Determining Wind Loads (Part 1)

Background
Wind perpendicular to ridge:

WIND

WIND

TOP VIEW OF GABLE ROOF

Wind parallel to ridge:

Wind damage from tornado

Wind Load Procedures

Basic procedures for calculating wind loads (pressures) are in ASCE 7 Building codes have variations on the methods given in the building codes particularly for buildings < 60 ft tall
we will use Standard Building Code in practice, be prepared to use International Building Code different parts of the US may use different codes

Wind Load Terms

Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
an assemblage of major structural elements assigned to provide support for secondary members and cladding, it primarily receives wind loading from more than one surface
Rigid Rigid and and braced braced frames frames trusses trusses roof roof and and floor floor diaphragms diaphragms shear shear walls walls

Rigid Frames

Main columns, beams, trusses, roof diaphragm

Columns, trusses

Shear walls

Wind Load Terms

Components and Cladding
structural elements that are either directly loaded by wind or receive wind loads originating at relatively close locations and that transfer these loads to the main wind force resisting system
curtain curtain walls, walls, studs studs roof roof and and wall wall sheathing sheathing purlins, purlins, girts girts

Roof sheathing

Purlins

Girts

Wall sheathing

Design Wind Pressure calculated by

(1999 Standard Building Code):

p = q GCp U
p = design wind pressure, psf q = basic velocity pressure GCp = combined gust factor and p pressure coefficient U = use factor (like importance factor)

 Basic Velocity Pressure

q, basic velocity pressure based on: wind speed - Figure 1606 mean roof height

 Basic Velocity Pressure

q can be determined from Table 1606.2A or by: 2

H 7 q = 0.00256 V 33
2

V = fastest mile wind speed from Figure 1606 (mph) H = mean roof height (ft)

WIND Wind pressure increases with increasing elevation above the ground

H = Mean roof height H > 15 ft

o, H can for roofs with slope less than 10o be the eave height

Mean Roof Height

 Example q
Given: commercial building in Mobile, AL
o angle) gable roof, 4:12 roof slope (18o

eave height of 20 ft, half width = 40 ft Find: q

20 ft 40 ft

 Example q
Solution:

H=

1 4 (40 ft ) + 20 ft = 26.6 ft 2 12

26.6 ft

For Mobile, use wind speed = 100 mph

 q can be determined from Table 1606.2A or by:

7 27 7 q = 0.00256 (100 ) 33 2 2 2 2

q = 24.1 psf

ANSWER

Gust Factor - Pressure Coefficient

GCp is a combined term that SBC uses p
the gust factor (G) accounts for increases in pressure due to higher speed wind gusts the pressure coefficient (Cp p) indicates the magnitude and direction of the actual wind pressure on a given surface of the building

 Gust Factor - Pressure Coefficient

GCp terms are different for: p
each surface of the building MWFRS or C&C i.e. to design different components, you will need to use different GCp p values

GCp for MWFRS

for MWFRS - use: Tables 1606.2.B and 1606.2.C Figure 1606.2B1 and 1606.2B2 and its notes Note how the building is broken down into different zones Note interior and exterior zones

 Note different wind directions Note different load cases

 Note the different types of buildings: Enclosed Partially Enclosed Completely Open Note the different roof angles See NOTES on page 217
internal pressure - for buildings where door or window may have been punctured by missile internal suction - for completely enclosed buildings (all doors and windows closed)

 These notes explain different coefficients in Table 1606.2B and 2C

Example GCp for MWFRS

Given: commercial building in Mobile
o angle) gable roof, 4:12 roof slope (18o totally enclosed building internal suction

Find: MWFRS GCp for winds perpendicular to ridge windward wall, windward roof, leeward wall, leeward roof

 From Figure 1606.2B1

GCp p values

 GCp p values for end zones

 GCp p for end zones of building

-0.55 -0.55 -0.60 -0.60 -1.00 -1.00 +1.10

GCp p values for interior zones

 GCp p for interior zones of building

-0.30 -0.30 -0.35 -0.35 -0.60 -0.60 +0.80

Use factors

 Design Wind Pressure :

p = q GCp U
p = design wind pressure, psf q = basic velocity pressure GCp = combined gust factor and p pressure coefficient U = use factor

Example
Given: commercial building in Mobile, AL
o angle) gable roof, 4:12 roof slope (18o eave height of 20 ft, half width = 40 ft Find: design wind pressures for MWFRS:

wind perpendicular to ridge resistance in transverse direction

 Solution:

p = q GCp U
q = 25.6 psf U = 1.0 for commercial building with low human occupancy GCp p is from previous examples

(24.1 psf )(1.0 ) p = GCp p

GCp p for interior zones of building

-0.30 -0.30 -0.35 -0.35 -0.60 -0.60 +0.80

 GCp p for end zones of building

-0.55 -0.55 -0.60 -0.60 -1.00 -1.00 +1.10

Final design pressure, p, for interior zones of building

-7.2 psf -7.2 -8.4 psf -8.4 -14.5 psf -14.5 +19.3 psf

 Final design pressure, p, for end zones of building

-13.3 psf -13.3 -14.5 psf -14.5 -24.1 psf -24.1 +26.5 psf

Important note
Calculated wind pressures are normal to the roof or wall surface (not like snow pressures)

DONT FORGET
Check wind pressures from different directions and for different load cases internal suction vs. internal pressure longitudinal vs. transverse wind

 NEXT STEP
Calculate wind pressures for Components and Cladding