CHAPTER 3

OSCILLATIONS
3.1

x = 0.002sin 2 ( 512 s 1 ) t [ m ]

m
m
xmax = ( 0.002 )( 2 )( 512 ) = 6.43
s
s
2
2 m
m
xmax = ( 0.002 )( 2 ) ( 512 ) 2 = 2.07 104 2
s
s
3.2

x = 0.1sin t [m]

When t = 0, x = 0

and

= 5 s 1

3.3

m
x = 0.1 cos t
s
m
x = 0.5 = 0.1
s
2
T=
= 1.26 s

x ( t ) = x cos t +

sin t and = 2 f

x = 0.25cos ( 20 t ) + 0.00159sin ( 20 t ) [ m ]

3.4

cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin

x = A cos ( t ) = A cos cos t + A sin sin t
x = cos t + sin t , = A cos , = A sin

3.5

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mx1 + kx1 = mx2 + kx2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
k ( x1 x2 ) = m ( x2 x1 )
1

k x22 x12 2
=
=

m x12 x22
1 2 1 2 1 2
kA = mx1 + kx1
2
2
2
m
x2 x2 x2 x2
A2 = x12 + x12 = 1 12 22 1 + x12
k
x2 x1
x x x x
A=

x x

2 2
1 2
2
2

2 2
2 1
2
1

1
2

3.6

3.7

1
1
l
=
T =
s 2.5 s
9.8
2
g
6

For springs tied in parallel:

Fs ( x ) = k1 x k2 x = ( k1 + k2 ) x
1

(k + k ) 2
= 1 2
m
For springs tied in series:
The upward force m is keq x .
Therefore, the downward force on spring k2 is keq x .
The upward force on the spring k2 is k1 x where x is the
displacement of P, the point at which the springs are tied.
Since the spring k2 is in equilibrium, k1 x = keq x .
Meanwhile,
The upward force at P is k1 x .
The downward force at P is k2 ( x x ) .
Therefore, k1 x = k2 ( x x )

x =

k2 x
k1 + k2

k x
And keq x = k1 2
k1 + k2
1

=
3.8

k1k2
2
=

m ( k1 + k2 ) m

keq

For the system ( M + m ) , kX = ( M + m ) X

The position and acceleration of m are the same as for ( M + m ) :

k
xm
M +m

k
k
xm = A cos
t + = d cos
t
+
+
M
m
M
m

The total force on m, Fm = mxm = mg Fr

xm =

Fr = mg +

mk
mkd
k
cos
xm = mg +
t
M +m
M +m
M +m

For the block to just begin to leave the bottom of the box at
the top of the vertical oscillations, Fr = 0 at xm = d :
mkd
0 = mg
M +m
g ( M + m)
d=
k
3.9

x = e t A cos ( d t )

dx
= e t A d sin ( d t ) e t A cos ( d t )
dt
dx
maxima at
= 0 = d sin ( d t ) + cos ( d t )
dt
tan ( d t ) =

thus the condition of relative maximum occurs every time that t increases by
ti +1 = ti +

For the i th maximum: xi = e ti A cos ( d ti )

xi +1 = e

ti +1

A cos ( d ti +1 ) = e

2
d

xi

xi
= e d = e Td
xi +1

3.10

(a)

(b)
(c)

c
= 3 s 1
2m
2
d = 2 2 = 16 s 2

k
= 25 s 2
m
2
r = d 2 2 = 7 s 2

2 =

r = 7 s 1
F
48
=
Amax =
m = 0.2 m
Cd 60.4

tan =

2 r
2 r r
7
=
=
=
2
2
2
( r ) 2 3

41.4

3.11

17 2
mx = 0
2
3
17
= and 2 = 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
r = 2 = 4
mx + 3 mx +

(a)

Amax =

(b)

d2 = 2 2 =

25 2

d =

2A
15 2

e Td =

3.12

F
2m d

r = 2

1
2

1
ln 2 = f d ln 2
Td
1

d = ( 2 2 ) 2

(a)

1
2 2

So, = ( + )
2
d

2 2 2
ln 2 2 2
f = fd +
= f d 1 +

2
2

f = 100.6 Hz
1

(b)

r = ( d2 2 ) 2
2 2 2
ln 2 2 2
fr = fd
= f d 1

2
2

f r = 99.4 Hz

3.13

Since the amplitude diminishes by e Td in each complete period,

n
1
e Td = = e 1
e
Td n = 1

1
=
= d
Td n 2 n

Now
So

d = 2 2
= ( d2 +

1
2 2

1
2

1 2

= d 1 + 2 2
4 n

Td d
1 2
=
=
= 1 + 2 2
2 d 4 n
T

For large n,

Td
1
1+ 2 2
8 n
T
1

3.14

(a) r = 2
2

1
2 2

2 2

= 2 2 = 0.707
2

1 2
2

1

d
4
(b) Q =
=
=
= 0.866
2
2

2
2

2 ( 2 )
2
2
2
(c) tan = 2
= 2 2 =
2

4
3
1
2 2

= tan 1 = 146.3
3
1

2
2
2

2 2
(d) D ( ) = ( 4 ) + 4 ( 4 2 ) = 3.606 2
2

F
F
A ( ) = m = 0.277
D ( )
m 2

3.15

A ( )

Amax
1

( ) 2 + 2 2

1
1

for A ( ) = Amax ,
=
1
2
2
( ) 2 + 2 2

2
( ) + 2 = 4 2

= 3
= 3

3.16

(b) Q =

2 2
d
=
2
2

2 =

1
,
LC

R
2L

2
1 R

2
LC 4 L
L 1
Q=
= 2
R
R C 4
2

2L
L

R
(c) Q = = C =
R
R
2

3.17

Fext = F sin t = Im F ei t

and x ( t ) is the imaginary part of the solution to:

mx + cx + kx = F ei t

i.e.

i t
x ( t ) = Im Ae ( ) = A sin ( t )

where, as derived in the text,

F
A=
1
( k m 2 )2 + c 2 2 2

and
2
tan = 2
2
3.18

Using the hint, Fext = Re ( F e t ) ,

where = + i ,

and x(t) is the real part of the solution to:

mx + cx + kx = F e t .
x = Ae t i
Assuming a solution of the form:
( m 2 + c + k ) x = FA xei
F
m 2 2im m 2 c + ic + k = ( cos + i sin )
A
F
m ( 2 2 ) c + k = cos
A
F
( 2m + c ) = sin
A

 = tan 1

( c 2m )
m ( 2 2 ) c + k

Using sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 ,

2
F2
2
= m ( 2 2 ) c + k + 2 ( c 2m )
2
A
F
A=

{m ( ) c + k + ( c 2m ) }
2

1
2 2

and x ( t ) = Ae t cos ( t ) + the transient term.

3.19

l A2
T 2
1

g
8

(a)

for A =

(b)

1
2

l
1.041
g

, T 2

4 2l
1.084
T2
l
4 2l
Using T = 2
gives g = 2 , approximately 8% too small.
g
T

(c)

g=

A3
2
B=
and =
32 2
6
B
A2
=
A 192

for A =
3.20

f ( t ) = cn ein t

B
= 0.0032
A
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

f ( t ) = cn cos n t + cn i sin n t , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
n
T
2
T

2
T
2
T

and cn =

1
T

f ( t ) e int dt ,

cn =

1
T

f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
i
T

T
2
T

f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt

The first term on cn is the same for n and n ; the second term changes sign for

n vs. n . The same holds true for the trigonometric terms in f ( t ) . Therefore, when

terms that cancel in the summations are discarded:

1 T

f ( t ) = c + 2T f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt cos n t

n T
2

T
1

+ 2T f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt sin n t ,

n T
2

1 T2
n = 1, 2, . . ., and c = T f ( t ) dt
T 2
Now, due to the equality of terms in n :
2 T2

f ( t ) = c + T f ( t ) cos ( n t ) dt cos n t

n T
2

T
2

+ 2T f ( t ) sin ( n t ) dt sin n t ,

n T
2

n = 1, 2,3, . . .
Equations 3.9.9 and 3.9.10 follow directly.

3.21

f ( t ) = cn e

in t

T=

so

1 T2
cn = T f ( t ) e int dt ,
T 2

cn =
2
=

and n = 0, 1, 2,

f ( t ) e in t dt

0
in t
in t

+
e
dt
e dt
(
)

0
2

1 in t
=
e
2 in

1 in t

in
0

1
1 e + in e in + 1
2 in
For n even, ein = e in = 1 and the term in brackets is zero.
For n odd, ein = e in = 1
4
cn =
,
n = 1, 3, . . .
2 in
4 in t
f (t ) =
e , n = 1, 3, . . .
n 2 in
4 1 1 in t in t
=
( e e ) , n = 1,3,5, . . .
n n 2i
41
=
sin ( n t ) , n = 1,3,5, . . .
n n
4
1
1

f ( t ) = sin t + sin 3 t + sin 5 t +

3
5

3.22

In steady state, x ( t ) = An e (

i n t n )

An =

Fn
m

( 2 n 2 2 )2 + 4 2 n 2 2 2

4F
,
n = 1,3,5, . . .
and
Now Fn =
n

9 2
Q = 100
so 2
40, 000
2
4F
1
A1 =

1
m
2
2 2
2

9
2
2
( 9 ) + 4 40000

F
A1
2m 2
4F
1
A3 =

1
3m
2 2 2

2
9
( 9 2 9 2 ) + 4

200
400 F
A3
27m 2
4F
1

A5 =
1
5m
2
2

2
2
3
2
2

9
25
4
5
) 200 ( )
(

F
A5
20m 2
i.e., A1 : A3 : A5 = 1 : 29.6 : 0.1

3.23

(a)

x +2x = 0

y=x

= 3

Thus y = 2 x

x= y

y dy
x
=
=
x dx
y
2

divide these two equations:

(b)

Solving

ydy

+ xdx = 0 and Integrating

Let 2C = A2
y2
x2
+
=1
2 A2 A 2

y2
x2
+
=C
2 2 2

an ellipse

3.24

The equation of motion is F ( x ) = x x 3 = mx . For simplicity, let m=1. Then

(a)

(b)

x = x x 3 . This is equivalent to the two first order equations

x = y and
y = x x3
The equilibrium points are defined by
x x 3 = x (1 x )(1 + x ) = 0

Thus, the points are: (-1,0), (0,0) and (+1,0). We can tell whether or not
the points represent stable or unstable points of equilibrium by examining
the phase space plots in the neighborhood of the equilibrium points. Well
do this in part (c).
dy y x x 3
= =
or
The energy can be found by integrating
dx x
y

y dy = ( x x ) dx + C
3

or

y 2 x2 x4
= +C
2
2 4

In other words E = T + V =

`
(c)

y 2 x4 x2
+ = C . The total energy C is
2 4 2

constant.
The phase space trajectories are given by solutions to the above equation
1

2
x4
y = x 2 + 2C .
2

The upper right quadrant of the trajectories is shown in the figure below.
The trajectories are symmetrically disposed about the x and y axes. They
form closed paths for energies C<0 about the two points (-1,0) and (+1,0).
Thus, these are points of stable equilibrium for small excursions away
from these points. The trajectory passes thru the point (0,0) for C=0 and is
a saddle point. Trajectories never pass thru the point (0,0) for positive
energies C>0. Thus, (0,0) is a point of unstable equilibrium.

0.5

0.5

1.5

10

3.25

+ sin = 0

d 2
cos = 0
dt 2

Integrating:

= cos

T = 4

2 = 2 ( cos cos

or

d
1

2 ( cos cos ) 2

Time for pendulum to swing from = 0 to = is

Nowsubstitute sin =

sin
sin

so =

and after some algebra

at =

cos = 1 2sin

and use the identity

T
4

2
1 sin 2

1
2

2
2
2
4
sin
sin

2
2

T = 4

2
2
4 sin 2 sin 2

1
2

or

T = 4

(a)

1 sin 2

(1 sin 2 )

(b)

1
2

where = sin 2

1
2

1
3
1 + sin 2 + 2 sin 4 +
2
8

3
1

T = 4 d 1 + sin 2 + 2 sin 4 +
8
2

0
2

3
2
(c)
...
= sin

+
2 2 48
4

T = 2 1 + +
16

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

T = 2 1 + + 2 +
4 64

11