Khi phc nhanh d liu b mt

Cch t chc trn a.

n v nh c bn trn a l cung (sector), thng vi kch c
512 byte, nhng khng nht thit phi nh vy. Nhiu a RAM v
thit b nh dng sector c 256 byte. Mi cung c s hiu ring, thuc
mt (head) a bo rnh (t tr) no. V d, a mm 3,5 inch c 2
mt, 80 rnh, 18 cung/rnh v 512 byte/cung, do ghi c
1474560 (tc 1440 KB) n v thng tin.
Qu trnh chun b a c kh nng ghi c d liu c gi
l nh dng mc thp. Tt c cc IDE, rt ph bin hin nay, nu
c nh dng sn ti ni sn xut ra chng. Dng phn mm khng
thch hp lm iu c th lm cho a IDE hoc EIDE (Enhanced
IDE) khng cn dng c na.
Bc th hai phi lm vi mt a mi l dng trnh FDISK.EXE
ca DOS chia ni dung ca ni thnh cc vng lun l gi l cc
phn hoch (partitions). Fdisk x l d liu trong phn a gi l bng
phn hoch hoc l master boot record (MBR). Mi vng DOS m bn
to tr thnh lun l ring bit kho boot y. V d, a cng c th
chia thnh 3 lun l l C,D v E. Nu bn to cc phn hoch cho
OS/2, Linux, Window NT hoc cc h iu hnh khc (s dng phin
bn thch ng ca Fdisk), cc vng ngoi lai thng khng nhn thy
c khi bn boot vo DOS hoc Win95.
Thc hin lnh FORMAT.COM trong mi vng phn hoch l bc
th 3 ca vic chun b a cng. Format to boot record mang thng
tin v cc c tnh ca phn hoch; 2 phin bn ca bng FAT (File
Allocation Table), vng dng theo di cc phn a n nh cho cc
tp tin, th mc gc m t to ra cc t mc con. Dng lnh
Format IS s l cho a c th boot c (a h thng).
Cc secter u tin trn a dng cho mc ch h thng. Cung
u tin l bng phn hoch. Sau boot record l bng FAT. C 2 bng
FAT l khi cn thit c a thay th cho nhau. DOS khng c tin ch
sao chp bng FAT ny sang bng FAT kia, do vi phn ln chng
ta, bng th 2 l d tha. Sau bng FAT l th mc gc cha tng u
mc (entry) cho mi tp tin thuc th mc gc v cho mi th mc
con mc 1.

Th mc gc b hn ch v dung lng ny ph thuc vo loi

a c th. a mm khng c bng phn hoch, phn cn li c cu
trc nh ca a cng.
Th gii ca cc lin cung
Phn d liu ca cc a l ni ngi dng quan tm nht. N
chia thnh cc lin cung (cluster). Mi lin cung bao gm mt s lng
xc nh cc cung lin tip. S cng/cluster ph thuc vo dung lng
a, bao gi cng l lu tha ca 2. Mi lin cung trn a mm thng
ch gm 1 sector tc 64 KB/cluster. Lin cung nh s tit kim c
nhiu b nh hn v lin cung cui cng ca tp tin ch c t phn nh
dng v ch. Lin cung ln hn s m bo tc truy xut cao hn.
Mi u mc trong bng FAT i din cho 1 lin cung ca vng
d liu. FAT c th dng 12 hoc 16 bit cho mi u th mc. Mi hai
bt ghi s t 0 n 4095, cn 16 bt ti 65535. Phn ln a mm
dng cluster vi 1 sector v bng FAT 12 bt. Mt s phin bn OEM
mi nht ca Win 95 c th dng FAT 32 bt c c cluster nh
trn a cc ln.
Khi DOS cp pht b nh cho tp tin, h ghi s hiu ca lin
cung u tin vo u mc ca tp tin. Sau s dng FAT theo
di cc cluster b sung. V d, gi s tp tin c cp pht lin cung
th 2, 4 v 5 trn a. u mc cho bit tp tin bt u t lin cung s
2. Dng th 2 ca bng FAT cho thytp tin tip tc lin cung 4.
Dng th 4 ca FAT ch ra rng tp tin cn c d liu trong lin cung 5.
Dng th 5 ca FAT cn c du hiu cui tp tin (EOF) bo rng khng
c lin cung tip theo no na (ta gi htit rng tp tin khc s dng
lin cung 3).
Bng FAT cn nh du lin cung no b hng, khng cn tin
cy cp pht na. xo b tp tin, DOS thay k t u tin trong
tn tp tin bng k t c bit, tip theo sa bng FAT gii phng
cc lin cung tng ng cho tp tin khc. Phn cn la ca u mc
khng thay i v tn ti trn a cho n khi tp tin mi ghi ln.
H thng FAT kh hiu qu vi cc a mm v i cng c 1020 MB, ngy nay khng cn hu hiu cho a cng dung lng cao
na, do OS/2 v Windows NT s dng h thng t chc tp tin
thch hp hn.
Gii quyt s c

S c c th xy ra do virus, do khng ng tp tin hoc h

thng b treo trc khi DOS hon tt cp nht cc th mc v bng
FAT.
* Vn 1: Bng phn hoch b hng
My ca bn khng th boot c na do bng phn hoch hoc
MBR b hng. C th khi ci t a mi hoc phn hoch li a cng
bn qun nh du mt vng phn hoch trn C l active. Nn
xem trc trng thi phn hoch bng lnh FDISK/ STATUS. Trc
pi boot bng a mm. Dng lnh FDISK/MBR to li bng phn
hoch.
Bn c th nh dng li C to li boot record hoc thc
hin lnh SYS C: ti du nhc A:\> ca DOS. Trnh SYS.COM ghi li
boot record v sao chp mt s tp tin h thng t a mm ln C.
Ch rng to a mm h thng (c kh nng boot c),
cn lp a mi vo A v nh dng n bng lnh FORMAT A:/S. Tip
theo chp FDISK.EXE, SYS.COM v cc tin ch khc t th mc \DOS
hoc, nu bn lm vic trong Win 95, t \WINDOWS\COMMAND.
* Vn 2: Mt cc n v cp pht
trnh nhng rc ri vi cc u mc v bng FAT, nn chy
phn mm qut a ca Microsoft l SCANDISK.EXE hoc ngi anh
em c k hn l CHKDSK.EXE. Nn lm cng vic nh vy mi tun
mt ln, ngay sau khi nh dng a hoc nn a bng
DBLSPACE.EXE, bng DRVSPACE.EXE hoc trnh th ba ca Stac
Electronics. Trnh ScanDisk c t DOS6.2x v trong Win95, hy dng
n thay cho Chkdsd. Phn ln li m bn thng gp l lost
allocations units hoc lost chains. Mt mt s lin cung c th do tt
my gia chng, reboot li my khi my treo hoc rt a mm khi
DOS ang lm vic vi chnh a ny.
Chkdsd khc phc nhng li nh vy bng cch to ra cc tp tin
FILEnnnn. CHK trong th mc gc, cha cc chui lin cung b mt ca
tp tin. Scan Disk cng lm nh vy, nhng cn c thm tnh nng
undo. Nu bn thc hin lnh SCANDISK/UNDO A:, thng tin undo
c ghi ra a mm s c s dng khi phc li trng thi a
nh trc khi ScanDisk sa cha. Tt nhin, k t ln qut a gn
nht bn khng c xo, to mi, hay nn bt k tp tin no, v nh
vy bn thay i bng FAT, v thng tin undo khng cn gi tr g
na.

C th dng mt trnh son tho, lnh Type, tin ch Debug

xem cc tp tin*.CHK. Thun li nht l nhng g mt di dng
vn bn, cn dng nh phn th chng gip ch g nhiu.
* Vn 3: Cc tp tin chp cho nhau
Hin tng chp cho nhau (cross-linked files) ngha l khi hai
tp tin, v l do no , cng chung chui lin cung cui, v d tp tin
A dng cc lin cung 2, 3, 4, 5 v tp tin B nm trn 6, 7, 4 v 5. Cc
lin cung 4, 5 cng chung c hai tp tin. Vi nhng trng hp nh
vy, tt nht hy khi phc c A ln B t cc bn lu. Nu khng c
nh vy, bng Chkdsd hy theo cc bc sau:
1. Khi phc tt c cc n v cp pht b mt, sau thot khi
Chkdsk.
2. To cc bn sao ca A v B vi cc tn mi khng cn chp
cho nhau na nhng cha nhng d liu ging nhau.
3. Xo b A v B lm sch bng FAT.
4. Dng ng dng to ta cc tp tin k trn xem ni dung
trong cc bn sao ca chng. Nhng g khng cn thit (tha), mnh
dn xo b.
5. Xem tng tp tin FILEnnnn. CHK trong th mc gc tm
nhng g b mt ca cc tp tin hng, Dng ng dng ct/dn vi
mc ch tu chnh li cc bn sao ca A v B cho thch hp.
6. i tn cc bn sao ca A v B v cc tn ban u. Loi b
cc tp tin *.CHK khng cn cn thit na.
ScanDisk mnh hn v thc hin cc bc 2, 3 cho bn. R rng l
khi phc cc tp tin vn bn th d dnh hn so vi tp tin nh, m
thanh hoc cc chng trnh.
* Vn 4: Li cp pht
Nu chui FAT di hn hoc ngn hn ch nh trong u th
mc ca tp tin, bn gp li allocation error. C Chkdsk ln ScanDisk
u thay i kch c tp tin cho thch hp. Nu chui FAT qu di, tp
tin s cha d liu khng cn thit, cn trng hp qu ngn,phn
cui b gt mt. Bn c th tm thy nhng g b mt trong cc lin
cung cha cp pht cho tp tin no c.

* Vn 5: Cc n v cp pht b hng
l li Invalid allocation units, xy ra khi mt phn bng
FAT cha s 0 (lin cung cha cp pht), s 1 (lin cung khng tn ti)
hoc du hiu lin cung hng. Hai tin ch trn u nh du lin cung
cui cng cn tt cha du hiu kt thc file.
* Vn 6: Cung h thng hng
C Chkdsk v ScanDisk u pht hin vn xy ra vi vng h
thng trn a. Chkdsk n gin l a ra thng bo Bad Sector in
FAT hoc Probably non-DOS disk. ScanDisk cn ch chnh xc li
u. C hai trnh u khng cha vng h thng. Bn c th dng
SYS.COM ghi li vng h thng hoc nh dng li a (trc cn
sao chp d liu ra a mm).
Nhng cng c cao cp
Chkdsk v ScanDisk rt thch hp tm li nhng lin cung b
mt, trong ScanDisk t gy s c hn do c th rt k cng v c
kh nng to tp tin undo. C mt s tin ch cn tin tin hn na.
Trc ht phi k n Norton Utilities (79USD). Vi Disk Editor trong
b phn mm ny, bn c th xem v chnh l tng sector mt theo
nhiu cch. Bn c th t sa bng FAT th nghim v th kh nng
ca cc trnh khi phc th ba.
Dng SpinRite (89USD) ca Gibson Research Corp qet a cng l
mt tng hay.
Cui cng, gii php tt nht bo m an ton cho d liu
ca bn li khng cc tin ch siu vic m ch ch sao lu
thng xuyn mt cch nghim chnh. Trong khi ng nghip phi vt
c trc nhng thng bo a ra bi Chkdsk, ScanDisk hoc cc tin
ch khc, bn ch mt vi giy sao chp li nhng g b hng hay
tht lc
Nguyn Thng Li
a ch: 105 B7 Yn Ngu Vn in- Thanh Tr H Ni
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