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Bridge Seismic Design
Bridge Seismic Design
Version 14
April 2009
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2009
All rights reserved.
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DISCLAIMER
Contents
Sample Model
1-1
1.2
1-2
1.3
1-4
1.4
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-6
1-7
1.5
1-8
1.6
Bent Data
1-8
1.7
1-10
1-11
1-13
1.7.3
1.7.4
1.8
1-16
1.9
1-16
Step 2
Step 3
Step 5
ii
1-17
Overview
2-1
2.2
2-1
2.3
2-3
2.4
2-6
2.5
2-7
2.6
2-7
Step 4
1-14
1-15
Overview
3-1
Overview
4-1
4.2
4-1
4.3
4-4
Overview
5-1
5.2
5-1
5.3
5-3
5.4
5-6
5-6
5-8
Contents
5.5
Step 6
Step 7
5-9
6-2
6.2
6-3
6.3
Pushover Results
6-6
Demand/Capacity Ratios
7.1
Step 8
D/C Ratios
7-1
8-2
8.2
8-2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8-4
8.8
Create Report
8-5
8-3
References
iii
List of Figures
iv
Figure 1-1
1-1
Figure 1-2
1-2
Figure 1-3
1-3
Figure 1-4
1-3
Figure 1-5
1-4
Figure 1-6
1-5
Figure 1-7
1-6
Figure 1-8
1-6
Figure 1-9
Pile Properties
1-7
Figure 1-10
1-8
Figure 1-11
1-9
Figure 1-12
1-9
Figure 1-13
1-10
Figure 1-14
1-11
Figure 1-15
1-12
Figure 1-16
1-13
Figure 1-17
1-13
Figure 1-18
1-14
Figure 1-19
1-15
Figure 1-20
1-15
Figure 1-21
1-16
Figure 1-22
1-17
Figure 1-23
1-17
Figure 1-24
1-18
Contents
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
2-2
Figure 2-3
2-3
Figure 2-4
2-4
Figure 2-5
2-7
Figure 2-6
2-7
Figure 2-7
2-8
Figure 3-1
Figure 4-1
4-2
Figure 4-2
4-3
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
4-4
Figure 5-1
Hinge Locations
5-2
Figure 5-2
Hinge Locations
5-3
Figure 5-3
5-4
Figure 5-4
5-5
Figure 5-5
5-5
Figure 5-6
5-6
Figure 5-7
5-7
Figure 5-8
5-7
Figure 5-9
5-8
Figure 5-10
5-9
Figure 5-11
5-10
Figure 5-12
5-10
Figure 6-1
6-1
Figure 6-2
6-2
Figure 6-2
6-4
Figure 6-3
6-5
6-6
Figure 6-5
6-7
Figure 7-1
7-1
Figure 6-4
vi
Foreword
2.
Evaluate the Ground Motion Hazard and the Seismic Design Request
3.
Complete the Dead Load Analysis and evaluate the Cracked Section Properties
4.
5.
6.
7.
vi
Foreword
STEP 1
Create the Bridge Model
1.1
Example Model
This chapter describes the first step in the process required to complete a Seismic Design Request for a bridge structure using SAP2000/Bridge. It is assumed the user is familiar with the requirements in the program related to creating a Linked Bridge Object. Only select features of the model development
are included in this chapter. The SAP2000/Bridge model used throughout this
manual is available on the CD and includes all of the input parameters.
Example Model
1-1
1.2
1-2
1-3
1.3
1.4
1-4
1.4.1
The material property used was 4000 psi. Note that the units shown in Figure
1-6 are in inches.
1.4.2
1-5
1.4.3
I-Girder Properties
The I-Girder properties were
input using inch units, as
shown in Figure 1-8.
1-6
1.4.4
Pile Properties
The piles were defined as 14inch-diameter concrete piles with six #9 vertical
bars. The outer steel casings of the pile were found to increase in the flexural
stiffness of the piles by a factor of 2.353. This value was applied as a property
modifier to the pile section property. The pile will be added to the bridge
model as Equivalent Cantilever piles, as shown in Figure 1-9 and as described in subsequent Section 1.8. Using this method, the pile is replaced by a
beam that has equivalent stiffness properties to that of the pile with the surrounding soil.
1-7
1.5
1.6
Bent Data
The bents for the subject model have three columns each with a cap beam
width of 38.25 feet. The Bridge Bent data form shown in Figure 1-11 is used to
input the number of columns and the cap beam width. Since multiple columns
are specified, the location, height and support condition for each column needs
to be specified using the Bent Column Data form, which is accessed using the
Modify/Show Column Data button.
1-8
After the Modify/Show Column Data button is used, the Bent Column Data
form shown in Figure 1-12 can be used to define the type, location, height, angle and boundary conditions for each bent column.
An important part of this example model is the inclusion of the foundation elements. Although the foundations can be represented as Fixed, Pinned, or
Spring-Support restraints at the base of the columns, these have been explicitly
modeled in this example. It is important to note that when foundation objects
Bent Data
1-9
are part of the bridge model, the base of the bent column must not be restrained, but instead, connected to the foundation elements. Restraining the
base of the columns in the Bent Column Data form using Fixed or Pinned restraints would prevent the bridge loads from reaching the foundation. In this
example, a foundation spring (BFSP1) having no stiffness in any direction is
used as the Base Support data. After the foundations have been modeled and
connected to the bent column bases, support of the bent columns will be
achieved. The Foundation Spring Data form is shown in Figure 1-13.
1.7
1 - 10
be defined using bents as supports (this feature was note used in the subject example).
The span data is used to define the span lengths and bent locations. Cross diaphragms also can be included in a bridge model using the Modify/Show Assignments > In Span Cross Diaphragms command. No cross diaphragms
were used as part of the example model.
1.7.1
1 - 12
1.7.2
Abutment Geometry
Figure 1-17 also shows the location of the BRG1 action point. This is the location where the bearing will translate or rotate depending on the bearing definitions.
1.7.3
For this example model, the bearing properties at the bents have fixed translation restraints in all directions but free restraints for all rotational directions.
See Figure 1-19.
1 - 14
1.7.4
Bent Geometry
The bent geometry is shown in Figure 1-19 for the input values used to define
the bearing and substructure elevations from the Bent Assignment form (Figure
1-17).
Note that the BRG2 connects to the center of the cap beam. The substructure
elevation is used to define the top of the cap beam. The action point of BRG2
will be at Elevation -49.0.
1.8
15
K EI T 3
K EI T
K EI T
After the lengths of the piles were known, the piles were connected to an area
object representing the pile cap. The cap was meshed at the top of the pile locations. The completed pile cap appears in Figure 1-22, which is shown using a
3D extruded view.
1.9
1 - 16
Column-to-Foundation Connection
1.10
Mass Source
The Mass Source definition is used to define the mass and loads to be included
in the modal and response spectrum load cases. In this example, the combined
weight of the parapets and wearing surface was approximated as 2.0 kips per
linear foot acting along the bridge deck. A load pattern was added as a superimposed type with the name SDEAD. Using the option, From Element and
Mass Source 1 - 17
Additional Masses and Loads, the program will calculate the self weight of the
bridge structure and include that mass along with the mass derived from the
SDEAD load assignment.
1 - 18
Mass Source
STEP 2
Ground Motion Hazard and Seismic Design Request
2.1
Overview
The ground motion hazard (response spectrum) can be determined by
SAP2000/Bridge by defining the bridge location using the latitude and longitude or the postal zone. As an alternative, the user can input any user defined
response spectrum file. The site effects (soil site classifications) also are considered and are part of the user input data.
2.2
Overview
2-1
Figure 2-1 AASHTO/USGS Hazard Maps used to determine the Demand Response Spectrum
From the Response Spectrum Data form, the values for SDS and SD1 are determined by SAP2000 and reported. The SD1 value is used to determine the Seis-
2-2
mic Design Category (SDC). The SDC is used to determine the analysis and
design requirements to be applied to the bridge. For example, if the SDC is A,
no capacity displacement calculation is performed. If the SDC is B or C,
SAP2000 uses an implicit formula (see Section 4.8 of the AASHTO Seismic
Guide Specification). If the SDC is D, SAP2000 uses a nonlinear pushover
analysis to determine the capacity displacements.
2.3
For this example, clicking the Modify/Show button will display the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters form, shown in Figure 2-4. A brief
description of the parameters on that form follows.
Item
After a response spectrum function has been defined (see Step 2), the
name of the response spectrum to be used for a specific Seismic Design
Request should be selected here.
Seismic Design
Category (SDC)
Option
The user can choose to have the SDC be selected by the program (i.e.,
Programmed Determined), or the user can impose a value for the SDC
(i.e., User Defined). To impose a value, select it from Item 3, the Seismic Design Category.
2-3
2-4
Item
Seismic Design
Category
If the user has opted to specify the Seismic Design Category in Item 2,
the user must specify the Seismic Design Category here as B, C or D.
Gravity Load
Case Option
The user can specify which gravity load case is used to determine the
cracked section properties for the bent columns. The choices include
Auto-Entire Structure, Auto Current BrObj or User Defined. As a default,
all Dead and Super Dead loads are included in the Auto-Entire Structure
gravity load case.
Gravity Load
Case
If the User Option is selected for the gravity load case option in item 5
above, the gravity load case name must be selected here.
Item
Additional
Group
If the Auto-This Bridge Object option is selected for the gravity load
case option in item 5 above, an additional group can be included in the
gravity load case. This item is only required when the gravity load case
is program determined. It may include pile foundations and other auxiliary structures.
Include P-Delta
If P-Delta Effects are to be included, the user needs to specify yes here.
P-Delta effects will cause a more abrupt drop in the pushover curve
results if an idealized bilinear hinge has been assigned to the bent columns. It is recommended that an initial Seismic Design Request be
performed before including the P-Delta effects to help the user understand the nonlinear behavior of the bents.
Cracked
Property
Option
The cracked section properties for the bent columns can be automatically determined by the program or they can be user defined. If program determined, the automatic gravity load case will be run iteratively.
Section Designer will use the calculated axial force at the top and bottom on the column to determine the cracked moments of inertia in the
positive and negative transverse and longitudinal directions. The average of the top and bottom column cracked properties will be applied as
named property modifier sets and the analysis will be re-run to make
sure the cracked-modified model converges to within the specified
tolerance.
10 Convergence
Tolerance
This value sets the relative convergence tolerance for the bent-column
cracked-property iteration. This item is required only when the crackedproperty calculation is program determined.
11 Maximum
Number of
Iterations
This value sets the maximum number of iterations allowed for the bentcolumn cracked-property iteration. The first run is considered to be the
zero-th iteration. Usually only one iteration is needed. This item is required only when the cracked-property calculation is program determined.
12 Accept
Unconverged
Results
Convergence
Specifies whether or not the seismic design should continue if the bentcolumn cracked-property iteration fails to converge. This item is required only when the cracked-property calculation is program determined.
13 Modal Load
Case Option
14 Modal Load
Case
The name of an existing modal load case to be used as the basis of the
response-spectrum load case. This item is required only if the modal
load case option is user-defined in item 13 above.
2-5
2.4
Item
17 Response Spectrum
Angle Option
18 Response Spectrum
Angle
Angle (degree, from global X) that defines the direction of the response
spectrum load case. This item is required only if the response spectrum
load case is User-defined.
19 Foundation
Group
20 Pushover
Target Displacement
Ratio
The target displacement is defined as the target ratio of Capacity/Demand for the pushover analyses. This item is required only if the
seismic design category is D.
21 Bent Failure
Criterion
2-6
2.5
2.6
2-7
2-8
Step 3
Dead Load Analysis and Cracked Section Properties
3.1
Overview
As shown in the schematic included in the Foreword, the third step begins with
the dead load analysis of the entire bridge model. The results of the dead load
analysis are then used to verify the analytical model followed by the determination of the cracked section properties that are then applied to the bent columns as
frame section property modifiers. The reduced stiffnesses of the bent columns
will affect the response spectrum and pushover analyses. The frame section property modifiers are defined separately for each of the bent and abutment columns
as a named property set. The user can use the Section Designer program to observe the moment-curvatures and I,cracked properties for the various cross-sections
(see also Step 5).
Auto load patterns and auto load cases are produced by the program. The load
case, which has the default name, _GRAV_SDReq1, is automatically developed
by SAP2000/Bridge as a single stage construction load case and is used to apply
the cracked section property modifiers to the columns. Figure 3-1 shows the
Load Case Data form for the _GRAV_SDReq1 load case. The auto load cases are
not modifiable.
Overview
3-1
As an option, the user can overwrite the cracked section property determined by
the program and instead, apply a user defined value. See Step 2 for the user options available in the Seismic Design Request.
3-2
Overview
Step 4
Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
4.1
Overview
The seismic response of the entire bridge structure is analyzed by SAP2000/
Bridge using the response spectrum function defined in Step 2. The number of
modes used by SAP2000/Bridge is automated and depends on the number of
bridge spans. The user should check the total mass participation to ensure that an
adequate number of modes are included in the modal analysis. The response
spectrum displacements are used by SAP2000/Bridge as the displacement demands as defined in Section 4.4 of the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification.
4.2
Overview
4-1
The third response spectrum load case uses a Directional Combination option of
ABS, with an ABS scale factor of 0.3. This response spectrum load case will
satisfy the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification, Section 4.4, which requires
the response spectrum loads to be combined using the 100/30 percent rule in each
of the major directions. The single response spectrum load case,
_RS_XY_SDReq1, envelopes the maximum response spectrum results for each of
the combinations 100/30 and 30/100. The Load Case Data form for the response
spectrum load case _RS_XY_SDReq1 is shown in Figure 4-2.
The modal damping coefficient is set to 5 percent, but this value can be modified
as necessary by the user in the Substructure Seismic Design Parameters form
(Chapter 2).
4-2
To illustrate the ABS directional combination feature, the following BENT1 displacements are summarized for example model MO_1C:
4-3
4.3
4-4
Step 5
Determine Plastic Hinge Properties and Assignments
5.1
Overview
For bridge structures having a Seismic Design Category (SDC) D the
AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification requires that the displacement capacity
be determined using a nonlinear pushover analysis. This requires that the column plastic hinge lengths and plastic hinge properties be determined for each
column that participates as part of the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS).
In this step, the methodologies used to calculate the plastic hinge lengths and
properties will be explained. After the hinge properties have been determined,
the plastic hinges are assigned to the ERS columns. The automation of the plastic hinge assignments will also be explained in this step.
5.2
Overview
5-1
5-2
5.3
5-3
Typically, the axial loads in the bent columns change as the bent is pushed over
due to the overturning effects. Therefore, the yield and plastic moments will
change depending on the amount of axial load present in a particular column at
a particular pushover step. These effects are captured in the nonlinear hinge responses whenever P-M or P-M-M hinges are specified. For this reason, the
Automated Seismic Design procedure assigns coupled P-M-M hinges to the
bent columns. The default settings are shown in Figure 5-4. The length of the
plastic hinge also is calculated by SAP2000/Bridge when using the Automated
Seismic Design procedure.
5-4
5-5
Upon completion of the Pushover Analysis, the Hinge Results can be traced.
This feature is explained in detail in Step 6.
5.4
5.4.1
5-6
Figure 5-7 Nonlinear Stress-Strain curves for Confined and Unconfined Concrete
5-7
5.4.2
5-8
5.5
5-9
The fiber mesh also can be specified in this form. The mesh can be rectangular
or cylindrical depending on the shape of the column. Another advantage of using the Section Designer feature is that complex sections, similar to the one below, can be handled.
5 - 10
Step 6
Capacity Displacement Analysis
This step describes the automated procedure that SAP2000/Bridge uses to determine the bridge seismic capacity displacements. The method used varies depending on the Seismic Design Category (SDC) of a particular bridge. A flowchart that describes when an implicit or pushover analysis is used to determine
the capacity displacements is shown in Figure 6-1:
6-1
Identification ERS
Recommended
Required
Required
Demand Analysis
Required
Required
Required
Implicit Capacity
Required
Required
Required
May be required
Required
Required
Required
Required
Detailing Ductility
SDC B
SDB C
SDB D
Capacity Protection
Recommended
Required
Required
Liquefaction
Recommended
Required
Required
Support Width
The user can overwrite the program determined SDC to enforce that a pushover analysis is used to determine the displacement capacity. The differences
between the implicit and pushover approaches are described in the following
sections.
6.1
(4.8.1-1)
For SDC C:
(4.8.1-2)
in which
Bo
Ho
where,
6-2
(4.8.1-3)
Ho =
B0 =
Column diameter or width parallel to the direction of displacement under consideration (ft)
6.2
6-3
The SDReq1 is the name provided by the user to identify a particular seismic
design request.
TR denotes Transverse and LG denotes Longitudinal.
The _ symbol is added to the beginning of each auto load case name to distinguish the load cases that are automatically provided by SAP2000/Bridge
from user defined load cases.
Figure 6-3 shows the nonlinear single-staged construction load case for the
BENT1 transverse direction.
6-4
The _ bGRAV_SDReq1 load case is shown in Figure 6-4 and is needed to isolate the bents from the rest of the bridge model and to apply the cracked section
property modifiers as well as apply the dead load.
6-5
Figure 6-5 BENT1 Pushover Load Pattern for the Transverse Direction
6.3
Pushover Results
After the pushover analyses have run, the capacity displacements are automatically identified as the maximum displacement of the pushover curve just before
strength loss (negative slope on the pushover curve) for each of the pushover
runs.
6-6
Pushover Results
The pushover results can be viewed using the Display menu > Pushover Results command. An example output is shown in Figure 6-6 for the BENT1
transverse and longitudinal pushover load cases.
Pushover Results
6-7
Step 7
Demand/Capacity Ratios
7.1
D/C Ratios
After the demand displacement (Step 4) and displacement capacity (Step 6)
analyses have been completed, SAP2000/Bridge computes the ratio of the Demand/Capacity displacements and reports these values in the Seismic Design
Report. The table of D/C ratios can be viewed using the Display menu > Show
Tables command, and then selecting Design Data > Bridge > Seismic Design
data > Table: Bridge Seismic 01-Bent D-C-AASHTO LRFD 2007. The subject table will appear similar to the table shown in Figure 7-1:
D/C Ratios
7-1
In the table shown, all four D/C ratios are reported, namely, the transverse and
longitudinal direction for each bent (the example model has two bents). Note
that the Generalized Displacement name also is reported. Generalized displacements are used to average the top of bent displacements and to determine
the relative displacements between the bent cap beam and the foundation. The
generalized displacement definition is automatically defined by SAP2000/
Bridge and can be viewed using the Define menu > Generalized Displacements command.
7-2
D/C Ratios
Step 8
Review Output and Create Report
This step describes the two methods of viewing the seismic design results. The
first way to review the results is to use the Display menu > Show Tables command. The second way is to create a report using the Design menu > Bridge Design > Create Report command.
The entire list of output tables for the Bridge Seismic Design includes the following:
The seven Bridge Seismic Design tables are described in the sections that follow:
8-1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8-2
8.4
8.5
8-3
8.6
8.7
8-4
8.8
Create Report
A single command can be used to create a report using the Design menu >
Bridge Design > Create Seismic Design Report command. Several representative pages of the report that can be created using the previously noted report request are included in the following pages. Theses have been excerpted from a 30
page summary report that SAP2000/Bridge writes as a Microsoft Word document.
Create Report
8-5
8-6
Create Report
Create Report
8-7
8-8
Create Report
References
ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O.
Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AASHTO, 2009. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge
Design. American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, NW Suite 249, Washington, DC 2001
R-1