Chapter 01

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.
3 Page 2 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM
Number
Exploring
numbers
Working with numbers is an important part of our lives. We use

numbers when we make calculations or when we shop. Numbers such
as fractions are used in recipes and for labelling shoe sizes. Numbers
are also used to record temperatures below and above zero. Numbers
are used to store and pass on information, to solve problems and to
help us in our daily lives.
01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 3 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM
In this chapter you will:
define a rational number

convert between fractions, decimals and percentages and order them
identify significant figures and round numbers to a specified number of
decimal places and significant figures
estimate answers and use the language of estimation
write recurring decimals in fraction form
find a fraction or percentage of a quantity
increase and decrease a quantity by a given percentage
express a quantity as a fraction or percentage of another
apply the unitary method to fraction and percentage problems
Wordbank
integer An integer is any positive or negative whole number or zero. Any

of the whole numbers , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, are integers.
fraction A fraction is a part of something. The fraction 2--- means two
7
parts out of 7. Fraction comes from Latin (a language used by the
ancient Romans). The Latin word fractus means break.
percentage A fraction out of a hundred. It has the symbol %. Percentages
are used in many different applications, such as interest rates,
unemployment rates, and the increase or decrease in the value of shares
on the stockmarket.
unitary method This method involves finding the value of one part, or
one item, when given the value of several parts or items.
rational number A rational number is any number that can be written in
the form -a- , where a and b are integers. So 3--- , 0.6 and 37% are all
5
b
examples of rational numbers.
Think!
A capacity crowd of 110 000 people, an Australian television audience of
over 10 000 000 and 2.5 billion viewers around the world watched the
Sydney 2000 Olympic Opening Ceremony. How precise are these figures?
E XP LOR I NG NUM B E R S
CHAPTER 1
Start up
Worksheet
1-01
Brainstarters 1
1 Answer the following:

a 6+43
d 60 5 2
b 12 4 + 5 3
e 48 3 4
c 24 6 18 3
f 44 3 7
2 Find the answers to the following, rounded to the nearest 5 cents:

a the cost of 42 litres of petrol at $1.07 per litre
b the cost of 18 kg of potatoes at 99 cents per kilogram
c the cost of 23 pencils at 35 cents each.
3 Simplify each of the following fractions:
a
35
--------100
16
-----40
135
--------120
18
-----15
4 Express each of these as a percentage:

a
1
--5
b 0.7
c 0.08
d 1 1---
e 0.355
c 1 3---
13
-----20
e 2.5%
5 Express each of these as a decimal:

a
3
-----10
b 15%
6 Find:
a 10% of $84
b 2% of 800
c 15% of 120
d 4% of 300
e 5% of 560
2 1--- % of 400
2
The magic of numbers

Numbers have always fascinated people. Numbers are used in everyday life, they are used to pass on
information and ideas, and they are also used in puzzles and problems. There are odd numbers, even
numbers, square numbers, triangular numbers, palindromic numbers, and many more types of
numbers.
Example 1
Change 347 into a palindromic number.
Solution
To change any number into a palindromic number:
reverse the digits
add the new number to the original number
repeat the previous steps until a palindromic number is formed.
Reverse the digits:
743
Add the new number to the original number:
+ 347
= 1090
Reverse the digits:
0901
Add this to 1090:
+ 1090
= 1991
The number 347 has been changed into the palindromic number 1991.
N E W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 9 : S T A G E S 5.2/ 5.3
Exercise 1-01
1 a Copy and complete:
2+4=
2+4+6=
2+4+6+8=
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 =
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 =
b Find a quick way to obtain the totals you found in part a. Explain your quick method.
c Find the sum of the rst:
i 8 even numbers
ii 10 even numbers
iii 18 even numbers
iv 50 even numbers
Worksheet
1-02
Find this
number!
2 a Copy and complete this pattern:

1+3=
1+3+5=
1+3+5+7=

1 + 3 + + 15 =
b What is the pattern for adding the odd numbers?
c Find the sum of the rst:
i 10 odd numbers
ii 15 odd numbers
iii 40 odd numbers
iv 100 odd numbers.
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Write down the rst ten triangular numbers.

Write down the rst ten square numbers.
Write down the rst ten cube numbers.
Which number is both a triangular and a square number?
Which number is both a square and a cube number?
What is the result if you add any two consecutive triangular numbers?
What is the result if you halve the product of any two consecutive whole numbers?
4 The rst ve Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3 and 5.

a How are the Fibonacci numbers formed?
b Write down the next 10 Fibonacci numbers, ending with 610.
c Every third Fibonacci number is divisible by 2. Which Fibonacci numbers are divisible by:
i 3?
ii 5?
iii 8?
iv 13?
v 21?
5 a Divide the sum of the rst ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers by 11. What is the
remainder?
b Divide the sum of the ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers after 3 by 11. What is the
remainder?
c Divide the sum of any ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers by 11. What is the remainder?
d What do the results from parts a, b and c show?
6 Which Fibonacci number is also:
a a square number?
b a cube number?
7 The German mathematician Christian Goldbach claimed in 1742 that:

i Every even number greater than 2 can be writen as the sum of two prime numbers.
ii Every odd number greater than 7 can be written as the sum of three prime numbers.
a Write down the rst 24 prime numbers, ending with 97.
b Test the rst claim on the even numbers 10, 24, 90 and 122.
c Test the second claim on the odd numbers 33, 45, 57 and 95.
CHAPTER 1
8 Two primes that differ by 2, such as 11 and 13, are called twin primes. Find all eight pairs of
twin primes that are less than 100.
9 A perfect number is a number that is the sum of its factors (excluding itself). For example,
6 is a perfect number because its factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
a There is another perfect number below 50. Find it.
b Verify that 496 is also a perfect number.
10 Palindromic numbers are numbers that read the same backwards as forwards. For example
3443 and 23 345 154 332 are palindromic numbers.
a What is the smallest palindromic number larger than:
i 1000?
ii 1 000 000?
b What is the largest palindromic number less than:
i 1000?
ii 1 000 000?
c What is the only palindromic year this century?
Example 1
Spreadsheet
1-01
Palindromes
11 Construct a palindromic number from each of these:

a 36
b 127
c 79
12 Figurate numbers (or polygonal numbers) are

whole numbers named after geometric gures.
a Draw a diagram showing the triangular numbers
1, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 21.
b Draw a diagram showing the square numbers
1, 4, 9, 16 and 25.
c The diagram on the right shows the pentagonal
numbers 1, 5, 12 and 22. What are the next two
pentagonal numbers?
d Write the rst ve hexagonal numbers (draw a
diagram if necessary).
Just for the record

The genius
Karl Friedrich Gauss, the son of poor parents, was born in Brunswick,
Germany, on 30 April 1777. Evidence of Gauss genius appeared
before he was three years old when, watching his father making out the
payroll, he told his father that the gures were wrong.
Gauss started school at seven, but it was another two years before he
showed his extraordinary ability in mathematics. He was admitted to a
class in arithmetic. As none of the students had heard of arithmetic
progressions, the teacher gave them a long problem that would take
some time to complete. The problem was of the following type: 1 + 2 + 3 + + 100.
The teacher had barely nished giving the question when Gauss laid his slate on the table,
indicating that he already had the answer. At the end of the lesson, the teacher looked at the
answers and found that Gauss, the youngest student, was the only one with the correct answer.
This proved to be very favourable for Gauss, and by the age of 14 he had come to the attention
of the Duke of Brunswick. The Duke was very impressed by Gauss on meeting him, and gave
him an assurance that his education would be continued.
What is the answer to 1 + 2 + 3 + + 98 + 99 + 100?
Skillbank 1A
SkillTest
1-01
Multiplying by
multiples of 10
Multiplying by multiples of 10
1 Examine these examples:
a 64 10 = 640
b 37 20 = 37 2 10
= 74 10
= 740
d 300 32 = 32 3 100
= 96 100
= 9600
2 Now write answers for these:
a 36 10
b 57 100
e 16 20
f 40 80
i 15 200
j 48 200
m 11 400
n 500 12
q 300 400
r 70 50
c 18 200 = 18 2 100
= 36 100
= 3600
e 60 400 = 6 10 4 100
= 6 4 10 100
= 24 10 100
= 24 000
c
g
k
o
s
942 10
900 20
300 15
75 20
70 2000
d
h
l
p
t
862 100
800 20
8 50
500 40
3000 15
Rational numbers
When we add, subtract or multiply whole numbers, the answer is always a whole number.
However, dividing any two whole numbers will not always result in an answer that is a whole
number. For example, 15 4 will not give a whole number answer. This leads us to the notion of
rational numbers.
A rational number is any number that can be expressed in the form a--- , where a and b are
b
integers, and b 0.
6
- , 0.2 and 27% are all rational numbers, since they can all be written in the
So 1--- , 24, 6, 1 3--- , ---3
form a--- , b 0.
-7
Skillsheet
1-01
Order of
operations
Skillsheet
1-02
Integers using
diagrams
Fractions, decimals, percentages and integers are all examples of rational numbers.
Fractions
The rational number
a
--b
is also a fraction, where a is the numerator and b is the denominator.
Fractions in which the numerator is less than the denominator are called proper
fractions.
So
3
--5
and
15
-----16
are proper fractions, since their numerators are less than their denominators.
Fractions in which the numerator is greater than the denominator are called improper
fractions.
So
15
-----7
and
4
--3
are improper fractions.

CHAPTER 1
A mixed numeral is made up of a whole number and a fraction.
So 1 3--- and 5 3--- are mixed numerals.

4
Fractions that have equal value are called equivalent fractions.
So 3--- ,
4
6
--8
and
12
-----16
are equivalent fractions.
An equivalent fraction can be obtained by multiplying or dividing the numerator and the
denominator by the same number.
Example 2
What number could be placed in the box to make
-----5
a fraction between 3 and 4?
Solution
Method A (trial and error):
------ = 13 5
Try 13: 13
5
Try 14:
Try 15:
Try 16:
14
-----5
15
-----5
16
-----5
= 2 3--- which is smaller than 3.

=
5
2 4--5
which is also smaller than 3.
=3
which is still not big enough.
= 16 5
= 3 1--- which is greater than 3 and less than 4.
5
The missing number could be 16.

(By trial and error, we nd that the numbers 17, 18 and 19 could also be placed in the box.)
Method B:
The number of fths in 3 = 3 5
= 15
The number of fths in 4 = 4 5
= 20
The number in the box must be between 15 and 20,
so the number in the box could be 16, 17, 18 or 19.
Exercise 1-02
1 Change the following to improper fractions.
a 1 1--2
b 3 4--5
c 2 2--3
d 5 7--8
e 7 3---
2 3---
69
-----11
47
-----6
2 Change the following to mixed numerals.

a
7
--2
9
--5
9
--4
22
-----3
3 Complete these pairs of fractions:

a
f
7
--8
-----16
72
------ = -----10
80
4 Simplify:
9
a -----
2
--- = -----5
10
48
------ = -----56
7
b
g
-----b 30
12
50
36
-----44
2
--3
-----7
-----= 10
27
------
90
--------100
30
-----35
100
--------300
3
--7
e
9
------
-----36
7
------
-----e 45
55
=
=
11
-----12
21
-----27
96
-------144
Example 2
5 What number could be placed in the box so that:

a
-----5
has a value between 6 and 7?
-----3
-----8
-----4
6 a If
has a value between 5 and 6, the number in the box could be:
-----4
A 28
b If
B 25
B 36
A 14
d If
B 22
e If
B 10
If
C 30
D 38
C 6
D 8
A 5
28
------
D 33
A 4
21
------
C 32
-----7
15
------
D 27
-----9
A 30
c If
C 15
B 3
C 4
D 2
A 10
B 16
C 14
D 12
7 What number could be placed in the box so that:

a
17
------
23
------
49
------
28
------
Comparing fractions
We can compare the sizes of fractions if they have a common (the same) denominator.
4
--5
1
--5
(since the denominators are the same and 4 1)
A common denominator can be found by multiplying the denominators of the fractions together.
To rewrite two fractions with a common denominator, multiply each fraction by the other
fractions denominator.
CHAPTER 1
Example 3
Arrange the fractions 2--- , 3--- ,
3
2
--5
in ascending order.
Solution
A common denominator is 60.

Ascending order: 2--- , 2--- , 3--- .
5
20
15
2
--3
40 3
------ , --60 4
20
45
-----60
12
and
15
2
--5
24
-----60
12
Exercise 1-03
1 Write , or = between the fractions in each of these pairs to make each of the following a
true statement.
Example 3
3
--5
7
-----10
7
--9
7
-----11
11
-----12
1
--2
4
--7
5
--8
3
--5
6
--7
7
--8
3
--4
4
--7
2
--3
5
--6
3
--4
2 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in ascending order.

a
5 4 2
--- , --- , --6 5 3
4 3 5
--- , --- , --5 4 7
1 1 3 4
--- , --- , --- , --2 3 5 7
3 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in descending order.

a
3 2 3
--- , --- , --5 3 4
5 2 5
--- , --- , --8 3 7
2 4 1 5
--- , --- , --- , -----3 5 2 11
Just for the record

Negative numbers in todays world
Negative numbers are used in many ways in todays world. For example, negative numbers
are used by the stock exchange to indicate a downward change in the value of shares. So, if
the value of shares drops from $9.00 to $5.03, the fall is shown in the newspaper as 3.97 and
the percentage change is recorded as 44%. Similarly, if the share price increases from $2.18
to $4.25, the rise is shown as +2.07 and there is a percentage change of +95%.
Negative numbers are also used to
record temperatures. If the
temperature is 10C below zero, we
write 10C.
1 What is the lowest recorded
temperature?
2 What is the highest recorded
temperature?
3 What is meant by absolute zero
when recording temperature?
Share prices are displayed on this electronic board at the
Australian Stock Exchange.
10
Operations with fractions

Simplifying fractions
When the numerator and denominator of a fraction cannot be divided exactly by the same whole
number, the fraction is in simplest form or lowest form.
Example 4
15
------ .
20
Simplify
Solution
15
-----20
15 5
--------------20 5
3
--5
=
=
Adding and subtracting fractions

When adding or subtracting fractions, the denominators must be the same.
If the denominators are not the same, then the fractions need to be converted to equivalent
fractions that do have the same denominator. A quick way to nd a common denominator of
two or more fractions is to multiply their denominators together.
Example 5
a Find
+ 3--- .
2
--5
7
--8
b Find
2--- .
3
Solution
a
2
--5
3
--4
8
-----20
23
-----20
15
-----20
7
--8
2
--3
21
-----24
5
-----24
16
-----24
3
= 1 ----20
Example 6
a Find 2 3--- + 3 1--- .
4
b Find 4 3--- 2 1--- .
c Find 5 1--- 2 3--- .
Solution
a 2 3--- + 3 1--- = 5 +
4
3
--4
=5+
9
-----12
=5+
13
-----12
1
= 5 + 1 ----12
9
5
- 2 -----b 4 3--- 2 1--- = 4 -----
1
--3
4
-----12
15
4
2 ----15
15
5
6
- 2 -----c 5 1--- 2 3--- = 5 ----2
10
=3
10
1
-----10
------
= 2 10
10
1
-----10
9
= 2 ----10
1
= 6 ----12
11
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1-04
Example 4
Skillsheet
1-03
Simplifying fractions
1 Simplify each of the following:

18
-----30
24
-----36
9
-----27
50
-----60
48
-----56
5
-----10

3
--4
Example 5
2
--3
4
--7
7
-----10
1
--2
4
--5
2
--3
7
--8
2
--3
3
--8
7
-----10
2
--3
4
--5
3
--4
5
-----12
3
--5
2
--3
3 Simplify:
1
--2
a
Example 6
5
--8
1
--3
4 Answer the following:
Worksheet
1-06
Magic squares
Skillsheet
1-04
Improper
fractions and
mixed numerals
a 3 1--- + 2 2---
b 2 3--- + 2 3---
7
13
- 2 -----c 13 -----
d 5 3--- 1 1---
2 2--- + 1 4---
g 2 1--- 1 4---
1
h 6 3--- + 4 -----
10
20
10
and
15 4 2---
5 a Jenny buys a roll of contact to cover her books. She uses

1
--3
e 7 2--- 1 1---
1
--2
4 1--- 2 3--2
of it to cover her project book
to cover her science book. What fraction of the roll of contact is left?
b The sum of two numbers is 4 3--- . If the rst number is 1 2--- , what is the second number?
4
c If you buy 8 3--- m of material and then use 6 5--- m for curtains, how much material is left?
d Sok spent
SkillBuilder
2-152-18
Mixed fractions
1
--3
of the day working,
4
--8
of the day sleeping,
1
-----12
of the day eating, and the rest
of the day relaxing. What fraction of the day did he spend relaxing?
e Clare recorded two TV programs. The rst program used
second program used
2
--5
1
--3
of the video tape and the
of it. What fraction of the tape was not used?
Multiplying fractions
When multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. When
multiplying mixed numerals, rst change them to improper fractions.
Example 7
Find:
a 3---
5
2
--7
b 5
3
--2
b 5
3
--2
3
--5
of 12 L
3
--5
of 12 L =
Solution
a
3
--5
2
--7
6
-----35
5
--1
3
--2
15
-----2
= 7 1---
3
--5
12 L =
=
3
--5
36
-----5
12
-----1
= 7 1--- L
5
Example 8
Find:
a 1 2---
3
12
5
--8
b 2 2--- 1 3--3
Solution
a 1 2---
3
5
--8
=
=
5
5
--- --3
8
25
-----24
1
1 ----24
b 2 2--- 1 3--- =
3
=
=
8
8
--- --3
5
64
-----15
4
4 ----15
Exercise 1-05
Example 7

a
3
--5
2
--5
1
--3
3
--4
3
--4
5
--8
7
-----10
4
--5
2
--3
5
--8
24
3
-----11
5
--6
12
-----20
SkillBuilder
2-19
Multiplying
fractions
2 Find:
a
3
--5
c 7
e 10
3
--8
3 Find:
a
4
--5
7
-----10
of 60
of $85
3
--4
of 5 m
1
--8
5
--8
of 20 km
3
-----10
of $76
of $15
2
--3
of 18 kg
5
--6
of 33 m
4 Simplify:
a 1 3---
5
Example 8
b 4 2 3---
2
--3
5 5--- 5
d 5 2--- 1 3---
h 1 3---
5
2
- 2 --g 3 -----
c 1 1--- 2 5---
16
3
-----10
3 2 5--7
3 2
( 1 --- )
2 5--- 1 1---
SkillBuilder
2-20
Multiplying and
simplifying
fractions
5 a At a football match, 12 players are each

given three-quarters of an orange to eat.
How many oranges are eaten?
SkillBuilder
2-242-25
Multiplying
mixed fractions
b Ken worked 5 1--- hours yesterday and 3--- of

2
4
that today. How long did Ken work today?
c The cost of a car insurance policy for
6 months is 5--- of the annual premium.
8
If the annual premium is $500, nd the cost
for 6 months.
Reciprocals
The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1.
The reciprocal of 2 is
The reciprocal of
2
--3
is
1
--2
since 2
3
--2
since
2
--3
= 1.
1
--2
3
--2
6
--6
= 1.
To obtain the reciprocal of a number, write the number as a fraction and turn it upside down.
13
CHAPTER 1
Dividing fractions
To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal.
When dividing mixed numerals, rst change them to improper fractions.
Example 9
Find
3
--8
2--- .
3
Solution
3
--8
2
--3
3
--8
9
-----16
3
--2
Example 10
Find:
3
--4
1 1---
b 5 1--- 3
c 2 1--- 1 3---
Solution
3
--4
1 1--- =
3
--4
3
--2
b 5 1--- 3 =
21
-----4
3
--4
2
--3
21
-----4
6
-----12
21
-----12
1
--2
9
= 1 -----
c 2 1--- 1 3--- =
5
--2
8
--5
5
--2
5
--8
25
-----16
1
--3
9
= 1 -----
12
16
= 1 3--4
Exercise 1-06
1 Find the reciprocal of:
a
Example 9
SkillBuilder
2-262-28
Dividing
fractions
12
-----5
2
--5
e 2 1---
d 3 3--8

a
Example 10
b 7
3
--4
4
--5
2
--3
7
--8
3
--4
2
--3
3
--5
5
-----24
2
--3
3 Simplify:
a 2 3---
4
3 1--3
1
--3
b 5 1 1---
1 2--3
5 3--5
4 a It takes
c 3 3--- 2 1---
g
4
--5
1 1--4
4 3--5
2 1--3
d 12
i
-----4 13
20
1
--4
1
e 5 1--- 2 -----
10
2 2--3
7
1 ----10
of a can of soft drink to ll a large glass. How many glasses can be lled from
20 cans of drink?
b A car is sold for 2 1--- times its cost price. Find the cost price if the car was sold for $3000.
2
c Ilses stride, when walking, is
2
--3
metre. Her running stride is 1 1--- metres. Find how many

4
more strides Ilse takes over a distance of 100 metres when she walks rather than runs.
14
d A weightlifter is able to lift a mass of 210 kg, which is 2 1--- times the weightlifters mass.
2
Find the mass of the
weightlifter.
e A driver-education course requires 20 hours of classroom instruction. How many lessons

are required if each lesson lasts 1 1--- hours?
4
Expressing quantities as fractions

Quantities can be compared by expressing one quantity as a fraction of another quantity.
Example 11
a What fraction is 8 of 50?
b What fraction is 15 minutes of 2 hours?
Solution
a Fraction =
8
-----50
4
-----25
15 minutes
b 15 minutes out of 2 hours = -------------------------2 hours
=
15
--------120
1
--8
Exercise 1-07
1 What fraction is:
a 9 of 27?
e 12 of 30?
2 What fraction is:
a 5 min of 1 h?
d 300 mL of 1 L?
g 50 m of 1 km?
Example 11
b 24 of 80?
f 27 of 54?
c 10 of 25?
g 42 of 70?
b 10 cm of 1 m?
e 20 min of 1 h?
h 300 mL of 2 L?
d 36 of 48?
h 55 of 85?
Worksheet
1-05
Back-to-front
problems
c $1.50 of $5?
f 200 m of 1 km?
i 40 min of 1 h?
3 a In a test consisting of 50 questions, Matthew made 15 errors. What fraction did Matthew
have correct?
15
CHAPTER 1
b Christine had $80 and spent $35. What fraction of the $80 did Christine spend?
c In a class of 28 students, there are 12 boys. What fraction of the class are boys?
d A football team won 15 of the 24 games it played. What fraction of games did the
team win?
e Dishas mobile phone bill for last month was $210, of which $90 was for SMS messages.
What fraction of Dishas bill was for SMS messages?
4 In a school there are 950 students, of which 400 are boys.
a What fraction of the students are boys?
b What fraction of the students are girls?
5 Angela went to a restaurant with a group of friends. The total bill was $450. Her friends
contributed $360 to the bill. What fraction of the bill did Angela pay?
6 A total of 300 vehicles were observed to pass a checkpoint during a trafc survey. Of these,
55 were Fords and 50 were Holdens. What fraction of the vehicles were neither Fords nor
Holdens?
Decimals
Decimal numbers are based on powers of 10. The decimal point separates the whole number part
from the fractional part of a decimal number.
Decimals are also rational numbers because they can be expressed as fractions with denominators of
10, 100, 1000, and so on. For example, 75.436 = 7 10 + 5 1 + 4
Worksheet
1-03
Wheres the
point?
1
-----10
+3
+6
1
------------ .
1000
Decimal places
The term decimal places refers to the number of gures (or digits) after the decimal point in a
decimal number. The number 75.436 has three decimal places.
-----10
= tenth = one decimal place (0._)
--------100
-----------1000
= hundredth = two decimal places (0._ _)

= thousandth = three decimal places (0._ _ _)
Skillbank 1B
SkillTest
1-02
Collecting like
terms
1
--------100
Calculating by collecting like terms

a 87 35 + 13 35 = ?
16
87 35 = 87 lots of 35
13 35 = 13 lots of 35
There are (87 + 13) lots of 35
87 35 + 13 35 = (87 + 13) 35
= 100 35
= 3500
Think:
b 7 84 + 3 84 = 7 84 + 3 84
= (7 + 3) 84
= 10 84
= 840
2 Find the answers for the following:
a 79 56 + 21 56
b 92 117 + 8 117
d 11 77 + 77 89
e 64 83 + 17 64
g 86 13 + 14 13
h 75 93 + 25 93
c 6 39 + 4 39
f 91 352 + 9 352
i 8 793 + 793 2

a 123 17 23 17 = 123 17 23 17
= (123 23) 17
= 100 17
= 1700
b 17 87 7 87 = 17 87 7 87
= (17 7) 87
= 10 87
= 870
4 Find the answers for the following:
a 12 63 2 63
b 142 39 42 39
d 172 38 72 38
e 13 157 3 157
g 68 1019 68 19
h 84 14 4 84
c 1013 16 13 16
f 27 102 27 2
i 378 116 378 16
Approximation
When counting the number of people in a room, for example, we normally give an exact answer.
However, sometimes we need to use approximations, especially when measurement is involved.
For instance, if Stacey jumps 4.276 m in a long-jump event, we may approximate the distance
as 4.3 m or 4.28 m (which are both very close to 4.276 m), depending on the level of accuracy
required.
Rounding using decimal places

Example 12
Round 54.3584 to:
a three decimal places
b two decimal places
c one decimal place.
Solution
a 54.3584 = 54.358, rounded to three decimal places

b
= 54.36, rounded to two decimal places
c
= 54.4, rounded to one decimal place
The FIX function or mode on a calculator may be used to round an answer to a given number
of decimal places.
17
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1-08
Example 12
Spreadsheet
1-02
Rounding
decimals
1 Round each of the following to the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets.
a 39.056
(2)
b 100.534
(1)
c 7.3777
(3)
d 0.0051
(1)
e 0.0515
(2)
f 15.086
(0)
g 245.67
(0)
h 2.198
(1)
i 42.9995
(3)
2 Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following. Give your answer to the number of
decimal places indicated in the brackets in each case.
a 14.5 4.2 + 9.75
(1)
b (9.74 3.456) 5.1
(4)
c 6.78 4.32 + 8.96 2.4
(2)
45 37
d -----------------97 + 24
(3)
e 24.31 6.2
(4)
g 24.37 8.9 2.1
(3)
h 33 (15 + 12)
(2)
(1)
(6.4)2 3.7
(0)
k 19.8 42.3 7
(4)
64.3
--------------------------------9.2 + 15 3.1
(1)
m 42.5 0.18 5.6
(3)
n (42.3 15.7) (18.7 + 2.9) (2)
94 + 37
-----------------25 + 18
5.73 2.8 + 19.7
(1)
Rounding using significant figures

Another way of rounding is to give the most relevant or important digits of a number. For example,
a crowd of 89 123 at Stadium Australia, Homebush, is usually written as 89 000, which is rounded to
the nearest thousand, or correct to two signicant gures.
18
We use signicant gures to indicate the size of a number by writing it to the nearest 1, 10, 100,
1000, , or the nearest
1
1
1
------ , --------- , ------------ ,
10 100 1000
So, in the example above, 89 123 (which has been written to ve signicant gures) has been
rounded to 89 000 (which has two signicant gures).
When rounding to signicant gures:
the rst signicant gure in a number is the rst non-zero digit.
The rst signicant gure in 3 756 000 is 3
The rst signicant gure in 0.000 217 is 2
zeros at the end of a whole number or at the beginning of a decimal are not signicant. They are
necessary place holders.
The red zeros in 1 340 000 and 0.007 032 are not signicant.
zeros between non-zero digits or zeros at the end of a decimal are signicant.
The red zeros in 3 608 000 and 0.010 50 are signicant.
Example 13
Write each of the following numbers rounded to three signicant gures.
a 47.658
b 91.49
c 273 200
Solution
a 47.658 47.7
b 91.49 91.5
c 273 200 273 000
(The zeros are not signicant but are placeholders necessary for showing the place values of
the 2, 7 and 3.)
Example 14
Write each of the following numbers correct to one signicant gure.
a 0.008 28
b 0.0035
c 0.998
Solution
a 0.00828 0.008
b 0.0035 0.004
c 0.998 1
(The zeros between the decimal point and the rst non-zero digit are not signicant.
They are placeholders.)
Example 15
To how many signicant gures has each of the following numbers been written?
a 63.70
b 0.003 05
c 7600
Solution
a The zero after 7 is signicant.
63.70 has been written to four signicant gures.
b The rst signicant gure is 3, and the zero between 3 and 5 is signicant.
0.003 05 has three signicant gures.
c The zeros after 6 are not signicant.
7600 has been written to two signicant gures.
19
CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1-09
Example 13
SkillBuilder
1-071-08
Significant digits
Example 14
Example 15
1 Round each of the following to the number of signicant gures indicated in the brackets.
a 37.6
(2)
b 9430
(1)
c 68.39
(3)
d 2.813
(1)
e 15.99
(3)
f 63 500
(2)
g 1 769 000 (2)
h 389 764
(4)
i 189 371
(1)
a 0.0637
(1)
b 0.703
(2)
c 0.8455
(2)
d 0.000 017 (1)
e 0.087 62
(3)
f 0.038 71
(2)
g 0.7995
(3)
h 0.000 04
(4)
i 0.95
(1)
3 To how many signicant gures has each of the following numbers been written?
a 457
b 0.23
c 15 000
d 4.0004
e 0.0005
f 5000
g 0.002 07
h 89 072
i 0.040
j 76 000 000
k 0.000 328
l 169.320
a 7.478
(2)
b 5712
(3)
c 367
(1)
d 0.007 66
(4)
e 0.5067
(3)
f 10 675
(2)
g 1856.78
(3)
h 0.000 78
(1)
i 56 000 000 (1)
5 A company makes a prot of $27 846 521.78.
a Approximate this amount to the nearest million and state the number of signicant gures
in your answer.
b Approximate the same amount in millions, to the nearest 10 million, and state the number
of signicant gures in your answer.
6 a Australias population in 2001 was 19 387 000. To how many signicant gures has this
number been written?
b A total of 14 352 people attended a local football match. Express this number to three
signicant gures.
c The population of Sydney in 2001 was 4 085 400. Round this number to two signicant
gures.
7 Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following, giving your answer to the number of
signicant gures indicated in the brackets in each case.
a 45.6 8.7 2.75 78.32
(2)
b 15.5 9.87 0.24 + 8.43 2.4 (1)
63.25 + 76.03
c (63.73 27.89) 5.82
(3)
d --------------------------------(4)
55.89 89.24
15.013 5.78
--------------------------------6.45 2.254
e 95.34 4.7 2567.68 5.78
(5)
( 3.567 + 12.67 ) ( 9.67 4.007 )

------------------------------------------------------------------------67.23 + 56.873
(5)
6
h -----------------------------------13.67 5.6002
9.732 + 2.765
--------------------------------12.27 15.8
(1)
(3)
1
253
k ------------- + ---------------0.976 0.0076
(4)
78.96 (23.6 + 94.7)

84.3 0.0715
8 Write 5002 correct to each of these numbers of signicant gures:

a 1
b 2
c 3
20
(3)
(2)
(4)
d 4
Working mathematically
Communicating: Signicant gures
1 The numerical facts in the following passage would be easier to read and remember if they
were rounded using signicant gures. For example, Australia has an area of 7.6 million
km2 (the number has been rounded to two signicant gures). Round the other numbers
in the passage and compare your answers to those of other students in the class.
Australia in 2001: Some facts and gures
Australia has an area of 7 682 300 km2. Its coastline measures 36 375 km.
The population in 2001 was 19 386 740, of which 426 175 were Aboriginal or Torres
Strait Islanders. The median age was 35.41. The most populous state was New South
Wales, with 6 532 010 residents, of whom 4 085 378 lived in Sydney.
In 2001, there were 3 275 137 students enrolled in 9609 Australian schools, taught by
261 947 teachers. Of the 9 241 240 people in employment, 7 576 089 were wage and
salary earners. Males worked on average 40.76 hours per week, earning $780.23.
Females worked on average 38.14 hours per week, earning $520.57.
There were 7 012 265 households in Australia, of which 4 891 840 were owneroccupied. There were 4 037 274 households that had a computer, and 2 680 240 that
had internet access. The average weekly household expenditure on food and alcoholic
beverages was $127.34. There were 12 476 767 motor vehicles in Australia, and their
average age was 10.47 years.
Australia is a multicultural country, with 4 507 800 of its citizens born overseas.
A total of 120 888 people migrated to Australia in 2001. Tourism is one of
Australias booming industries. In 2001, 5 061 270 overseas visitors contributed
$25 205 781 450.13 to the Australian economy.
Estimation
Calculators enable us to compute answers quickly, but errors can be made if we accidentally
press the wrong key. Sometimes a calculator is not available, or we may require only a rough
answer. Whether we are shopping at a supermarket, budgeting for a holiday, or sharing the cost
of a meal, we can mentally calculate rough answers by estimating. We can then use the
calculator if we need a more precise answer.
Note: The symbols , and all mean is approximately equal to.
Example 16
1 Estimate the answer to 15.7 + 12.8 6.9
Solution
15.7 + 12.8 6.9 16 + 13 7
= 22
(Actual answer is 21.6.)
2 Estimate the answer to 12.75 0.032
21
CHAPTER 1
Solution
12.75 0.032 = 12 750 32 (changing 0.032 to 32)
12 000 30
= 400
(Actual answer is 398.44 correct to to two decimal places.)
3 Estimate the answer to 57.63 22
Solution
57.63 22 60 20
= 1200
(Actual answer is 1267.86)
Points to remember when estimating

Round to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. if this is easier to work with.
First estimate your answer without using a calculator.
Then compare the magnitude (size) of your estimate (say 6000) with your calculator
result (say 6.21) to reveal whether you have made an error.
Communicating and reasoning: Rounding numbers
Work in groups of three or four to complete these questions.
1 A number has been rounded to 9.36
a What is the smallest number that the original number could have been?
b What is the largest number that can be rounded to 9.36?
(Compare your answers with those of other students.)
2 Two students were asked to multiply 3.56 by 4.73 and express their answers to two
decimal places. Their methods are shown below.
Student A
Student B
3.56 4.73
3.56 4.73
3.6 4.7
= 16.8388
= 16.92
16.84
Discuss the methods used by both students and decide which is the more accurate answer.
Give reasons.
Exercise 1-10
Example 16
Worksheet
1-04
Estimation game
1 Estimate answers to the following:

a 19.7 + 32.1
b 183.7 + 97.034
d 764.73 18.59
e 934 129
g 53.7 8
h 76 12
j 753.6 4.87
k 18.76 8.9
c
f
i
l
47.62 18.54
6.11 18.5
93.7 8.97
874 94.5

a
22
5.9 11.7
-----------------------2.45
b 705.7 0.0019
c 0.38 0.21
( 310.78 108.97 )
------------------------------------------47.5
h 13.1 + 4.8 9.2
87.3 9 + 108.3 7
k (7.97)2
(4.85)2 23.756
d 789 37 3.9
g (91.7 + 162.7) 48.1

34.7 + 56.9
--------------------------24.3 11.1
98.7
3 Estimate which of the given answers is the correct one for each of the following:
a 18 39
A 70.2
B 702
C 7020
D 70 200
b 5.32 198.2
A 10.544 24
B 105.4424
C 1054.424
D 10 544.24
c 141.2 0.21
A 672.38
B 67.238
C 6.7238
D 0.672 38
d 6970 68
A 1025
B 102.5
C 10.25
D 1.025
e 215.72 9 22
A 0.5273
B 5.273
C 52.73
D 527.3
4 Which of the given answers is the best estimate for each of the following?
a 145.7 + 93.7
A 240
B 24
C 2.4
D 2400
b 33.8 4.8
A 1200
B 1500
C 150
D 120
c 9.475 0.31
A 300
B 3
C 3000
D 30
C 80
D 1200
d (27.9 8.4) 19.8

A 800
B 400
Recurring decimals
Some decimals repeat or recur. Other decimals terminate. Some decimals do neither.
Recurring decimals
Terminating decimals
0.777 777 7 = 0.7
0.7, 0.17, 0.005,
0.1777 = 0.17
Neither recurring nor terminating
0.171717 = 0.1 7
= 3.141 592 653
Expressing fractions as decimals

To change a fraction to a decimal, we divide the numerator by the denominator.
Example 17
Express as decimals:
a
3
--8
7
-----11
7
-----11
Solution
a
3
--8
0.375
= 8 3000
= 0.375
(a terminating decimal)
0.636363
= 11 7.00000
= 0.6 3
(a recurring decimal)
23
CHAPTER 1
Expressing decimals as fractions

Example 18
Express these terminating decimals as fractions:
a 0.2
b 0.34
c 0.235
Solution
a 0.2 =
2
-----10
b 0.34 =
1
--5
34
--------100
c 0.235 =
17
-----50
235
-----------1000
47
--------200
Comparing fractions and decimals

When comparing fractions and decimals, change the fractions to decimals.
Example 19
Which is larger,
3
--8
or 0.38?
Solution
3
--8
= 0.375 and 0.38 = 0.380
0.38 is larger.
Using technology
Patterns in recurring decimals
Skillsheet
1-05
Spreadsheets
Step 1: Set up the spreadsheet as shown below.

Step 2: Select cell D6 and drag down to copy the formula into cells D6 to D14.
Step 3: Write what you notice about the recurring decimals in column D.
Step 4: Print the spreadsheet and paste it in your book.
To save time typing, use this link to go to a partly completed spreadsheet.
Spreadsheet
1-03
Recurring
decimals
Numerator
Denominator
Decimal
=B6/C6
1
2
3
4
10
11
12
13
14
15
24
1 Repeat the procedure described above for each of the following fraction families:
a sixths
b elevenths
c thirteenths
d sevenths
e twelfths
f fourteenths.
2 Write a few sentences about your observations of patterns in recurring decimals.
Exercise 1-11
Example 17
1 Express these fractions as decimals and state whether they are recurring or terminating.
a
5
--8
6 4---
b
g
3
--7
5
-----12
7
--9
h 4 1---
5
--6
5
-----11
e
j
6
--5
7
-----20
Example 18
2 Express these decimals as fractions (or as mixed numerals):

a 0.2
b 0.7
c 0.25
e 0.48
f 0.005
g 0.025
i 0.825
j 2.8
k 1.45
m 2.065
n 0.000 21
o 4.625
d
h
l
p
0.45
0.305
3.05
10.01
7
--9
Example 19
3 Which number in each of the following pairs is larger?

a 0.52 and
4 a Arrange
b Arrange
11
-----20
7
------ ,
10
5
--8
and 0.615
0.68, 6--- , 0.678,
8 1
------ , --- ,
25 3
0.34, 0.305,
c 0.69 and
7
-----11
in ascending order.
13
-----40
in descending order.
2
--3
and 0.8
Converting recurring decimals to fractions

To convert a recurring decimal to a fraction, we can use an algebraic method and solve an
equation.
Example 20
Write each of the following as a fraction in simplest terms.
a 0.7
b 0.25 3
Solution
a
Let n = 0.7
n = 0.7777 . . . . (1)
10n = 7.777 . . . . . (2)
10n = 7.7777
n = 0.7777
(one digit is recurring, so multiply by 10)

[subtracting (1) from (2)]
9n = 7
n = 7---
(dividing both sides by 9)
Since n = 0.7 , 0.7 =
7
--9
25
CHAPTER 1
b Let n = 0.25 3
n = 0.2535353. . . (1)
100n = 25.35353 . . . . (2)
100n = 25.35353
n = 0.25353
(two digits are recurring, so multiply by 100)

[subtracting (1) from (2)]
99n = 25.1
n=
25.1
---------99
25.1
---------99
251
--------990
(dividing both sides by 99)
10
-----10
Since n = 0.25 3, 0.25 3 =
251
--------990
Exercise 1-12
Example 20
1 Express each of the following as a fraction in simplest form.

a 0.2
b 0.6
0.15
d 0.38
0.724
0.6 5
g 0.3 1
h 0.62 4
0.1 53
k 0.03
0.7 5
n 2.02
o 0.15 7
0.8 32
m 1.7 3
2 a Express 0.3 as a fraction in simplest form.

b Use your answer from part a to write 0.6 as a fraction in simplest form.
Communicating and reasoning: Recurring decimals
1 The fraction
1
--3
written as a recurring decimal is 0.333 .
a Use this result to write
2
--3
as a recurring decimal.
b Use your calculator to convert 2--- to a recurring decimal. Write the display shown by
3
your calculator.
c Is there a difference between the results you wrote for parts a and b? Explain.
2 What is the fraction value of 0.999 = 0.9? (Hint: 1--- = 0.3).
3 a Express 1--- , 2--- , ,
9 9
9
--9
as decimals.
b What do you notice about the ninths family when they are expressed as decimals.
4 Repeat the procedure used in Question 3 for the following fraction families:
a sixths
b elevenths
c thirteenths.
26
Percentages
A percentage is a type of rational number. A percentage is a fraction out of 100 and has the
symbol %. For example 45 per cent, written as 45%, means 45 out of 100 or
45
--------- .
100
Converting percentages to fractions and decimals

To convert a percentage to a fraction, divide by 100 and then simplify (if possible).
To convert a percentage to a decimal, divide by 100.
Exercise 1-13
1 Express these as fractions (in simplest form):
a 35%
b 72%
c 95%
f 80%
g 18%
h 120%
k 140%
l 48%
m 155%
d 8%
i 325%
n 675%
e 40%
j 105%
o 150%
d 4 1--- %
e 10 1--- %
Spreadsheet
1-04
Equivalent
fractions,
percentages and
decimals
2 Express these as fractions (in simplest form):

a 12 1--- %
f
k
2
13 3--- %
4
66 2--- %
3
b 2 1--- %
2
g
l
33 1--- %
3
1
--- %
2
3 Express these as decimals:

a 55%
b 133%
f 200%
g 9.5%
k 12 1--- %
2
25 1--- %
4
c 8 1--- %
h
m
3
5 1--- %
2
6 2--- %
3
i
n
16 2--- %
3
1
1 --- %
2
j
o
2
37 1--- %
2
41 2--- %
3
c 46%
h 5.25%
d 5%
i 12%
e 2.4%
j 0.3%
m 8 1--- %
n 10.9%
o 350%
Worksheet
1-07
Fractions
squaresaw
Converting fractions and decimals to percentages

To convert either a fraction or a decimal to a percentage, multiply by 100%.
Ordering fractions, decimals and percentages

Example 21
9
- in ascending order.
Arrange 4--- , 78%, 0.75 and ----5
11
27
CHAPTER 1
Solution
Express each number as a decimal:
4
9
1
--- = 0.8
------ = 0.8
78% = 0.78
0.75
5
11
= 0.80
Arranging the decimals in order, we have:
0.75, 0.78, 0.80, 0.8 1
The ascending order is:
9
0.75, 78%, 4--- , ----5 11
Exercise 1-14
1 Express these as percentages:
Skillsheet
1-06
Fractions,
decimals,
percentages
3
--8
9
-----20
3
--4
d 2 1---
17
-----20
7
-----11
8
-----25
1
--5
12
-----20
1 1---
k 2 3---
m 2 1---
2
--3
5
--8
SkillBuilder
4-04
Changing
fractions to
percentages

a 0.5
b 1.86
e 0.008
f 2.39
c 0.35
g 0.2
d 1.7
h 0.25

a
31
--------100
7
-----40
g 0.72
k 2 3---
4
--5
5 2---
7
--8
14
-----25
h 0.61
5
--6
1.3
m 4 7---
n 3.52
29
-----40
13
-----20
4 Which amount is the larger in each of these pairs?

a 55% and 0.57
3
--5
and 57%
c 18% and
1
--7
5 Which amount is the smaller in each of these pairs?

a 49% and
Example 21
12
-----25
9
-----20
and 40%
c 130% and 1 1--3
6 a Arrange 4--- , 55%, 1--- , 0.59 in ascending order.

7
b Arrange 72%,
3
--- ,
4
c Arrange 0.764, 77%,
28
17
------ in descending order.
20
19 11
------ , ------ , 7.95% in order from
25 40
0.79,
largest to smallest.
Just for the record

Blood: It takes all types
The blood groups in Australia are as follows:
O
40%
9%
31%
7%
AB
8%
2%
2%
1%
Blood donor at the Red Cross Blood Bank.
1 If Australias population is 20 million, how many people are in each blood group?
2 Do you know what your blood group is? How would/did you nd out?
Percentage of a quantity
Example 22
Find 15% of $8
Solution
15% 8 =
=
15
---------
100
$1 1--5
or 15% 8 = 15 100 8
$8
or 15% 8 = 0.15 8
= $1.20
Skillsheet
1-07
Mental
percentages
= $1.20
= $1.20
The
Skillsheet
1-08
Ratios
key on your calculator may also be used. To nd 15% of $8, press the keys
15
Exercise 1-15
1 Find:
a 20% of 70
e 15% of 16 m
2 Find:
a 2 1--- % of $90
d
2
8 1--- %
3
of 48 L
g 0.5% of $8000
Example 22
b 143% of $800
f 30% of 80 L
c 25% of $15
g 26% of 600 g
d 110% of 18 kg
h 20% of 950 km
b 3.5% of 24 m
c 6.4% of $456
e 112 1--- % of 72 kg
14.2% of $550
h 4.5% of 20 km
133 1--- % of 12 t
SkillBuilder
4-074-08
Finding the
percentage of a
quantity
29
CHAPTER 1
3 A total of 92 000 people attended the state-of-origin match between NSW and Queensland at
Stadium Australia. If 72% of the crowd supported NSW:
a what percentage of the crowd supported Queensland?
b how many people in the crowd supported NSW?
4 Amanda scored 60% in a geography test that had been marked out of 40. What was Amandas
mark out of 40?
5 Savuth started working three years ago on a salary of $22 000 a year. She now earns 160% of
her starting salary. What is Savuths salary now?
6 A food company advertises 50% more chips for the same price per packet of sliced potato
chips. What size packet (in grams) will you now get for the price of a 70 g packet?
7 A total of 75 000 copies of a novel were sold in the rst six months after its release. After a
further three months, sales increased by 15%.
a How many more books were sold in the later three months?
b What were the total sales for the nine months?
8 House prices have risen by 4.5% over the last 12 months. What is the increase in value of a
house that was bought 12 months ago for $385 000?
9 A 55 g serving of a breakfast cereal contains 8.4% dietary bre. What is the amount of dietary
bre in the 55 g serving?
Percentage increase and decrease

The amount by which goods are measured or decreased in price is often given as a percentage.
Example 23
a Increase $80 by 15%
b Decrease $126 by 12%
Solution
a Increase = 15% of $80 = 0.15 80
= $12
The new amount = $80 + $12
= $92
or The new amount = 115% of $80
(100% + 15% = 115%)
= 1.15 80
= $92
b Decrease = 12% of $126 = 0.12 126

= $15.12
The new amount = $126 $15.12
= $110.88
or The new amount = 88% of $126
(100% 12% = 88%)
= 0.88 126
= $110.88
Exercise 1-16
Example 23
1 Increase:
a 60 kg by 20%
d $2400 by 2.5%
b 40 km by 12%
e 80 kg by 7%
c 72 by 15%
f 56 L by 14%
2 Decrease:
a 90 L by 8%
b $650 by 12.5%
c $165 by 33 1--- %
e $142 by 25%
d 5.2 km by 50%
30
$950 by 8.75%
3 Merediths weekly wage of $765 is increased by 9.25%. Find her new weekly wage.
Spreadsheet
1-05
Percentage
increase and
decrease
4 Matthew buys a BMX bike for $365 and sells it, making a 20% prot.
a How much prot did Matthew make?
b For what price did he sell the bike?
5 A clothing store offers discounts of 40% off marked prices on its winter stock. Find the
discount price of a jumper marked at $170.
6 A car dealer is offering new-season sales. What will you pay for a car marked at $18 700 if a
discount of 15% is given?
7 A CD player usually sells for $295, but a discount warehouse offers it at a 12% discount.
Calculate the warehouses price for the item.
8 Due to heavy rain over a period of time, the price of fresh fruit and vegetables increases by
15%. How much will cauliowers cost, if the price before the increase was $2.99 each?
(Round your answer to the nearest cent.)
9 Marias annual salary of $55 680 is increased by 6%. What is her new annual salary?
SkillBuilder
4-18
Percentage
increase or
decrease
SkillBuilder
4-19
An application of
percentage
increase/
decrease
10 A store owner buys a TV for $600 from a supplier. The store owner applies a mark-up of 70%
to calculate the retail price, but then offers a discount of 30%.
a Find the price of the TV after the 70% mark-up.
b Find the price of the TV after the 30% discount is given.
c What prot did the store owner make on the TV?
11 A hardware store offers a trade discount of 15% to plumbers, builders and tilers.
a If goods to the value of $480 are bought by a builder, calculate the discount price.
b If goods are paid for in cash, a second discount of 4% is given on the discount price. What
is the nal amount paid by the builder if she pays cash?
12 Jumpers priced at $165 are reduced by 15% at a July sale. At an end-of-season sale, this price
is reduced by a further 40%. What is the nal price of the jumpers?
Expressing quantities as percentages

Quantities can be compared by expressing one quantity as a percentage of another quantity.
Example 24
1 Jason buys a CD player for $250 and sells it for $425. Find:
a the prot
b the percentage prot (on cost price).
Solution
a Prot = $425 $250 = $175

profit
b Percentage prot = ----------------------- 100%
cost price
=
175
--------250
100% = 70%
2 A pair of jeans marked at $140 is sold at a discount for $84. What is the percentage discount?
31
CHAPTER 1
Solution
Discount = $140 $84
= $56
discount
Percentage discount = ------------------------------- 100%
marked price
56
= --------- 100%
140
= 40%
Exercise 1-17
SkillBuilder
4-13
Two quantities
as a percentage
1 Express each of the following as a percentage:

a 24 out of 30
b 76 out of 80
d $4 out of $60
e $24 out of $400
c 42 out of 60
f $30 out of $90
2 Express each of these as a percentage. (Remember to make the units of both quantities the
same.)
a 20 min out of 1 h
b 600 ml out of 1 L
c 115 m out of 800 m
d 75c out of $2
e 25 s out of 2 min
f 72 cm out of 5 m
3 Which is the better mark: 17 out of 25 for a science test, or 28 out of 40 for a history test?
Example 24
4 A TV costing $500 is sold for $850. Find:

a the prot
b the percentage prot (on cost price).
5 A car costing $7000 is sold for $6200. Calculate:
a the loss
b the loss as a percentage of cost price (correct to one decimal place).
6 Alanas watch gains 2 minutes every 3 hours. What percentage gain in time is this (correct to
two decimal places)?
7 Edmonds wage increases from $460 a week to $512 a week. Find:
a the increase in Edmonds wage
b the percentage increase in Edmonds wage (correct to one decimal place).
8 At a sale, Garrett and Katie paid $200 for a cutlery set marked at $350. Calculate:
a the amount of the discount
b the percentage discount (correct to one decimal place).
9 Dwayne scored 31 goals last season. This season he has scored 43 goals. What is his
percentage increase? (Give your answer to the nearest whole number.)
10 In 1996, the most popular second language in Australia was Italian, with 367 300 Italian
speakers. If Australias population at the time was 15 969 000, what percentage of the
population could speak Italian? (Give your answer correct to one decimal place.)
11 Jenny earns $680 a week. She spends $42 a week on fares for buses and trains. What
percentage of her wage does Jenny spend on fares? (Give your answer correct to one decimal
place.)
12 At the supermarket, packets of bread rolls marked at $2.79 are discounted to $1. What is the
percentage discount?
32
13 At a sale, a jumper priced at $180 is marked down to $120. A further discount of 15% is then
given. Calculate:
a the selling price of the jumper
b the total discount
c the discount as a percentage of the marked price.
14 A tennis racquet is bought for $75. If a prot of $90 is made when it is sold, calculate:
a the selling price of the tennis racquet
b the prot as a percentage of the cost price.
15 A bedroom suite is sold for $8400, making a prot of $3600. Find:
a the cost price of the bedroom suite
b the percentage prot.
Using technology
PowerPlus breakfast cereal
A popular breakfast cereal, PowerPlus, lists nutritional information about its contents on the
packet, including the masses of nutrients in a 50 g serve (about 1 bowl). Set up a spreadsheet as
shown, containing these details.
To save time typing, use this link to go to a partly completed spreadsheet.
A
Spreadsheet
1-06
PowerPlus
breakfast cereal
1
2
3
4
The masses of various nutrients in a 50 g serve of PowerPlus cereal are shown in this table.
5
6
7
Nutrients
Protein
Mass (grams)
Fat
0.3
10
Complex carbohydrates
2.6
11
Sugars
7.5
12
Dietary bre
1.4
13
Sodium
0.25
14
Potassium
0.1
15
Other ingredients
16
Percentage (%)
10.8
Total
17
1 The total mass of nutrients in cell C16 is 50 g. What is the mass of the other ingredients not
listed? Put this value in cell C15.
2 Calculate the amount of each of the nutrients as a percentage of a serve. What formula will
you use in cell D8? (If you use =C8/C16*100, then you are correct!)
3 Check to see if your calculations are correct by adding the values in column D. What should
the values sum to in cell D16?
33
CHAPTER 1
The unitary method

The unitary method involves nding the value of one part or item when given the value of
several parts or items.
Example 25
1 If
3
--4
of a number is 81, what is the number?
Solution
3
--4
1
--4
4
--4
of the number = 81
of the number = 81 3 = 27
of the number = 27 4 = 108
The number is 108.

2 A watch has been reduced in price by
of the watch?
1
--3
Solution
If the price has been reduced by 1--- , then

3
so that it now costs $180. What was the original price
2
--3
1
--3
3
--3
of the price = $180.

of the price = 180 2 = $90
of the price = $90 3 = $270
The original price of the watch is $270.
Example 26
6% of Vimilas weekly wage is $30. Calculate her weekly wage.
Solution
6% is $30
1% is $30 6 = $5
100% is $5 100 = $500
Vimilas total wage is $500.
Exercise 1-18
Example 25
Worksheet
1-08
The unitary
method
1 Find the number if:

a
d
2
--3
2
--5
of the number is 72
of the number is 52
4
--5
5
--8
of the number is 88
of the number is 160
3
--- of the number is 48
4
3
------ of the number is 36
10
2 The price of a car has been reduced by 1--- , so that it now costs $6000. What was the original
4
price of the car?
3 The price of a ring is reduced by
4 Sean pays
wage.
3
--8
1
--5
and it now costs $1800. What was the rings original price?
of his weekly wage in rent. If his rent is $240 per week, calculate Seans weekly
5 In a basketball game, Anita scored 15 points, which was

total number of points scored by the team?
34
3
--8
of the teams score. What was the
6 A new car loses
1
--5
of its value in the rst year. If its value is now $25 600, what was the
original price of the car?

Example 26
7 If 35% of Ramys mass is 21 kg:

a what is Ramys mass?
b what is 95% of his mass?

Spreadsheet
1-07
Percentages and
the unitary
method
8 An 8% discount represents a saving of $50 on the marked price.

a What is the marked price?
b How much saving does a 15% discount represent?
9 Find (to the nearest whole number) the complete amount in each of the following if:
a 11% is 45
b 25% is 165
c 2.5% is 80 mm
d 7% is 56
e 55% is $20
12.5% is 48
g 82% is 425 kg
h 33 1--- % is 24
120% is 60 m
k 225% is 44
18.5% is 24.5
Worksheet
1-09
Percentage
problems
135% is 78 km
10 In a game of cricket, Chris scored 42 runs, which was 21% of the teams score. How many
runs did the team score?
11 Last year Ha paid 32% of her salary in tax. If her tax was $13 341, what was her salary?
12 If 15% of Shaheids weekly wage is $72.75, what is his weekly wage?
13 A jeweller charges $55 for valuing a diamond ring. Find the value of the ring if this charge
represents 1.5% of its worth.
14 When pottery is red, it loses 35% of the weight it had as clay. Find the weight of clay that
was used to make a bowl weighing 780 g.
Power plus
1 The fraction
3
--4
1
--2
1
--4
3
--4
or
can be written as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers as follows:

=
3
--4
1
--3
1
--4
1
--8
1
-----24
Write each of the following fractions as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers.
a
3
--5
4
--9
2
--5
2 Write down four possible ways of expressing
d
2
--3
3
--8
15
-----32
7
-----10
as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers.
3 Consider Pythagoras theorem for this right-angled triangle:

17
82 + 152 = 172
15
The sum of the reciprocals of the consecutive odd numbers 3 and 5 is

1
--3
1
--5
8
-----15
The 8 and 15 lead to the Pythagorean result

82 + 152 = 172
a Show that the Pythagorean result is also true for the consecutive odd numbers 7 and 9.
(Hint: Find
1
--7
1
--9
and then state the Pythagorean result that follows.)

35
CHAPTER 1
b Give two other examples.

4 Consider the rectangle below, which is made up of 12 small squares.
We can shade
1
--2
of the rectangle in one colour,
1
--3
of the rectangle in a different colour, and
1
--6
of the rectangle in another colour, writing the result as

1
--2
1
--3
1
--6
= 1 whole
Note that 1--- , 1--- ,

2
1
--6
are the reciprocals of the integers 2, 3 and 6.
In how many ways can you write the one whole as the sum of different reciprocals of integers
for a rectangle made up of:
a 12 squares?
b 18 squares?
5 An irrational number is a number that is not rational, so it cannot be expressed in the form
a
--- ,
b
where a and b are integers and b 0.
Points to remember about an irrational number when expressed as a decimal:

It is not terminating: its digits run indenitely.
It does not have a repeating group of gures (it is non-recurring).
It can never be written exactly as a fraction.
State whether the following are rational or irrational:
a
7
b
4
c 3.4 1
d
11
0.9
0.3434526
6 a Explain why you cannot nd the square root of a negative number.

b Explain why you can nd the cube root of a negative number.
7 Explain why
7 must lie between 2 and 3.
8 a To obtain a better approximation for 7 , nd the average of the 2 and 3.

b Average this approximation with either the 2 or the 3 (whichever is closer in value). This
gives a second approximation for 7 .
c Use the same method to nd a third approximation for 7 .
9 If a unit fraction is dened as a fraction with a numerator of 1 (e.g.
unit fractions whose sum is 1.
1
------ ),
12
nd seven different
10 The product 5 4 3 2 1 can be written as 5! This is read as ve factorial.

6 factorial = 6!
=654321
= 720
a Evaluate:
b
36
i 4!
ii 5!
i Does 7 6! = 7! ? Why?
ii Given that 8! = 40 320, nd 9!
iii 10!
iv 7 6!
v 7!
c Evaluate:
i 4! + 3!
ii 6! 4!
iii 4! 3!
11 Using a scale of 1 unit to 1 cm, draw an

accurate diagram based on this sketch.
a Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate
the lengths of AE, AF, , AI. Which
answer is a rational number?
b By measuring the lengths AE, AF,,
AI, nd the approximations to the
irrational numbers obtained in part a.
c Check the accuracy of your
approximations by using your
calculator.
iv 8! 7!
1
10!
---------------6! 4!
v
1
2
1 unit
1
H
1 unit
1
I
12 Accurately construct a square with an area of 10 square units. (Hint: You will need to
accurately construct an interval of 10 .)
Language of maths
accuracy
compare
decrease
equivalent
increase
numerator
rational
signicant gures
approximate
convert
denominator
estimate
integer
operation
recurring
simplify
ascending
decimal
descending
fraction
loss
prot
reciprocal
terminating
Worksheet
1-10
Numbers
crossword
cent
decimal place
discount
improper fraction
mixed numeral
ratio
round
unitary method
1 Select ve words from the list above and write their meanings using your own words.
2 Find a non-mathematical meaning for:
a reciprocal
b recurring
c terminating
3 What is a mixed numeral? Give an example.

4 Which word means to determine roughly or to calculate approximately the value
or size of something?
5 a In the number 12.075 count the number of:
i decimal places
ii signicant gures.
b What is the difference between decimal places and signicant gures?
6 From the list above, write as many pairs of words that have opposite meanings as you
can.
7 Per cent means per hundred. Can you think of any other cent words that mean a
hundred of something?
8 What is the difference between rounding up and rounding down?
37
CHAPTER 1
Topic overview
Worksheet
1-11
No calculators
Write in your own words what you have learned in this chapter.
Write which parts of this chapter were new to you.
Copy and complete:
The things I understand about exploring numbers that I did not understand before are
The things I am still not condent in doing in this chapter are
Give an example of each difculty you still have.
Copy and complete whichever applies to you:
The steps I will take to overcome my problems with this chapter are
The sections of work that I found difcult in this chapter were
The sections of work that I found easy in this chapter were
The sections of work that I enjoyed doing were
Copy the overview below into your book. Use bright colours and, if necessary, add further
information to complete your summary of this section of work.
find 15% of $60
increase by a %
decrease by a %
one quantity as a
% of another
profit
loss
4 4
= 100
5 5
= 80%
Unitary
method
80% = 80 100
= 0.8
0.52 = 0.52 100
= 52%
75
75% =
100
3
=
4
37%
Percentages
0.374
3
proper
5
7
2 improper
1 3
ordering,
2
four operations
decimals
EXPLORING
NUMBERS
0.56
100
3
1
5 2
2
1
3 2
1
3
2
8
Order of operations
( )2 power
( ) brackets
,
+,
Integers
ordering, 5 3
four operations
1
+ 1
3 4
2.7
7, 81, 5
38
Types
Fractions
Decimals
rounding
terminating
recurring
Unitary
method
Estimation
64.3 7.6 ?
Ordering
5%, 3 0.95
5
Chapter 1
Review
1 a Copy and complete:
5
-----10
15
------
Topic test
Chapter 1
Ex 1-02
-----2
b What number could be placed in the box so that

c The expression
12 +
------------------ ,
5
where
What is a possible value for

d The fraction
26
------
-----4
is a fraction between 7 and 8?
is a whole number, has a value between 7 and 9.

?
has a value between 3 and 5. What is a possible value for
2 Simplify:
a
5
--6
4
--5
2 1---
3 2
--- --4 3
----------------------------1 + 3--- 2---
4 3
Ex 1-04
3
--4
2 1--4
e 6
4---
5
3 2--5
2
--3
1
--2
1 2--3
2
--3
4
-----2
--3
3 3--4
Ex 1-06
(1 1--- )
3
--4
Ex 1-05
4
--5
-----8
3 Evaluate the following, giving your answers to the number of decimal places indicated.
23 17.2
--------------------------56 2.3 2
a 15.5 3 9.78 0.023
(2)
c 2.13 (1.8)3
(3)
d 0.0043
Ex 1-08
(1)
(4)
4 Evaluate the following, giving your answers to 4 signicant gures.

a 8.752 34.5
5.76 + 7.96 3.2

------------------------------------------2.7 3
1
------4.8
Ex 1-09
3
------2.7

a 450 63 + 23 4.6
Ex 1-10
112.45 37.8
----------------------------------48.5
6 Express each of the following as a fraction in simplest form:

a 0.15
b 0.817
c
Ex 1-12
0.25 3
7 3 1--- % =
Ex 1-13
A 3.5
B 0.35
8 Arrange 3--- , 43%, 0.48, 1--- ,

7
19
-----50
C 0.305
D 0.035
in descending order.
Ex 1-14
9 In a school of 970 students, 8.7% of students receive nancial assistance.

a How many students receive assistance?
b How many students do not receive assistance?
Ex 1-16
10 A clothing company offers a discount of 10.5% to its employees. How much will a jacket
marked at $264.50 cost an employee?
Ex 1-15
11 a There are 14 g of nitrogen in 63 g of nitric acid. What percentage of nitrogen is this?

b Increase $1.50 by 12% and then decrease this amount by 12%. Calculate the gain or
loss as a percentage of the original amount. Explain your answer.
Ex 1-17
12 In a cricket match, John made 57 runs, which was 22% of the team total. How many runs
did the team make?
Ex 1-18
39
CHAPTER 1

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01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.

3 Page 2 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

Working with numbers is an important part of our lives. We use

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 3 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

In this chapter you will:

define a rational number

integer An integer is any positive or negative whole number or zero. Any

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 4 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

1 Answer the following:

2 Find the answers to the following, rounded to the nearest 5 cents:

4 Express each of these as a percentage:

5 Express each of these as a decimal:

The magic of numbers

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 5 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

2 a Copy and complete this pattern:

Write down the rst ten triangular numbers.

4 The rst ve Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3 and 5.

7 The German mathematician Christian Goldbach claimed in 1742 that:

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 6 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

11 Construct a palindromic number from each of these:

12 Figurate numbers (or polygonal numbers) are

Just for the record

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 7 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

is also a fraction, where a is the numerator and b is the denominator.

are improper fractions.

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 8 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

A mixed numeral is made up of a whole number and a fraction.

So 1 3--- and 5 3--- are mixed numerals.

Fractions that have equal value are called equivalent fractions.

are equivalent fractions.

a fraction between 3 and 4?

= 2 3--- which is smaller than 3.

which is also smaller than 3.

which is still not big enough.

The missing number could be 16.

2 Change the following to mixed numerals.

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 9 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

3 Complete these pairs of fractions:

5 What number could be placed in the box so that:

has a value between 6 and 7?

has a value between 3 and 4?

has a value between 2 and 3?

has a value between 10 and 12?

7 What number could be placed in the box so that:

has a value between 3 and 4?

has a value between 2 and 3?

has a value between 4 and 5?

has a value between 3 and 5?

(since the denominators are the same and 4 1)

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 10 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

A common denominator is 60.

2 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in ascending order.

3 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in descending order.

Just for the record

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 11 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

Operations with fractions

Adding and subtracting fractions

b Find 4 3--- 2 1--- .

c Find 5 1--- 2 3--- .

01_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 12 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:07 PM

1 Simplify each of the following:

2 Simplify each of the following:

4 Answer the following:

5 a Jenny buys a roll of contact to cover her books. She uses