“Missing Mass” in Dynamic

Analysis

“Missing Mass” in Dynamic Analysis

Introduction:

The common practice of performing a dynamic analysis of a structure is to

evaluate the response of a structure mode by mode and then combining the results
from each mode. While in a time-history the Modal Superposition method is
employed, which involves de-coupling of the dynamic equation of motion into an
individual equation for each mode involving Generalized Mass, Generalized
Stiffness, Generalized Damping and Generalized Force for that mode and
evaluating the response per mode, the response spectrum method involves finding
the spectral acceleration corresponding to the period of each mode and evaluating
the response by considering that the structure in each mode is subjected to an
equivalent static force involving the modal mass and the spectral acceleration.

As can be understood, to evaluate the complete response of the structure, the

response from all possible modes need to be combined. However, from the point
of view of practicality and the computer run-time and memory considerations, it is
not always possible to run a structure for all possible modes. Hence the truncation
of modes is employed. However, as can be understood the modal truncation
introduces errors in evaluating the complete response of the structure. “Missing
Mass” is the method employed to assess the approximate response of the
truncated modes.

Theory:
The total number of modes in a structure can be classified in two categories: 1.
The Flexible Modes and 2. The Rigid Modes. While the flexible modes is subjected
to dynamic amplifications the response from the rigid modes are essentially static.

The total response from a flexible mode is evaluated as {Φ n}Yn, where {Φn} is the
mode shape vector for mode n and Yn is the modal co-ordinate of the nth mode.

The response from the rigid modes can evaluated as the statical response of the
structure due to the applied load {s}f(t) minus the statical response for the flexible
modes.
Response Spectrum Analysis and Missing Mass:

Response Spectrum Analysis is widely used for the seismic analysis of structures.
The consideration of the contribution of the truncated modes is very important for
the proper assessment of the structure under seismic loads. However, the most
important decision is the number of modes that needs to be considered for
dynamic analysis.

Most of the seismic design codes around the world have suggested that at least
90% of mass participation in either direction be achieved with the assumption that
the significant modes will be captured considering this. While this assumption
holds true for a class of building structures, this is not applicable for all type of
structures. So, the general guideline is to consider all the flexible modes for
dynamic analysis and do a missing mass correction to include the effect of the rigid
modes.

There are different views on what should be a rigid mode. The general conception
is that the modes are rigid corresponding to modal frequencies of 33 Hz frequency
and above. The corresponding spectral acceleration is called the Zero Period
Acceleration (ZPA) and this will be the maximum value of the recorded ground
acceleration considering that the modes are rigid.

So, the contribution of the residual mode can be expresses by modifying e quation
3 by substituting equation (4) in it.

{X0} = -[K]-1 [M]{Φr}(ZPA)

The best way would be to ensure a 90% mass participation as suggested by the
code and then ensuring that all the modes the frequencies of which are below ZPA
are included in the dynamic analysis. The inclusion of flexible modes in the
residual mode can cause substantial errors to occur.

STAAD Implementation of Missing Mass theory in Response Spectrum

Analysis:
The well known command lines to invoke the response spectrum analysis in
STAAD.Pro is as follows:

SPECTRUM { SRSS | ABS | CQC| ASCE | TEN | CSM | GRP } *{ X f1 | Yf2 | Z f3

} { ACC | DIS } (SCALE f4)

{DAMP f5 | CDAMP | MDAMP } ( {LIN| LOG} ) (MIS f6) (ZPA f7) (FF1 f8)
(FF2 f9)( { DOMINANT f10 | SIGN } ) (SAVE) (IMR f11) (STARTCASEf12)

The specification of the MIS will invoke the missing mass calculation representing
the mass of the residual mode. If the value of f6 is specified then this value is used
as the corresponding spectral acceleration for the residual mode. If
not specified f7 is used as the spectral acceleration which is used to define the
ZPA frequency. If we do not have the value of f7 specified, a default value of 33 Hz
is used.

Once the residual mode analysis in invoked, the mass participation output in the
output file will invoke that mode as ZPA.
 However, at his point of time we do not have a way of extracting the response of
the residual mode into a load case as we can do for a normal mode.

Time History Analysis and Missing Mass:

Going by the same logic as we have discussed for a response spectrum analysis
we need to ensure that all the flexible modes are included in dynamic analysis, a
mass participation of 90% is ensured and all the modes having frequencies less
than the exciting frequency is considered in the dynamic analysis.

STAAD Implementation of Missing Mass theory in Time History Analysis:

Starting from the forthcoming SS5 release, STAAD will be equipped to consider
the rigid mode contribution in a time history analysis. More contents will be added
on this once the SS5 is released.
 A PDF version of this article is available at the following link:

http://communities.bentley.com/products/structural/structural_analysis___design/m
/structural_analysis_and_design_gallery/258859.aspx

References:

1. ASCE 4-98: Seismic Analysis of Safety Related Seismic Structures.

2. Dynamics of Structures: Theories and Applications to Earthquake Engineering;

Anil K. Chopra; Prentice Hall

3. Dynamics of Structures; Ray W. Clough, Joseph Penzien; Computers and

Structures Inc.

4. “Missing Mass” Correction in Modal Analysis of Piping Systems; G.H.Powell

5. On the use of residual shapes in Modal Analysis; R. Alvarez, J.J Benito

6. An Alternative Cut-Off Frequency for the Response Spectrum Method of

Seismic Analysis; M. Dhileep, N.P. Shahul Hameed and S. Nagan

7. Derivation of Mode Acceleration Method for MDOF Systems (Proportional

Damping or Light Damping); Luis San Andres