,

,
, .
1970.
.
; ;
.
1970.
F14 CADC, .
17 1971. Texas Instruments 4-
TMS1802NC,
15 1971. 4-
Intel 4004,
1972. 8- Intel 8008.

- 8-
: Intel 8080 1974., Motorola 6800, MOS Technology
6502 1975., Zilog Z801976.

. 5.1.

- (. 5.1)
, - ,
,
-
.

.
.


.

ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
.
ROM
PROM, PROM.
PROM,
, PROM.
ROM

.
RM ,
,
.


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.
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8.

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8 .
, 8 .
. 5.2 .
I
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
5

III

II

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
16

. 5.2.

:
5 ;
,
3 ;
( 16 )
,
.

 :
- %01101;
- %101;
- %1111 1010 1100 1001;
:
- $ 0D; - $5; - $FAC9.
%, $ .
( ) ,
- .
24
,
.

 :

...
...
$ 0300
$ 6B
$ 0301
$ FA
$ 0302
$ C9

$0300 ,
, $0301 $0302 ,
.

. 5.3.

 .

. . 5.3
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1
2

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D6
D7

D0
D1

...

A14
A15

A0
A1
A2
A3

. 5.4.

 (
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. 5.4.
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(4-, 8-, 16-).

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.
(single bus system),
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,
.
(ROM),
(RAM).
ROM RAM,
,
.
- 8 . 128
8 , 1024 1k .
ROM RAM
32k (4k 8), 64k (8k 8), 128k (16k 8), 256k (32k 8), 512k (64k 8).
.
8- 8- 8
.
1k 10- .
(CS), .

 , , ,
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).
0 1
.
RAM (R/W)
.
5.1

A15
0
0
1
1

A14
0
1
0
1

Y1
1
0
0
0

Y2
0
1
0
0

Y3
0
0
1
0

Y4
0
0
0
1

A14
A15

DC
X0
X1

Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3

. 5.5.

ROM
RAM, ,
.

 (
, ) ROM,
RAM, .
,
( ).

, a
.

.
,
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-
,
( 5.1).
(. 5.5)
, 16k ,
64k ( 16 ).

 -
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 . 5.6 a
1 2.

1
&

X0
X1
X2

K1
K2
&
3
&

A0
2

A1

R

X3
CS1
X4
X5

+5V

D0
Y0
D1
Y1
D2
Y2
D3
Y3
Y4 D4
Y5 D5

CS2 74LS367

. 5.6.

1 +5V,
. 1 6-

 74LS367 1 (+5V),
0 (0V). CS1 CS2 0
(4)
1 Y1 1
. ,
2 RS-,
(1 2).
- (3),
, - 0 1
R.

 , .
+5V

1
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

X0
X1
X2

RG

X3
X4
X5
X6

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5

f
g
e

Q6
Q7

X7

+5V

c
d

CS 74LS374

0 X0
1 X1

CS1
W
CS2

DC

Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3

D0
X0
D1
X1
D2
X2
D3
X3
D4 X4
D5
X5
D6
X6
D7
X7

RG

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7

CS 74LS374

0V

. 5.7.


8- 1 ( 74LS374) 0
1. 0 , .
1 , ,
, 1, +5V
.

1 8. 1 +5V
. 2 8 0V
.
1.
1 0 Q3 1
( 1 PNP
), 2 8 1
Q1 - Q7 2 ( NPN
).


D0
D1

D0
D1

D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

A0
A1

RS0
RS1

A2
A3
.

CS0
CS1
CS2

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7

&

R/W
DBE
RESET
IRQ

1
2
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5

R/W
E
RESET
IRQA
IRQB

B6
B7

MC6820

B1
B2

. 5.8.

2
+5V

 ,

. . 5.8
16 , (PIA) 6820
6800 MOTOROLA.
6820 8 ,
. , 0 1,
RS0 RS1.
CS0, CS1 CS2, 1
CS0 CS1 0 CS2. .
R/W,
. PIA
RESET . PIA
IRQA IRQB,
1, 2, 1 2.
PIA (
) 4 . .

 0-3, ,
0. 4-7
1 ,
+5V.

0, - (2) 1
1. IRQA ,
. :
0-3 1 0
0-3 0 47. , 07, .


D0
D1

Tx

R/W

CS
RS
C

Rx

D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

t
D0 D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

IRQ

a)

. 5.9.

,
. . 8 7 (. 5.9 )
1 , 1 2 .
0, 1. .5.9

 (ACIA) 6850
6800 MOTOROLA.
D1-D8
, ,
Tx . Rx
D1-D8 .
ACIA ,
0, RS.
CS0, CS1 CS2,
1 CS0 CS1 0 CS2.
.
R/W, . PIA
. ACIA TxC DxC
Tx Dx. IRQ,
.
Tx Dx ACIA
RTS ( ; ACIA
0, );

CTS ( ; 0
ACIA, ); DCD (
; 1
ACIA, ).


-,
. , ,
. (
)
.
(RESET), ( 6800)
0
- 8 . . 5.10

RESET. RESET 0
$FFFE . -
.

+5V
R
D
RESET

C
1

. 5.10.

, , ( ), RAM ,
.

( ),
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(
,
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RAM ROM
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.
(RAM) (ROM, EPROM,
EEPROM, FLASH) .
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-
, .

.
.

 (. 5.11)
6811 (DD1) Motorola.
CMOS . :
8- 8- - ;
-
- ;
;
(SCI) (SPI) .

.
-
.
.
.
ADC0 ADC1
-
.

ADC4, , .
IC1 . C2
, . DD6C VD4.

.
R19 7 Vr,
- .
, ,
Q1,
R6 2 3. 8
MHz.
(Reset)
R5 1.
Reset .
R3 R4, VD2, DD6F DD6E ,
, VD3.
, Reset ,
V+, -

 +5V, 7,5V.
, - .
,
R1 R2, VD1,
DD6 DD6. IRQ
, -

. 5.11.

 187V.
,
IRQ Reset EEPROM
.

1.
,
64k.
RAM EEPROM .
,
.
8- 8-
, .
DD2,
. - 8-
AS
DD2 8-
. 8-
DD2 16-

 .
AD0AD7 , .
AS .

, - .
,
.
.
DD4
32k. $0000,
- $8000. -
15 . ,
,
. , Y1
, ,
Y3 .
EPROM DD3,
.
-
.

 .

$8000 $FFFF.
Y1 DD4 DD4,
8k
$0000, $2000, $4000 $6000. ($0000)
, RAM
. Y2 ( $4000)
DD5, (LCD).

. 5.12.

 RxD xD (SCI)
,
.
PD4 PD5
.
(. 5.12)
.
VT1 ,
.
220V.
, . R11
. +5V. VD5
, 5
0
.

 R13, R14, R15 R16 ,

0 ,5 R15


R13 + R14 + 0 ,5 R15
, - .
, - , R15
R16 Vr.
,
Vr/2. DD6D,
,
. .

Tr1.
w2 w3. w3,
w1Ii w2Io,
DA1B VT2 VT3 Io w2. ,
.

 . Io
R22. R20, R21 8
. ,
, , DA1
DA2. , PD4
PD5 R28, R29, R30
R31, DA1 1, 2, 4 8.
R17 R18 R15 R16.

(. 5.13).
, TxD RxD
.
OP1 OP2.
( VT4)
, OP1
VT5,
(Transmission line).
VD12

 .
VT5 . -

. 5.13.

 ,
R35
OP2. OP2
VT6.
( VT6) .
,
, ,
VT6
.
, ,
, Tr2,
D1,
DA3, DA4 DA5, +5V, +12V 12V.