deflagration
of a solid propellant
or combustion
of a liquid fuel
48
oxidizing
materials
for
-p.
pack cementation,methodof applyinga coatingby packingthe article to be coatedin a
powdermixtureandheatingto reactiontemperature
packing fraction,
volunle
parabolic characteristic,
relation
between
flow varies with the square of stroke
passivation,
of metal
formation
exposed
of a compact
to air (natural
valve
flow and
and continuous
passivation)
to minimum
valving
volume
element
corrosion-resistant
or to a chemical
solution
stroke
in which
passivation)
central
outer
permeability,
a given gas
cavity
boundary
index
phase,
solid,
heterogeneous
or
gaseous
of a given penetrable
homogeneous
element
acting
relative position'.
of a firing
pin against
an finvil
grain
to the resistance
liquid,
system
pilot. 1. mechanical
alignment
or proper
(see pilot valve)
of a propellant
the impact
on another
2. auxiliary
form
in a solid-propellant
barrier
existing
to passage
rocket
Ipermeation)
as a distinct
part
mechanical
element
to provide
unit in a hydraulic
or pneumatic
springs,
etc) that,
of
of a
correct
circuit
in combination
pilot operated,
term denoting
the use of an auxiliary
or relay valve that controls
the
actuation
pressure to a large valve so that low-energy circuits can be used Ibr the control of
high-energy
systems
pilot valve,
valve
low-capacity
valve that
amplifies
49
a low-power
control
signal to operate
a larger
pinion,
toothed
wheel
with
a small
number
of teeth
designed
to mesh
with
shaft
(pintle)
a larger
wheel
or
rack
pintle
area
valve,
flow-control
through
pitch.
center
measured
Pitot
points
along
pump.
Pitot
fluid
tube.
the mouth
pitting,
tube
having
bent
Dutch
successively
order'
the
a dense
in
which
of surface
single
the
a
to change
ilow
of a gear
this
ring
blades
woven
is created
stationary
on a turbine
wire
heads
wheel,
tluid
chemical
cloth
a rotating
and
as
drunl
dueled
iri a moving
vertically
to measure
erosion,
inside
Pitot
immersed
used
by mechanical
one
than
by
bend
upstream
(PDSW).
or oil adjacent
liquid
ring
right-angle
voids
a lateral
axis passing
through
its midpoint
or
the
longitudinal
axis:
2. distance
between
rotating
pointed
weave
tapered
pitchline
from
a short
part
about
to
teeth
arc,
is scooped
creation
plain
on adjacent
of the
a translating
utilizing
passage
of a vehicle
perpendicular
a prescribed
pump
pressurized
outside
to
tluid
the
with
velocity
corrosion,
in which
each
or cavitation
shute
wire
passes
the
being
weaw"
planish,
to
highly
polished
plastic,
tlcxiblcl
produce
a smooth
shape
deformation,
the inaterial
permanent
finish
orl
a wrought
metal,
usually
by
rolling
with
material
is at some
by application
that
stage
of heat
while tisually
firm
in its manufacture
or presstire
and
soft
hard (although
often
enough
to be forlned
or both
permanent
beyond
its
distortion
of material
under applied
elastic
limit" also called plastic
flow,
suspension
of
stress great
permanent
enough
to
strain,
and
distortion
plastisol,
imbibe
surface
rolls
high-molecular-weight
in its finished
state
a desired
plastic
strain
plug
or flow
1. angular
motion
of gravity
and
corresponding
into
device
an orifice
llowable
to produce
nozzle,
truncated
pneunlatic,
annular
a polymer
in a plasticizer
that
the
may
later
gelation
nozzle
that
discharges
exhaust
gas with
a radial
aerospike
operated,
polymer
moved,
or effected
50
energy
inward
component:
longitudinal
point-source
flow. concept in flowfield analysis
point from which it diverges outward uniformly
poison, any material
that interferes
sudden,
of a rocket
after
to originate
at a
action
short-duration
vehicle;named
with catalytic
oscillations
surges of pressure
in a combustion
chamber
positive-displacement
pump. pump in which fluid is forced into a high-pressure
region by
reducing the volume of a chamber that is momentarily
sealed off from a low-pressure
region;
examples of this type of pump are the piston, Rootes, and vane
positive gain. term for a control circuit
amplified increase in control pressure
potential
potential
angle,
of viscosity
angle through
occurring
before
an increase
in regulated
pressure
causes an
in which
fluid system
which
parameter
vehicle
not considered
can be held or worked
supersonic
expressing
the ratio
before
of momentum
setting
expansion
up
in the
diffusivity
to
liftoff
are means
for providing
preload
51
prepreg,
reinforcing
from supplier
prepressurization,
level some
time
vehicles,
material
sequence
before
the
prepressurization
pressurant,
gas that
pressure-actuated
or increases
pressure
pressure
pressure
sealing
divider,
between
term
two
propellants
term
from
curve,
turbine
ratio.
inlet
full complement
that
increases
of propellant
of resin
the ullage
flow and
when
received
pressure
to the desired
engine
firing:
in launch
to lil'toff
pressure
such
in a propellant
that
the
tank
pressure
of the
tluid
being
sealed
activates
action
applied
to a pneumatic
flow restrictors
in series
a
propulsion
tanks
and
into
or hydraulic
circuit
in which
is used as a control
signal
system
in
which
the combustion
method
nlaxilllttm
to
effect
tank
chamber
fail-safe
or re[ativc-maximtull
pressurization
1. ratio
pressure
of
or engine
combustio,_
to turbine
pressure
recovery,
conversion
pressure
ullage
pressure
of the engine:
engine
an intermediate
starts
by
expels
of. pump
the
fcd
sequencing
thc
regulator,
pressure
pressure
separating
force
separate
such as
two parts
a bellows
of a line
or metal
pressure
and
pressure
pressure
surface,
pressures
are highest
{or load),
cross-sectional
concave
chamber
outlet
control
to a downstream
surface
that
occurs
on
tile pressure-time
pressure
to
ambient
pressure:
2. ratio
of
pressure
head
valve
signal
force
assembly
innercore,
duct
point
ignition
of velocity
response
constant
the
the
engine control
valves, the sequencing
is achieved
by vent mechanisms
in
or propellant
feed system
or both that are triggered
by pressure
changes
overshooI,
as in ullage
pressure
ullage
sequence,
operation
of rocket
the control
system
prior
seal designed
for
the
pressure-ladder
pressure
occurs
seal.
with
of operations
main sequence
provides
the
fed.
impregnated
that
varies
head
(or load)
of a pump
52
the
generated
at the
in a fluid
the volumetric
so as to maintain
along
this
area
to pressure
mean
llowrate
downstream
by internal
through
itself
pressure
pressure
blade,
of the
along
in
nearly
tending
force:
for a convoluted
to the product
of the
diameter
or turbine
system
to
section
internal
convolutions
this
surface,
the
fluid
pressure-volume
compensator
(PVC). flexible duct system that, by means of mechanical
linkage to a series of secondary
bellows having an effective area equal to that of the primary
bellows, creates an opposing force that counteracts
the end thrust
pressurizatiou
system,
controlled
gas pressure
leakage,
leakage
from
system
located
the upstream
between
the vehicle
and maintains
propellant
tankage
and
side of a fluid-system
component
primary
primary-seal
primary-seal
to limit primary
leakage
ring. ring-shaped
member
in a face seal
ring forms the primary seal with the mating
face
of the
primer,
enhance
insulation,
material
applied
bond strengths
to surfaces
of solid
rocket
processability,
measure of relative ease with which
produced
with state-of-the-art
techniques
profile loss. pressure
ratio,
thrust,
proof pressure,
pressure
that a pressurized
satisfactorily,;
proof pressure is the maximum
safety factor and is the reference from which
established
proof test. pressure
test to prove
without exceeding allowable stresses
propellant, material
thus provides thrust
pressure,
cases,
a component,
progressive
burning,
condition
in which
respect to time or to web burned
progressivity
motor
surface
assembly,
vehicle
53
or liners
or system
to
can be
to the airfoil
or burning
surface
increases
with
of a solid propellant
component
must sustain and still function
limit pressure multiplied
by the proof-test
the pressure levels for acceptance
testing are
the structural
integrity
of a component
or producing
any permanent
deformation
carried in a rocket
to the vehicle
tile
that
releases
energy
during
or assembly
combustion
and
propellant
stratification,
propulsion
equipment
non-isothermal
temperature
distribution
in the propellant
system, vehicle system that includes the engines, tanks, lines, and all associated
necessary to provide the propulsive force as specified for the vehicle
pump. machine
flowing through
pressure
for transferring
it, the increased
mechanical
energy from an external source to the tluid
energy being used to lift the fluid or increase the fluid
used
to clear
PV factor,
term in seal design
velocity (V); the factor provides
wear life
pyrogen,
pyrolysis,
small rocket
chemical
pyrotechnics,
propellant-like
motor
(e.g.,
a manifold)
of propellant
or combustion
decomposition
igniters
chemical
a volume
to
fed
of a material
(other
than
formulations
motor
by heat
pyrogens)
in which solid
arc used as the heat-producing
54
explosives
material
or
energetic
Q-
quality
assurance
program,
provide adequate confidence
also called quality control
quantity/distance,
term
lbr processing or storing
quick
disconnect,
quincunx,
planned
and systematic
pattern
of all actions necessary
to
that an end item will perform satisfactorily
in actual operation;
of buildings
see disconnect
geometrical
pattern
in which
four
55
around
a central
item
56
-Rrace
(or raceway),
track
rack
and
mechanical
shaft
incorporates
pinion,
or channel
term
applied
either
outwardly
(e.g.,
burning
tube or rod and
equilibrium,
component;
centrifugal
radial
i.e.,
forces
lip
seal.
elastomeric
the
passage,
radial
seal.
in
an
annular
forces
seal
the
manifold
passage
seal
cooling
radiation
balances
heat
operates
ratio,
nozzle
ramping,
relation
opening
flow.
reaction.
1. term
headrise
activity
recompression,
gained
in thermal
or closing
Rayleigh
renloved
chemical
of
ratio of radius
throat
random
vibration,
frequencies
static
that
in the
rellection
inwardly
passage
in
a flexible
scaling
that
exerts
radial
combustion
from
the
sealing
to the
therc
menaber,
sealing
chamber
combustion
is
flow
internal-external
radial
velocity
lip:
with
clstially
the
made
of
shatt
over
nozzle
products,
direction,
direction
pressure
or
radial
no
the
actuator
shaft
are in equilibriun_
on a mating
injector
an
the
rotary
in the
(e.g.,
direction
pressure
to the
burns
which
radial
an annular
in which
and
the
shaft
heat
chanlber
area
loss
by
or nozzle
equilibrium
of the wall
of a valve
at a controlled
characterized
and
stage:
between
or
ride
in which
attached
grain)
is lmrmal
gear
elements
valve
that
in the
radial
rolling
grain
that
frictionless
in pump
a pinion
of curvature
vibration
steady
features
lip exerts
the
of a rotary
a solid-propellant
presstire
cooling,
radius
of the
to
to drive
fluid
positive-contact
thereby
rack
ill which
operation
an internal-burning
tube)
radiation
wall
for
flow
radial
material,
radial
linkage
a straight-sided
radial-burning,
radial
in a bearing
flow
turbine
of exhaust
[k)r the
of a vehicle
(e.g.,
propellant
gas from
57
ambient
nozzle
rate
in a constant
design
2. response
substances
by
in the
to achieve
wide
ratio
duct
thrust
contacting
boundary
to the
a desired
heat
headrise
of the
of
being
multiple
added
or
in the rotor
to
vehicle
surfaces)
radius
llow-vs-time
band
with
of static
to the
jet
region
continuous
area
and
ihro_t
engines;
3.
recovery
line
moment,
bending
recovery temperature,
caused
by centrifugal
see adiabatic
incorporating
multiple
from a radial
wall temperature
redline.
1. term denoting a critical
threatens
the integrity of a system,
establish a critical value as described
redundant,
components
to achieve
that, if exceeded,
of a mission; 2. to
increased
reliability
redundant
design, design in which more than one unit is available for the performance
of a
given function,
so that failure of a unit will not cause failure of the system or abort the
mission
reference
value
load.
relatively
reference streamline,
calculations
constant
force
that
is used to modulate
a valve within
is assumed
a desired
for transonic
flow
regenerative
cooling, cooling of the wall of a combustion
chamber or nozzle by circulating
a
propellant,
usually fuel, in coolant passages in or wrapped around the outer surface of the
wall to be cooled
regression,
regression
establishing
erosion
of the surface
of a material
analysis,
statistical
technique
a mathematical
representation
regressive burning,
condition
time or with web burned
in which
based
on
of empirical
thrust,
the
data
pressure,
regulator,
flow-control
device that adjusts the pressure
meet the demands of a liquid-propellant
rocket system
reliability,
functions
method
of
or burning
least
surface
and controls
the
squares
decreases
flow
for
with
of fluid to
the probability
that a system, subsystem, or component
will perform its required
under defined conditions at a designated
time and for a specified operating period
device
repeatability,
capability of a component
same time each time it is actuated
that
opens
or assembly
58
automatically
to operated
when
a predetermined
at which
a flow-control
1. the behavior
of material
when
to an input stimulus or signal
a stimulus
is applied;
2. the
reaction
of a
surface
of a solid propellant
grain that
is prevented
from burning
by the
restriction inlet, flow path of reduced cross section or all orifice through which gas flows
into a control-pressure
region: gas is discharged through a throttling valve positioned
by the
pressure
sensor
restriction
discharged
a throttling
restrictor,
flow resistance
used
to enclose
to produce
usually
the
a retarding
an orifice
work
thrust
being
heat
treated
in a
reverse-flow
design, design of a gas generator
that produces
turbulent
mixing and largely
prevents hot streaking by forcing the flow to stagnate and then reverse its direction
reverse transition,
change from a turbulent
acceleration
(laminarization)
to a laminar
Reynolds
number, dimensionless
viscous forces in fluid flow
expressing
parameter
59
boundary
layer
as a result
of flow
to the
see rocket
hardness,
indentation
engine
indentation
hardness
or penetration
rolling-element
bearing,
rolling element,
ball, needle,
(of metals
by a diamond
and plastics)
determined
by measuring
a specified
load
see bearing
or tapered
roller in a rolling-element
bearing
involute
root. juncture
Rootes
pump.
rotary
positive-displacement
rosette
surface
are readily
pump
pumping
observed
consisting
of two intermeshing
cam-like
rotors
that
produce
action
6O
rotary seal. mechanicalsealthat rotates with the shaft and is usedwith a stationary
matingring
rotor, turbopumpshaftplusall attachments
that rotatewith it
runawayregulator,regulatorthat has failed in the fully open position, the result being
uncontrolleddownstreampressure
run in. period of initial operation
during
surface of mating components
is developed
R = -1. expression
from neutral
showing
that
imposed
which
strain
61
in fatigue
testing
and
the contact
62
personnel
safety factor,
pressure,
maximum
operating
and associated hardware
Schmidt number,
mass diffusivity
dimensionless
pressure
allowable
parameter
expressing
combustion,
characterized
by
seal extrusion,
permanent
displacement,
into a gap provided for such displacement
engine
designed
under
shields
to
rotating
function
63
to
emanating
by Iictional
of components
heat ;
mating
surface
to
or
to prevent
of part of a seal
the
noise
of fluid pressure,
diffusivity
the action
to operate
shrill
of asperities
liquid/solid
mixture
installed at joints
and junctions
of fluid (esp. gas) from the joint or junction
using
factor
screech,
high-frequency
oscillatory
from the combustion
chamber
sealant,
leakage
without
flows full at
and that,
together
of sealing against
rubs against
fluid leakage
the
seat.
surface
primary
in valve
secoudary
leakage,
secondary
seal.
self-cooled,
controlled
frollt
housing
that
leakage
from
to limit
applied
to a combustion
term
atmosphere,
through
it
separated
flow.
servovalve,
that
flow
to shut
off
flow
shaft
and
limit
part
modulating
shaft-riding
closed-loop
elements,
pump
shaft
shaft-riding
with
seal.
the
shaft runout,
rotation,
i.e.,
table,
vibrational
twice
twice
device
mode
life.
storage
satisfactorily
when
are not
or nozzle
flow
part
that
and
of the
is keyed
wall
temperature
wall of coolant
significant
of contained
resistance
to deflagration
is
supplied
lluid
to a body
or detonation
passage
low-power
control
signal
for
position
to support
as collars
the
or boiloff
offers
of actuator
used
seal
that
amplifies
control
an integral
in whi_'h
within
vaporization
of the
that
such
flow
of a propellant
wall
cylindrical)
circumferential
shaft
the
components
and
by
susceptibility
operator
shaft,
a bar (almost
always
or motion
by rotation
chamber
do not involve
of an atmosphere
from
to the exterior
leakage;
of ullage pressure
pressurant
detached
variable-displacement,
shelf
contacts
component
secondary
that
sensitivity,
measure
of relative
trader specified
conditions
shake
element
a fluid-system
or limited
by methods
external
source
an
sensible
passing
mate
valving
seal intended
self-pressurization,
increase
without
the aid of additional
of the
the
leakage
rotating
sleeves
pieces
that
or to transmit
are attached
to the
power
surface
shaft
to the
shaft
and
whose
outer
surfaces
housing
the distance
by
the eccentricity
for subjecting
patterns;
during
the
components
also called
time
put
which
simply
which
center
of a shaft
or assemblies
is displaced
from
the axis
to vibration
in order
serviceable,
i.e.,
to reveal
"shaker"
an
in use
64
item
remains
will
of
operate
shingle layup,
roof covering
geometric
arrangement
of plies in which
Shore hardness,
indentation
hardness
indenter point tinder a specified load
shroud.
I. short
continuous
extension
covering
of the outer
of the outer
surfaces
term in statistics:
of plastics
the standard
or elastomers
deviation
measured
rotative
a two-way
as in a
by use of a blunt
downstream
or other
usually
each other
of the throat:
2.
component
valve that
is either
cylinders
that open
and close
slinger, washer-like
device mounted
next to a mating ring and used for imparting
momentum
to a liquid in order to keep the liquid away from the sealing interface
slip coefficient,
index to the ability of an impeller
the same tangential
whirl to the fluid as an impeller
slip effects,
discontinuities
rarefaction
of the exhaust
slip
gas
gas
the
in momentnm
gas
and
radial
temperature
in the
boundary
layer
due to
slipstream,
sliver, portion
of solid-propellant
a structure
that is moving
grain remaining
through
the fluid
to rotary
motion
without
additional
65
linkage
to compensate
due to
slump,
flow
or sag of material
wall or otherwise
cast
S-N,
stress
vs number
soft
poppet,
poppet
soft
sealing
surface,
deform
soft
to provide
seat.
seat
that
solenoid
actuator
valve,
solid
(blade).
lubricant,
solidus
poppet,
stage
plots
sealing
fabricated
of such
or
of
piston
spring
fihn
material
data
arc used
(plastic
valve
that
in t'atiguc
or elastomer)
when
actuated
conducting
by
to the
length
to blade
testing
that
can
yield
or
electricity
generates
an integrally
point
where
the
mounted
coils
are
solenoid
in contact
spacing
lubricant
ut whid_
mclth_g
s_ur_s
selI-conh_ined,
self-propelled
earth
or m travel to and orbit
(useful
payload)
atop
u launch
off
particles
and
chunks
spalling,
localized
t]aking
stresses
specific
flowrate,
diameter,
parameter
and performance
in
pump
vehicle
designed
to operate
m space
about
another
heavenly
body:generally
vehicle
from
design
the
used
surface
to
specific
impulse,
performance
propellant
combustion
divided
index
for rocket
propellants,
by the mass flowratc
specific
flowrate,
pump
speed,
parameter
and performance
to a chamber
or plastic
compressed
chord
tcml?cratur
of
applied
is possible
of blade
see dry
it has been
surface
of an elastomer
of a coil
ratio
after
action
spool,
compression
temperature,
final
elastomer)
wound
coil of insulated
wire
actuates
a movable
core
spacecraft,
separable,
either in orbit about
is the
has a soft
surface
height
and no further
solidity
that
filled
in place
to failure;
is fabricated
helically
field that
height,
of cycles
the sealing
solenoid,
magnetic
solid
(e.g.,
or troweled
in
design
66
used
to
relate
relate
of a material
pump
equal
pump
to the
as a result
physical
size,
thrust
produced
rotational
speed,
of
head,
by
head,
valve,
valve
utilizing
a solid
the
cylindrical
bore
spring
rate. tile force,
independent
of a spring unit distance
square-root
characteristic,
flow varies
opening
with
relation
the
square
squeeze-fihn
damping,
friction
of lluid subjected
to high load
squib,
term
device,
stacking,
the
tension,
of
coolant
tubes
of
simulates
the chamber/nozzle
tubes to the required
contour
stacking
axis
for
gravity
of the
stackoff,
sections
eccentricity
.eccentricity
stage.
profile
1. a separable,
blades
associated
synthetic
of
accumulating
and
stator
flow
resin
ira pump
vanes
and
working
stroke
is also
flow
or
more
by translating
the
valving-element
and
two
or closes
characteristic
length
ira which
termed
forces
quick
ira a thin
fihn
same
in a turbine
device
rocket
thrust
contour;
this
prior to brazing
the
imaginary
to form
the
blade
of
direction
self-propelled
or an
in a centrifugal-flow
a bellows
during
pump:
or vane
with
facihtates
on
which
shape
respect
of a space
pump,
3. the
staged
combustion,
rocket
engine
cycle
ira which
propellants
preburner
prior to being burned
in the combustion
chamber
67
line
vertically
fitting
hub
each
and
the centers
from
to
on
of
to tip
other,
the
fabrication
section
axial-flow
chamber
procedure
for
convolutions
in the
self-contained,
passages
to extend
this
a liquid
design
are stacked
the
baying
required
by presstrre
stabilization
that
the
term
(spool)
opens
flow
stroke;
produced
mandrel
adjusting
line),
valve
the
element
the valve
device
see combustion
assembling
of initial
damping
and shear
for an electroexplosive
stabilization
housing:
between
root
wilving
of the
or
degree
are
vehicle:
one
set
2. a set of rotor
of
impeller
of polymerization
partially
burned
and
of a
in
gas, the
stall.
the
to rest
process
pump,
force,
loss
stall
to the
margin,
operation
only
the actuation
thus
capability
dimensionless
to heat
transported
by the
starting
torque,
imbalance,
forces
that
imbalance,
mass
turning
also
in a single
pump
referred
plane
attain
as total
if the
fluid
were
temperature):
for an
tlow
separation
abruptly
operation
the
is equal
at
pump
to the
in a partially
in the
the
dynamic
open
rotor
or stator
design-point
flow
force
position:
plus
2. in a
flow
passages
coefficient
and
will stall
expressing
the
ratio
of heat
transferred
to a fluid
fluid
of
to
by
force
stopped
drops
parameter
distribution
reacted
being
at which
or twisting
eccentric
are
headrise
coefficient
number,
translationally
when
at which
between
flow
would
(same
be adiabatic
element
point
fluid
velocity
wherein
Stanton
static
a flowing
flow
condition
margin
at the
a given
the valving
of pumping
progresses
that
from
need
1. in a valve,
friction
temperature
isentropically
the
force
required
rotor
mass
such
that
bearing
axis.
This
mass
the
bearings
when
to as
force
imbalance,
perpendicular
to rotor
to initiate
the
axis
68
rotor
can
rotary
the
rotor
motion
center-of-gravity
eccentricity
rotates
generates
about
be corrected
the
by
bearing
adding
axis
centrifugal
axis.
Static
or subtracting
is
static seal. device used to prevent leakage of fluid through a mechanical joint in which there
is no relative motion of the mating surfaces other than that induced by changes in the
operating environment
stator, part of a turbopump
assembly
or moving part of the assembly
that
remains
fixed or stationary
relative
to a rotating
gas
resistance
a propulsion
system
by the application
to deflection
stoichiometric
combustion,
the
proportions
required for complete
strain gauge,
test specimen
streamline,
streamline
instrument
subjected
burning
reaction,
used to measure
to a load
stress concentration,
package is rendered
sterile (free from
of heat or by the use of a special
localized
increase
or distortion
at each point
in a structural
in a flowfield;
stress corrosion,
corrosion
of a metallic surface enhanced
existence of localized stresses, whether applied or residual
in precisely
reactant
(i.e.,
or
in rate)
by the
member
increased
structural
structural
purpose
69
member
flow, a
of the combined
for the
right
in steady
stress-corrosion
cracking, delayed fracture of a material as a result
static tensile stress and a corrosive (agressive) environment
test motor (STM). motor model constructed
integrity of a solid rocket motor design
the
action
of evaluating
of
the
stubout,
welded
tubular
or brazed
nipple
stuffing
box.
purpose
of preventing
cavity
in the
coined
or (2) fluid
maintained
word
sublilnation,
liquefaction)
phase
denoting
of
whirl,
rotational
speed
subsystem
tank.
is essentially
whirl
container
isolated
from
operation
which
designed
of rotating
a substance
the
which
fluid
loads,
speed,
minimum
NPSH
suction
surface,
convex
surface
pressures
in
of pressurized
to the
index
vehicle
to
connecting
to accept
machinery
below
directly
adverse
specific
line
a packing
is
for the
below
from
pump
at which
solid
to
or turbine
and
velocity
apparent
part
is less
or all of
than
internally
shaft
in a vehicle,
design
relating
rotational
specified
blade:
speed
point
(without
throat,
is mounted
will deliver
critical
gas
is of monocoque
perfonnance
pump
ot" a pump
whirl
or gas that
suction
the
shaft
and
a critical
its corresponding
along
speed
and
the
fluid
performance
this
surface,
are lowest
supercritical,
or
coined
(2)
fluid
applications:
sustainer
the main
synchronous
speed
word
denoting
maintained
super-insulation,
swaging,
shaft
or temperatures
condition
flowrate
speed
point
a pump
to
the shaft
(I)
at pressures
change
of
along
a component
nozzle,
nozzle
configuration
in which the nozzle entry,
exit cone are cantilevered
into the combustion
chamber
subsynchronous
suction
from
housing
leakage
subcritical,
submerged
the nozzle
protruding
high-efficiency
thermal
engine,
booster
whirl,
process
of
is 1/10
booster
engine
cease firing
whirl
tapering
operation
condition
or
rotating
that
the
squeezing
70
diameter
system
whirl
of
above
a critical
its corresponding
critical
used
of common
in a propulsion
shaft
machinery
above
insulator
to 1/150
in which
reducing
of
or temperatures
laminated-foil
conductivity
auxiliary
engines
(1)
at pressures
velocity
a rod
in
low
insulating
that
temperature
materials
provides
equals
or tube
thrust
shaft
by
after
rotational
hammering
or
T-
tailoff,
time
period
of decay
in rocket
motor
thrust
propellant
tailoring, modification
of a basic solid propellant
meet requirements
of a specific rocket motor
by adjustment
tangled-yarn,
tank. pressure
system
vessel containing
a nonrepetitive
propellant
or pressurant
of propellant
to be use.d in a rocket
properties
vehicle
tank components.
slosh and vortex
insulation
tap density,
times
density
bulk
of granular
taper.
1. gradual reduction
increase in grain perforation
taper ratio, ratio
kept below 4
powder
measured
in or enlargement
area along a section
of maximum
coolant-tube
after
of coolant-tube
of fixed shape
diameter
tapping
2. gradual
tube diameter;
temperature
jump. difference
in temperature
between the nozzle wall and the layer
molecules next to the wall, a result of rarefaction
of the exhaust gas
tension system, duct system
pressure are not transmitted
duct system
are reacted
thermal-compensating
temperature
changes
thermal
cycling,
temperatures
thermal
surface
become
fluid
several
axial
usually
of gas
by axial tension
orifice,
orifice
whose
in the controlled
fluid
exposure
to
devices,
2. tank
the container
diameter;
to minimum
burning
of a component
flow
to alternating
area
adjusts
compensate
levels of relatively
71
to
for
thermal
reactor,
chamber
does
promote
the
term
not
that
acts
thermorheological
on
(for
the
material
to decrease
grain
valve
stress
intensity,
throat,
portion
highest
subsonic
throat
venturi
gap. width
valve
of the
annular
throttle
valve,
valve
to
kind
stress
to a shutoff
combustion
depended
on
to
studies
for
passage
burning
end
usually
for
pressure
denoting
that
by adjusting
and
in
effects
the
time
of
scale,
at the
have
is either
one
is no
cross-sectional
by
described
by
of
an
infilaite
number
open
or fully
two
crack
outlet
ports
growth
in a
period
area
is minimal,
the
gases
of an annular
fluid
is
and
loading
of exhaust
throat
fully
inlet
there
long
at which
flow
surface
effects)
which
a sufficiently
flowrate
may
whose
intensity
nozzle
which
vapor
of a turbopump
considers
ports,
to supersonic
valve
valve,
that
during
control
of
in material
controlled
environment
in fluid
requirement
be accounted
grain
of a convergent/divergent
this
the
are
hot)
(one
three
from
contrasted
(for
geometry
of transition
NPSH
can
configuration,
region
restriction;
in which
processes
to a decrease
for a concept
modulus
having
in a particular
design
convection
due
the critical
term
analytical
valve,
and
an effect,
or contracting
three-dimensional
three-dimensional
threshold
head.
relaxation
cold)
gas-generator
bed,
reactions
simplicity,
temperature
three-way
a catalyst
suppression
density,
expanding
a monopropellant
decomposition
thermodynamic
fluid
for
contain
means
nozzle
of
of
or of a variable
a variable-area
operating
flow
positions
as
closed
through-bulkhead
initiator,
contrivance
in which
a small charge
of material
is detonated
such
that
the resulting
shock
wave
is transmitted
through
a solid metal
interface:
the
transmitted
shock
wave detonates
an acceptor
charge
on the internal
side of the interface,
which
then
initiates
thrust,
propulsive
the
force
deflagration
developed
thrust-balance
system,
force
necessary
to balance
thrust
barrel,
more
engines,
thrust
chamber,
structure
also
the
set
or
axial
in the
called
thrust
assembly
of heat-producing
by a rocket
arrangement
thrust
rocket
engine
of
devices
material
during
that
that
ignites
the
propellant
firing
provides
the
(pressure
X area)
in a turbopump
vehicle
designed
to accept
the
thrust
and
nozzle
structure
of injector,
combustion
72
chamber,
load
from
two
or
thrust coefficient,
inlet pressure
thrust
thrust
ratio
collector,
structure
to thrust-measuring
thrust-time
profile,
thrust-vector
engine thrust
of engine
attached
to a rocket
instruments
plot of thrust
engine
during
time-temperature
shift factor, shift in time required
modulus vs time onto a single curve
of a valve in a prescribed
manner
to superpose
area times
to transmit
of a rocket
by angular
within
throat
testing
control,
steering or guidance
of vehicle
vector; e.g., by gimballing the engine
timing, operation
of nozzle
the engine
engine
deflection
of the rocket
curves of tensile
a prescribed
nozzle
relaxation
time
tolerances
on the final
torquemotor,
electrical
motor of small rotary
displacement
that
winding composed
of two separate coils and a permanent
magnet
incorporates
a control
torsional deflection,
longitudinal
axis
total pressure,
deflection
same as stagnation
total temperature,
imposed
on a flexible
joint
by applying
a torque
about
its
pressure
same as stagnation
temperature
transient, condition
of a physical system in which paralneters
of importance
(temperature,
pressure, fluid velocity, etc.) vary significantly
with time; in particular,
condition
or state of
rocket
engine operation
in which the mass, momentum,
volume,
and pressure
of the
combustion
products within the thrust chamber vary significantly
with time
transient
reached
period,
interval
from
start
or ignition
conditions
grain, positioned
73
at an angle approximately
are
by
an
90 to axis
travel
time.
elapsed
to full-open
triple
triplet,
streams
point,
first
of
tile
solid,
tripping,
the
central
tube-waU
combustion
portion
solid/liquid,
and vapor
phases
of the coolant
turbine
(usually
velocity
classifying
tube
that
of parallel
wall
ratio
type
turbopump,
an assembly
turbopump
system,
source)
deliver
liquid/vapor
coexist
of burning
turbulent
the
of pitchlinc
and
lines
in a phase
consisting
an assembly
the
outer
tubes
wall
that
of the
carry
disks (rotor
so designed
cooling
coolant
or turbine
that the
jacket
to
form
the
wheel)
and one or
wheel is turned
by
blades
velocity
for estimating
to isentropic
spouting
velocity,
an index
for
performance
of one
or more
of components
ring.
circumferential
chamber
intended
pumps
(e.g.,
driven
by a hot-gas
propellant
pumps,
turbine
turbine(s),
protuberance
in the gas-side
wall
to generate
turbulent
flow and thereby
of a (gas
enhance
power
tanks
and
generator)
the mixing
gases
flow.
fluid
irregularly
in both
turndown
ratio,
turning
vane.
twilled
double
flow
in which
magnitude
ratio
the
velocity
at a given
point
fluctuates
randomly
and
and direction
of maximum
to minimum
controlled
flowrates
wire
in which
of a throttle
valve
see vane
Dutch
weave
{TDDW).
successively
over two and under
two and under
two shute wires:
result
device
is equilibrium
designed
to raise the pressure
of the propellants
received
from the vehicle
them to the main thrust
chamber
at specified
pressures
and flowrates
turbulence
combustion
the
and
may
forms
metal
ratio,
turbine
in a flow-control
trip
turbine,
machine
consisting
of one or more bladed
more sets of fixed vanes (stator)
inside
a casing,
fluid
element
consisting
of one or more sets of three orifices
that produce
usually
fuel is injected
through
outer orifices,
and oxidizer
is
construction,
use
chamber
or nozzle
incoming
movable
orifice
see boundary-layer
crown,
of the
solid/vapor,
liquid,
injector
orifice
pattern
converging
to a point:
through
motion
position
intersection
at this
injected
tube
from
or full-closed
point,
diagram;
time
being
a dense
weave;
woven
cloth
each
shute
wire
passes
for filter
74
elements
two-dimensional
grain
configuration,
solid-propellant
grain whose
burning
described
by two-dimensional
analytical geometry
(cross section is independent
two-phase
flow. simultaneous
or of liquid and vapor
75
(e.g., condensed
surface
is
of length)
metal
oxide),
76
(tank)
ullage
space
pressure,
pressure
load
(or pressure),
ultimate
or rupture)
ultimate
umbilical,
or fluids
in the ullage
of a structure
stress,
UMR injector,
with relatively
injector
uniform
underexpansion,
of being
of a container,
at which
fllll of liquid,
either
supplied
catastrophic
the empty
or self-generated
failure (general
collapse
occurs
line or duct
falls short
connecting
fractures
the launch
vehicle
expansion
of the nozzle
or becomes
to ground
mixture
exhaust
structurally
unstable
facilities
that supply
gas to a pressure
higher
power
region
pressure
untwist forces,
blade twist
upcomer,
gas flow
nozzle
forces
acting
on a twisted
tube in which
coolant
77
separable
a torque
opposite
section
tending
to reduce
the
in a rocket
vehicle
having
78
the valving
element
in a suitable
housing
valving-unit
throat,
the valving
element
vane. one of a set of slat-like objects rigidly fixed to a wall or other nonmoving
part of a
fluid system, each slat being carefully shaped, usually as an airfoil, so as to guide or direct
the flow of fluid or create a special kind of flow
vane pump. pump consisting of a rotor
mounted
in an eccentric housing
with sliding
vanes (blades
as herein
defined)
that is
as primary
next
integral
due
structure
to speed
to the nozzle
of a vehicle
of flow,
i.e., the
wall, a result
and
as a
difference
of rarefaction
of
vent-and-relief
valve, specialized
version of a relief valve wherein the assembly acts as an
outlet for ullage vapor during filling of a tank and then performs
as a relief valve during
operation
vent valve, pressure-relieving
shutoff
valve that is operated
on
contrasted
to a relief valve, which opens automatically
when pressure
79
external
reaches
command,
as
a given level
8O
W"
warmant
actuator
running
parallel
water hammer,
literally,
suddenly
stopped; more
stoppage
wave spring,
perpendicular
to the length
of the fabric
disk/washer
to its axis
in cryogenic-valve
hydraulic
actuators
to maintain
operating minimums under extended
hold conditions
of surface
element
deformed
to have
wear in a designated
a multiple-wave
pattern
in a plane
time period
web. minimum
thickness of a solid propellant
grain from the initial ignition surface to the
insulated
case wall or to the intersection
of another burning surface at the time when the
burning surface undergoes
a major change; for an end-burning
grain, the length of the grain
web fraction,
weld dropthrough,
wet cycle,
passage
operation
excessive
weld-bead
of a flow-control
wettability,
ease with which a fluid
solder on a heated metal surface)
radius
projection
device
will flow
over
propellant
and
adhere
or test
to a surface
a longitudinal
wind. flow of gas from region of high pressure to region of low pressure
and mixture-ratio
maldistribution.
When the flow is radial to equilibrate
given axial location, the movement
is termed radial wind
windage, circulation
or pumping of fluids caused by impeller action
a gas contained
in a cavity with rotating shafts, gears, or bearings
cavity by windage
81
fluid
in the
flow
(e.g., molten
axis different
from
as a result of mass
pressure across a
of rotating components;
will circulate within the
workhardening,anincreasein hardness
(stiffness)of a metalbroughtaboutby subjectingit,
at temperaturesbelow the recrystallizationrange,to stresses
greatenoughto plastically
deformthe metal:work hardeningmayoccurduringfabricationor duringuse,but in either
eventthe materiallosesductility
worm screw (or
reciprocating
motion
wraparound,
term
thrust-vector-control
ball screw),
mechanical
device
used
for positioning
the valving element
to
convert
rotary
for a flexible
duct
or hose assembly
that
"wraps
gimbal of a rocket engine in the plane of the gimbal
82
motion
around"
to
the
Yo
axis through
to cause a permanent
be applied
to a structure
exhibits
a permanent
devices
83
(e.g.,
its midpoint
deformation,
valves)
or center
deformation
usually
to connect
of
of a
specified
two movable
as
84
-Zzero-g,
term applied
to a condition
or state in which
85
is absent
86
TABLE
OF
(Factors
for
CONVERSION
Converting
U.S.
Customary
FACTORS
Units*
to SI
U.S. customary
Physical
quantity
Units*)
Conversion
unit
SI unit
factor**
Acceleration
ft/see2
m/sec 2
3.048x
10-1
Angle
deg
rad
1.745x
10-2
rpln
rad/sec
1.047x
10-1
mm 2
5.067x10
ft2
m2
9.290x
in-2
cm 2
6.452
in.-lb f
N-m
I. 130x I 0-1
in./sec
mm/sec
2.54x
lbf 2/in.2
N 2/cm 2
3.067
gm/cm
kg/m 3
1.00x
lbm/ft
kg/m 3
1.602x
I 01
Angular
Area
velocity
circ.
Bending
Burn
moment
rate
Chamber
times
mil
-4
10 -2
10 t
pressure
thrust
Density
]0
Ibm/in.3
kg/m 3
2.768x
104
DN
mm-rpm
mm-rad/sec
1.047x
10-1
Energy
Btu
1.054x
10 a
cal
4.184
1.356
ft-lb f
Btu
1.054x
cal
4.184
Btu/lbm
J/kg
2.324x10
Flowrate
gpm
m 3/min
3.785x
10 -3
kg/sec
N
4.536x
4.448
10-1
Force
Ibm/see
lbf
ozf
ksi-in. '/2
(kN/m
2)-m '/2
1.099x
lbf/in.
N/cm
X m/sec
5.338x10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Fracture
FV
(specific)
toughness
factor
X ft/sec
ft/sec 2
103
2.780x10
m/sec 2
3.048x
-1
10 a
-1
I 0 -t
A definition of all symbols and abbreviations for units appears at the end of the table. The symbol gm is used for gram to
distinguish it from the symbol g used for the unit force of gravity.
**Except
for temperature
conversions,
unit by
87
Gas constant,
specific
( ft-lb f)/(lbm
- R)
(in.-lb f)/(lbm-
Gas constant,
universal
R)
headrise
Heat
flux
(ft-lb f)/(lbm-mol-
J/(kg-mol-K)
4.483x10
-1
3.048x10
-1
Heat
R)
(ft-lbf)/lbm
J/kg
2.989
Btu/(fff-sec)
W/m2
W/in=
3.152
generation
rate
2-hr)
W/cm 2
1.634x102
2-sec)
W/cm 2
4.184
1.054x103
Btu/sec
Btu/(sec-in.2
Heat of explosion
Heat-transfer
Btu/(hr-ft
W[cm
1.634x10
Btu/lbm
J/kg
2.324x103
cal/gm
J/kg
4.184x103
W/(m 2-K)
W/(cm 2-K)
5.674
gr/lbm
kg/kg
1.428xl
energy
ft-lbf
1.356
(total)
lbf-sec
N-sec
4.448
in.-ozf
N -m
7.061x10
-3
sc fin
SC Ill Ill
2.832x10
-2
SCCII]
2.832x104
coefficient
cal/(sec-cm
Humidity
Impulse
hnbalance
Leakage
rate
2-F
2-C)
scim
SCCDI
scch
Length
Load
Load
1.135x104
2-sec)
hnpact
R)
llq
cal/(cm
rate
5.380
Btu/(in.
generation
-1
4.184x10
J/(kg-mol-K)
Btu/(fl
Heat
J/(kg-K)
J/(kg-mol-K)
ft
or
5.380
4.483x10
cal/(mol-K)
(in.-lb f)/(lbm-mol-
Head
J/(kg-K)
factor
Load/unit
Magnetic
length
field
*Conversion
0-4
1.639x10
9.834x102
Clll
ft
_m
in
3.048x10
in.
Cnl
2.54
rail
bLm
1.00x I 0-8
1.00 x t 0-4
2.54x10
2.54x
-1
r
10 -2
g in.
lbf
_m
N
4.448
psi
N/cm 2
6.895x10
lbf/lbm
N/kg
9.807
lbf/in.
N/cm
1.751
1.00xl0
kg
6.480x10
-s
_r
Ibm
kg
4.536x10
-I
ozm
kg
2.835x10
-2
gamlTla
strength
Mass
4.184
for completeness.
88
-1
"9
(kg-sec2)/cm
Mass density
(lbm-sec
Mass diffusivity
ft 2/hr
Mass flux
lbm/(in.
2 -sec)
kg/(cm
lbm/(in.
2 -rain)
kg/(cm
elastic
; tensile)
2 -sec)
2 -rain)
kg/(m
2 -sec)
2 -sec)
-2
-2
7.030xl0
-2
7.030x10
-2
6.895x10
6.895x106
N/m 2
6.895x10
lbm/(lbm-mol)
kg/(kg-mol)
1.00
lbf/in.
N/cm
1.751
Peel strength
Permeativity
(lbm-mol)/(in.24_r-psi)
(kg.mol)/(cm
Power
hp
Molecular
Power
weight
Pressure
7.457x102
W/in. 2
1.560x10
-1
atm
N/m 2
1.013x10
N/cm 2
1.013x101
in. Hg (60F)
kN/m
3.386
ksi
kN/m 2
mm
N/cm 2
Hg (0_C)
kN/m
6.895x10
-1
N/cm 2
1.333x10
2.102x10
-2
-3
1.667x10
-1
Resistivity
ohm/cmf
_ohm-cm
ohm-in.
ohm-cm
rev/sec
speed
modulus
Specific
heat
Specific
Spring rate
stiffness
rad/sec
J/(kg-K)
(lb f-sec)/lbm
m/sec
9.807
(N-sec)/kg
9.807
N/cm
1.751
J/(sec.m
cm
in./in.
(compressive,
shear,
yield,
(compressive,
etc.)
etc.)
4.184x103
j/(kg-i_)
4)
psi
ksi
psi
ksi
] cm
89
4.184x103
2 -K 4)
3.310x10
1.
N/cm 2
6.895x10
kN/m 2
6.895x103
N/cm 2
6.895x10
kN/m 2
-l
1.639x101
constant
Strain
1.047x10
cal/(gm-C)
Btu/(hr-ft2-R
Stefan-Boltzmann
1.356
6.283
Btu/(lbm-R)
lbf/in.
or
N-m
cm
in. 3
impulse
2.54
rad/sec
rpm
Section
6.895
MN/(m-sec)
fl-lbf
-2
N/cm 2
psi ft/sec
Rotational
1.333x10
4.788x101
PV factor
Roll moment
6.895x103
N/m 2
torr (OC)
tensile,
-1
W/cm 2
psi
tensile,
1.020x10
psf
Stress
2 -hr-
N/cm 2)
flux
Strength
-1
6.895x102
N/cm 2
kN/m
1.090x10
9.290x10
4.882
N/cm 2
psi
ksi
(compressive;
m 2 ]hr
lbm/(ft
Modulus
2 )/in.4
6.895x103
-1
-I
Surface
finish
Surface
speed
(rubbing
speed)
Surface
tension
Taper
Temperature
Temperature
difference
Tensile
strength
or stress
Thermal
conductivity
Thermal
diffusivity
#m
2.54x
m/sec
3.048x
dynes/cm
Ntm
1.00x10-3
lb i7 ft
N/in
1.459x101
or toni/ram
10-2
10 - i
in./in.
cm/cm
1.00
oF
oR
K = (5/9)
K =C
F or R,
ks/
kN/m 2
6.895x103
K = C + 273.15
K = (5/9)
(F + 459.67)
K = (5/9)
(F
(R)
or R)
N/m 2
6.895x
N/cm 2
6.895x10
W/(m-K)
1.730
Btu/(hr-in.-F)
W/(m-K)
2.075x
(Btu-in.)/(hr-ft
W/(m-K)
1.441 x 10-1
Btu/(sec-ft-F)
W/(m-K)
6.227x
cal/(cm-sec-C)
W/(cm-K)
4.184
ftZ/hr
m 2/hr
9.290x
in.=/hr
6.452
t.054xlO
1.8
psi
Btu/fhr-ft
- F)
2- F)
103
-t
101
103
10-2
Ttlennal
energy
Btu
cnl 2/hr
.1
Thermal
expansion
coefficient
in./(in.-F)
m/(m-K)
Themlal
(o F-sec)/Btu
KfW
5.269 x 10 -4
lbf
4.448
1.356
resistance
Thrust
Torque
Velocity
Viscosity,
Viscosity,
absolute
dynamic
fl-lbf
N-m
in.-lbf
N-m
1.130x10
in.-ozf
N-m
7.06 | x l 0 -3
ft/sec
m/sec
3.048x
in./sec
cm/sec
2.54
{,lbf-sec)/ft
(N-see)/m2
(lb f-sec)/infl
(N-sec)/cm
lbm/(ft-sec)
(N-sec)/m
10-1
4-788x101
z
2
6.895x
10 -1
1.488
Ibm/(in.-sec)
(N-sec)/cm
1.786x
gm/(cm-sec)
(N-sec)/cm
1.00xl0-S
in.2/sec
cent/st okes
cm2/sec
cm 2/sec
6.452
1.00x
ft 3
m3
2'832x10-2
gal.
m3
3.785x10-3
in.3
cm3
1.639x
Wear rate
in./hr
mm/hr
2.54x101
Yield strength
or stress
psi
ks/
N/cm 2
6.895x10
kN/m 2
6.895x
Young's
psi
N/ctn 2
6.895x10
Viscosity,
kinematic
Volume
modulus
90
10-3
10 -2
101
-1
103
-1
DEFINITION
OF
SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
angstrom
FOR
atmosphere
Btu
British thermal
unit
cmf
centimeter
( 10-2 m)
circular mil foot
deg
degree
oF
ft
degrees
foot
g
gal
acceleration
due to gravity
gallon
gram (10 -3 kg)
gallons per minute
cm
gm
gpm
gr
UNITS
unit (lO-_m)
atm
cal
circ. mil
AND
1 mil in diam.)
Fahrenheit
grain
hp
hr
horsepower
hour
in.
inch
Joule
K
kg
kg-mol
degrees Kelvin
kilogram
kilogram-mole
(mass in kilograms
kN
ksi
kilonewton
lbf
Ibm
pound
pound
10 a pounds
(10 a N)
force per square inch
force
mass
91
numerically
equal to molecular
weight)
meter
10 -3 in.
minute
millimeter
111
mil
rain
mm
MN
(10 -3 m)
meganewton
(10 6 N)
tool
newton
ozf
ounce
force
ozm
OklllCe
IFIaSS
psf
psi
pounds
foot
pounds
inch
oR
rev
degrees Rankine
radian
revolution
rpm
revolutions
scch
standard
cubic centimeters
SCCm
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
sec
standard
standard
standard
standard
second
tesla
watt
/gin.
micro-inch
( 10 -6 in.)
/2111
micrometer
(10 -6 m)
rad
scfnl
scim
scmm
*Measured
at a pressure
of 1 atm
and
munerically
per minute
temperature
per hour*
centimeters
per minute*
feet per minute*
inches per minute*
meters per minute*
of 70F
(standard
92
condition)
equal to molecular
weight)
NASA
SPACE VEHICLE DESIGN
CRITERIA
MONOGRAPHS
ISSUED TO DATE
ENVIRONMENT
SP-8005
Solar
SP-8010
Models
of Mars Atmosphere
SP-8011
Models
of Venus
SP-8013
Meteoroid
Electromagnetic
March
Radiation,
(1974),
Atmosphere
Environment
Revised
(1972),
Model
May
1971
December
Revised
1969
1974
September
(Near
Earth
1972
to
Lunar
Surface),
1969
SP-8017
Magnetic
SP-8020
Surface
Models
SP-8021
Models
of
SP-8023
Lunar
Surface
SP-8037
Assessment
and Conlrol
SP-8038
Meteoroid
Environmen!
(iltober
SP-8049
The
SP-8067
Earth
SP-8069
The
SP-8084
Surface
Fields
Earth
and
Extraterrestrial,
of Mars (19751,
Earth's
Revised
Atmosphere
Models.
May
(00
March
September
Io 2500
1969
1c)75
kin),
Revised
March
1073
1969
of Spacecraft
Model
Magnetic
1970
Fields,
(Interplanetary
Seplember
and
1_)70
Planelarv}.
1970
Earth's
Ionosphere,
Albedo
Planet
March
1971
and
Emitted
Radiation,
July
Jupiler
(1970),
December
1971
Atmospheric
Revised
June
Extremes
(Launch
1971
and
Transportation
Areas),
1974
SP-8085
The
Planet
Mercury
SP-8091
The
Planet
Saturn
SP-8092
Assessment
June
Revised
and
1972
93
11971),
(1970),
Control
March
June
of
1972
1972
Spacecraft
Electromagnetic
Interference,
SP-8103
The
SP-8105
Spacecraft
SP-8111
Assessment
and Control
SP-8116
The
Trapped
SP-8117
Gravity
SP-8118
Interplanetary
SP-8122
The
Planets
Uranus,
Neptune.
Thermal
Earth's
Fields
and
Contrt)l,
(1971),
Solar
System,
of Titan
Charges,
Bells,
Particle
November
1972
1973
of Electrostatic
Charged
Environment
May
Radiation
of the
Pluto
March
April
Models
(1975
May
1974
1975
1975
(I 974),
}, July
March
1975
1976
STRUCTURES
SP-8001
Buffeting
SP-8002
Flight-Loads
SP-8003
Flutter,
SP-8004
Panel
Flutter,
Revised
SP-8006
Local
Steady
Aerodynamic
SP-8007
Buckling
SP-8008
Prelaunch
Ground
SP-8009
Propellant
Slosh
SP-8012
Natural
SP-8014
Entry
SP-8019
Buckling
SP-8022
Staging
SP-8029
Aerodynamic
May
During
Atmospheric
Ascent,
Measurements
Buzz,
During
and Divergence,
of Thin-Walled
Loads,
Vibration
Thermal
Loads,
Loads
November
August
1968
Protection,
August
and
During
Loads,
Analysis,
February
and
Exit,
Launch
and
1970
December
1964
Exit,
1965
1964
Cylinders,
Modal
of Thin-Walled
November
1972
Circular
Wind
Launch
July
June
Revised
Truncated
Revised
August
Transient
SP-8031
Slosh
Loads
September
1968
1968
Cones,
September
Heating
During
1968
1969
Rocket-Exhaust
Suppression,
94
From
May
1968
1965
Launch
1969
SP-8030
May
Thrust
1969
Excitation,
February
1969
and Ascent,
SP-803
Buckling
of Thin-Walled
SP-8035
Wind
Loads
During
SP-8040
Fracture
SP-8042
Meteoroid
SP-8043
Design-Development
SP-8044
Qualification
SP-8045
Acceptance
SP-8046
Landing
Control
Doubly
Ascent,
June
of Metallic
Damage
Curved
Assessment,
Testing,
Testing,
Impact
April
Vessels,
May
May
May
August
1969
1070
Pressure
Testing,
Shells,
May
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
Attenuation
for
Non-Surface-Planing
Landers,
April
1970
SP-8050
Structural
Vibration
SP-8053
Nuclear
and
SP-8054
Space
Radiation
SP-8055
Preven
titre
Prediction.
Space
Radiation
Effects
Protection.
of Coupled
June
June
Strucl
1970
on Materials,
June
1970
1970
ure-Propulsion
Instability
(Pogo),
October
1970
SP-8056
Flight
Separation
SP-8057
Structural
blechanisms,
Design
Criteria
October
1970
Applicable
in a Space
Shtlttle.
Revised
1972
SP-8060
Colnpartlnent
SP-8061
Interaction
SP-8062
Entry
SP-8063
Lubrication,
SP-8066
Deployable
SP-8068
Buckling
Strength
SP-8072
Acoustic
Loads
SP-8077
Transportation
Venting.
with
Novelnber
Umbilicals
Gasdynamic
and
Ileatmg,
Friction,
January
Generated
June
Handling
Plates,
by the
Stand,
Augusl
1970
1971
Deceleration
of Structural
95
Launch
and Weal,
Aerodynalnic
and
1970
1971
Systems,
June
Propulsion
Loads,
September
June
1971
1971
System,
1971
June
1971
March
SP-8079
Structural
Interaction
withControlSystems.
November
It)7I
SP-8082
Stress-Corrosion
Cracking
inMetals,
August1971
SP-8083
Discontinuity
Stresses
inMetallic
Pressure
Vessels,
Novembe_
1t)71
SP-8095
SP-8099
SP-8104
SP-8108
Preliminary
June 1971
Criteria
Combining
Ascent
Structural
1973
Interaction
for
Loads.
the
May
With
Advanced
Composite
Guidance
and Navigation
Fracture
Ccq/tro]
of
Space
Shuffle
Strttctules.
1972
Transportation
Structures,
and
December
Itandling
S,,stems.
Janual"_
1974
GUIDANCE
ANDCONTROL
SP-8015
SP-8016
Effects
1969
of
for Entry
Structural
Flexibility
SP-8018
Spacecraft
Magnetic
SP-8024
Spacecraft
Gravitational
SP-8026
Spacecraft
Star
SP-8027
Spacecraft
Radiation
SP-8028
Entry
SP-8033
Spacecraft
Earth
SP-8034
Spacecraft
Mass Expulsion
SP-8036
Effects
Vehicle
February
of
Control
1968
Systems.
April
1969
May
1969
1970
October
November
1969
1969
Sensors,
December
Torques,
Flexibility
1969
December
on
Launch
1969
Vehicle
Control
Systems,
1970
Spacecraft
Sun
SP-8058
Spacecraft
Aerodynamic
Spacecraft
1971
July
Horizon
Structural
March
Torques,
Control,
November
on Spacecraft
Torques,
Trackers,
SP-8047
SP-8059
Torques,
Vehicles,
Sensors,
Attitude
96
June
1970
Torques,
Control
January
During
1971
Thrusting
Maneuvers,
February
SP-bl065
Tubular
SP-8070
Spaceborne
SP-8071
Passive
SP-8074
Spacecraft
SP-8078
Spaceborne
SP-8086
Space
Vehicle
Displays
SP-8096
Space
Vehicle
Gyroscope
SP-8098
Effects
June
SP-8102
Spacecraft
Booms
Digital
(Extendible,
Computer
Gravity-Gradient
Solar
Cell
Libratitm
Arrays,
Electronic
of
Systems,
1971
February
February
1971
197 I
1971
Criteria,
Sensor
June
1971
March
1972
Applications,
Flexibility
on
October
Entry
Vehicle
1972
Control
Systems,
1972
Space
Vehicle
SP-8089
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Injectors,
SP-8087
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Fluid-Cooled
SP-8113
Liquid
1974
SP-8120
Liquid
SP-8107
Turbopump
SP-8109
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
SP-8125
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Axial
SP-8052
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Turbopump
SP-8110
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Turbines,
SP-8081
Liquid
Propellant
SP-8048
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
Turbopump
SP-8121
Liquid
Rockel
Engine
Rotating-Shaft
CHEMICAL
March
Systems,
Design
Structural
Stored),
Dampers,
May
Imaging
Reel
Accelerometer
Applications,
December
1972
PROPULSION
Rocket
Rocket
Engine
Engine
Systems
March
Combustion
Combustion
Nozzles,
1972
November
1974
December
April
Inducers,
January
August
Turbopumps,
Turbopumps,
Gas Generators,
97
Engines,
Flow
Flow
Devices,
April
1976
Rocket
Centrifugal
Chambers,
Stabilization
July
for Liquid
1976
May
1978
1971
1974
March
1972
Bearings,
Seals,
blarch
February
1971
1978
1973
SP-8101
Liquid
1972
SP-8100
Liquid
Rocket
Engine
SP-8088
Liquid
Rocket
Metal
Tanks
SP-8094
Liquid
Rocket
Valve
Components,
SP-8097
Liquid
Rocket
Valve
Assemblies,
SP-8090
Liquid
Rocket
Actuators
Liquid
Rocket
Disconnects
SP-8119
Rocket
September
Liquid
SP-8112
Pressurization
SP-8080
Liquid
SP-8064
Turbopump
Turbopump
and
Gears.
and Tank
('ouplings,
March
August
May
1974
1973
November
1973
May
Couplings,
September
t c_74
Components,
and Operators,
Rocket
Rocket
Lines,
Bellows,
Systems
1973
Fittings,
Pressure
and Explosive
Flexible
for Liquid
Fixed
Propellant
Selection
Solid
1971
Propellant
SP-8076
Solid
Propellant
Grain
Design
SP-8073
Solid
Propellant
Grain
SP-8039
Solid
Rocket
SP-8051
Solid
SP-8025
Processing
Relief
March
and
Hoses,
Rockets,
Regulators,
Valves,
Solid
SP-8075
Shafts
Joints,
and Se',.ds
1976
SP-8123
Disks,
Engine
and
Filters,
October
1975
Valves.
Check
Factors
June
in Rocket
Motor
Design.
Ballistics,
March
Structural
Integrity
Analysis,
June
Motor
Performance
Analysis
and Prediction,
Rocket
Motor
Igniters,
Solid
Rocket
Motor
Metal
SP-8093
Solid
Rocket
Motor
Internal
Insulation,
SP-8115
Solid
Rocket
Motor
Nozzles,
June
SP-8114
Solid
Rocket
Thrust
Vector
Control,
SP-8041
Captive-Fired
98
March
of Solid
Burst
1971
and Internal
Testing
Valves,
1977
1973
Characterization,
Cases,
April
October
1972
1973
May
1971
1971
April
1970
December
1976
1975
Rocket
December
Motors,
1974
March
1971
NASA-Langley,
1980