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Cylinders
Consider a thick walled cylinder with open ends as shown above. It is loaded by
internal pressure Pi and external pressure Po as seen below. It has inner radius ri
and outer radius ro.
Po
ro
Pi
ri
r + dr
dr
rd
r
Now consider and element at radius r and defined by an angle increment d and
a radial increment dr. By circular symmetry, the stresses and r are functions
of r only, not and the shear stress on the element must be zero. For an
element of unit thickness, radial force equilibrium gives:
( r + d r )(r + dr )d = r rd + d dr
Ignoring second order terms gives:
d r r +
+
= 0 LLL (1)
dr
r
Assuming that there are no body forces.
Now consider strains in the element. By
symmetry there is no displacement v.
there is only a radial displacement u
given by line aa. Point c is displaced
radially by (u + du) given by line cc. As
the original radial length of the element
is dr (line ac), the radial strain is:
r =
u + du u du
=
dr
dr
d
d
b
c
b
(r + u )d rd
=
rd
u
=
r
a
a
As the ends are open, z = 3 =0 and we thus have plane stress conditions.
From Hookes law we get:
du 1
= ( r )
dr E
u 1
= = ( r )
r E
r =
r =
E du
u
E u
du
+ and =
+
2
2
r
dr
1 dr
1 r
d 2u 1 du u
+
=0
dr 2 r dr r 2
C2
r
u = C1r +
r =
E
1 2
1
C1 (1 + ) C2 r 2
LLL ( 2)
E
1 2
1
C1 (1 + ) + C2 r 2
LLL(3)
and
r (ro ) = Po
C1 =
1
E
ri 2 Pi ro2 Po
2 2 and
ro ri
C2 =
1
E
ri 2 ro2 (Pi Po )
r
r
2
i
o
From equations 2 and 3 above we can see that the sum of the radial and
tangential stresses is constant, regardless of radius: r+ = 2 EC1 / (1 )
Hence the longitudinal strain is also constant since:
z =
( r + ) =
If the ends of the cylinder and open and free we have Fz = 0, hence:
ro
2r dr = c (rp2 ri 2 ) = 0
or c = z = 0 as we assumed.
ri
If the cylinder has closed ends, the axial stress can be found separately
using only force equilibrium considerations as was done for the thin
walled cylinder. The result is then simply superimposed on the above
equations.
The pressure Pi acts on area given by ri2.
The pressure Po acts on area given by ro2.
The axial stress z acts on an area given by (ro2 ri2)
Force equilibrium then gives:
Pi ri 2 Po ro2
z = 2 2
ro ri
1 = = K + C / r 2
And, if the ends are closed,
Where:
(a)
2 = r = K + C / r2
3 = axial = K
ri 2 ro2
C = (Po Pi ) 2 2
r0 ri
(P r
K=
Pi ri 2 )
r ri 2
2
o 0
2
0
Pi ri 2
= 2 2
ro ri
ro2
Pi ri 2
1 r 2 : r = r 2 r 2
o
i
ro2
Pi ri 2
1 + r 2 : z = r 2 r 2
o
i
ro2 + ri 2
Pi ri 2
= Pi 2 2 : r = Pi : z = 2 2
ro ri
ro ri
At outside surface, r = ro:
2 Pi ri 2
Pi ri 2
= 2 2 : r = 0 : z = 2 2
ro ri
ro ri
(b) External Pressure only ( Pi = 0 ):
Po ro2
= 2 2
ro ri
ri 2
Po ro2
1 + r 2 : r = r 2 r 2
o
i
ri 2
Po ro2
1 r 2 : z = r 2 r 2
o
i
2 Po ro2
Po ro2
= 2 2 : r = 0 : z = 2 2
ro ri
ro ri
At outside surface, r = ro:
ro2 + ri 2
Po ro2
= Po 2 2 : r = Po : z = 2 2
ro ri
ro ri
Circum.
Radial
Axial
VonMises
2000
stress - psi
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
2
2.5
3.5
Radius - in
Note that in all cases the greatest magnitude of direct stress is the tangential
stress at the in-side surface. The maximum magnitude of shear stress also
occurs at the inside surface.
(c) Press and shrink fits
When a press or shrink fit is used between 2 cylinders of the same material, an
interface pressure pi is developed at the junction of the cylinders. If this pressure
is calculated, the stresses in the cylinders can be found using the above
equations. The pressure is:
Where:
E (c 2 b 2 )(b2 a 2 )
pi =
b 2b2 (c 2 a 2 )
E = Youngs Modulus
= radial interference between the two cylinders
a = inner radius of the inner cylinder
b = outer radius of inner cylinder and inner radius of outer cylinder
c = outer radius of outer cylinder
It is assumed that is very small compared to the radius b and that there are no
axial stresses. Thus we have = binner bouter. Note that this small difference in
the radii is ignored in the above equation.
All stresses are calculated at the inner radius and are for a cylinder with
closed ends and internal pressure only.
Radial
FEA-radial
Circum.
FEA-circum
1500
Stress - psi
1000
500
-500
-1000
2
2.5
3
Radius - in.
3.5