Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical Engineer Essentails
Chemical Engineer Essentails
Chemical Engineers
Introduction
Chemical engineers research, design, and develop chemical processes and equipment,
oversee the operation and maintenance of industrial chemical, plastics, pharmaceutical,
resource, pulp, and food processing plants and perform duties related to chemical quality
control, environmental protection and biochemical or biotechnical engineering. Chemical
engineers are employed in a wide range of manufacturing and processing industries,
consulting firms, government, research and educational institutions.
The
Numeracy
Problem Solving
Critical Thinking
Document Sections
Reading Text
Document Use
Writing
Numeracy
Oral Communication
Thinking Skills
o
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Critical Thinking
Finding Information
Computer Use
Continuous Learning
Notes
A. Reading Text
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
Chemical Engineers
2 to 4
5
may refer to guidelines issued by Health Canada and by the United States
Department of Health and Human Services to verify that a new product
manufacturing procedure meets the required standards and, if not, to identify
what needs to be done to meet them. (3)
read federal and provincial environmental regulations with respect to liquid and
gas waste, soil contamination and the disposal of residual materials. They refer to
such regulations to ensure that their chemical processes and procedures are
meeting applicable standards. (3)
read equipment installation and operating manuals. They may read operating
specifications in manuals to assess equipment suitability for tasks and plan for
equipment installation and commissioning. (3)
read reports from chemists documenting test results on chemical products and
processes. For example, they may read a report on using captisol modified
cyclodextrin to improve solubility and stability of insoluble drugs. They must
review and evaluate the complex data and analyses contained in each report to
decide whether or not they will support the report's conclusions or take action on
its recommendations. (4)
read a wide range of academic journals and trade publications such as Chemical
Engineering, Water Environment Research or Tablets and Capsules to stay abreast
of new chemical equipment, products and processes. They select and read
relevant articles to study alternative solutions to particular problems. They also
refer to these articles when creating test trials, developing theories or searching
supportive evidence for recommendations. (4)
may assess the quality and accuracy of scientific articles on new chemical
products or processes before they are published in academic journals. For
instance, an engineer may be asked to review an article on the advantages of
using non-ionic polymers as precipitants. Each of these assessments involves
carefully reading a dense and complex article containing specialized terminology
intended for a scientific audience, and making high-level inferences to provide
critique in the light of industrial and governmental regulations and concerns. The
results of the evaluation are summarized in a short paper and given to editorial
staff for consideration. (5)
Reading Summary
The symbol is explained in the Use of Symbols section.
Forms
Labels
Notes, Letters,
Memos
Manuals,
Specifications,
Regulations
Reports, Books,
Journals
B. Document Use
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
1 to 4
Most Complex
Chemical Engineers
may review monthly labour and material performance tables to identify upward
and downward trending in quality, defects or efficiency. (2)
use information in Material Safety Data Sheets and technical data sheets for a
variety of purposes. They locate information about the composition, molecular
weights, exposure limits and handling hazards of chemical products in order to
determine the best chemical product to use, design environmental controls, or
inform workers about safe chemical handling practices. Chemical engineers must
often integrate data from several sources. (3)
review the scale drawings for manufacturing or processing plants to assess the
appropriateness and safety of the design. They take measurements from
structural and mechanical system drawings to check that new and existing
equipment can be set up efficiently. (4)
Examples
create tables to analyse data extracted from test results with respect to such
research issues as pH levels in the drinking water, oil degradation due to fuel
contaminates, concentration of organic compounds in blood samples or the loss of
a chemical through the formulations process.
construct graphs to identify trends in test results over time and relationships
between measured parameters such as cost and recovery. They include these
graphs in recommendation reports to justify the development of new operating
procedures for chemical quality control or environmental protection.
C. Writing
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
2 to 4
Chemical Engineers
write e-mail to other engineers, often with attached files and links to information
posted at Internet sites. (2)
write short memos to staff to give instructions regarding the operation and
maintenance of chemical equipment. For example, they provide instructions to
supervisors concerning a shutdown. (2)
write letters to the federal government justifying why pollution ratings recorded in
the National Pollution Reporting Inventory (NPRI) have changed by more than ten
percent over the last reading. These letters must use an established format and
contain an explanation of contributing factors such as excess rain or new
equipment. (3)
draft documents recommending the purchase of new equipment and submit them
to management or clients for approval. These lengthy documents generally
include a cost analysis for various equipment options, environmental, health and
safety assessments, a description of all specifications, an evaluation of several
suppliers and a justification of the supplier chosen. (4)
write detailed reports for various clienteles. For example, chemical process
engineers write chemical process trial reports for the operations team and edit
summary versions for management. These reports provide a description of the
trial objectives and testing procedures, a discussion of test results and a set of
conclusions. Chemical engineering consultants write preliminary, progress and
final reports for their clients addressing the specific technical, process,
environmental and resource management issues under study. (4)
may write articles for scientific journals, conference proceedings or other research
publications. The articles usually involve explaining the research protocols,
describing the difficulties encountered in conducting the investigation and
applying scientific principles to analyze data. The writing must present a detailed
discussion of results obtained and comment on their statistical significance. For
example, a chemical engineer might report on series of experiments which
explore the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) as an alternative blowing agent for
extruded polystyrene. (5)
Writing Summary
The symbol is explained in the Use
of Symbols section.
Purpose for
Writing
Le
ng
th
Tex
t
req
uiri
ng
less
tha
n
one
par
agr
aph
of
ne
To
To
To To
pre
To
To pre
kee info
sen
org
pers sent
p a rm/
t an
aniz
uad an
To
rec to
eva
e/t
e/to anal
ent
ord req
luat
o
justi ysis
ert
/to uest
ion
rem
fy a or
ain
doc info
or
emb
requ com
um rma
crit
er
est pari
ent tion
iqu
son
e
w
text
Tex
t
rar
ely
req
uiri
ng
mor
e
tha
n
one
par
agr
aph
Lon
ger
text
D. Numeracy
The symbol is explained in the Use of Symbols section.
Task
Complexity Level
Examples
Chemical Engineers
prepare expense reports for out of town business travel, taking into account the
number of days and kilometres travelled, a per kilometre rate, the chargeable
unit costs for the room and meals and the applicable taxes. (Money Math), (2)
establish and monitor schedules and budgets for short and long term projects
involving the testing and approval of chemical products and processes. They
ensure that expenses incurred for human resources, materials and equipment are
fully covered by the budget and that projects are progressing within timelines.
They frequently have to adjust schedules and budgets because of unexpected
events or unforeseen problems. (Scheduling, Budgeting & Accounting Math), (4)
calculate and measure out the liquid volumes that need to be added when
preparing chemical mixtures or solutions. They perform these calculations using
ratios, rates and percentages. (Measurement and Calculation Math), (2)
plan the placement of new equipment using scale drawings. This involves
measuring scale distances, converting them to actual distances and calculating
areas, volumes and perimeters. (Measurement and Calculation Math), (3)
use specialized measuring instruments and methods to monitor the values of one
or more parameters during lab experiments and trial production runs. For
example, a chemical engineer may calculate the percentage of solid contaminants
in fluids by conducting a gravimetric analysis. (Measurement and Calculation
Math), (4)
may choose a number of variables related to a process and evaluate the relative
effect of each variable through an analysis of variance. For example, for the
injection molding process, they may identify the main variables that affect the
density of an extrusion foamed polystyrene amongst the blowing agent
composition, the temperature of the molten polymer and the resin grade. (Data
Analysis Math), (4)
estimate their quarterly budgets for site or plant maintenance based on past
requirements. Most information is known however there must be an allowance
given for unexpected equipment breakdowns. (Numerical Estimation), (2)
estimate the number of extended trial runs required to obtain a valid statistical
correlation between various data. Many factors are involved in the estimate and a
fair degree of precision is required to ensure the scientific validity of results.
(Numerical Estimation), (3)
estimate the potential costs and benefits of proposed industrial processes. For
example, they may estimate the cost of building and operating a facility for
composting the sludge from waste water treatment as part of an economic
feasibility study. Estimating operating costs can be a challenge due to the
unknown quantity and characteristics of the sludge to be treated by the facility.
(Numerical Estimation), (4)
Money Math
Numerical Estimation
1 to 5
1 to 5
1 to 4
Number Concepts
Whole Numbers
Read and write, count, round off, add or subtract, multiply or divide whole
numbers.
For example, writing days travelled on an expense report; counting the number of
control valves required for a process; multiplying trial runs when preparing
budgets.
Integers
Read and write, add or subtract, multiply or divide integers.
For example, monitoring budget deviations.
Rational Numbers - Fractions
Read and write, add or subtract fractions, multiply or divide by a fraction, multiply
or divide fractions.
For example, reading floor plan measurements in fractions of an inch from scale
drawings; subtracting the dimensions of new equipment from floor plan
dimensions to ensure sufficient clearance.
Rational Numbers - Decimals
Read and write, round off, add or subtract decimals, multiply or divide by a
decimal, multiply or divide decimals.
For example, reading molecular weights on Material Safety Data Sheets;
calculating labour costs for site maintenance using hourly rates.
Rational Numbers - Percent
Read and write percents, calculate the percent one number is of another,
calculate a percent of a number.
For example, reading and writing the percentage by weight of calcium hydroxide
in chemical feedstock; calculating the percentage of active ingredients in a
tablet.
Equivalent Rational Numbers
Convert between fractions and decimals or percentages.
Convert between decimals and percentages.
expressing component vapour pressure as a fraction or percentage of total
pressure.
Other Real Numbers
Use powers and roots, scientific notation, significant digits.
For example, reading the exposure limits of chemical components expressed in
mg/m3; reporting only hundreds of micrograms in chemical analysis reports.
Summary Calculations
Calculate averages.
Calculate rates other than percentages.
Calculate proportions or ratios.
For example, calculating averages across sets of readings of variables such as
temperature, pH or chlorine concentration; determining specific gravity or bulk density
by calculating the mass/volume ratio; calculating cost in dollars per unit; calculating the
proportions of budget amounts assigned to labour, materials and equipment.
Statistics and Probability
Use descriptive statistics (e.g. collecting, classifying, analyzing and interpreting data).
For example, calculating medians, means, standard deviations and confidence intervals
when analysing the results of tests to detect the presence of chemicals; using linear
regression to derive a simple mathematical model between two variables, such as
temperature and pressure, monitored during a chemical reaction; designing experiments
using accepted practices such as the analysis of variance to provide the required
information while minimizing the number of trials.
Using tables, schedules or other table-like text.
Using graphical presentations.
pH, surface tension or viscosity. For example, using a wide range of specialized
measuring equipment.
Resistance and amperage. For example, using an ammeter or multimeter.
Use the SI (metric) measurement system.
Using the imperial measurement system.
E. Oral Communication
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
1 to 4
Chemical Engineers
talk to suppliers to obtain quotes and specification sheets on raw materials. (1)
communicate with chemists and other laboratory workers to monitor the progress
in testing operations, to clarify test results and to ensure that everyone is staying
within established testing parameters so as to generate useable data. (3)
lead problem-solving and process improvement sessions with small and large
groups of employees. The chemical engineer's role is to monitor and support the
group, through a variety of exercises and settings, in discovering and analyzing
problems and developing solutions. At the end of each session, the engineer
facilitates the synthesis of information and guides the group in the development
of a series of process improvement recommendations which can be presented to
clients, plant managers and co-workers. The engineer's team building and
management skills may be evaluated based on the success of these meetings. (4)
In person.
Using a telephone.
Others e.g. video conferencing, public address system.
To greet
To take
messages
To
provide/receive To seek,
information,
obtain
explanation,
information
direction
To coordinate
work with
that of
others
Listening (little or no
interaction)
Speaking (little or no
interaction)
Interact with coworkers
Interact with
supervisor/manager
Interact with
customers/clients/
public
Interact with
suppliers, servicers
Participate in group
discussion
Present information
to a small group
To
reassure,
comfort
Present information
to a large group
To discuss
(exchange
information,
opinions)
To instruct,
To negotiate,
To facilitate, instill
To
To persuade
resolve
animate
understanding,
entertain
conflict
knowledge
Listening (little or
no interaction)
Speaking (little or
no interaction)
Interact with coworkers
Interact with
supervisor/manager
Interact with
customers/clients/
public
Interact with
suppliers, servicers
Participate in group
discussion
Present information
to a small group
Present information
to a large group
Other Information
Chemical Engineers in bilingual communities may be required to speak in both official
languages.
F. Thinking Skills
1. Problem Solving
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
Chemical Engineers
2 to 4
4
discover that projects as designed do not meet their objectives. For example,
they may realize near the end of a process validation project that the number of
trials left will not be sufficient to create a statistically valid analysis. They
estimate the number of extended trial runs required to obtain a valid correlation
between the data and ask management or clients to extend the life of the project.
If they cannot obtain a project extension, they have to find ways of extrapolating
existing data to increase their validity. (3)
may receive complaints that governmental regulations are not being met. For
example, plant employees may complain that specific chemical processes do not
respect current health and safety regulations. In such instances, engineers
promptly meet with the workers, the union stewards and supervisors. They listen
carefully to the workers' complaints and to the other parties' points of view on the
matter. They guide the group in coming up with a workable solution that will
satisfy health and safety regulations. (3)
may observe in processing plants that batch quality is decreasing or has reached
unacceptable levels that will result in batch failure. They review all inputs to the
process, check schematic diagrams of the plant's piping, discuss processes with
operators and co-workers and review maintenance records. They identify the
source of the failure and determine protocols required to test the validity of any
changes made. They ensure that all operating and maintenance protocols
requiring revision are updated and that appropriate training occurs. (4)
2. Decision Making
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
2 to 3
Chemical Engineers
decide which chemical product to use for various projects. Their decisions are
based on a review of information found in Material Safety Data Sheets and
decide how end users and maintenance employees will be trained to use new
equipment safely and efficiently. Before making their decisions, they have to
study several options for training resources, location, duration and delivery based
on cost and availability. They may have to take into account employee overtime
needs in terms of off-shift training or replacement. Past training decisions provide
only limited guidance since they do not relate to the same equipment. (3)
3. Critical Thinking
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
2 to 4
Chemical Engineers
be investigated by their staff. Once the investigation has been conducted, they
review all supporting documents to ensure that all factors have been evaluated,
that the source of the problem has been identified and that plans have been
designed to provide corrective actions and preventative measures for the future.
(4)
may be asked to judge the quality and completeness of articles for publication in
journals and trade magazines. For instance, a chemical engineer may be asked by
a peer to review an article on the advantages of using non-ionic polymers as
precipitants. The engineer evaluates the article based on the soundness of the
methodological approach, the validity of research outcomes, the consistency of
explanations and results obtained, the clarity of text and the appropriateness of
conclusions made in the light of health, safety and environmental regulations. (4)
recall the names of the many engineers, scientists, technicians and technologists
working with them to facilitate communication.
6. Finding Information
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
1 to 4
4
Chemical Engineers
refer to chemical abstracts, Material Safety Data Sheets and manufacturers' data
sheets to find technical information about chemical products. They may refer to
several sources when selecting a product for a project. (3)
plants. They may also mentor engineering students and junior engineers in internship
programs and cooperative initiatives as well as on work teams.
H. Computer Use
Tasks
Complexity Level
Examples
Typical
Most Complex
2 to 4
4
Chemical Engineers
use Internet exploration software. For example, they use Internet Explorer or
Netscape to locate chemical manufacturer websites and search scientific articles
on chemical engineering topics. (2)
use communications software. For example, they use Outlook or WebMail to send
e-mail messages with attached documents to project team members on their
distribution list. (2)
use word processing software. For example, they use Word to write lengthy
operating, maintenance and investigation reports. To create these reports, they
import tables and graphics from other applications and use formatting features
such as page numbering, heading levels, indices, columns and footnotes. (3)
use database management software. For example, they use Access or FoxPro to
create data entry forms, enter and retrieve data from trial test runs and run data
queries, interfacing the database with a spreadsheet to observe trending. (3)
use spreadsheet software. For example, they use Excel to create scheduling and
budgeting spreadsheets, establish project timelines, monitor the progress of
project activities and tasks and track project expenditures. (3)
use graphics software. For example, they use PowerPoint to design presentations
for management or clients which outline process changes and analyze production
data. To create these presentations, they import process layouts drawn with Visio,
photographs prepared with Photoshop, as well as word processing files and
spreadsheet tables generated with other software. (4)
may use statistical analysis software. For example, they may use KaleidaGraph or
SigmaPlot to analyse trial or test results, plot linear functions, calculate means,
medians, standard deviations, confidence intervals and perform linear
regressions. (4)
may use specialized and industry-specific simulation and modeling software. For
example, they may use software to simulate specific processes, such as the
biological treatment of waste water, to predict potential problems and to test
solutions. (4)
I. Continuous Learning
Complexity Level
Description
4
Chemical engineers are required to continually update their skills and knowledge of
chemical products, equipment and processes to keep up with technological progress and
changes in health, safety and environmental regulations. On a day-to-day basis, they
acquire new learning by discussing with co-workers and colleagues and by reading
information found in scientific journals, newsletters, magazines, textbooks, CD-ROMs
and websites, as well as in research reports and governmental publications. Chemical
engineers are governed by the engineering society or guild of the province in which they
practice. They may be required to develop their own learning plan and attend
conferences, seminars, workshops or university courses.
at work.
partially subsidized.
J. Other Information
In addition to collecting information for this Essential Skills Profile, our interviews with
job incumbents also asked about the following topics.
Physical Aspects
Chemical Engineers are required to sit and analyse data for a portion of their time. They
stand, walk, bend and crouch to observe machinery or testing equipment. Chemical
Engineers use upper limb coordination to enter data onto computers, operate cameras
and video equipment and move testing materials in and out of machines. Chemical
Engineers require medium strength to move and lift various pieces of equipment.
Depending on product, manufacturing process, or field of practice, chemical engineers
may depend on colour, smell or touch to carry out chemical assays or complete quality
control tests.
Attitudes