Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Convem¿Ncion de Signos
Convem¿Ncion de Signos
Charles
J. Burstone,
Herbert
A.
Farmington,
Koenig,
D.D.S.,
M.S.M.E.,
MS.,*
and
Ph.D.**
Conx
he force systems delivered from commonly used orthodontic appliances are relatively unknown. It is little wonder that unpredictable
and many
times undesirable tooth movement is produced during treatment. In the more
sophisticated orthodontic appliances, the force system is produced totally or in
part by placing a wire with a given configuration
into a series of attachments
(brackets, tubes, etc.) on the teeth. In an attempt to determine the force system,
orthodontists in the past have used force gauges to measure the amount of force
required to seat an arch wire in a bracket. IJnfortunately,
this bit of information
is inadequate to describe the force system completely in most clinical applications,
since the situation is statically indeterminate;
in other words, there are too many
unknowns to calculate the forces from an appliance using the laws of statics.
Clinically, such measurements represent little more than pseudoscience, since
they incompletely describe the physical realities and, hence, will not predict the
biologic response and the nature of the tooth movement to be expected.
The purpose of this article is threefold:
(1) to describe the force system
which is produced when a straight wire is placed in a nonaligned bracket
produced by a malocclusion ; (2) to develop the terminology and the approach
to solve and describe force systems from all appliances; and (3) to offer a
scientific basis for developing the orthodontic appliances of the future. To reach
these objectives, the simplest clinical situation will be considered-the
placing of
a straight wire in two attachments on two teeth.
Two-tooth
segments
270
Professor,
of Connecticut.
Department
of
Orthodontics,
School
of
Dental
Medicine,
Volume
Number
65
3
271
A
Fig. 1. Positive
mesial
forces
ideal arch
forces.
A, Anterior
are positive
(t).
and
lateral
forces
are
positive
(+). B, Buccal,
labial,
and
be a straight wire placed between a canine and a premolar only. If the wire is
not passive in the brackets, a force system will be produced on the canine and
premolar in isolation from the rest of the arch. By summing a series of two-tooth
force systems, the force system can be found for each tooth along the arch.
Thus, the two-attachment
segment is the basic unit for understanding
forces in
a complete arch. Even though the determination
of the force system on a given
tooth may be more complicated than merely summing two attachment forces,
two-tooth analyses offer a basic building block for understanding
the force
systems from an orthodontic appliance.
Sign
conventions
It is important to adopt
a universal sign convention for forces and moments
which will be applicable for dentistry and orthodontics. The convention is as
follows :
Anterior forces are positive (+), posterior forces are negative (-) , lateral
forces are positive (+), and medial forces are negative (-) (Fig. 1, A). Forces
acting in a mesial direction are positive (+) ; those acting in a distal direction are
negative (-). Buceal forces are positive (+) ; lingual forces are negative (-)
(Fig. 1, B). Extrusive forces are positive (+), and intrusive forces are negative
(-9 (Fig. 2, A).
Moments (couples) tending to produce mesial, labial, or buccal crown movements are positive (+), and moments tending to produce distal or lingual crown
movements are negative (-) (Fig. 2, B and C).
The same convention is used for groups of teeth (a segment or an entire arch)
or for establishing signs of orthopedic effects on the maxilla or mandible.
Force
systems
acting
on the
wire
and
the
teeth
Some force systems on a wire can be fully determined if one force is known.
For example, let us determine the force systems acting on the two-tooth segment
272
Burstone
Am.
and Koenig
J. Orlhod.
March
1974
C
Fig. 2. Positive
that
move
forces
and
crowns
mesially,
moments.
buccally,
A, Extrusive
or labially
forces
are
are positive
positive
(t).
(t).
B and
C, Moments
Force systems
100 gm
from
idecrl
wch
273
hook
on the
B, Activation
canine.
forces
M
: :.. .:,.
I
3*+;:.:-.
: .;.,.. . _
;..:.j:>::-:.:
: .:I:.:.:,::
;:::::
:.:::::.
:. - - _ _ ???i
?[-l y
,..:.
::
:
.,..:.::;
..:: :::
:.::.,
.,
1:
I -7mmI
fif
-b
01 .
--
06
.-,I
FY
1OOgm
--
700gm-mm
I
I
----=--
1
I c---7mmW
I
I
100 gm
700
100 gm
gm-mm
..::,::.:..
...,.:..,.,
;..:.. ..... .. ,...
..;...:.;.
.;.,..,..,.
:.::;;,.:.,.
..I,
,y:
... :.:.;,;::
.y ..
......
.,..1.;.
. . .;:
m ;:,..:.:.:..,
100
gm
Fig. 3. A wire
is placed
in the premolar
bracket
and
lifted
A, A magnitude
of 100 Gm. force
is measured
at the canine
acting
on the wire.
C, Deactivation
forces
acting
on the teeth.
to a
hook.
For example, a rifle is tired. d force propels the bullet forward while an equal
force pushes at the shoulder of the marksman. In a similar way, the forces and
moments acting on the wire are balanced by equal and opposite forces acting 011
the teeth. It should be clearly noted that, in order to find the forces acting on
the wire at the premolar, it was necessary to place the wire in equilibrium. The
force system which is found by the laws of statics and shown in Fig. 3, B is t,hc
activcltimt
force system. It consists of the forces or moments that the orthodontist
exerts on the wire to place it into the attachments
or the forces and
moments exerted by the attachments on the wire. In order to find the forces and
moments acting on the teeth, it is necessary to reverse the signs of all forces and
274
Fig.
angles
Burstone
4.
a?ld Koenig
Wire-attachment
of the
brackets
geometry
at
positions
Am.
is
A and
defined
B (e,
by
the
and
es).
interbracket
distance
(L)
J. Orthod.
March
1974
and
the
moments (Fig. 3, C). Thus, the premolar has acting on it a force of +lOO, a
couple of -700 Gm. - mm. and ,the canine, a force of -100 Gm. The equal and
opposite forces acting on the teeth comprise the deactivation
force system. It is
important not to confuse the activation and deactivation force systems. In order
to determine the unknowns in the orthodontic force system, the following procedure is followed. First, the wire is placed in equilibrium. All activation unknowns are determined. Once these unknowns are found, their directions are
then reversed using the same magnitudes which give the moments and forces
(deactivation force system) acting on the teeth.
If we would like to know how a tooth will move (its center of rotation), it is
necessary to know the moment to force (M/F) ratio at the attachment.
(It is
also required that one replace the M/F ratio at the bracket with an equivalent
system at the center of resistance of the tooth.) For now, however, let us concern
ourselves only with M/F at the bracket in Fig. 3, C. At the premolar bracket
the M/F ratio is -7/l, and at the canine hook the ratio is 0 with only a -100 Gm.
force acting. The effects on the premolar are extrusion (t-) , crown-distal and root
mesial (-) ; and on the canine, intrusion (-) .
The M/F ratio determines the center of rotation of a tooth, group of teeth,
or bones. In the above example, the laws of statics were sufficient to solve for the
unknowns, so that the complete force system including the M/F ratio was known.
Unfortunately,
in most two-attachment
segments, the solution is statically
indeterminate.
In order to solve more complex and statically indeterminate clinical problems
and to throw light on the workings of all arch wires, a computer program based
on the linear beam theory was developed. To simplify the descriptions of the
force systems and to better develop the needed fundamental
concepts, only force
systems in one plane of space were considered, and effects within the bracket slot
were disregarded. The wires studied were 0.016 inch high-temper wire (400,000
p.s.i. yield strength).
The force systems which are described are initial force
systems only. (As teeth move under the influence of the forces, the force system
will change.)
Wire-attachment
geometry
The force system produced by a straight wire placed between two attachments
can be determined only if the wire-attachment
geometry is accurately defined.
Volume
Ntcmbw
65
3
Force
BASIC TWO-TOOTH
CLASS:
8,
IL
1.0
0.5
systems
from
ideal
275
arch
GEOMETRIES
Ip
-0.5
-0.75
- 1.0
Fig.
5.
The
interbracket
six
basic
distance.
geometries
Position
based
A is the
on
canine;
the
ratio
position
8Jes.
B, the
Classes
are
independent
of
premolar.
force
systems
276
Burstone
Table
1. Force
CLASS
and Koenig
systems
by
Am
J Orthod.
March
1974
class
II
Iu
lzr
to B; and (3) the force system that acts on the teeth. It should be noted that,
with the exception of the forces and moment labeled force system on teeth,
all other forces and moments act on the wires. Each class will be separately
described, followed by a comparative description of the general force systems
produced. All descriptions refer to a straight wire connecting the lower left
canine (bracket A) with the lower left premolar or first molar (bracket B)
as shown in Fig. 5.
In Class I geometries, two equal and positive moments would act at position
A and position B. Since the two moments are equal, the ratio MA/MB = +I.
Although the magnitude of the moments may vary, depending upon the amount
of activation and the interbracket distance, the ratio of MA to Me always remains
+l in Class I.
In addition to the moment, two vertical forces are also produced-a
positive
force at position A and a negative force at position B. Force A equals force B.
In all of the geometries considered in this work, force A equals force B for
equilibrium.
If one would like to predict how the teeth might potentially
move, it is
necessary to know the force system acting at the brackets. The forces and
moments acting on the wire are reversed; thus, two equal moments act on the
canine and the premolar. Both of them are negative, which would tend to move
the canine and premolar crowns back and roots forward.
In
most clinical
situations the mesial movement of the canine root is an undesirable side effect.
In addition, the vertical forces produce intrusion at the canine (position A) and
extrusion at the premolar (position B) .
Force
systems
w2-
Mg(gm-mm)
MA(gm-mm)
FA km)
Fig.
WI
w2
048
1860
242.3
e,(degre.s)
M/Fl
front
6. Class
2.0
ideal
arch
w1
W2
848
1860
277
531.4
4.4
LLLL
I geometry-7
mm.
interbracket
distance.
Burstone
278
avid Koenig
35
8
Am.
1.0
J. Orthod.
March
1974
L= 21mm
.5
.4
.3
E
E
i=
v5
k
n
POSITION
- mm
MA c
-. 1
ii
-_ 2
-.3
-. 4
-.
Fig.
7. Class
I geometry-21
mm.
interbracket
distance.
In geometry IV the ratio between o,J@,~ is -0.5; in other words, the canine
bracket is angled one half the premolar bracket in relation to the interbracket
axis.
In this geometry, a positive moment is found at position B, but no moment
whatsoever is found at position A. Only a single force operates at position A,
with an equal and opposite force at B. Since no moment is acting in position A,
the ratio of lQMII is equal to 0.
Geometry V could describe a clinical situation in which the canine root is
forward of the crown and the posterior segments, including the premolar, are
tipped into an extraction site. The angle of tip of the canine to the premolar
QA/@( is -0.75. The canine bracket is angled 0.75 of the premolar bracket. In
this example, the moment at A is negative and its magnitude is two fifths of
the positive moment at B. The ratio of M,/M,
is -0.4. Equal and opposite vertical forces act at positions A and B. Note that the direction of the moment at the
canine is opposite to geometries I, II, and III.
The deactivation force system in geometry V has moments acting to move the
root back and the crown forward on the canine (positive) and to move the root
forward and the crown back on the premolar (negative), and the vertical forces
tend to intrude the canine (negative) and to extrude the premolar (positive).
Class VI has premolar and canine brackets equally tipped into an extraction
Volume
Number
Force systems
65
3
e,;
8
B
0.5
from
ideal arch
279
L =7mm
:02-
F
v
!t
i
-.04-
TO5
-.06-
-.03
-.07-
:oa -
Fig. 8. Class
II geometry-7
mm.
interbracket
distance.
site. The ratio of 8*/8n is -1.0. The force system acting on the wire is composed
of equal and opposite moments (negative at A and positive at B) . No vertical
forces are present. The ratio of Ma/MB is -1.0. Thus, equal and opposite couples
would be produced on the teeth, tending to move the canine root back and crown
forward (positive) and the premolar crown back and root forward (negative).
The six clinical classes actually represent a continuum
of possible force
systems that can place a wire between two brackets into equilibrium.
The
clinician will find it useful, even without knowing the exact magnitudes, to
know the direction of the moments, their relative magnitudes, and the direction
of the vertical forces. As the ratio @*/en changes from one geometry to the next,
the force system on the wire, and hence on the teeth, will radically change.
Note that the moment acting on the canine in Class I will tend to move the root
forward ; in Class IV no moment is present ; in Class V a moment tends to move
the canine root back ; and in Class VI a larger moment tends to move the root
back.
The vertical forces FA and FR are equal in each case. However, their relative
magnitudes decrease as the ratio of @A/@r becomes smaller. Since
F
&IA
MR
it can be readily seen that the magnitude of FA and Fn becomes increasingly less.
For example, in geometry I the vertical forces are 531 grams for a 7 mm. interbracket distance. In geometry III the magnitude of the force is reduced to 398
280
Am.
f!L
e
B
= 0.5
L=21
mm
F
B
MB
./
WIRE
POSITION
-mm
I I
I6
is
J. Orthod.
March
1974
I8
20
24
-. 5
5
~6
-.7
w1
MAlw-md
Fig.
9. Class
w2
/;
1482
II geometry-21
mm.
interbracket
distance.
moment-to-force
ratios
281
L =7mm
8
F8
FA
MA
WIRE
POSITION
- mm
j8
.12Fig.
10. Class
III geometry-7
mm.
interbracket
distance.
that follow, which describe the actual force and moment values for the six
classes, have been obtained by the computer program previously described. For
convenience, data are plotted and pertinent parameters are placed in the inset
tables in Figs. 6 to 15.
The reader is referred to Fig. 6, which uses a format that all other graphs
will follow. In Fig. 6 the force system is given for a Class I geometry (0,/e,
=
1) with a 7 mm. interbracket distance. Positions A and B could represent the
lower left canine and premolar positions, respectively. F, and MA, therefore, act
on the wire at the canine bracket. The vertical axis measures the deflection of the
wire in millimeters, and the horizontal axis denotes wire position (the 0 position
is at the canine bracket and 7 mm. is at the premolar bracket). The elastic curve
of a wire placed between bracket A and bracket B is denoted by curves W, and
W,. Wire, (W,) connects brackets angled at 2.0 degrees; wire* (W,) connects
brackets angled at 4.4 degrees. The directions of the forces and moments are
illustrated on the graph; the actual values of the moments, forces, angular
relation of the bracket to a straight wire, and the moment-to-force
ratios are
given in the inset tables. Note that a table on the left describes the force system
at position A and one on the right, at position B.
At positions A and B, a moment of 848 Gm.-mm. acts on the wire. Force* is
242 Gm. and Forcer is -242 Gm. It should be appreciated that relatively large
282
Am.
-zOA
8
8
L =21mm
4 FA
Q3
WIRE
E
E
J. Orthod.
March.1974
POSITION
- mm
.02
5
F
u .04
!Y
kl
n
2 .06
2
.08
fl,(d.gr..s)
Mh]B
6.6
+
20
+-
.I -
Fig.
11.
Class
III
geometry-21
mm.
interbracket
distance.
forces are produced with only a 2 degree rotation of brackets A and B with a
0.016 inch wire. The moment-to-force
ratios are 3.5/l and 3.5/l. Wire, placed
between brackets rotated 4 degrees produces proportionately
greater moments
and forces; however, its moment-to-force
ratio is the same as that of wire,.
Fig. 7 describes a Class I geometry in which the interbracket distance is 21
mm. One could visualize this geometry as a wire connecting brackets on a lower
left canine and first molar. As in Fig. 6, moment, force, angular deflection, and
moment-to-force ratios are given at positions A and B. Classes I through VI are
described graphically in Figs. 6 to 15 and should be referred to in the following
generalizations.
The moment-to-force
ratio is constant for any given class and interbracket
distance, regardless of the amount of deflection. Class I-7 mm. geometries have
M/F ratios of 3.5/l at A; Class II-7 mm. geometries, 3.1/l at A; and so on (Figs.
6, 7, 8, 10, 11, etc.). Thus, the M/F ratio is independent of the amount of activation of a wire required to engage it in the brackets for any given class and interbracket distance. The M/F ratios for a 7 mm. interbracket distance are given for
position A and B in lines 4 and 5 of Table II. Note that, at position A, the ratio
is largest in a Class I geometry (3.5/l) ; becomes smaller in Classes II and III ;
is 0 in Class IV ; and negatively increases from Classes IV to VI. At position B
the M/F ratio is smallest in Class I (3.5/l) and increases to its largest value in
Force
WIRE
Fig.
12.
Class
POSITION-
IV geometry-7
systems
fwm
idenl
nrch
283
mm
mm.
interbracket
distance.
Class V (12/-l).
A similar gradient is shown for positions A and B with a 21
mm. interbracket distance in lines 6 and 7 of Table II. It is evident that, for a
given class, the M/F ratio increases proportionately
with the interbracket
distance.
The moment-to-force
ratios for any two-tooth segment in a clinical context
can be found by the following procedure :
1. Measure the magnitude
of angles 8 A and eII and the interhracket
distance (L).
2. Select the class which most closely describes the two-tooth geometry
( @A/h).
3. Determine
the M/F
ratio at position
[I
M
A, using the
formula
= kl
FA
Interpolation
[f-J,=* [$I*.z
It can be readily seen that the ratios of (M/F) A and (IV/F) B are proportional
to MA/MB, since FA equals F,. The MA/MI3 ratios are given in Table II, line 2.
284
Burstone
and Koewig
WIRE
MA
Am.
POSITION
-mm
-0.5
E
=0
-1.0
5
Iii
8
2
3
-1.5
-2.c
Fig.
13.
Class
IV geometry-21
mm.
interbracket
distance.
e, i-0.75
L=7mm
8B
FA
WIRE
MA
POSITION
FB
- mm
rl
M,
- .l
E
$
-.2
ki
ti2
-.3
ii
z
Fig.
14.
Class
V geometry-7
mm.
interbracket
distance.
J. Orthod.
March
1974
Porte
!!L z-1.0
Lz21
mm
%I
POSITION
fig.
15.
Class
VI geometry-21
moment
and
force
285
mm.
interbracket
the M/F
- mm
distance.
values
The clinician may want to estimate the actual moment and force magnitudes
for each of the six classes. This is accomplished by the following steps:
1. Measure the magnitude of angles ed and eB and the interbracket
distance (L) .
2. Select the class which most closely describes the two-tooth geometry
(@A/%).
of the moment
at position B (MB),
using
286
Burstone
and Koenig
Table
II. Moment-to-force
Am.
ratios
for
two-tooth
J. Orthod.
March
1974
segments
Class
I
II
IZI
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.50
0.44
3.5
IV
-0.5
-0.75
-1.0
0.0
-0.4
-1.0
0.33
-0.66
Undefined
3.1
2.3
-4.6
Undefined
3.5
3.9
4.7
FJJ
L =
-1
-1
-1
(M/F),
VI
[1
[1
[I
-i
11.6
Undefined
-1
7 mm.
-F*
L = 21 mm.
M
E,
L = 21 mm.
LMB = K
5. Determine
10.5
1
10.5
-1
2,960.
characteristics
of two-tooth
9.3
7.0
-i-
-1
-13.8
Undefined
11.6
14
21
35
-1
-1
-1
-1
2,467.
1,974.
1,480.
1,234.
the magnitude
FA
Yield
Undefined
987
MA
MB
-F,
segments
The clinician is interested in knowing the greatest moment, force, or deflection that he can obtain from a wire without producing permanent deformation.
Thus, a knowledge of the yield characteristics of a two-tooth segment can be most
useful. The yield characteristics for the six classes are given in Table III.
Using a 0.016 inch round wire with a yield strength of 400,000 p.s.i., the
following would be expected. The moment at position A is largest in Class I
(1,860 Gm.-mm.), becomes smaller in Class II and Class III, drops to zero in
Class IV, and negatively increases in Classes V and VI, becoming -1,860 Gm.mm. in the latter. The moment at position B is always 1,860 Cm.-mm., regardless
of class, The moment values given above are independent of the interbracket
distance. Lines 1 and 2 of Table III can be used to estimate the moments at yield
Volume
Number
65
3
Table
III.
characteristics
287
segments
of two-tooth
Class
I
M,
MB
M,
FA
F,
8,
8,
8,
8,
(Gm.-mm.)
(Gm.-mm.)
+ MB = K (Gm.-mm.)
(Gm.)
(L = 7 mm.)
(Gm.)
(L = 21 mm.)
(degrees)
(L = 7 mm.)
(degrees)
(L = 7 mm.)
(degrees)
(L = 21 mm.)
(degrees)
(L = 21 mm.)
1,860
1,860
II
1,482
1,860
3,342.0
477.4
160.0
2.6
5.3
8.0
16.0
3,720.O
531.4
177.0
4.4
4.4
13.1
13.1
III
930
1,860
2,790.o
398.0
133.0
0
6.6
0
20.0
IV
0
1,860
$860.0
265.7
88.6
-4.4
8.8
-13.3
26.6
v
-740
1,860
1,120.o
160
53.1
-7.9
10.5
-23.7
31.5
VI
-1,860
1,860
0
0
0
-13.2
13.2
-40.0
40.0
=MA+&
A
L
FA = -Fs
MA t Mn is constant for each class. Line 3 of Table III gives the MA + MIS
constant. The constant divided by the interbracket distance (L) gives the yield
force at A or B. Yield forces at A for 7 mm. and 21 mm. interbracket distances
are given in lines 4 and 5 of Table III. Note that the forces at yield are greatest
in Class I and then diminish until no force is present in Class VI. The force at
yield is inversely proportional
to the interbracket distance for each class.
The angular deflection at yield for 7 mm. and 21 mm. wire length is given
in Table III. QA has its largest positive value in Class I, is less in Class II, 0 in
Class III, and negatively increases to Class VI. en is smallest in Class I and
increases between Class I and Class VI.
It should be remembered that all of the yield values refer to a 0.016 inch
round wire with a yield strength of 400,000 p.s.i. If the yield strength is
reduced or raised, the yield values will vary proportionately.
Discussion
288
Burstone
Am.
and Koenig
J. Orthod.
March1974
..:,+:,>:
~
. .
:.
~
6
Fig. 16. Reading
canine
must intrude
B, Incorrect
force
depicted
Class
IV
:..,
of a wire.
A, Wire
is placed
in molar
bracket.
To reach
the wire,
the
(--) and the root must go back (+) according
to the ideal arch principle.
system
based
on ideal
arch
principle,
C, Correct
force
system
for
geometry.
treatment. The straight wires running between two brackets described in this
article are nothing more than segments of an ideal arch, and it has been clearly
demonstrated that these force systems are not under the control of the orthodontist. If one makes an ideal wire, in a sense the arch wire is doing the thinking
for the clinician. It would be only by sheer chance that the desired force system
would be produced.
Traditionally,
the orthodontist predicts how a tooth will move by a so-called
reading of the arch wire. Reading means placing the wire in one bracket and
determining
the linear and angular change required of the other bracket in
order for it to approach the line of the wire. Fig. 16, A shows a Class IV
geometry involving the lower left canine and first molar. According to the ideal
arch principle, the canine should intrude (-) and the root should move back (+)
(Fig. 16, B). The actual force system for a Class IV geometry has only an intrusive force (-) and no moment acting on the canine (Fig. 16, C). If each of
the six classes is reviewed by placing a straight wire in one bracket and traditionally reading
the other bracket to the wire, it becomes obvious that the
Force
systems
from
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