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Fowles 03
Fowles 03
OSCILLATIONS
3.1
x = 0.002sin 2 ( 512 s 1 ) t [ m ]
m
m
xmax = ( 0.002 )( 2 )( 512 ) = 6.43
s
s
2
2 m
m
xmax = ( 0.002 )( 2 ) ( 512 ) 2 = 2.07 104 2
s
s
3.2
x = 0.1sin t [m]
When t = 0, x = 0
and
= 5 s 1
3.3
m
x = 0.1 cos t
s
m
x = 0.5 = 0.1
s
2
T=
= 1.26 s
x ( t ) = x cos t +
sin t and = 2 f
x = 0.25cos ( 20 t ) + 0.00159sin ( 20 t ) [ m ]
3.4
3.5
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mx1 + kx1 = mx2 + kx2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
k ( x1 x2 ) = m ( x2 x1 )
1
k x22 x12 2
=
=
m x12 x22
1 2 1 2 1 2
kA = mx1 + kx1
2
2
2
m
x2 x2 x2 x2
A2 = x12 + x12 = 1 12 22 1 + x12
k
x2 x1
x x x x
A=
x x
2 2
1 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
1
1
2
3.6
3.7
1
1
l
=
T =
s 2.5 s
9.8
2
g
6
(k + k ) 2
= 1 2
m
For springs tied in series:
The upward force m is keq x .
Therefore, the downward force on spring k2 is keq x .
The upward force on the spring k2 is k1 x where x is the
displacement of P, the point at which the springs are tied.
Since the spring k2 is in equilibrium, k1 x = keq x .
Meanwhile,
The upward force at P is k1 x .
The downward force at P is k2 ( x x ) .
Therefore, k1 x = k2 ( x x )
x =
k2 x
k1 + k2
k x
And keq x = k1 2
k1 + k2
1
=
3.8
k1k2
2
=
m ( k1 + k2 ) m
keq
k
xm
M +m
k
k
xm = A cos
t + = d cos
t
+
+
M
m
M
m
Fr = mg +
mk
mkd
k
cos
xm = mg +
t
M +m
M +m
M +m
For the block to just begin to leave the bottom of the box at
the top of the vertical oscillations, Fr = 0 at xm = d :
mkd
0 = mg
M +m
g ( M + m)
d=
k
3.9
x = e t A cos ( d t )
dx
= e t A d sin ( d t ) e t A cos ( d t )
dt
dx
maxima at
= 0 = d sin ( d t ) + cos ( d t )
dt
tan ( d t ) =
thus the condition of relative maximum occurs every time that t increases by
ti +1 = ti +
ti +1
A cos ( d ti +1 ) = e
2
d
xi
xi
= e d = e Td
xi +1
3.10
(a)
(b)
(c)
c
= 3 s 1
2m
2
d = 2 2 = 16 s 2
k
= 25 s 2
m
2
r = d 2 2 = 7 s 2
2 =
r = 7 s 1
F
48
=
Amax =
m = 0.2 m
Cd 60.4
tan =
2 r
2 r r
7
=
=
=
2
2
2
( r ) 2 3
41.4
3.11
17 2
mx = 0
2
3
17
= and 2 = 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
r = 2 = 4
mx + 3 mx +
(a)
Amax =
(b)
d2 = 2 2 =
25 2
d =
2A
15 2
e Td =
3.12
F
2m d
r = 2
1
2
1
ln 2 = f d ln 2
Td
1
d = ( 2 2 ) 2
(a)
1
2 2
So, = ( + )
2
d
2 2 2
ln 2 2 2
f = fd +
= f d 1 +
2
2
f = 100.6 Hz
1
(b)
r = ( d2 2 ) 2
2 2 2
ln 2 2 2
fr = fd
= f d 1
2
2
f r = 99.4 Hz
3.13
1
=
= d
Td n 2 n
Now
So
d = 2 2
= ( d2 +
1
2 2
1
2
1 2
= d 1 + 2 2
4 n
Td d
1 2
=
=
= 1 + 2 2
2 d 4 n
T
For large n,
Td
1
1+ 2 2
8 n
T
1
3.14
(a) r = 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
= 2 2 = 0.707
2
1 2
2
1
d
4
(b) Q =
=
=
= 0.866
2
2
2
2
2 ( 2 )
2
2
2
(c) tan = 2
= 2 2 =
2
4
3
1
2 2
= tan 1 = 146.3
3
1
2
2
2
2 2
(d) D ( ) = ( 4 ) + 4 ( 4 2 ) = 3.606 2
2
F
F
A ( ) = m = 0.277
D ( )
m 2
3.15
A ( )
Amax
1
( ) 2 + 2 2
1
1
for A ( ) = Amax ,
=
1
2
2
( ) 2 + 2 2
2
( ) + 2 = 4 2
= 3
= 3
3.16
(b) Q =
2 2
d
=
2
2
2 =
1
,
LC
R
2L
2
1 R
2
LC 4 L
L 1
Q=
= 2
R
R C 4
2
2L
L
R
(c) Q = = C =
R
R
2
3.17
Fext = F sin t = Im F ei t
i.e.
i t
x ( t ) = Im Ae ( ) = A sin ( t )
and
2
tan = 2
2
3.18
where = + i ,
= tan 1
( c 2m )
m ( 2 2 ) c + k
{m ( ) c + k + ( c 2m ) }
2
1
2 2
3.19
l A2
T 2
1
g
8
(a)
for A =
(b)
1
2
l
1.041
g
, T 2
4 2l
1.084
T2
l
4 2l
Using T = 2
gives g = 2 , approximately 8% too small.
g
T
(c)
g=
A3
2
B=
and =
32 2
6
B
A2
=
A 192
for A =
3.20
f ( t ) = cn ein t
B
= 0.0032
A
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
f ( t ) = cn cos n t + cn i sin n t , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
n
T
2
T
2
T
2
T
and cn =
1
T
f ( t ) e int dt ,
cn =
1
T
f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
i
T
T
2
T
f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt
The first term on cn is the same for n and n ; the second term changes sign for
n vs. n . The same holds true for the trigonometric terms in f ( t ) . Therefore, when
1 T
f ( t ) = c + 2T f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt cos n t
n T
2
T
1
+ 2T f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt sin n t ,
n T
2
1 T2
n = 1, 2, . . ., and c = T f ( t ) dt
T 2
Now, due to the equality of terms in n :
2 T2
f ( t ) = c + T f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt cos n t
n T
2
T
2
+ 2T f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt sin n t ,
n T
2
n = 1, 2,3, . . .
Equations 3.9.9 and 3.9.10 follow directly.
3.21
f ( t ) = cn e
in t
T=
so
1 T2
cn = T f ( t ) e int dt ,
T 2
cn =
2
=
and n = 0, 1, 2,
f ( t ) e in t dt
0
in t
in t
+
e
dt
e dt
(
)
0
2
1 in t
=
e
2 in
1 in t
in
0
1
1 e + in e in + 1
2 in
For n even, ein = e in = 1 and the term in brackets is zero.
For n odd, ein = e in = 1
4
cn =
,
n = 1, 3, . . .
2 in
4 in t
f (t ) =
e , n = 1, 3, . . .
n 2 in
4 1 1 in t in t
=
( e e ) , n = 1,3,5, . . .
n n 2i
41
=
sin ( n t ) , n = 1,3,5, . . .
n n
4
1
1
3
5
3.22
In steady state, x ( t ) = An e (
i n t n )
An =
Fn
m
( 2 n 2 2 )2 + 4 2 n 2 2 2
4F
,
n = 1,3,5, . . .
and
Now Fn =
n
9 2
Q = 100
so 2
40, 000
2
4F
1
A1 =
1
m
2
2 2
2
9
2
2
( 9 ) + 4 40000
F
A1
2m 2
4F
1
A3 =
1
3m
2 2 2
2
9
( 9 2 9 2 ) + 4
200
400 F
A3
27m 2
4F
1
A5 =
1
5m
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
9
25
4
5
) 200 ( )
(
F
A5
20m 2
i.e., A1 : A3 : A5 = 1 : 29.6 : 0.1
3.23
(a)
x +2x = 0
y=x
= 3
Thus y = 2 x
x= y
y dy
x
=
=
x dx
y
2
Solving
ydy
Let 2C = A2
y2
x2
+
=1
2 A2 A 2
y2
x2
+
=C
2 2 2
an ellipse
3.24
(a)
(b)
Thus, the points are: (-1,0), (0,0) and (+1,0). We can tell whether or not
the points represent stable or unstable points of equilibrium by examining
the phase space plots in the neighborhood of the equilibrium points. Well
do this in part (c).
dy y x x 3
= =
or
The energy can be found by integrating
dx x
y
y dy = ( x x ) dx + C
3
or
y 2 x2 x4
= +C
2
2 4
In other words E = T + V =
`
(c)
y 2 x4 x2
+ = C . The total energy C is
2 4 2
constant.
The phase space trajectories are given by solutions to the above equation
1
2
x4
y = x 2 + 2C .
2
The upper right quadrant of the trajectories is shown in the figure below.
The trajectories are symmetrically disposed about the x and y axes. They
form closed paths for energies C<0 about the two points (-1,0) and (+1,0).
Thus, these are points of stable equilibrium for small excursions away
from these points. The trajectory passes thru the point (0,0) for C=0 and is
a saddle point. Trajectories never pass thru the point (0,0) for positive
energies C>0. Thus, (0,0) is a point of unstable equilibrium.
0.5
0.5
1.5
10
3.25
+ sin = 0
d 2
cos = 0
dt 2
Integrating:
= cos
T = 4
2 = 2 ( cos cos
or
d
1
2 ( cos cos ) 2
sin
sin
so =
at =
cos = 1 2sin
T
4
2
1 sin 2
1
2
2
2
2
4
sin
sin
2
2
T = 4
2
2
4 sin 2 sin 2
1
2
or
T = 4
(a)
1 sin 2
(1 sin 2 )
(b)
1
2
where = sin 2
1
2
1
3
1 + sin 2 + 2 sin 4 +
2
8
3
1
T = 4 d 1 + sin 2 + 2 sin 4 +
8
2
0
2
3
2
(c)
...
= sin
+
2 2 48
4
T = 2 1 + +
16
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
T = 2 1 + + 2 +
4 64
11