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CHAPTER 4:
One-Way Slabs
ONE-WAY SLABS
In science, 'fact' can only mean 'confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to
withhold provisional assent.' I suppose that apples might start to rise tomorrow, but the possibility
does not merit equal time in physics classrooms. -Stephen Jay Gould
This Chapter reports on two series of experiments that are extensions to beam AT1 described in Chapter 3. The AT-2 series was designed to study the effect of
beam and slab width on shear strength. It is found that the failure shear stress of
slabs is independent of width, and it is inappropriate for the ACI-318 code to
dictate a different level of usable shear before stirrups are required in slabs versus
narrow beams. It is also shown that experimental results from narrow beams can
be applied to the study of wide slabs. The AT-3 series of experiments were
conducted to study the effect of horizontal shrinkage/temperature steel on one-way
shear strength of slabs. It is shown that this type of reinforcement has no effect.
4.1 General
One-way slabs are those slabs with an aspect ratio in plan of 2:1 or greater, in which
bending is primarily about the long axis (Figure 4-1). In heavily loaded slabs, the
thickness is often governed by shear or flexure, while in lightly-loaded slabs, the
thickness is generally chosen based on deflection limitations. Both lightly and heavily
loaded slabs are typically dimensioned so that no shear reinforcement is required, as
placing stirrups in slabs is perceived to be difficult and costly. One-way slabs are
designed for flexure and shear on a per meter width basis, assuming that they act as a
series of independent strips. Thus one-way shear in slabs is often referred to as beam
shear, and design for flexure and shear is carried out using a beam analogy.
The thickness of two-way slabs and plates is typically governed by deflection limitations
or two-way shear at the columns, and one-way shear does not usually govern. However,
two-way slabs must be checked for both one-way and two-way shear, and it is reasonably
straightforward to conceive of a two-way slab system in which one-way shear governs.
90
One-Way Slabs
Like one-way slabs, design for one-way shear in two-way slabs is usually carried out
using a unit-width beam analogy, assuming the entire slab width is fully effective at
resisting shear.
One-Way Slabs
4.1.1
Beam AT-1 demonstrated that width had no effect on one-way shear stress capacity and
that the ACI wide beam exemption is not appropriate for thick beams. However, it was
designed to investigate the specific case of the ACI wide beam exemption. The major
differences between a beam and a one-way slab include the fact that one-way slabs may
be many times wider than typical beams, and that additional horizontal transverse
reinforcement to control shrinkage and temperature cracking is employed.
Because shallow one-way slabs are thinner than supporting beams, the slab concrete may
exhibit greater shrinkage than the beam concrete at an earlier age (MacGregor and
Bartlett (2000)). This restrained shrinkage may result in shrinkage cracks. Furthermore,
thin slabs have a lower thermal mass than the supporting beams and may therefore
exhibit wider swings in temperature. These different thermal properties can result in
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One-Way Slabs
cracking due to restrained thermal shrinkage. While flexural steel in the spanning
direction will limit the width of these shrinkage and temperature cracks, cracks parallel to
the span may form. To control the width of these potentially wide cracks, building codes
will typically require that additional horizontal steel be placed transverse to the spanning
direction. This additional reinforcement is not unimportant, as shrinkage and temperature
cracks have the potential to become quite wide. MacGregor and Bartlett (2000), for
example, suggest that the purpose of this reinforcement is to hold the slab together
after shrinkage occurs.
In Section 7.12 of the ACI code it is noted that reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement shall be provided in structural slabs
where the flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only. For grade 60ksi
(414MPa) steel, the required amount of shrinkage and temperature steel is 0.18% of the
gross area (width times overall height). In the CSA code, this amount is 0.2% of the
gross area. In situations where considerable restraint is present, reinforcement in addition
to that specifically required by the code may be required. In completely restrained
situations, MacGregor and Bartlett suggest that three times the specified minimum
amount is required. While shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may be placed
anywhere in the slab, it is typically placed directly above the lower layer of steel to
simplify construction.
After publishing the results of beam AT-1, it became apparent that additional studies
were required in the specific case of one-way slabs. In particular, the effects of
horizontal shrinkage and temperature reinforcement perpendicular to the spanning
direction needed to be addressed, as well as the one-way shear behaviour of elements
with widths many times their depths. Lastly, the question of whether the results of oneway shear tests on narrow beams can be applied to one-way slabs needed to be addressed.
A series of specimens were thus designed by the author and tested collaboratively by the
author and Adam Lubell (Lubell (2006)) to complement the results from AT-1. These
specimens are referred to as the AT-2 and AT-3 series of tests.
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One-Way Slabs
The design of the AT-2 series of specimens is summarized in Figure 4-3. A total of five
specimens were constructed. The specimens measured nominally 470mm tall and
2900mm long. Two specimens were 250 mm wide, two were 1000mm wide, and one
was 3000mm wide. The 3000mm wide specimen was designed to represent a three-bay
wide transfer slab supporting three point loads at its mid-point. The 1000mm wide
specimens were designed to represent a one-bay wide design strip extracted from the
transfer slab. The 250mm wide specimens were designed to represent typical beam
specimens that are tested to study one-way shear.
They were all reinforced in the longitudinal (N-S) direction with 25M rebars spaced at
125mm at an effective depth of 440mm, for a reinforcement ratio of 0.91%. The
3000mm and 1000mm wide specimens were further reinforced with 15M rebars spaced at
223mm in the transverse (E-W) horizontal direction. These 15M bars were placed as
temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. The provided shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement ratio, s+t, was 0.19%, which is greater than the 0.18% ratio required by the
ACI code. The 250mm wide specimens, representing typical beam-type specimens, did
not have horizontal transverse reinforcement as beams are generally not constructed with
such reinforcement.
Based on the concrete strength of the day of test, and by the ACI code, each specimen
had a nominal flexural capacity of about 765kN-m/m width, with corresponding nominal
one-way shear capacities of between about 450 to 468kN/meter width. One-way shear
governed over two-way shear in all specimens, with the one-way shear capacity being
about 44% of the two-way shear capacity calculated on a critical perimeter located d/2
from the edge of the loading plates. After accounting for self weight, the ACI code
predicted that the specimens would fail in one-way shear at applied loads of between 7679% of the load required to fail them in flexure.
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One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
The formwork for the AT-2 series is shown in Figure 4-4 and Figure 4-5. The formwork
was constructed on a base of multiple layers of 19.1mm (3/4 in.) plywood, and consisted
of 3/4in. formply supported using steel walers and braces. Following casting, the
concrete was cured under wet burlap and plastic sheeting for five days.
4.2.2
One-Way Slabs
Material Properties
Concrete and steel material properties are summarized in Table 4-1 and Table 4-2. The
concrete was ordered from a local ready-mix company with a specified 28-day strength
of 25MPa. The maximum aggregate size was 10mm (3/8 in.), and the coarse aggregate
was obtained from the same quarry as the aggregate used for beam AT-1. On the day of
test, ranging from 55 to 84 days after casting, the measured concrete strength varied from
37.7-40.6MPa. The specimens were removed from their formwork and exposed to
drying on their bottom faces for between two and seven days.
Table 4-1: Concrete Material Properties -AT-2 Series
Specimen
Cast Date
Test Date
f'c (MPa)
'c
-3
Day of Test x10
AT-2/250N
29 July, 2004
37.7
--
AT-2/250W
29 July, 2004
Oct. 1, 2004
38.5
1.8
AT-2/1000N
29 July, 2004
37.9
--
AT-2/1000W
29 July, 2004
Oct. 8, 2004
39.0
2.0
AT-2/3000
29 July, 2004
40.6
2.1
4.2.3
Bar Type
As (mm2)
fy (MPa)
fu (MPa)
15M
25M
200
500
452
465
595
618
One-Way Slabs
facilitate comparison between specimens, it will be assumed that the 250mm and
1000mm wide specimens were also aligned in the north-south direction. The actual south
faces of the 250 and 1000mm wide specimens correspond to the east face of specimen
AT-2/3000.
The specimens were supported at their north and south ends, 1300mm from the specimen
centerline, at an a/d ratio of 2.95. Specimens AT-2/250W and AT-2/1000W were
supported on 1200mm wide, 152mm long steel plates that were in turn supported on
rollers and steel beams placed directly on the floor of the test frame. These types of
supports will be referred to as wide supports (W). Specimens AT-2/250N and AT2/1000N were supported on 152x152x13mm steel plates placed atop of 152x152x51mm
neoprene bearing pads. The neoprene bearing pads were supported in turn on steel
pedestals placed directly on the floor of the test frame. These types of supports will be
referred to as narrow supports (N). In both the N and W series of specimens, a layer of
plaster-of-paris was placed between the bottom of the specimen and the steel plates to
avoid stress concentrations due to unevenness of the surface finish. The neoprene
bearing pads are of a type commonly used in bridge bearing and other heavy bearing
applications. They have little lateral stiffness, and act and as roller bearings.
Both the N and W series of specimens were loaded though pinned loading blocks that
were free to rotate about the E-W axis. Steel plates measuring 152x152x13mm were
placed between the loading blocks and the top of the specimens. A layer of plaster-ofparis was also placed between the steel plates and the top of the specimens to ensure
uniform load transfer.
Load was applied monotonically to the test specimens. Loading was paused at several
stages during the tests at which point the load was reduced slightly. During these load
stages cracks were marked using a felt-tip pen and photographed. Generally each test
lasted for about four to six hours.
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One-Way Slabs
99
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/3000
AT-2/3000 was supported in a manner similar to specimens AT-2/250N and AT-2/1000N.
As shown in Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10, specimen AT-2/3000 was supported on six steel
plates, neoprene bearing pads and steel pedestals bearing directly on the floor of the test
frame. Plaster-of-paris was placed between the 152x152mm steel plates and the bottom
of the specimen. The pedestals were spaced at 1000mm across the width of the specimen.
Neoprene bearing pads measuring 152x152x51mm and steel plates were placed on top of
the specimen at midspan, spaced at 1000mm on centres across the width. Load was
applied to the specimen through back-to-back steel spreader beams that were bolted
together and load cells spaced at 1000mm and aligned with the neoprene bearing pads.
The steel plates on top of the specimen were placed in a bed of plaster-of-paris prior to
loading. The moment of inertia of the combined spreader beam was about ______mm4.
Load was applied monotonically to the specimen. Loading was paused at several stages
during the test at which point the load was reduced slightly. During these load stages
cracks were marked using a felt-tip pen and photographed. Shortly after the third load
stage on the first day of testing, specimen AT-2/3000 suddenly shifted to the north by
about 25mm and the spreader beam rotated about its longitudinal (east-west) axis.
Because the neoprene bearings had little stiffness in their transverse direction, AT-3/3000
was statically unstable on day 1, and free to move in its horizontal plane. After this shift
occurred, the load was removed and the neoprene bearings on the top of the specimen
were replaced with steel spherical bearings. The test frame spherical head was also
locked against rotation, and this change in the test setup prevented the specimen from
shifting excessively on its supports. Specimen AT-2/3000 was left overnight without any
load applied to it, and loading was resumed the following day (Day 2). The peak load
reached on Day 1 was 2123kN.
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One-Way Slabs
102
One-Way Slabs
4.2.4
The instrumentation used for the AT-2 series of specimens is summarized in Figure 4-11
and Figure 4-12.
Five LVDTs were placed at the midspan of specimen AT-2/3000. One LVDT was
placed directly below each of the three load cells, and the remaining two were placed at
either edge of the specimen. Additional LVDTs were placed at the supports. Two
LVDTs were placed at the midspan, quarterspans and supports for the 1000 and 250
series of specimens. Mid-span and quarterspan deflections were then corrected for
support settlement in all of the specimens. Horizontal LVDTs were placed below the
specimens at the supports to monitor north-south horizontal movements and to confirm
that the neoprene bearings allowed horizontal movements to occur, thereby behaving as
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One-Way Slabs
rollers. Side face LVDTs were applied to the 250mm and 1000mm wide specimens to
measure shear strains. No side face LVDTs were installed on specimen AT-2/3000.
A series of 5mm electrical resistance strain gauges was applied to the longitudinal
reinforcing bars in all of the specimens at midspan and quarterspan as shown in Figure
4-12. A series of strain gauges was also applied to the horizontal transverse reinforcing
bars in the 1000mm and 3000mm wide specimens as shown in the figure. These gauges
were set to zero prior to the start of loading. A grid of aluminum zurich targets was not
used in any of the AT-2 series of tests.
Shrinkage strains were measured at various locations in AT-2/1000N, AT-2/1000W and
AT-2/3000 prior to removing the specimens from their formwork using a manual strain
indicator box, and these shrinkage strains are presented in Table 4-3 and Table 4-4.
These strains are calculated based on measurements taken one day prior to removal from
formwork relative to zero-measurements taken about one hour after casting had been
completed. The shrinkage strains measured in the reinforcing bars were all compressive
(negative).
Strain ()
AT-2/1000N AT-2/1000W
EN
EC
ES
-119
-186
-134
-121
-152
-201
MN
MC
MS
-98
-109
-101
-133
-120
-181
TN
TC
TS
-21
-69
-48
-50
-101
-92
Strain ()
1N
1C
1S
-96
-102
-120
3N
3C
3S
-52
-84
-145
TSW
TSCW
TSC
TSCE
TSE
-171
-202
-160
-218
-132
104
One-Way Slabs
105
One-Way Slabs
106
One-Way Slabs
General
All specimens exhibited brittle shear failures prior to reaching their flexural capacities. A
summary of important experimental results, including as-built dimensions, are
summarized in Table 4-5. These results include the following: experimentally
determined failure load, Pexp, the midspan deflection at the failure load, ult, the ratio of
this deflection to one-half of the span-length, ult /0.5L, the shear strain at the failure load
measured using the LVDTs on the east face of the specimen, ult, the average mid-span
steel strain at the failure load, s,ult, and the maximum measured crack width at the load
stage prior to failure. Also shown is the ratio of the peak shear strain ult to ult /0.5L
(shear). Failure shears are listed in Table 4-6.
Photographs of failed specimens are provided in Figure 4-13. The photographs of the
AT-2/250 and /1000 specimens are composite photographs constructed from multiple
photos of the failed specimens. The crack widths shown are from the last load stage prior
to failure. Interestingly, cracks in the 1000mm wide and 3000mm wide specimens
tended to initiate at locations of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (Figure 4-14).
The AT-2 series of specimens failed at shear stresses ranging from 0.99MPa to 1.07MPa.
Specimen AT-2/250N, supported on a 152mm square neoprene bearing, failed at the
highest shear stress. Its failure shear stress was 2% greater than that of AT-2/250W, the
companion 250mm specimen supported across its full width on a steel plate and roller.
Specimen AT-2/1000N, on the other hand, failed at a shear stress that was 7% less than
the failure shear stress of the companion 1000mm specimen supported across its full
width.
Specimen AT-2/3000 failed at the lowest shear stress and AT-2/1000N failed at the
second lowest shear stress of the AT-2 series of specimens. Both of these specimens
were supported on narrow supports.
107
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/250N
AT-2/250W
AT-2/1000N
AT-2/1000W
AT-2/3000
Experimental Observations
Suport Size
s+t
(%)
h
469
471
470
471
472
bw
f'c
sxe
Pexp Vexp
ult ult/0.5L
(1)
458
448
440
471
427
4.53
4.70
4.15
5.00
4.06
ult
x10-3
x10-3
6.97
7.23
6.38
7.69
6.25
1.04
1.01
0.80
0.76
--
1950
1800
1790
2020
1660
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.25
Notes:
(1) -Appled shear force per metre width. Does not include self-weight
(2) -Average of mid-span gauges for 250 and 1000 Series. Average of gauges 2C, 4C and 6C for AT-2/3000
Specimen
AT-2/250N
AT-2/250W
AT-2/1000N
AT-2/1000W
AT-2/3000
(2)
Vexp Vexp
vexp
Vexp
vexp
(kN/m) (kN/m) (MPa) (kN/m) (MPa)
458
448
440
471
427
463
453
445
476
432
1.06
1.03
1.02
1.08
0.98
468
458
450
481
437
1.07
1.04
1.03
1.09
0.99
Notes:
(1) Calculated at d from load, incl. self-weight
(2) Calculated at d from support, incl. self weight
108
One-Way Slabs
West Face
West Face
West Face
West Face
East Face
109
One-Way Slabs
Longitudinal
Reinforcement
Shrinkage
Reinforcement
4.3.2
Graphs displaying the load-displacement response from Day 1 and Day 2 area presented
in Figure 4-15. The horizontal instability in the Day 1 test setup is reflected in the loaddisplacement response at a load of about 648kN/m, but no such instability is reflected in
the Day 2 response. After the load was removed at the end of day 1, the vertical LVDTs
were reset to zero, thus day 2 deflections are presented relative to zero on day 2, rather
than zero on day 1.
It is interesting to note that there was significantly greater deflection measured at the
centre of the slab than at the edges. For example, at a load of 648kN/m on day 1, just
prior to considerable increases at VCC and VCW due to the horizontal instability, the
displacement at VCC was 3.4mm, versus an average of 2.7mm at VCE/VCW and 2.3mm
at VCEE/VCWW. The differences in the vertical displacements are demonstrated in
Figure 4-16, in which the VCC displacement is plotted as a percentage of VCE/VCW and
VCEE/VCWW. On day 2, at a load of 648kN/m, the displacement at VCC was 2.8mm,
versus averages of 2.4mm and 2.2mm at VCE/VCW and VCEE/VCWW. At the failure
load, the displacements were 4.2mm, 3.8mm and 3.5mm. There thus appears to have
110
One-Way Slabs
been bending about the north-south axis of the slab, indicating two-way bending occurred
in this one-way slab. This out-of-plane bending can be resisted by the shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement.
While it was not possible to accurately measure the deflections after the slab shifted on
day 1, it appears that the specimen was permanently deformed in the two-way bending
direction after the load was removed. This offset is built into the day 2 deflection
readings, and may partly explain why there was a difference of 1.1mm between the centre
and edge deflections on day 1 at 648kN/m, versus only 0.6mm on day 2.
As shown in Figure 4-16, the loads measured were similar in the three load cells. The
centre load cell (LCC) reached a maximum of 37% of the total load applied by the
Baldwin test frame, at which point the loads measured by the east and west load cells
were each about 31.5% of the total load. On the second day of testing, after the neoprene
bearing pads below the load cells had been replaced by spherical bearings, the load
measured by the centre load cell increased gradually from 0% of the total load at an
applied load of 20kN to 33% at the failure load (Figure 4-17).
The load behaviour exhibited by the three load cells on day 2 occurred due to the
permanent deformation in the two-way bending direction and the flexibility of the
spreader beam. That is
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
111
One-Way Slabs
1000
1000
900
900
800
800
VCE, VCW
VCEE, VCWW
VCC
VCEE
VCWW
VCW
VCE
VCC
700
600
500
400
300
700
600
500
400
300
200
200
100
100
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.0
6.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)
a) Day 1
b) Day 2
5.0
6.0
900
800
700
33%
LCE
LCW
LCC
LS 3
600
500
LS 2
400
300
LS 1
200
100
0
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%
175%
200%
Percent
Figure 4-16: Load Measured by Load Cells as Percentage of Total Applied Load, and
VCC Deflection as Percent of Other Deflections Day 1
112
One-Way Slabs
1000
Failure
900
800
Load Stage 7
700
Load Stage 6
Load Stage 5
600
LCE
LCW
500
LCC
400
300
200
100
33%
0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure 4-17: Load Measured by Load Cells as Percentage of Total Applied Load -Day 2
4.3.3
Strains measured in the longitudinal steel at various load stages in Specimen AT-2/3000
are shown in Figure 4-18. They are plotted as strain profiles across the width of the
specimen at the north quarterspan (Figure 4-18(a)), midspan (Figure 4-18(b)), and south
quarterspans (Figure 4-18(c)). Load stages one to three were taken on the first day, and
stages four to seven were taken on the second day.
At the quarterspans, it can be seen that strains in the longitudinal steel along support lines
(lines 2, 4 and 6) generally were similar to, or smaller than, the adjacent strains outside
the support lines (1, 3, 5 and 7). This is in contrast to the behaviour exhibited by the
strain gauges in the quarterspans of AT-1 in which the longitudinal strains increased
towards the centreline of the beam. With the exception of the strains measured at gauges
4C, 5C and 6C, no strain profiles similar to that exhibited at the quarterspans of beam
AT-1 were observed. It does not appear, therefore, that any effect of loading through
narrow loading points, and supporting the slab on narrow supports, could be found in the
longitudinal strain profiles.
113
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
A minor effect of narrow loading points was found in the rate of increase of the strains
measured by the strain gauges. In Figure 4-19 the rates of increase in the strain measured
by gauges 2C, 4C and 6C on the second day of loading are shown as functions of the
applied load. Recall that gauges 2C, 4C and 6C were located directly below load cells
LCW, LCC and LCE. As shown in Figure 4-17, the load measured by load cell LCC,
located directly above gauge 4C was lower than the loads at cells LCW (above gauge 2C)
and LCE (above gauge 6C) up to an applied load of 800kN/m. The loads measured by
LCE and LCW were generally similar to one another throughout loading. In Figure 4-19,
it can be seen that the rates of increase in gauges 2C and 6C follow very similar trends,
and the increase in 6C was slightly higher than in 2C. However, the rate of increase of
strains in 4C increased over the entire loading regime, and this corresponds with the
increasing proportion of the total load measured by load cell LCC. This behaviour was
not noted on day 1, where the ratios of the loads in the load cells to the total load were
closer to 1:3 throughout.
(/kN)
6.0
bar
Papp 3
5.0
4.0
6C
3.0
2.0
1.0
2C
4C
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Figure 4-19: Rate of Increase in Measured Strain as a Function of Applied Load (Day 2)
The behaviour described in Figure 4-19 was the only indication found in the longitudinal
rebar strains of an effect caused by loading through individual narrow loading points.
115
4.3.4
One-Way Slabs
116
One-Way Slabs
While the shrinkage strains in the northern quarterspan were not measured, based on the
shrinkage strains in the southern span, it is likely that the northern transverse bar was still
compressed at the peak load. Similarly, it is likely that the transverse strains in the
middle bar were small enough such that the bar, on average, was still slightly compressed
at the peak load. It thus appears that there was only a very small internal moment about
the north-south axis associated with the measured bending about the north-south axis.
The strain profiles in the north and south quarterspans in Figure 4-20 show that the outer
gauges (gauges TNW, TNE and TSE) remained compressive for most of the test on Day
1. The inner gauges (TNWC, TNC, TNEC, TSWC, TSC and TSEC), on the other hand,
became tensile after about load stage 2. There is a clear similarity between the shapes of
the profiles in the north and south quarterspans on Day 1. Once the slab started to shift to
the north on Day 1, however, the strain profiles in the north quarterspan were disrupted,
with the inner gauges becoming more compressive. This disruption was not noted in the
south quarterspan. On Day 2, the profiles in the north quarterspan were generally
reversed from their Day 1 shape, with TNEC and TWC showing compressive strains.
Profiles in the south quarterspan on Day 2 resembled the shapes of the Day 1 profiles.
Figure 4-22 shows the average of gauges TNW, TNE and TSE (the transverse strain
gauges located in the east and west bays) and the average of all other gauges on the
transverse rebars at the quarterspans. These averages are shown for both Day 1 and Day
2, with the load stages removed for clarity. It can be seen that the inner gauges are
consistently tensile over the entire course of the test, while the outer gauges, on average,
are compressive, until close to the end of the test.
The behaviour exhibited in Figure 4-22, and the shapes of the quarterspan strain profiles
on Day 1, and on Day 2 in the south quarterspan, can be explained by the fact that the
slab was bending about its north-south axis as well as its primary east-west axis. The
bending about the north-south axis would result in flexural tensile strains in the east-west
direction, and these strains would be larger towards the centre strip of the slab than they
would be in the outer strips.
117
One-Way Slabs
Figure 4-20: Strain Readings in Transverse Rebar Strain Gauges AT-2/3000, Day 1
118
One-Way Slabs
Figure 4-21: Strain Readings in Transverse Rebar Strain Gauges AT-2/3000, Day 2
119
One-Way Slabs
80
60
Average of:
TNWC, TNC, TNEC
TSWC, TSC, TSEC
40
20
tens.
0
comp.
-20
Average of:
TNW, TNE, TSE
-40
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4.3.5
Plots of the applied load per meter width vs. the mid-span deflection for the 250mm and
1000mm wide specimens are presented in Figure 4-23 and Figure 4-24. It can be seen
that the 250mm wide specimens exhibited very similar responses, failing at similar loads
and deflections. On average, there was about 15% greater deflection in the specimen
supported on the wide supports than the specimen supported on the narrow supports.
This difference was not due to different support settlement between specimens, as
vertical LVDTs were placed at the supports specifically to account for this effect.
The load deflection curves in Figure 4-23 and Figure 4-24 are reproduced in Figure 4-25,
and compared to the measured mid-span deflections in AT-2/3000. The AT-2/3000 loaddisplacement curves have been generated by combining the day 1 and day 2 responses at
120
One-Way Slabs
a load of 1866kN. The deflections from AT-2/3000 include the largest deflections
measured (at VCC) the smallest deflections measured (at VCWW) and the average of all
the mid-span LVDT measurements, weighted for the tributary width of the LVDT. It can
be seen that AT-2/1000W, AT-2/250N and W exhibited reasonably similar load
deflection characteristics. The average deflection in AT-2/3000 also was fairly similar to
the deflections measured in these specimens. All the load deflection curves fall within
the envelope bounded by AT-2/3000 VCWW and AT-2/3000 VCC.
121
One-Way Slabs
1000
1000
250N
250W
1000N
900
900
800
800
1000W
700
600
500
400
300
700
600
500
400
300
200
200
100
100
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
900
AT-2/3000 -VCWW
800
700
600
500
AT-2/3000 -VCC
400
300
200
100
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Displacement (mm)
5.0
6.0
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/250 Series
It can be seen in Figure 4-26 that consistently higher longitudinal strains were measured
in the quarterspans of the AT-2/250 specimens than in the other specimens. This was not
a result of one or more gauges measuring unusually high strains; all gauges measured
consistently higher strains. Consistently lower strains were measured in AT-2/3000 at
the midspan than in the midspan of other specimens. This is shown in Figure 4-27, in
which the average longitudinal strains at mid-span and quarterspan locations are shown
for all the AT-2 series.
1000
Quarter-span Gauges
Mid-span Gauges
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
AT-2/3000
AT-2/1000
AT-2/250
100
0
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
One-Way Slabs
stiffening than interior bars. In AT-2/3000, with a large number of interior bars, the
reduced tension stiffening in the corner bars is masked in the overall response (Figure
4-27), but can be seen in the individual strain responses (Figure 4-26).
The higher measured strains in the narrow specimens appears to have been a result of
reduced tension stiffening due to a larger percentage of the longitudinal bars being corner
bars.
Comparison with AT-1
It is interesting to compare the longitudinal strain profiles in the AT-2/1000 series to
those in AT-1 (Figure 3-14). Recall that the longitudinal rebar strains at the quarterspans
were larger in the inner gauges than they were in the outer gauges. This pattern is similar
to that exhibited at the quarterspans of AT-2/1000N, but is opposite to the profiles
measured at quarterspans of AT-2/1000W. Also recall that the longitudinal strains
measured at the midspan were generally smaller in the inner gauges than they were in the
outer gauges. This pattern is similar to the midspan profiles measured in both AT-2/1000
specimens. Figure 4-28 presents a plot showing the ratio of the strains in centreline
gauges to the strains in outer gauges at the quarterspans and midspans of both AT-1000
specimens and beam AT-1. It can be seen that the ratios at the midspans of AT-2/1000N,
1000W and AT-1 are all remarkably similar, and are equal to about 0.95 at the peak load.
The ratio at the quarterspans of AT-2/1000W is generally the lowest, reaching a low of
0.55 at P=300kN/m. The ratios at the quarterspans of AT-2/1000N and AT-1, however,
are generally the highest.
Comparison with Shear Strains
Figure 4-29 shows the shear stress vs. shear strain curves for the AT-2/250 and AT2/1000 series of specimens, in which the shear strain shown is the average of the strains
measured in the north and south spans. In this figure it can be seen that the shear stressshear strain curves for specimens AT-2/250N, AT-2/250W and AT-1000W are
remarkably similar up to a shear stress of about 0.9MPa. The shear strains in AT125
One-Way Slabs
2/1000N, however, are consistently smaller than the shear strains in the other three
specimens. It appears that, in AT-2/1000N, lower longitudinal steel strains measured
near the side faces of the specimen were associated with lower shear strains measured on
those side faces. It appears reasonable to conclude that the higher longitudinal strains in
the middle of AT-2/1000N were associated with higher shear strains.
It is suggested that this higher shear strain in the interior of AT-2/1000N may have
triggered failure at an overall shear stress that was 93% of the failure shear stress in AT2/1000W. Clearly, though, further work is required to clarify this area, based on the
small sample size used here.
Transverse Shrinkage and Temperature Steel Strains
The strains measured in the gauges on the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement are
shown in Figure 4-30 at an applied load of 854kN/m width. This load corresponds to the
peak load in AT-2/3000. The strain at which, on average, the bars would be
decompressed due to shrinkage is also shown. These decompressed strains are the
average of the shrinkage strains measured in the transverse steel in the specimens.
Transverse rebar strains at the quarterspans of AT-2/1000N were, on average, 1.2 times
the rebar strains at the quarterspans of AT-2/1000W. This is consistent with the higher
strains measured in the longitudinal reinforcement at these locations.
The strains measured at the quarterspans in the AT-2/1000 specimens were small, and
were generally either lower or only slightly higher than the decompression strains. The
strains in the shrinkage reinforcement in the AT-2/1000 specimens were generally larger
than the corresponding strains in AT-2/3000. It is apparent that the shrinkage and
temperature steel in AT-2/3000 was unable to modify the shear behaviour in any
meaningful way.
126
One-Way Slabs
Figure 4-28: Ratios of Centreline Strains to Outer Strains AT-2/1000 series and AT-1
127
1.2
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/1000W
AT-2/1000N
1.0
0.8
AT-2/250N
AT-2/250W
0.6
0.4
Average of South "X" and North "X"
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Figure 4-30: Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement StrainsAT-2/1000N, AT2/1000W and AT-2/3000 (Papp=854kN/m width)
128
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
increased by about 3.6 times. The vertical deflections were not associated with increases
in the rebar strains, all of which decreased following the peak load (Figure 4-32(c)), and
this is consistent with shear failure. The increases in vertical deflection following the
peak load were therefore a result of increasing shear strain, and were not a result of
flexural action. This shear strain was a result of widening and slip at the critical flexuralshear crack. No crushing was noted at the tip of the crack or in the compression zone at
or after the peak load. Also note that failure was not initiated by a sudden formation of a
crack due to unstable crack growth. Indeed, the final failure crack extended 185mm
between +11 sec. and +66 sec., corresponding to an average velocity of 3.4mm/second.
130
North
South
131
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/1000W
Digital photos of the north end of AT-2/1000W at failure are presented in Figure 4-33.
Figure 4-33a and b were taken at the last two load stages prior to failure. At the peak
load of 942kN (Figure 4-33c) it can be seen that crack (b) had extended slightly towards
the load, and crack (a) had extended slightly towards the support, as the load was
increased from 880kN to 942kN. Both cracks had also widened. After the load dropped,
no continued extension of crack (b) was noted until 16 seconds after the peak load
(Figure 4-33d). From 16 to 18 seconds after the peak load, crack (a) extended, and as it
extended it started to widen (Figure 4-33e and f). By 28 seconds after the peak load,
crack (a) had widened considerably, formed a continuous crack with the upper portion of
crack (b), and extended up towards the load point. Failure is shown in Figure 4-33h.
One-Way Slabs
AT-2/3000
Digital photos of AT-2/3000 at failure are presented in Figure 4-34. Failure in this
specimen was more rapid and sudden than the specimens described previously. From
load stage 7 (Figure 4-34b) to the peak load (Figure 4-34c), it can be seen that crack (a)
extended slightly, but after the peak load was reached, no immediate extension of the
crack was observed. See, for example, Figure 4-34(d), taken 7.2 seconds after the peak
load. At 10.4 seconds after the peak load, however, crack (a) rapidly extended up
towards the load points and widened. At 10.8 seconds after the peak load, crack (a)
continued to rapidly extend towards the loads, and started to extend back towards the
supports. Failure occurred 11.2 seconds after the peak load.
4.3.8
One-Way Slabs
Analysis of AT-2/250N
As described in Chapter 2, there are several theories and analytical studies that describe
the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams assuming that there is no aggregate
interlock action at cracks. In these methods, it is assumed that all the vertical shear is
carried in the uncracked compression block.
Beam AT-2/250N can be analyzed to explore the accuracy of these theories. The crack
patterns in this specimen up to failure are shown in Figure 4-35. Photographs of the
beam at, and following, an applied load of 220kN are shown in Figure 4-36. At an
applied load of 220kN (load stage 5), a large crack starting at 395mm from the centre of
the south support and extending up to 95mm from the top of the beam had formed (Crack
(a)). As the load was increased past 220kN, crack (a) slowly widened up to the peak load
(Figure 4-36 (b)). This peak load was held for approximately 8 seconds, after which
failure occurred (Figure 4-36 (c)). If all of the vertical shear was carried in the uncracked
compression zone above crack (a), the maximum shear stress above the tip of crack (a)
would be estimated as: max =
3 V 3 229,000 2
=
= 7.2MPa , excluding self-weight.
2 bh 2 250 95
One-Way Slabs
imagine how the compressive strut might make a sharp turn towards the support as shown
in Figure 4-37(a), as the tension tie would need to be developed across a crack. Thus, it
is more likely that a gradual change in the angle of inclination of the strut would occur
well past the crack, as shown in Figure 4-37(b). The required tension tie is provided by
tensile stresses developed in the concrete as shown in the figure.
Load Stage 5
Crack (a)
Figure 4-35: Crack Patterns at Load Stages -Specimen AT-2/250N (West Face)
136
One-Way Slabs
T=-44sec.
T=0sec.
T=+8sec.
fc=31.7MPa
One-Way Slabs
AsFy. Let us assume that the compressive force in the compression zone is equal to AsFy
= (1000*465) = 465kN = Cstrut,x.
Crack (a)
One-Way Slabs
As tension cracks do not form past crack (a) where the tension tie is being developed, the
tensile stress in the concrete must remain below the tensile strength of the concrete. For
an angle 1 = 0o, the longitudinal steel at the support would be unstressed, and the
required tensile stresses would be equal to (465,000)/(250*470) = 3.95MPa. This
required tensile strength is about double the tensile strength of the concrete, assuming
that the uniaxial tensile strength of the concrete is equal to 0.33(fc)0.5.
In order to reduce the required tensile stress to the uniaxial tensile strength of the
concrete, the force in the tensile steel would need to be 230kN, resulting in a steel stress
of 230MPa. Rebars that have been instrumented with strain gauges near the supports in
other beam tests (for example, beam AT-1, as well as other beams described later in this
thesis) have consistently shown that rebars near the supports are very lightly stressed, and
are therefore not capable of significantly increasing the angle 1.
The preceeding analysis has shown that it is highly unlikely that the entire shear force
was carried in AT-2/250N by direct strut action above the final failure crack.
139
One-Way Slabs
4.4.1
The design of the AT-3 series of specimens is presented in Figure 4-38 A total of four
specimens were constructed and tested. The specimens nominally measured 700mm
wide x 338mm tall x 2800mm long, and were reinforced with four 25M rebars at an
effective depth of 306mm (w=0.93%). In two of the beams (AT-3/T1 and AT-3/T2),
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement consisting of nine 15M bars with standard 180o
hooks at their ends were placed on top of the bottom flexural reinforcement (s+t=0.19%).
No shrinkage and temperature reinforcement was used in the other two specimens (AT3/N1 and AT-3/N2).
The formwork for the AT-3 series is shown in Figure 4-39. The formwork was
constructed on a base of multiple layers of 19.1mm (3/8 in.) plywood, and consisted of
3/8in. formply supported using steel walers and braces. Following casting, the concrete
was cured under wet burlap and plastic sheeting for five days. The concrete for the
specimens was supplied by a local ready mix company with a maximum aggregate size of
20mm (3/4in.) and a 28-day strength of 25MPa. The aggregate was quarried on
Manitoulin Island in Northern Ontario. One batch was used to fill all four forms. On the
day of test, ranging from 42 to 48 days after casting, the concrete strength varied from
37.1 to 37.8MPa (see Table 4-7). Steel material properties are identical to those listed in
Table 4-2.
140
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
4.4.2
Cast Date
Test Date
24 June, 2004
24 June, 2004
24 June, 2004
24 June, 2004
Aug 5, 2004
Aug 10, 2004
Aug 6, 2004
Aug 11, 2004
Age
f'c (MPa)
(Days) Day of Test
42
47
43
48
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.1
Instrumentation used in the AT-3 series is summarized in Figure 4-40. In all four
specimens, two 5mm electrical resistance strain gauges were installed on the longitudinal
steel at midspan (LCE and LCW). In the specimens constructed with horizontal
transverse steel (AT-3/T1 and T2), two of the transverse bars were instrumented with two
5mm electrical resistance strain gauges near the centres of the bars (TNE, TNW and TSE,
TSW). One instrumented transverse bar was located near the north quarterspan, and the
other instrumented bar was located near the south quarterspan. To avoid measuring strain
due to bending of the steel at a crack, the instrumented rebars were oriented such that the
gauges were on the vertical sides of the rebar.
Prior to the test, a total of eleven LVDTs were placed below each specimen to measure
midspan deflection, north and south quarterspan deflection and support settlement.
Additional dial gauges were placed at the supports to measure support settlement.
Horizontal LVDTs (HN and HS) were placed at the level of the steel to measure
horizontal displacements at the supports. Holes were drilled in the end faces to expose
the ends of a longitudinal reinforcing bar, and an LVDT was placed at the exposed rebar
ends to measure rebar slip (SlipN and SlipS). A series of LVDTs were fastened to the
west face of each specimen to measure shear strains. The X-s measured 250mm x
250mm, and were centered at 545mm an 220mm from the centre of the loading, in both
the north and south spans.
A grid of aluminum Zurich targets was not used in the AT-3 series of specimens.
142
One-Way Slabs
143
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
AT-3-N1
AT-3-N2
AT-3-T1
AT-3-T2
bw
h
d
L
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
339
339
338
339
307
306
306
307
697
706
700
706
1080
1080
1080
1080
s+t
(%)
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0
0
0.19
0.19
f'c
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.1
ag,eff
sxe
19
19
19
19
276
275
275
276
Experimental Observations
Specimen
AT-3-N1
AT-3-N2
AT-3-T1
AT-3-T2
ult/0.5L
(kN)
ult
(mm)
(x10 )
(x10 )
475
517
506
497
5.25
5.6
5.51
5.38
9.7
10.4
10.2
10.0
1.45
0.66
0.71
0.44
Pexp
-3
ult
shear
s,ult
-3
15%
6%
7%
4%
2205
2728
2414
2730
--145
229
241.6
262.6
257.1
252.6
1.13
1.22
1.20
1.17
239.2
260.2
254.7
250.2
1.12
1.20
1.19
1.15
Notes:
(1) Calculated at d from support
(2) Calculated at d from load
s+t,ult = Avg. strain at peak load in shrinkage/temperature steel
600
AT-3N2
500
AT-3T1
AT-3T2
400
AT-3N1
300
200
100
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
4.5.1
One-Way Slabs
The measured strains in the shrinkage steel are shown in Figure 4-43 at applied loads of
250kN and 497kN. The load of 497kN corresponds to the peak load of AT-3/T2. The
strains shown represent the average of the two strain measurements on each bar. The
data presented in Figure 4-43 indicate that the strains in the horizontal transverse steel
were very small. The largest strains were measured in AT-3/T2 at the peak load (455).
However, this represented only 17% of the midspan longitudinal rebar strain.
Shrinkage strains were measured in a number of the strain gauges placed on the shrinkage
and temperature steel prior to removal from the formwork. The average of these readings
are presented in Figure 4-43, where it can be seen that only the midspan gauges in AT3/T2 significantly exceeded the uncompressed strains. Clearly the horizontal shrinkage
and temperature reinforcement placed transverse to the spanning direction did not play a
role in determining the shear behaviour of the AT-3 specimens.
4.5.2
One-Way Slabs
Failure Photos
The high-speed digital camera used as part of the AT-2 experimental program was used
to photograph the failures in the AT-3 series of specimens. These sequences of photos
are shown in Figure 4-44, Figure 4-45, Figure 4-46 and Figure 4-47. Arrows have been
placed on the final photos in each sequence to indicate the directions of movement when
failure occurred.
In Specimen AT-3/N1, no extensions of existing cracks were observed at the peak load,
or at one second following the peak load. By 1.5 seconds after the peak load, however, a
wide, flat crack formed in the south end that rapidly extended up towards the load and
back towards the support. At failure, the south portion of the beam rotated counterclockwise, caused by dowel action from the downward and northward shift of the north
portion of the specimen.
Like AT-3/N1, specimens AT-3/N2 did not exhibit a sudden extension of the critical
crack at the peak load (Figure 4-45). At twelve seconds after the peak load, a small crack
connected to the critical crack initiated at just above the mid-height of the beam. This
crack gradually extended both upwards towards the load and back towards the support
(Figure 4-45d, e and f). At failure, the portion of the beam to the north of the failure
rotated clockwise due to the downward movement of the longitudinal steel.
Figure 4-46 shows digital photos of specimen AT-3/T1, and it can be seen that no sudden
extension was noted in the critical crack (crack (a)) at the peak load or at 40 seconds past
the peak load. AT 54 seconds past the peak load (Figure 4-46d), a small crack initiated
from crack (a) at mid-height, and this crack gradually extended and widened until failure
occurred. The failure of specimen AT-3/T2 was slightly different than the other AT-3
specimens. A second crack did not initiate at mid-height from the main critical crack.
Rather, the critical crack (crack (a)) started to extend towards the load point at two
seconds after the peak load was reached. The crack widened as it extended, and final
failure occurred at 23.6 seconds after the peak load was reached.
147
One-Way Slabs
148
One-Way Slabs
149
One-Way Slabs
One-Way Slabs
151
One-Way Slabs
4.6.1
Beam/Slab Width
It was found in the AT-2 series of specimens that the failure one-way shear stresses of
beams and slabs tested with widths scaled by the ratios 1:4:12 did not increase. The AT1/DB165 series of specimens also did not show an increase in failure shear stress as the
beam width increased.
Kani (1967) came to a similar conclusion when he tested a series of small scale beams in
which the widths of the beams were increased from 12 in. to 24 in. (152mm to 610mm).
Rajagopalan and Ferguson (1969) also found that width did not significantly affect the
failure shear stress in lightly-reinforced beams/slabs. Kanis series of tests are
summarized in Table 4-9 and predicted shear strengths are presented in Table 4-10. Data
from Kanis tests are plotted in Figure 4-48, along with the data from the DB165/AT-1
series, AT-2 series and Rajagopalan and Ferguson (1969). This figure shows that the
width does not significantly affect the one-way failure shear stress. The ACI exemption
on minimum stirrups for one-way slabs is thus not appropriate. Indeed, as the width was
increased in the AT-2 series, the failure shear stress tended to drop slightly.
The failure crack surface of AT-2/3000, shown in Figure 4-49, was reasonably straight
across the slab width, with only slight undulations between support lines. This supports
the conclusion that slab width has no effect on one-way shear capacity.
4.6.2
It was also discussed previously that the use of shrinkage and temperature steel placed in
a horizontal layer transverse to the spanning direction had no impact on the one-way
152
One-Way Slabs
shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs. The ratios of the shear strength of specimens
with shrinkage and temperature steel to the shear strength of companion specimens
without such reinforcement are presented in Figure 4-50.
In this figure, it can be seen that the average strength of the AT-3/T series was 1% greater
than the average strength of the AT-3/N series. In the AT-2 series, the average strength
of AT-2/3000 and the AT-2/1000 series was about 98% that of the average strength of the
AT-2/250 series. This decrease was due to the lower shear strengths of AT-2/1000N and
AT-2/3000.
It can be safely concluded that horizontal shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
placed transverse to the spanning direction does not appreciably affect one-way shear
behaviour. In design situations, one-way slabs must be assumed to have a similar shear
stress capacity to beams, particularly in the absence of significant opportunity to shed
load to the adjacent structure. Because the shear strengths of the AT-2/250 series were
similar to the shear strengths of the wider AT-2 specimens, it can be further concluded
that the results of shear tests of narrow beams can be applied in studying the shear
capacity of wide one-way slabs.
4.6.3
Because one-way slabs exhibit similar shear behaviour as narrow beams, the wellestablished size effect can be expected to apply. The failure shear stresses, normalized to
the square root of the concrete strengths, of the AT series of specimens and Kanis
narrow/wide beam test series are presented in Figure 4-51 as a function of the effective
depth. It can be seen that ACI Equation (11-3) can be expected to predict unconservative
shear strengths for very thick slabs, while producing accurate and safe predictions for
shallower slabs. As discussed in Chapter 3, the 1994 CSA simplified expression for Vc
(Equation (2-16)) provides an acceptable prediction of the shear strength of the normal
strength specimens, while overestimating the shear strength of high-strength concrete
specimens. Nevertheless, it does account for the size effect in shear. The data from Kani
153
One-Way Slabs
(1967) are very conservatively predicted because their high reinforcement ratio resulted
in lower longitudinal strains in the beam web than were assumed in deriving the CSA
expression. The shear strengths of the AT series, with lower reinforcement ratios, are
better predicted by the 1994 CSA simplified method.
The failure shear stresses of the AT series and Kanis series of specimens normalized by
the square root of the concrete strength and the SMCFT strain effect factor are plotted in
Figure 4-52 vs. the effective crack spacing of the specimens. Also shown is the SMCFT
prediction of the variation of the normalized shear stress as a function of the effective
crack spacing, and this is the SMCFT size effect factor. By accounting for both the use
of high-strength concrete and the effect of the axial stiffness of the longitudinal
reinforcement, the SMCFT produces a clearer picture of the size effect.
4.6.4
Final Remarks
The AT series of specimens have shown that one-way slabs and wide beams without
stirrups exhibit similar shear behaviour to narrow beams. The beam width and use of
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement have been shown to have no significant effect
on the shear stress at failure. The exemption from minimum stirrup requirements
outlined in Clause 11.5.6.1 of the ACI 318 code should not be applicable to thick, wide
beams and thick one-way slabs.
The average failure shear stress of AT-2/1000N and AT-2/3000, both of which were
supported on narrow supports, was 94% that of the average of the other three AT-2
specimens. These results indicate that slabs and wide beams supported on narrow
supports may exhibit a slight decrease in their one-way shear capacity. This difference
accounts for the slight loss of strength exhibited in Figure 4-50 for the AT-2 specimens
with shrinkage steel, and is a far more significant effect than the effect of the shrinkage
steel. The shear strength of AT-2/3000 is identified in Figure 4-51 and Figure 4-52,
where it can be seen that it exhibited a significantly lower shear strength than the other
AT-2 specimens.
154
One-Way Slabs
It is suggested that cracks are wider, and shear strains higher, along the support lines of
such elements, thereby initiating failure at a lower overall shear stress than in specimens
supported across their entire widths. In addition to having a shear strength governed by
the size effect, a thick slab or wide beam constructed without stirrups and designed using
the ACI code, may thus be further disadvantaged if supported on narrow supports. The
effect of narrow supports on one-way failure shear stress is greater than the effect of the
slab width and the effect of shrinkage and temperature steel. The reader is referred to
Lubell (2006) who studied this effect in detail.
Table 4-9: Data for Narrow and Wide Beams Tested by Kani (1967)
Specimen Properties
Specimen
Experimental Observations
bw
(mm)
d
(mm)
a/d
w
(%)
152
156
153
151
153
154
276
271
275
271
274
269
2.95
3.00
3.94
4.01
5.94
6.05
2.68
2.73
2.76
2.83
2.76
2.71
27.2
27.4
25.3
27.4
27.5
27.4
19
19
19
19
19
19
612
612
611
611
270
271
271
269
3.02
4.02
5.02
6.06
2.73
2.72
2.72
2.75
27.2
27.2
26.9
26.9
19
19
19
19
f'c
ag,eff
sxe
(MPa) (mm) (mm)
Vexp
(kN/m width)
v exp
(MPa)
248
243
247
243
246
241
411
416
368
367
334
331
1.49
1.54
1.34
1.35
1.22
1.23
243
243
243
241
409
337
373
355
1.51
1.24
1.38
1.32
Series 3.8-2.80-12P
97
83
96
84
81
91
Series W3.8-2.80-12P
274
273
272
271
sxe
vpred
d
f'c
(mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
vexp
vpred
DB165
AT-1
300
2016
925
916
1404
1330
65.0
64.0
0.80
0.74
AT-2/250N
AT-2/250W
AT-2/1000N
AT-2/1000W
AT-2/3000
250
252
1002
1002
3005
437
439
438
439
440
540
542
541
542
544
37.7
38.5
37.9
39.0
40.6
AT-3/N1
AT-3/N2
AT-3/T1
AT-3/T2
697
706
700
706
307
306
306
307
276
275
275
276
97
83
96
84
81
91
152
156
153
151
153
154
276
271
275
271
274
269
W3.8-2.80-12P
274
273
272
271
612
612
611
611
270
271
271
269
Specimen
Eq. 2-23
vpred
(MPa)
vexp
vpred
(MPa)
vexp
vpred
vpred
0.82
0.86
1.36
1.33
0.48
0.48
0.69
0.71
0.98
0.93
1.346 0.49
1.336 0.48
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.88
0.89
1.22
1.18
1.17
1.24
1.10
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.07
1.09
1.01
0.97
0.97
1.02
0.90
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.84
0.85
1.30
1.25
1.25
1.30
1.16
1.025
1.036
1.028
1.043
1.064
1.03
1.00
0.99
1.04
0.92
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.1
0.94
0.93
0.94
0.93
1.19
1.29
1.26
1.24
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.08
1.17
1.15
1.12
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.99
1.14
1.23
1.20
1.18
1.023
1.017
1.027
1.017
1.09
1.18
1.16
1.13
248
243
247
243
246
241
27.2
27.4
25.3
27.4
27.5
27.4
1.26
1.26
1.14
1.17
1.03
1.02
1.19
1.22
1.18
1.15
1.19
1.21
1.06
1.06
0.96
0.99
0.92
0.92
1.40
1.45
1.40
1.37
1.32
1.34
0.87
0.87
0.84
0.87
0.87
0.87
1.72
1.76
1.60
1.55
1.40
1.41
0.871
0.874
0.84
0.874
0.876
0.874
1.71
1.76
1.59
1.55
1.39
1.41
243
243
243
241
27.2
27.2
26.9
26.9
1.26
1.16
1.07
1.01
1.20
1.07
1.28
1.30
1.06
0.98
0.94
0.91
1.43
1.27
1.47
1.45
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.87
1.74
1.43
1.59
1.53
0.871
0.871
0.866
0.866
1.74
1.43
1.59
1.53
(MPa)
vexp
vpred
3.8-2.80-12P
Average: 1.17
Coefficient of Variation: 10%
1.16
24%
1.36
17%
1.25
29%
155
0.30
One-Way Slabs
0.25
0.20
0.15
Rajagopalan and Ferguson (1968)
a/d=4.16
w=0.63%
0.10
0.05
AT-1/DB165
a/d=2.95
w=0.76-1.01%
0.00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
One-Way Slabs
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
AT-3
1.00
AT-2
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
-0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
157
One-Way Slabs
0.35
Kani (1967)
Vc
a/d=6
a/d=4
a/d=3
b w d fc'
0.30
AT-3 Series
0.25
AT-2 Series
0.20
0.15
AT-2/3000
0.10
AT-1/DB165
0.05
0.00
-300
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Figure 4-51: Effect of Depth on Shear Strength of Wide Beams and Slabs
Kani (1967)
Vc b w d v
0.40
fc'
(1 + 1500 x )
1.4
AT-3 Series
1.2
1.0
0.8
a/d=6
a/d=4
a/d=3
AT-2 Series
AT-2/3000
0.6
0.4
AT-1/DB165
SMCFT:
0.2
0.0
-500
500
1300
1000 + s xe
Figure 4-52: Effect of sxe on Shear Strength of Wide Beams and Slabs
158