CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

AIM

TO
SET UP
A CIRCUIT
FOR
A
POLICE SIREN.

COMPONENTS USED

1. I.C. (Integrated Circuit) Two

IC1 555
IC2 555
2. Resistors Six
R1 10 KW
R2 100 KW
R3 2.7 KW
R4 4.7 KW
R5 4.7 KW
R6 4.7 KW
3. Diode One
D1 IN400Z
4. PNP-Transistor One
T1 BC167
5. Capacitances Three
C1 10 mF
C2 0.1 mF
C3 47 mF
6. Speaker One
SPKR - 8W

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

RESISTOR
Resistor is a component used to control the size of the current that flows in an
electronic or electric circuit. The size of the current that flows through a conductor
depends on its resistance. The greater the resistance, the smaller is the current.
Resistance:
It is the property of a conductor due to which it poses an obstruction to the flow of
current through it.
Definition:
Resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of potential difference (v) across the
ends of the conductor to the current flowing through it. i.e. R = V/I
Where, 1ohm = 1 volt = 1V
1 ampere 1A
Thus, one ohm is the resistance of the conductor through which a current of 1 ampere
flows when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across the ends of the
conductor.
SI UNIT : Ohm (W).
DIMSENSIONS: [M1 L T-3 A 2 ].
Cause of resistance of a conductor:
Resistance of a given conducting wire is due to the collisions of free electrons with
the ions or atoms of the conductor while drifting towards the positive end of the
conductor
R = r L ___(1)
Thus from equation (1) we get that resistance of a material is
1. Directly proportional to the length of the conductor.

2. Inversely proportional to the area of cross section

3. It also depends on the nature of material and temperature of conductor.
Resistances in series:
Resistors are said to be in series if the same current is flowing through each resistor
when some potential difference is applied.
If three resistances R1 ,R2 ,R3 are connected in series then the net resistance of the
combination is given by Rs :
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
Therefore , the resistors are to be connected in series if the effective resistance in
the circuit is to be increased.
Resistances in parallel:
A number of resistances are said to be in parallel if potential difference across each
of them is same and is equal to the applied potential difference.
If three resistances R1 ,R2 ,R3 are connected in parallel then the net resistance of the
combination is given by Rp :
Therefore , the resistors are to be connected in parallel if the effective resistance in
the circuit is to be decreased.

Integrated Circuit (I.C.)

Integrated Circuit is a tiny electronic circuit used to perform a specific electronic
function, such as amplification; it is usually combined with other components to form
a more complex system.
It is formed as a single unit by diffusing impurities into single-crystal silicon, which
then serves as a semiconductor material, or by etching the silicon by means of
electron beams. Several hundred identical integrated circuits (ICs) are made at a time
on a thin wafer several centimetres in diameter, and the wafer is subsequently sliced
into individual ICs called chips. In large-scale integration (LSI), as many as 5,000
circuit elements, such as resistors and transistors, are combined in a square of silicon
measuring about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) on a side. Chips are assembled into packages

containing external electrical leads to facilitate insertion into printed circuit boards
for interconnection with other circuits or components.
Testing an Integrated Circuit Wafer :
In its final stage of design, an integrated circuit wafer is tested by probes. Each gold
square in the wafer is an individual integrated circuit. At one time, circuits consisted
of separate electronic devices (such as inductors and capacitors) mounted on a chassis
and strung together with wire.

Speaker
If we connect a variable resistance in series to an inductor and an E.M.F. is applied,
the resistance is varied , the current flowing through the inductor will also vary.the
varying current flowing through an inductor will produce a varying magnetic field
around it. If another coil is kept near its varying magnetic field, a varying E.M.F. will
be induced in the second coil.

The E.M.F. induced in the second coil is directly dependent upon the variations in the
resistance. Using the above principle, we can convert an audio frequency(sound) into
electrical impulses of the same frequency.
If the variable resistance is made out of an aluminium cup filled with carbon granules
which is inturn connected to a piston and a diaphragm. By compressing the carbon
granules, the resistance decreases and by decompressing the carbon granules the
resistance increases. Now if sounds waves are produced in front of the diaphragm, it
will push the piston in and out hence varying the resistance accordingly. This variation
of resistance will induce an E.M.F. in the second inductor or coil. The frequency of the
E.M.F. induced is directly proportional to the variation of resistance (i.e. the sound
causing the variation). This is called carbon microphone which converts audio energy
into electrical impulses.
Now, if a coil is wound loosely on a permanent magnet and a varying E.M.F. is applied

to the coil, the coil will start moving in and out of the magnet depending upon the
E.M.F. applied. This is due to attraction and repulsion of the magnetic field. If the
E.M.F. applied to the coil is of a particular audio frequency the movement of the coil
will also be of the same frequency. If a diaphragm is attached to the coil, it will also
move along with the coil as per the frequency. This movement will produce the same
audio frequency. Hence, we have converted the electrical impulse back to audio
energy. This component is called the speaker

A junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of one type semiconductor in

between two thick layers of other similar type semiconductor. Thus a junction
transistor is a semiconductor device having two junctions and three terminals.
The two types of junction transistors are p-n-p transistor and n-p-n junction
transistor.
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of n-type semiconductor
in between two relatively thick layers of p-type semiconductor.
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of p-type semiconductor
in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semiconductor.
Two PN junctions can be assembled as shown in figure where there are two regions of
N-type materials, one on each side of a very thin wafer of P type material. Here, the
wafer of the P type material is known as the base and the N type materials are known
as Emitter and collector. The whole device is called as transistor.

Diode, electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction.
Junction-type diodes consist of a junction of two different kinds of semiconductor
material..

Reverse Biasing:
If we connect a battery to a PN junction, Positive to N type and negative to P a
continuous flow of electrons or current will not be there. Connecting the battery in
this way a PN junction where a continuous flow of electrons is not there is called
reverse biasing.

Forward Biasing:
If we connect the battery to a PN junction- negative to N type and positive to P type
current flows through the circuit continuously. Biasing this way is called forward
Biasing.
The PN junction is called a diode because it allows current to flow in one direction
only. So the current in the diode will flow from P type to the N type.

Capacitor is a device for storing an electrical charge, sometimes called a condenser. A

capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non-conducting layer called the
dielectric. When one plate of a capacitor is charged using a battery or other source of
direct current, the other plate becomes charged with the opposite sign.

Electrical capacitance:
Electrical capacitance of a conductor is the measure of the ability of the conductor to
store charge on it.
If Q is charge and V is potential of a conductor, then
Q = CV
Where C is the constant of proportionality and is called capacity or capacitance of the
conductor.
The value of C depends on the shape and size(dimensions) of the conductor and also
on the nature of the medium in which the conductor is located

SI UNIT : Farad(F)
Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor:
C = 4por
Where, r is the radius of the conductor.
Capacity of a capacitor:
C=Q/V
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor:
C = oA
d
Where, A is the area of the plate.
and d is the distance between the two plates.
Grouping of capacitors:

1. Capacitors in series
If three capacitors C1 ,C2 ,C3 are connected in series then the net capacitance of the
combination is given by Cs :
2. Capacitors in parallel
If three capacitors C1 ,C2 ,C3 are connected in parallel then the net capacitance of
the combination is given by Cp :
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3

PROCEDURE
1. An appropriate circuit diagram was made which showed the appropriate placement

of components.
2. Now a rectangular copper clad sheet was taken.
3. A piece of paper with the size of the copper clad sheet was taken.
4. Now the etch diagram was designed on that paper.

Drilling:
1. On another paper of the same size, the drill guide was mapped.
2. This drill guide was stuck on the copper clad sheet.
3. Using the drill machine the holes were drilled on the copper clad sheet by punching
the sheet on the marked points on drill guide.
4. After drilling, the drill guide sheet was removed from the copper clad sheet.

Etching:
1. Now to etch the copper clad sheet the etch diagram made earlier was referred.
2. Using a permanent marker the paths as drawn in the etch diagram were made
neatly on the copper clad sheet so that all the punched holes were connected
properly.
3. After this the copper clad sheet was dipped in an acidic medium so that the copper
where the pen was not marked is removed and we get the circuit tracks that we

marked.
4. To remove the marks of the pen the copper clad sheet is rubbed with iron filings so
that the black marks of the tracks were removed and the shining copper outside was
obtained.
5. Now we apply any lubricant on the copper clad sheet so that the copper does not
react with the oxygen in the air to form copper oxide and thus prevent it from
degrading.

Component fixation:
1. Now we solder the components on the copper clad sheet using the solder wire
according to the circuit diagram that we made.
2. Now we connect the battery and the switch to complete the circuit.
3. Thus we get the required police siren circuit with all its components.

CONCLUSION
The police siren circuit is made in accordance with the circuit diagram which uses two
555 timer ICs and thus a high pitch frequently varying sound is produced . It can be
used in different ways depending upon the requirement.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

USES
It can be used in many ways:
1. It can be used as a siren in the police vehicles, fire brigade vehicles and
ambulances as it attracts the attention of the people on the road immediately.
2. It can also be used as a security system in banks and other such places to alert the
police.
3. It can also be used as a part of a burglar alarm system as its frequently varying high
pitch sound grabs the attention of the nearby people as well as alerts the burglar.
4. It can be used as a call bell.
5. It can be fitted in the vehicles of the VIPs.

WORKING
1. The current flows through the diode D1 connected near the positive terminal of the
circuit. The P region of the diode is connected to the positive terminal and the N
region of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. Thus, the

circuit is in forward Bias mode.

2. It makes use of two 555 timer ICs used as astable multivibrators. The frequency is
controlled by the pin 5 of the IC2.
3. The first IC2 (right) is wired so that it works around the frequency of 1Hz.
4. The capacitor C3 which is having the capacitance of 47uF is charged and discharged
periodically.
5. Thus the voltage across this capacitor C3 gradually increases and decreases
periodically.
6. This varying voltage modulates the frequency of the First IC i.e. IC1(Left).
7. The IC1 feeds the speaker coils and thus a sound is produced whose frequency
varies alternatively with time i.e. it produces high pitch sound and then low pitch
sound alternatively.
8. This process repeats and what we hear is the sound remarkably similar to the
police siren.
9. Two resistors R2 and R5 are provided to vary the siren period of repetition and the
tone of the siren.
10. By changing the resistance of the resistor R5 we can set how
fast the siren changes from high frequency to low frequency.
11. The resistor R2 sets the siren frequency.

PRECAUTIONS

1. All the plugs and connections should be neat, clean, and tight.

2. While drilling in the copper clad sheet the drill holes should be made carefully
keeping in mind the sizes of the components to be fitted in.

3. While Etching the copper clad sheet the circuit track linings should be made
carefully so that they dont meet each other.

4. The circuit track linings using the pen should be made such that all the punched
holes for the components are connected properly.

5. The copper clad sheet should be dipped in the acidic medium carefully so that the
track linings are not removed due to reaction with the acid.

6. Soldering should be done carefully so that the components are in appropriate

contact with the circuit board.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Basic Electronics - Compiled By
Education Wing VIT Museum
2. Fundamental Physics - By
Resnick, Halliday & Walker
3. Physics Lab Manual - By
J.N. Jaiswal

Sources of error
1. While etching the copper clad sheet there may be a gap or disconnection in the
tracks.
2. Soldering may not be proper and there may be a contact due to intermixing.
3. A component may not be in proper contact with the circuit board.