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Process Industry Practices

P&ID

PIP PIC001
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
Documentation Criteria

PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

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In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.

Note: PIP PIC001, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria, incorporates
symbols previously published in standards owned and copyrighted by The Instrumentation,
Systems, and Automation Society (ISA). These are printed with agreement from ISA.
PRINTING HISTORY
Issued
November 1998
April 2008
Complete Revision

Not printed with State funds

COMPLETE REVISION
April 2008

Process Industry Practices

P&ID

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PIP PIC001
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
Documentation Criteria

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction................................. 2
1.1 Purpose............................................ 2
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2

2. References .................................. 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 3
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 3

3. Definitions ................................... 3

4. Requirements.............................. 5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

General ............................................ 5
Format.............................................. 6
Equipment ...................................... 11
Piping ............................................. 17
Instrumentation and Controls......... 20

Appendixes

Appendix A Tables and Symbols

Appendix B Cover Sheets
Appendix C Example P&IDs

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1.

April 2008

Introduction
1.1

Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for designers preparing Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams (P&IDs).

1.2

Scope
This Practice describes the requirements for P&ID format and content. The Practice is
independent of time in a facility life cycle and encompasses design, construction,
operations, and maintenance.
This Practice covers the generation of new P&IDs and does not apply to the revision of
existing P&IDs. This Practice also applies to P&IDs provided by packaged equipment
vendors.

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This Practice applies to all diagrams that fit the definition of a P&ID in Section 3.

The requirements provided in this Practice can be applied to any CAD system used for
developing the P&IDs and are not vendor, hardware, or software specific.

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The requirements provided in this Practice provide a balance between showing all data on
P&IDs and making P&IDs legible and easy to read. While this Practice is expected to
incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may
involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice.
Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the
Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on
information contained in these materials.
The example P&IDs included in the Appendixes of this Practice are not intended to
recommend specific design details or requirements. Example P&IDs are included to
provide an illustration of how the elements of this Practice are combined into a P&ID.
Electronic native files for the text, symbols, and cover sheets are available to PIP
Member Companies for input to members CAD systems. Development of projectspecific cover sheets is recommended using the PIP native files as a starting point.
Additions and/or deletions are allowed to meet requirements. Cover sheet borders and
title blocks can be altered.

2.

References

Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of start of P&ID
development shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where
appropriate.
2.1

Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP INEG1000 Insulation Design and Type Codes
PIP PCCIP001 Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Criteria
PIP PCSIP001 Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications

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PIP PNE00001 Design of ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping Systems

PIP PNSM0001 Piping Line Class Designator System
2.2

Industry Codes and Standards

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI/FCI 70-2-2003 Control Valve Seat Leakage

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section VIII Pressure Vessels

The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA)

ISA 5.1 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
ISA 5.2 Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operations

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ISA 5.3 Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control / Shared Display

Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems

ISA 84.01 Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)

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TEMA Standards
2.3

Government Regulations

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Process

Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals

3.

Definitions

For the purposes of this Practice, the following definitions apply:

accessible: Term applied to a device or function that can be used or seen by an operator for the
purpose of performing control actions (e.g., set point changes, auto-manual transfer, or on/off
actions) (Reference ISA 5.1)
automated valve: Any valve with a locally or remotely controlled actuator. Examples are
throttling control valves and on/off block valves. Actuators are typically air-operated (diaphragm
or piston), electric or hydraulic, some with a spring-return function. Manually-operated valves are
sometimes tagged as automated valves (e.g., if a manual valve is fitted with position switches).

auxiliary P&ID: Used to show details to unclutter other P&IDs (e.g., lube oil system, sample
systems, instrument details)
Basic Process Control System (BPCS): Control equipment and system installed to regulate
normal production functions. It may contain combinations of single-loop pneumatic controllers,
single-loop electronic controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and Distributed
Control Systems (DCSs). The BPCS is required to operate the process. Examples of control

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functions included in the BPCS are cascade control, override control, and pump start/stop. Also
known as Basic Regulatory Controls. (See also HLCS and SIS)
bubble: Circular symbol used to denote and identify the purpose of an instrument or function. The
bubble usually contains a tag number. (Synonym for balloon) (Reference ISA 5.1)
design pressure: Pressure used in the design of a vessel component together with the coincident
design metal temperature for determining the minimum permissible thickness or physical
characteristics of the different zones of the vessel. (Reference ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 3)
fail closed (FC): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to close as a result of
specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power. (Reference ISA 5.1)

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fail indeterminate (FI): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to move to an
unknown position as a result of specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power.
Some automated valves will not stay at the last position upon failure and instead move with the
process differential pressure. Additional equipment may be needed to meet the definition of FC,
FO, or FL. (Reference ISA 5.1)

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fail locked (FL) last position: Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to remain in
the last (locked) position as a result of specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power.
Automated valves may fail indeterminately without additional equipment. (Reference ISA 5.1)
fail open (FO): Characteristic of an automated valve that causes the valve to open as a result of
specific malfunctions, including loss of signal or motive power. (Reference ISA 5.1)
hand switch (HS): Any operator-manipulated discrete control device, including hardwired panel
switches and software points.
heat exchanger type: Type designation shall be shell and tube, plate and frame, spiral, etc. For
shell and tube exchangers, use the three-letter designation describing stationary head, shell, and
rear end or head, in that order, in accordance with TEMA.
Higher Level Control System (HLCS): Provides sophistication above that of the BPCS. The
HLCS is not necessary to operate the process. HLCS functions are typically based in process
computers or higher level DCS hardware that interacts with the process by manipulating set
points in the BPCS. Examples of control functions in the HLCS are statistical process control and
model predictive control. (See also BPCS and SIS)

interlock: System that, in response to a predetermined condition, initiates a predefined action.

Typically comprised of binary (on/off) signals and logic used for process control, sequencing, or
protective interruption of normal process control functions. Protective interlocks are typically
further defined as being either safety-related or commercial-related (asset or production
protection).
isolation valve: A valve used for isolation of process equipment while performing activities such
as purging, de-pressuring or de-inventorying. This valve is also commonly referred to as the
primary block valve.
line class: Section of the Piping Material Specifications that provides a listing of piping
components for specific design conditions.

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logic solver: Control equipment that performs the logic function. It can be either hardwired (e.g.,
relays) or Programmable Electronic Systems (e.g., DCS-based or PLC-based, including dualredundant or triple-redundant microprocessors).
packaged equipment: One or more pieces of equipment furnished by a vendor with supportive
devices and components to perform a specific operation as a unit
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID): Detailed graphical representation of a process
including the hardware and software (i.e., piping, equipment, and instrumentation) necessary to
design, construct and operate the facility. Common synonyms for P&IDs include Engineering
Flow Diagrams (EFDs), Utility Flow Diagrams (UFDs), and Mechanical Flow Diagrams (MFDs)
Programmable Electronic System (PES): Logic performed by programmable or configurable
devices (Reference ISA 84.01)

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root valve: First valve or valves between the process and an auxiliary device (e.g., an instrument)
that contacts the process and is used to isolate the device from the process. This valve is typically
a line class valve used for shut-off and isolation.

Safety Integrity Level (SIL): One of four possible discrete integrity levels (SIL 1, SIL 2, SIL 3,
and SIL 4) of Safety Instrumented Systems. SILs are defined in terms of Probability of Failure on
Demand (PFD). (Reference ISA 84.01)

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Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS): Systems composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control
elements for the purpose of taking the process to a safe state if predetermined conditions are
violated. Other terms commonly used include Emergency Shutdown System (ESD or ESS),
Safety Shutdown System (SSD), and Safety Interlock System (SIS). (Reference ISA S84.01) (See
also BPCS and HLCS)
skirt: Cylindrical supporting structure, welded to the bottom of a vertical vessel and extended to
the base support
tagged: For the purposes of labeling instrumentation and control components, a hardware device
or a software point that is identified with an ISA style tag number

Tight Shut-Off (TSO): Tight Shut-Off is defined in this Practice as ANSI Class V or ANSI Class VI
in accordance with ANSI/FCI 70-2
trim: Item attached to equipment as an integral component, identified as part of the equipment
that is exposed to the process, and having a function local to the equipment being served.
Examples are vent and drain valves, instrument bridles, blind flanges, plugs, or other
miscellaneous items associated with a piece of equipment. Typically, trim is purchased
independently from the equipment.

4.

Requirements
4.1

General
4.1.1

Process Industry Practices

Most details available from other types of documentation (e.g., instrument loop
diagrams and vessel data sheets) should not be included on P&IDs.

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4.2

April 2008

4.1.2

This Practice uses the concepts of typical details with implied components where
appropriate to simplify P&IDs. (See the cover sheet in Appendix B for
examples.) Additional examples can be added as required.

4.1.3

While the intent of this Practice is to simplify the P&IDs through the use of
implied components and cover sheets, this may not be compatible with the work
processes or design software used for a project. Therefore, this Practice does not
require the use of implied components. It is the responsibility of the project team
to determine the compatibility of implied components with project needs and work
processes (e.g., safety reviews, material take-off method, integration plan, etc.).

Format
4.2.1

Layout

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Comment: The layout and orientation statements specified herein are

recommended as optimal, and slight deviation, although not
encouraged, may be required due to space constraints.
4.2.1.1 Piping Orientation

1. The top of a horizontal line and the left side of a vertical line shall
be the top of a pipe.

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2. The bottom of a horizontal line and the right side of a vertical line
shall be the bottom of a pipe.
3. A note shall be used to clarify the orientation as required.

4.2.1.2 Drawing size shall be 22 inches x 34 inches.

4.2.1.3 Each P&ID shall be laid out to avoid clutter and allow future
modifications. No more than three pieces of major equipment shall be
shown on a P&ID. A set of pumps in the same service shall be one piece
of equipment for the purpose of a P&ID layout in accordance with
Appendix C.

4.2.1.4 Flow Orientation

1. Primary flow shall be shown on each P&ID from left to right.

2. Flow-through equipment shall be shown relative to actual
arrangement (e.g., cooling water supply in bottom of exchanger
tube bundle and cooling water return out top).

4.2.1.5 Primary process lines shall be shown heavier than secondary and utility
lines as described in Section 4.2.3.
4.2.1.6 Connector Symbols

1. Off-page and off-plot connectors for primary, secondary, and

instrumentation lines shall be shown entering the P&ID horizontally
0.25 inch from the left inside borderline and exiting 0.25 inch
horizontally from the right inside borderline in accordance with
Appendix C.
2. Utility connectors can be shown at any convenient location on the
body of the P&ID.

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4.2.1.7 Utility P&IDs

1. Utility collection/distribution P&IDs shall be laid out relative to

plot plan orientation in accordance with Appendix C.
2. To depict plot plan orientation, utility off-page connectors for a
utility connection/distribution P&ID may be positioned vertically in
accordance with Appendix C.
3. If match lines are required on utility collection/distribution P&IDs,
the lines shall match the connecting drawing match lines in
accordance with Appendix C.
4.2.1.8 Connector Descriptions

1. Service description, connector number, P&ID number, and

origin/destination shall be shown for off-page and off-plot
connectors in accordance with Appendix A-3.

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2. Origin/destination shall be shown as an equipment number, line

number, or loop number.

3. Service description for a piping off-page and off-plot connector

shall be shown as name of fluid (e.g., Cracked Gas) or line
description (e.g., Reactor Feed, Tower Overhead).

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4. Service description for an instrument off-page and off-plot

connector shall be shown as a line function (e.g., Low Level
Override) or equipment to be controlled (e.g., PV-10014A/B).

5. Text associated with off-page and off-plot connectors on the left

side of the P&ID should be left justified; text associated with offpage and off-plot connectors on the right side of a P&ID should be
right justified.

4.2.1.9 Equipment arrangement shall be shown relative to its elevation to grade

(e.g., pumps at bottom of P&ID) in accordance with Appendix C.

4.2.1.10 A control valve actuator shall be shown above a horizontal line or left of
a vertical line.
4.2.1.11 If a control valve identification bubble is required, the center point of the
bubble shall be shown 0.5 inch above and 0.5 in away from the actuator
in a horizontal line or 0.5 inch to the left and 0.5 inch away from the
actuator in a vertical line.
4.2.1.12 The center point of an instrument bubble shall be shown 0.5 inch directly
above an in-line instrument in a horizontal line or 0.5 inch directly left of
an in-line instrument in a vertical line. Examples are restriction orifices
and stand-alone thermowells.
4.2.1.13 Pump and compressor driver piping, instrumentation, and auxiliaries can
be shown on a separate, auxiliary P&ID. Primary P&ID and auxiliary
P&ID shall be cross-referenced.

4.2.1.14 Typical details shall be used if clutter can be eliminated without

detracting from clarity. These details shall be shown on the P&ID, on an
auxiliary P&ID, or on a cover sheet.

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4.2.4.2 Equipment Information

1. Equipment numbers shall use a text height of 0.16 inch at a weight

of 0.03 inch.
2. Equipment numbers shall be underlined.
3. Equipment title and data shall use a text height of 0.1 inch at a
weight of 0.02 inch.
4. Equipment text shall be justified at the top and center.
5. Equipment numbers, titles, and data for fixed or static equipment
(i.e., exchangers, vessels, tanks, towers, filters, and material
handling) shall be shown within 2 inches from the top inside
borderline of the P&ID, directly above the equipment, and on the
same horizontal plane as other equipment identification.

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6. Equipment numbers, titles, and data for rotating equipment (i.e.,

pumps, blowers, compressors, and agitators) shall be shown within
2 inches from the bottom inside borderline of the P&ID, directly
below the equipment, and on the same horizontal plane as other
equipment identification.

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7. Equipment number, title, and data shall be shown once for identical
equipment with the same number, title, and service (e.g.,
P-601A/B).

4.2.4.3 Line Numbers

1. Line numbers shall be shown in accordance with Appendix A-3.

See example shown in Appendix C.
2. Line numbers shall use a text height of 0.1 inch at a weight of
0.02 inch.
3. Line number text shall be placed 0.06 inch from the line and shall
be lined up vertically 0.25 inch from the connector.
4. Line numbers at entering off-page and off-plot connectors shall be
justified at the top and left.
5. Line numbers at exiting off-page and off-plot connectors shall be
justified at the top and right.
6 Line numbering shall be shown with the orientation of the line.

4.2.4.4 Text Arrangement

1. Text shall be shown horizontal if possible.

2. Vertical text shall be placed to the left of supporting graphics if
possible.
3. Vertical text shall be read from bottom to top.

4.2.4.5 Abbreviations shall be in accordance with Appendix A-1.

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April 2008

4.2.4.6 Control Valve Information

1. Control valve failure action abbreviation shall be shown at

0.06 inch directly below the control valve in horizontal lines and
0.06 inch to the right of the control valve in vertical lines. See
examples shown in Appendix C.
2. If the valve size is not line size or easily inferred from adjoining
pipe, reducers, or equipment, control valve size shall be shown
between the actuator and valve body symbol. If necessary, control
valve size can be repositioned so as not to be obscured by other
items shown on actuator (i.e., position switches, handwheels, etc.).
See examples shown in Appendix C.

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3. Control valve seat leakage criteria (i.e., tight shut-off [TSO]) shall
be shown between the actuator and valve body symbol. If
necessary, control valve leakage criteria can be repositioned so as
not to be obscured by other items shown on the actuator (i.e.,
position switches, handwheels, etc.). See examples shown in
Appendix C.

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4.2.4.7 For PSVs, PSEs, and pressure control valves (PCVs), the device size and
set pressure shall be shown close to the identification bubble. See
examples shown in Appendix C.
4.3

Equipment
4.3.1

General

4.3.1.1 Equipment Symbols

1. Equipment symbols shall be shown in accordance with

Appendix A-2.
2. Equipment shall be shown with simple outline representation.
3. Discretion shall be exercised for equipment symbols to not
dominate the drawing, but the symbols shall be drawn large enough
for clear understanding.
4. Equipment shall not be drawn to scale.

5. Equipment shall be shown relative to associated equipment both in

size and general orientation.

4.3.1.2 Nozzles

1. Nozzles, including spares, shall be shown on equipment as single lines.

2. Manways shall be shown as double lines.
3. Process and utility nozzles may be labeled.
4. Nozzle sizes shall be shown, unless the size is implied by piping
connections.

4.3.1.3 Equipment not specifically identified in this Practice shall be shown with
an equipment symbol that is a reasonable representation of the equipment
as it will exist in the field.

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4.3.1.4 Equipment shall be identified by a classification letter and sequence

number. Classifications used in this Practice are shown in Section 4.3.12.
Comment: The classifications shown in Section 4.3.12 are used on
the example P&IDs contained in Appendix C for
illustrative purposes only. The classifications are only
one example of classifications allowed by this Practice.
4.3.1.5 Equipment Item Number and Title/Service shall be shown as a
minimum. Section 4.3.13 provides a complete list of equipment data for
all equipment addressed in this Practice. For equipment not covered in
this Practice, equipment data shall be shown as necessary.
4.3.1.6 Internals for equipment shall be shown as dashed lines as described in
Section 4.2.2.2. Details of internals that have no significant bearing on
the piping design and layout or equipment operation shall be omitted.

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4.3.1.7 Equipment elevations shall not be shown unless the elevations are
necessary to specify process requirements for associated equipment
location or orientation relative to one another.

4.3.1.8 Associated trim (e.g., vent and drain valves, instrument bridles) for
equipment shall be shown.

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4.3.1.9 Auxiliary system requirements for individual pieces of equipment (e.g.,

lube oil systems, seal flush systems, turbine gland leak-off piping,
sample systems) shall be shown on auxiliary P&IDs.

4.3.1.10 Jacketing and tracing requirements for equipment shall be shown.

4.3.1.11 The type of insulation (e.g., personnel protection, heat conservation) for
equipment shall be shown as part of the equipment data. Insulation
thickness shall be shown where applicable.

4.3.2

Agitators

4.3.2.1 The term agitator shall apply to mechanical mixers and aerators.
4.3.2.2 Agitators shall be shown in accordance with Appendix A-2.

4.3.3

Blowers

4.3.3.1 Blower symbols shall be shown as centrifugal or positive displacement

as required.
4.3.3.2 Blowers shall be shown in accordance with Appendix A-2.

4.3.4

Compressors

4.3.4.1 The compressor symbol shall be shown for each stage of multistage
compressors.
4.3.4.2 Multistaged compressors can be shown on multiple P&IDs.
4.3.4.3 Compressors shall be shown in accordance with Appendix A-2.

4.3.5

Drivers
4.3.5.1 Drivers shall be shown with the driven equipment and shall use the
symbols for motors, diesel engines, and turbines.

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Table 1: Equipment Classifications

CLASS

SUBJECT

DESCRIPTION

Mixing Equipment

Agitators, Aerators, Mechanical Mixers

Blowers

Centrifugal Blowers, Positive Displacement

Blowers, Fans

Compressors

Centrifugal, Reciprocating, Screw, Vacuum

Mechanical Drivers

Electric and Pneumatic Motors, Diesel Engines,

Steam and Gas Turbines

Heat Exchangers

Unfired Heat Exchangers, Condensers,

Coolers, Reboilers, Vaporizers and Heating
Coils, Double Pipe, Spiral, Plate & Frame, Air
Coolers

Furnaces

Fired Heaters, Furnaces, Boilers, Kilns

Pumps

Horizontal and Vertical Centrifugal, Positive

Displacement, Vertical Canned, Screw, Gear,
Sump

Reactors

Towers / Columns

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Tanks

API atmospheric and low pressure

Miscellaneous
Equipment

Filters, Bins, Silos

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TK

Vessels

Separators, Driers, Accumulators, Drums

4.3.13 Equipment Data

The following equipment information shall be shown on the P&ID in relation to

the appropriate equipment symbol and in accordance with Section 4.2.4.2:

4.3.13.1 Agitators, Mixers

Equipment/Item Number

Title/Service

Power Requirements

Materials of Construction

4.3.13.2 Blowers

Equipment/Item Number

Title/Service

Capacity (Flow and D/P)

Power Requirements

Materials of Construction

4.3.13.3 Compressors

Process Industry Practices

Equipment/Item Number

Title/Service

Capacity (Flow and D/P)

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4.5

April 2008

Instrumentation and Controls

4.5.1

Symbols
4.5.1.1 Instrument and control symbols shall be shown in accordance with
Appendix A-4. (Reference ISA-5.1 for additional details)
4.5.1.2 The conventions established by ISA-5.1 shall be followed for tagging and
numbering of instrument and control devices. (Reference Appendix A-4)
Comment: The tagging and numbering scheme described in the
following example is used on the example P&IDs
contained in the Appendixes for illustrative purposes
only. This example tagging and numbering scheme is
only one example of tagging and numbering schemes
described in this Practice. The tagging structure is shown
in the following example:

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01 FC 100 01
01 Plant Number (shall not appear on P&IDs or in a bubble)

FC Function Identifier (e.g., Flow Controller)

100 Equipment (or P&ID) Number (optional)

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01 Loop Sequence Number.

Breaks in the instrument bubble may be used to accommodate

longer tag numbers.

4.5.1.3 All measurement types shall be identified by an ISA symbol.

4.5.1.4 If necessary, a descriptive text label may be added (e.g., analysis
components like CO, H2, CH4, or unique flow measurement devices like
Mass).

4.5.1.5 Interlock symbols shall be depicted as follows:

a. For discrete, hardware-based interlocks, the conventional diamond
symbol shall be used in accordance with ISA-5.1 and ISA-5.2.

b. For PLC-based interlocks, the diamond-in-a-box symbol shall be

used in accordance with ISA-5.1 and ISA-5.2.

c. For DCS-based interlocks, the DCS symbol (bubble-in-a-box) shall

be used.
d. For PLCs integral to the DCS, the PLC symbol (diamond-in-a-box)
shall be used.
Comment: Reference Appendix A-4 and Section 4.5.6 for
additional information.

4.5.1.6 Directional arrows on instrumentation signal lines shall be used only if

the function is not obvious (e.g., cascades, selectors, interlocks).
4.5.1.7 Instrument function symbols, shown in Appendix A-4, shall be used to
clarify the function of certain tagged instrument bubbles. The symbol
shall be placed outside the bubble at the upper right.

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April 2008

3. The symbols shown in Appendix A-4 shall be used for pressure and
temperature regulators.
4.5.3.2 Automated Valves

1. Automated valve fail actions shall be shown with text (FC/FO/FL/FI)

in accordance with ISA-5.1. (Reference Section 4.2.4.6)
Comment: Using stem arrows as outlined in ISA-5.1 is not
recommended.
2. For multi-port automated valves, FL and FI shall be used where
appropriate.
Comment: FO and FC shall not be used; instead, arrows shall be
used to show fail position flow paths. Note that multiple
arrows may be required.

SE

3. Valves with different fail actions for loss of signal and for loss of
motive power require an explanatory note.

4. Valve body sizes shall be shown for all automated valves if not line
sized or otherwise implied. (Reference Section 4.2.4.6)

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5. Automated valve specifications or commodity codes shall not be

shown.
6. For automated valves, tight shut-off requirements shall be identified
by using the abbreviation TSO. (Reference Section 4.2.4.6)
Comment: TSO defines the seat shut-off requirements for a new
valve. Testing requirements, if any, are defined in other
unit operation documents.

4.5.3.3 Identifying Tags

1. Valve identifying tags with bubbles shall not be shown if the

associated loop tag is readily apparent.
2. An identifying tag with a bubble shall be shown for split range valves,
self-contained regulators, or valves located on a separate P&ID from
its controller. (Reference Section 4.2.1.6)

4.5.3.4 The ranges (e.g., 0-50%, 50-100%) shall be shown for split range control
valves.
Comment: The preferred labeling is controller percentage output
because it applies to both pneumatic and electronic
systems.

4.5.3.5 Valve positioners shall not be shown unless necessary to clarify loop
operation (e.g., if used with trip solenoids or pneumatic trip relays).
Comment: If shown, valve positioners are normally included with
the automated valve symbol and are not tagged.

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4.5.6

April 2008

Interlocks and Alarms

4.5.6.1 Interlocks shall be shown only symbolically on the P&ID.
4.5.6.2 The functional definition shall be shown on auxiliary documents (e.g.,
binary logic diagrams, descriptive narratives, truth tables).
Comment: Interlocks can be designed for a variety of functions,
from simple process sequences to complex safety
shutdown systems. A variety of hardware can be used
for implementation (e.g., DCS, PLC, relays, redundant,
fault-tolerant Safety Interlock Systems).

SE

Alarms can be similarly designed in a variety of ways.

Alarms come from hardware, over serial links, from
DCS software and can be shown on a variety of facility
documents, including P&IDs, alarm summaries, logic
and loop diagrams, and operating procedures.

Because of this variety, along with individual owner

interpretations of the requirements of OSHA 1910.119
and ISA -84.01, many documentation aspects of
interlock and alarm system design should be defined by
the owner.

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4.5.6.3 Logic functions or interlocks shall be shown with the proper symbols in
accordance with Section 4.5.1.
4.5.6.4 Binary logic gates, input/output tables, or descriptive narratives shall not
be shown.

4.5.6.5 All logic function and interlock symbols shall contain an identification
that provides reference to a unique logic diagram, narrative, truth table,
or program. The reference shall be located within the interior of the
symbol. The format of the reference shall be determined by the owner.
Descriptive text or a note reference can be placed outside the symbol.
4.5.6.6 If Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are distinguished from other
interlock systems, the preferred method shall be to add an S prefix to
the unique interlock identification.
4.5.6.7 Each interlock shall be uniquely labeled, using a serial (not parallel)
tagging scheme. The S prefix shall not be used to distinguish a unique
interlock label.
Comment: A valid tagging scheme shall be I-100, I-101, SI-200,
SI-201. The scheme I-100, SI-100 should not be used.

4.5.6.8 The type of logic solver hardware or level of redundancy shall not be
shown except through the normal use of ISA symbols and the input and
output signals described in Section 4.5.1 and the Appendixes.
4.5.6.9 Classifications or Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) shall not be shown for
interlocks.
4.5.6.10 All operator-initiated interlock trip and reset hand switches shall be
shown.

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4.5.6.11 If used, all bypass hand switches for SIS interlocks shall be shown,
including all individual initiator and system bypass switches.
Comment: Unnecessary clutter can be avoided by use of a table or
reference note if large numbers of bypasses are
necessary.
4.5.6.12 All hardwired alarms shall be shown.
4.5.6.13 All alarms that require engineering or other review and approval based
on safety or operability shall be shown.
4.5.6.14 Hardware-based diagnostic alarms shall be shown.
4.5.6.15 Software-based diagnostic alarms shall be shown only if safety or
operationally related (e.g., defined in safety reviews).

SE

Comment: Measurement out-of-range alarms are an example of

software diagnostic alarms not generally shown.
4.5.6.16 Required alarms shall be shown with tag and level (e.g., PAH), but alarm
trip points or settings shall not be shown.

4.5.6.17 For alarms based on analog measurements, the functional tag (e.g., PI)
shall be shown inside the bubble and the alarm levels shall be shown
outside the bubble.

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4.5.6.18 High alarms (e.g., H, HH) shall be placed at the upper right outside the
bubble, and low alarms (e.g., L, LL) shall be placed at the lower right
outside the bubble.
Comment: The alarm modifier (A) should not be shown.

4.5.6.19 For discrete alarm points (on/off signals), the complete functional tag
and alarm level (e.g., PAH) shall be shown inside the bubble.
4.5.6.20 Standard ISA-5.1 abbreviations shall be used for both trip and alarm
functions (e.g., LSHH and LAHH).

4.5.7

DCS Points

4.5.7.1 A DCS point shall be shown if operations manipulates the process with it
or receives information from it, or if the point is essential to
understanding the functional operation of the process controls.
Comment: It is not necessary for every point configured in a DCS
to be shown. It is not necessary for implied functions
(e.g., I for indicate, R for recorder) to be included in
every DCS point tag.
It is not the intent of this section to define which DCS
points to show for every supplier of a DCS or each type
of system that can communicate with a DCS via a
software link (e.g., analyzer data highways, anti-surge
control systems, vibration monitoring systems, Safety
Instrumented Systems, PLCs, tank gauging systems).

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Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria

April 2008

Appendixes Summary
The Appendixes of this Practice contain tables of commonly used symbols, abbreviations and other
identifiers; typical details; and example P&IDs.
Appendix A contains symbols and text grouped by function. The symbols and text are shown the
same size as would be utilized for a standard, full-size (22 inches x 34 inches) P&ID.
Appendix B contains the same data as Appendix A, organized into cover sheets. Cover sheets are also
commonly referred to as lead sheets or legend sheets.
Appendix C contains example P&IDs that illustrate the text and utilize the symbols and legends on
the cover sheets.

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Comment: The cover sheets and P&IDs are drawn as standard, full-size (22 inches x 34 inches)
P&IDs, but reduced to standard 8-1/2 inch x 11-inch pages for electronic distribution
purposes. It is recommended that the cover sheets and P&IDs be printed on 11-inch x
17-inch pages.

COMPLETE REVISION

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Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria

April 2008

Appendix A Tables and Symbols

A-1 Format Tables and Symbols
1. Abbreviations
2. Miscellaneous Symbols
A-2 Equipment Tables and Symbols
1. Pumps
2. Compressors and Blowers
3. Drivers and Agitator/Mixer
4. TEMA Type Exchangers
5. Miscellaneous Exchangers

SE

6. Storage Tanks
7. Storage Tanks
9. Miscellaneous Vessel Details
10. Jacketed Pressure Vessels

8. Storage Sphere and Furnace

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A-3 Piping Tables and Symbols

1. Line Data Identification
2. Line Service Codes

3. Piping Line Symbols

4. Valve Symbols

5. Piping Specialty Items

6. Piping Fittings

7. Connectors and Tie-In Symbol

8. Drain Connectors
9. Notes

A-4 Instruments & Controls Tables and Symbols

1. Instrument Identification Letters
2. General Instrument Symbols

3. Instrument Function Symbols

4. Instrument Line Symbols

5. Primary Element Symbols (Flow)

6. Control Valve Actuator Symbols
7. Self-Actuated Devices
8. Miscellaneous Instrument Symbols

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April 2008

Appendix B Cover Sheets

B-1: Symbols and Nomenclature Typical Piping

B-2: Symbols and Nomenclature Typical Instrumentation
B-3: Symbols and Nomenclature Typical Equipment
B-4: Typical Details with Implied Components

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Note: The example cover sheets in this Appendix are not all-inclusive of the potential uses of implied
components. The implied component examples shown do not cover all actual occurrences or
design possibilities for instrument assemblies, such as the level bridles shown. The user must
ensure that the cover sheets capture their piping/instrument requirements for their use of
implied components. There are many more systems that may require a cover sheet explanation
to show the implied components pump seals, sampling systems, analyzer systems for
example, as well as other types of level systems than those shown here.

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PIP PIC001
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria

Appendix C Example P&IDs

C-1: Example P&ID 1
C-2: Example P&ID 2
C-3: Example Utility P&ID

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Note: The examples shown on the sample P&IDs in this Appendix are not all-inclusive of the
potential uses of implied components. The user must ensure that the cover sheets capture their
piping/instrument requirements for their use of implied components. There are many more
systems that may require a cover sheet explanation to show the implied components pump
seals, sampling systems, analyzer systems for example, as well as other types of level systems
than those shown here.

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NOTES

LINES

PIPING SYMBOLS

NOTES:-

GENERAL

LINES IDENTIFICATION
PROCESS/UTILITY LINE
BASKET STRAINER
GATE VALVE

ELECTRICAL LINE

INSTRUMENT GAS/
PNEUMATIC LINE

BURIED

FLAME ARRESTOR
1. HIGH POINT VENT AND LOW POINT DRAIN NOT SHOWN ON P&ID SHALL BE SHOWN ON PIPING

GLOBE VALVE

ELECTRICAL TRACED LINE

ISOMETRIC / GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS .

ST

ANGLE VALVE

STEAM TRAP

2. ALL SAFETY VALVES DISCHARGE & EQUIPMENT DEPRESSURIZING LINES SHALL BE FREE DRAINING
X

CHECK VALVE

CAPILLARY LINE

ANGLE BALL VALVE

TO VENT HEADER AND HAVE NO POCKETS UPTO AND INCLUDING HEADERS.

UNION
VENDOR LIMIT LINE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

ANGLE CHOKE VALVE

3. ALL ISOLATION VALVES IN TAPPINGS OF INSTRUMENTS (SUCH AS PRESSURE, LEVEL AND FLOW

ANGLE CONTROL VALVE

4. LINE NUMBERS SHALL BE INDICATED AS PER LINE LEGEND.

SWITCHES) CAUSING SHUTDOWN SHALL BE LOCKED OPEN.

CENTER LINE
INSULATION JOINT
L

PLUG VALVE

HYDRAULIC LINE
FUTURE

B
o

THREE WAY VALVE

ADAPTER (TUBING PIPE)

BALL VALVE

IT SHOULD BE ENSURED THAT THESE VALVES SHALL BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE.

SS TUBING (PROCESS)

THREE WAY CONTROL VALVE

NEEDLE VALVE

SCOPE OF WORK/LINE RATING

CHANGE (WITH PIPING SPEC.
DESIGNATION)

5. ALL INSTRUMENTS SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH ISOLATION VALVES FOR MAINTENANCE PURPOSE.

FLOW ELEMENT ORIFICE/

6. DRAINS OF LEVEL INSTRUMENTS (NON-SOUR SERVICES) SHALL BE PIPED TO NEAREST DECK

DRAIN FUNNEL WITH 1/2" TUBE PIPE.

RESTRICTION ORIFICE
CONTINUOUS DRAIN

SPRING LOADED VALVE

7. FOR PUMPS HANDLING SWEET LIQUID, CASING VENTS, DRAINS AND BASE PLATE DRAINS SHALL

TURBINE METER

VANES CONTROL VALVE

BE PIPED WITH VALVE TO NEAREST DECK DRAIN FUNNEL. CASING DRAINS AND VENT FOR
PUMPS IN SOUR SERVICE SHALL BE PIPED TO CLOSED DRAIN HEADER RESPECTIVELY.

DIAPHRAGM VALVE
LOCALLY MOUNTED

HAND OPER. VANES VALVE

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METER

8. PROTECTION AGAINST GALVANIC CORROSION TO BE PROVIDED WHEREVER REQUIRED BETWEEN

CONTROL VALVE

EXPANSION JOINT

LOCAL PURGED

DISSIMILAR MATERIALS.

ROTAMETER
JOHANUSMIRECFT

9. ALL VENT GAS PIPING SHALL BE FREE DRAINING WITH NO POCKETS.

CONTROL VALVE WITH HAND WHEEL

PANEL MOUNTED /

10. ALL LIQUID SAMPLE POINTS EXCEPT FOR WELL FLUID SAMPLES SHALL BE TAKEN FROM CENTER OF

SONIC METER

OPEN DECK DRAIN

THE PIPE. WELL FLUID SAMPLES SHALL BE TAKEN FROM VERTICAL PORTION OF THE PIPE. ALL GAS

CENTRAL CONTROL PANEL

(WITH LIQUID SEAL)

SELF ACTUATED PCV (DOWN STREAM)

C

SILENCER

LOCAL,PANEL MOUNTED

SAMPLES SHALL BE TAKEN FROM TOP OF THE PIPE.

M

ELECTRIC MOTOR

SAMPLE POINT
11. INSTRUMENT ISOLATION VALVES SHALL BE AS PER DETAILS GIVEN BELOW. ALL VALVES SHALL

SELF ACTUATED PCV (UP STREAM)

DIAPHRAGM SEAL
BACK PANEL MOUNTED

RTU

HAND OPERATED VALVE

BE AS PER APPROPRIATE PIPING/INST. SPECS. DIAPHRAGM SEAL ALSO AS PER SPECS. ALL TAKE
OFF CONNECTIONS SHALL BE SW (SOCKET WELD) UNLESS OTHERWISE SPEIFIED.

PILOT TUBE
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

11.1

BACK LOCAL PANEL

VENTURI METER
PISTON OPERATED VALVE

203
24

COMPUTER FUNCTION

DRAIN PLUGGED
M

PI
PI

PI

INLET SIZE, INCHES

1/2"

ORIFICE CODE LETTER

INSTR.

OUTLET SIZE, INCHES

PIPING

1/2"
INSTR.
PIPING

3/4"

SET PR, KG/CM2G

1-1/2"

PSV
101

MOTOR OPERATED VALVE

(TYPICAL FOR PI,PT,PIC,PSH,PSL,PSHL)
COMPUTER LOCAL PANEL

DRAIN FLANGED

TAKE OFF CONNECTIONS- PIPING : 3/4", VESSELS : 1.5" FLANGED

ALL DIAPHRAGM SEAL TYPE INSTR. TO HAVE 1.5" FLANGED TAPPING.
RUPTURE DISC

SHUT DOWN VALVE

11.2

INSTR.
SCRAPPER TEE/SPHERE REE
ANALYSER

PI
*

SP

INTERLOCK

BUTTERFLY CONTROL VALVE

RUNNING LIGHT,LOCAL

PILOT VALVE (XPV)

SPECIALITY ITEM

3/4"

FILTER

PI

LO

PI

CAP (THREADED)

1/2"

FLEXIBLE HOSE

SLOPE(DOWN WARD)

INSTR.

PIPING

3/4"

PI

1/2"

FUNCTION BLOCK

3/4"
LO

1/2"

STRAIGHTENING VANE (FLANGED)

BALL CONTROL VALVE

3/4"

DCS/DIDC

RAIN CAP

RUNNING LIGHT,PANEL

PIPING

HAMMER BLIND
BLIND FLANGE
RUNNING LIGHT,LOCAL PANEL

SHUT DOWN

INSTR.

11.3

1/2"

SPECTACLE BLIND
CAP (WELDED)
FLANGE

SOLENOID VALVE(2 WAY)

LO/LC

NORMALY LOCK OPEN INTERCHANGABLE TO LC

PDI

PDI

MANIFOLD(PER SPECS.)

REDUCER/EXPANDER
HOSE CONNECTION
SOLENOID VALVE(3 WAY)

N2

1/2"

LC/LO

NITROGRN CATRIDGE

NORMALY LOCK CLOSE INTERCHANGABLE TO LO

(TYPICAL FOR PDI,PDT,PDSH,PDSL,PDSHL)

OFF/ON SKID OR SHOP FABRICATED

POSITIVE CHOKE

TAKE OF CONNECTION-PIPING : 3/4", VESSELS : 1.5" FLANGED

SENIOR ORIFICE

ESD/FSD VALVES
T-TYPE STRAINER

ADJUSTABLE CHOKE
NC

NORMALY CLOSED

NO

NORMALLY OPEN

Y-TYPE STRAINER
CONTROL VALVE W/POSITIONER
FUSIBLE PLUG
FOUR WAY VALVE

TS

TEMPORARY STRAINER

28.02.06

NO.

DATE

ISSUED FOR BID

RVG

SG

BY

CHD

QUICK EXHAUST VALVE

ISSUE

APPR.

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LTD.

VORTEX FLOW METER

OFFSHORE DESIGN SECTION, E & C DIVISION

MR, MUMBAI

PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FLOW SHEET & INSTRUMENT LEGEND

DEVELOPMENT OF C-SERIES STRUCTURE

DRAWING NO.-

JOHANUSMIRECFT

7045-OD-1002

REV.

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Process Diagrams
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, the student will be able to:

Review process diagram symbols.

Describe the use of process diagrams and the information they contain.
Draw a process flow diagram.
Draw a process and instrument drawing.
Describe the various process equipment relationships.

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Chapter 12

Process Diagrams

Key Terms
Electrical drawingssymbols and diagrams that depict an electrical process.
Elevation drawingsa graphical representation that shows the location of process equipment in
relation to existing structures and ground level.
Equipment location drawingsshow the exact floor plan for location of equipment in relation to
the plans physical boundaries.
Flow diagrama simplified sketch that uses symbols to identify instruments and vessels and to
describe the primary flow path through a unit.
Foundation drawingsconcrete, wire mesh, and steel specifications that identify width, depth,
and thickness of footings, support beams, and foundation.
Legendsa document used to define symbols, abbreviations, prefixes, and specialized equipment.
Process and instrument drawing (P&ID)a complex diagram that uses process symbols to
describe a process unit; also called piping and instrumentation drawing.

Types of Process Diagrams

Process diagrams can be broken down into two major categories: process
flow diagrams (PFDs) and process and instrument drawings (P&IDs),
sometimes called piping and instrumentation drawings. A flow diagram is a
simple illustration that uses process symbols to describe the primary flow
path through a unit. A process flow diagram provides a quick snapshot of
the operating unit. Flow diagrams include all primary equipment and flows.
A technician can use this document to trace the primary flow of chemicals
through the unit. Secondary or minor flows are not included. Complex control loops and instrumentation are not included. The flow diagram is used
for visitor information and new employee training.
A process and instrument drawing is more complex. The P&ID includes a
graphic representation of the equipment, piping, and instrumentation. Modern process control can be clearly inserted into the drawing to provide a
process technician with a complete picture of electronic and instrument
systems. Process operators can look at their process and see how the engineering department has automated the unit. Pressure, temperature, flow,
and level control loops are all included on the unit P&ID.

Basic Instrument Symbols

Process technicians use P&IDs to identify all of the equipment, instruments, and piping found in their units. New technicians use these drawings

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Basic Instrument Symbols

VALVES
S
Gate
Valve

Needle

Globe
Valve

Four-Way

Diaphragm

Angle

Manual
Operated Gauge
Valve

Solenoid
Valve
CLOSED

Hydraulic

Back
Pressure
Regulator

Back
Pressure
Regulator

Pneumatic
Operated

Three-Way
Valve

Butterfly

Ball

Bleeder
Valves

Plug

Check Valve

Orifice

COMPRESSORS

Reciprocating
Compressor

Pneumatic
Operated
Butterfly Valve

Motor

Rotameter

Relief
PRV

Safety
PSV

PUMPS & TURBINE

Vacuum
Pump

Centrifugal
Pumps

Centrifugal
Compressor

Compressor &
Silencers

Vertical

T
Liquid Ring
Compressor

Rotary
Compressor

Screw Pump

Centrifugal Compressor
(Turbine Driven)

Turbine

Gear Pump

HEAT EXCHANGERS

LINE SYMBOLS
Future Equipment
Major Process

Hairpin Exchanger

U-Tube
Heat Exchanger

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Minor Process
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
Capillary Tubing

Single Pass
Heat Exchanger

Reboiler

L L L
X X XXX

Electromagnetic Signal
Heater

Condenser

Electric

VESSELS
Drum or Condenser
Mixer

Tank

TI

Temp Indicator

TT

Temp Transmitter

TR

Temp Recorder

LI

Level Indicator

LT

Level Transmitter

LC

Level Controller

FI

Flow Indicator

Mixing Reactor
Forced-Draft Cooling Tower

Tower

Bin

Furnace

Figure 12.1a

Induced-Draft Cooling Tower

Tower
with Packing

FT

Flow Transmitter

FR

Flow Recorder

PI

Pressure Indicator

PT

Pressure Transmitter

PRC

Pressure Recording
Controller

Process and Instrument Symbols

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Chapter 12

Process Diagrams

TI

Flow Indicator

Temp Indicator

FI

TT

Temp Transmitter

FT

Flow Transmitter

PIC
105

Pressure Indicating
Controller

TR

Temp Recorder

FR

Flow Recorder

PRC
40

Pressure Recording
Controller

TC

Temp Controller

FC

Flow Controller

LA
25

Level Alarm

LI

Level Indicator

PI

Pressure Indicator

FE

Flow Element

LT
65

Level Transmitter

PT
55

Pressure Transmitter

TE

Temperature Element

LR
65

Level Recorder

PR
55

Pressure Recorder

LG

Level Gauge

LC
65

Level Controller

PC
55

Pressure Controller

AT

Analyzer Transmitter

Variable Being
Measured

What It Does

Transducer

Instrument

FIC
55
Control Loop

Figure 12.1b

Field Mounted
Remote Location
(board mounted)

Remote Location
(behind control panel)

Process and Instrument Symbols (continued)

during their initial training period. Knowing and recognizing these symbols
is important for a new technician. The chemical processing industry has assigned a symbol for each type of valve, pump, compressor, steam turbine,
heat exchanger, cooling tower, basic instrumentation, reactor, distillation
column, furnace, and boiler (Figure 12.1). There are symbols to represent
major and minor process lines and pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric lines,
and there is a wide variety of electrical symbols.

Flow Diagrams
New technicians are required to study a simple flow diagram of their assigned operating system. Process flow diagrams typically include the major
equipment and piping path the process takes through the unit. As operators
learn more about symbols and diagrams, they graduate to the much more
complex P&IDs.

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Flow Diagrams

Cooling Tower

Vacuum Pump
Product
Tank
1
Drum

Furnace
Feed Tank

Column
Reactors

Product
Tank
2

Bottoms Tank

Boiler

Figure 12.2

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Some symbols are common among plants; others differ from plant to plant.
Some standardization of process symbols and diagrams is taking place.
The symbols used in this chapter reflect a wide variety of petrochemical
and refinery operations.
Figure 12.2 is a PFD that shows the basic relationships and flow paths
found in a process unit. It is easier to understand a simple flow diagram if it
is broken down into sections: feed, preheating, the process, and the final
products. This simple left-to-right approach allows a technician to identify
where the process starts and where it will eventually end. The feed section
includes the feed tanks, mixers, piping, and valves. In the second step, the
process flow is gradually heated for processing. This section includes heat
exchangers and furnaces. In the third section, the process is included. Typical examples found in the process section could include distillation
columns or reactors. The process area is a complex collection of equipment
that works together to produce products that will be sent to the final section.

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Process and Instrument Drawings

A P&ID is a complex representation of the various units found in a plant
(Figure 12.3). It is used by people in a variety of crafts. The primary users
of the document after plant startup are process technicians and instrument
and electrical, mechanical, safety, and engineering personnel.
In order to read a P&ID, the technician needs an understanding of the
equipment, instrumentation, and technology. The next step in using a P&ID
is to memorize your plants process symbol list. This information can be
found on the process legend. Process and instrument drawings have a variety of elements, including flow diagrams, equipment locations, elevation
plans, electrical layouts, loop diagrams, title blocks and legends, and foundation drawings. The entire P&ID provides a three-dimensional look at the
various operating units in a plant.

Process Legend
The process legend (Figure 12.4) provides the information needed to interpret and read the P&ID. Process legends are found at the front of the P&ID.
The legend includes information about piping, instrument and equipment

P-12
CT-105

V-2

V-3

PC

P-13

I/P

PCV

PT

D-105

LT

Tk-10

Tk-12

V-4

C-105

Rx-105

V-5
I/P
TT

FT

V-1

I/P

P-14

F-105

FC

LC

FCV
P-10

V-6

Tk-14

TC
LT

TE

TT

TC

I/P

Rx-106

I/P

P-15

LC
I/P

EX-105

Tk-16
P-11

Figure 12.3

256

V-7

Process and Instrument Diagram (P&ID)

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Process and Instrument Drawings

VALVE SYMBOLS
Ball

Gate
Valve

Bleeder
Valves

Minor Process
Pneumatic

Pneumatic

Angle
Globe
Valve

Future Equipment
Major Process

Manual
Operated
Valve

Pneumatic

Plug

Knife Valve

SAFETY (Gases)

Pinch Valve

Relief
Valve

Solenoid Valve
CLOSED

Diaphragm

Four-Way

Hydraulic

INDUCED DRAFT
Crossflow

Butterfly
S

Check
Valve

LINE SYMBOLS

EQUIPMENT CONT.

Mechanical Link

Electromagnetic, Sonic
Optical, Nuclear
Electric

Stop Check

Three-Way
Valve

EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

L L L

Capillary Tubing

Connecting Line

NATURAL DRAFT
Counterflow

Non-Connecting Line
Non-Connecting Line
Jacketed or Double Containment

Vacuum
Pump

Horizontal

Software or Data Link

Vertical

INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS
Sump Pump

BOILER

Orifice

TI

Temp. Indicator

FI

Flow Indicator

TT

Temp. Transmitter

FT

Flow Transmitter

TR

Temp. Recorder

FR

Flow Recorder

TC

Temp. Controller

FC

Flow Controller

LI

Level Indicator

PI

Pressure Indicator

LT
65

Level Transmitter

PT
55

Pressure Transmitter

LR
65

Level Recorder

PR
55

Pressure Recorder

LC
65

Level Controller

PC
55

Pressure Controller

FE

Flow Element

Transducer

Centrifugal
Rotameter

Gear
Pump

Positive
Displacement

FURNACE

Rotary Screw
Compressor

Gauge

Reciprocating
Pump

Single
Pass

Demister

Screw Pump
Chimney

Progressive Cavity
Two Pass

Spray
Nozzle
Packed
Section

Draw Off

Double-Pipe
Spiral Heat
Heat Exchanger Exchanger

Generic
Tray

TE

Temperature Element

PIC
105

Pressure Indicating
Controller

LG

Level Gauge

PRC
40

Pressure Recording
Controller

AT

Analyzer Transmitter

Manway

Plate and Frame

Heat Exchanger
Vortex
Breaker

LA
25

Level Alarm

P
Air Cooled Exchanger
(Louvers Optional)

Drum
APPROVED

Dome Roof
Tank

Sphere

10-6-99

DATE
GENERAL LEGEND

Condenser

DISTILLATION UNIT
Cone Roof
Tank

Internal Floating
Roof Tank

DRAWING NUMBER

OO6543
REVISION 1

PAGE 1 OF 30

Heater

ABBREVIATIONS

PREFIXES
CW- cooling water
MU- makeup
FW- feed water
SE- sewer

Figure 12.4

RX- reactor
UT- utilities
CA- chemical addition
IA- instrument air

D- drum
C- column
CT- cooling tower

TK-tank
F- furnace
EX- exchanger

P- pump
V- valve

Process Legend

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S

4"

18"

Remesh

12"
N

2' x 64' x 18"

Load-Bearing
Beam

Rebar in
All Beams

32' 0"
Remesh
Over Plastic

Remesh

6-8-10 Method

6' 0"
10' 0"

28' 0"

90

8' 0"
28' 0"
64' 0"

Estimating Materials:

Figure 12.5

cu. yds. =

width x length x thickness

27

Foundation

symbols, abbreviations, unit name, drawing number, revision number,

approvals, and company prefixes. Because symbol and diagram standardization is not complete, many companies use their own symbols in unit
drawings. Unique and unusual equipment will also require a modified symbols file.

Foundation Drawing
The construction crew pouring the footers, beams, and foundation uses
foundation drawings (Figure 12.5). Concrete and steel specifications are
designed to support equipment, integrate underground piping, and provide
support for exterior and interior walls. Process technicians do not typically
use foundation drawings, but these drawings are useful when questions
arise about piping that disappears under the ground and when new equipment is being added.

Elevation Drawing
Elevation drawings (Figure 12.6) show the location of process equipment
in relation to existing structures and ground level. In a multistory structure,
the elevation drawing provides the technician with information about

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Process and Instrument Drawings

RX-300

TK-300

Figure 12.6
Elevation Drawing

C-300

EL-40' 0"

D-56

EL28' 0"

RX-105

EL 16' 0"

TK-105

TK-200

RX-106

equipment location. This information is important for making rounds, checking equipment, developing checklists, catching samples, and performing
startups and shutdowns.

Electrical Drawing
Electrical drawings (Figure 12.7) include symbols and diagrams that depict an electrical system. Electrical drawings show unit electricians where
power transmission lines run and places where power is stepped down or
up for operational purposes.
A process technician typically traces power to the unit from a motor control
center (MCC). The primary components of an electrical system are the
MCC, motors, transformers, breakers, fuses, switchgears, starters, and
switches. Specific safety rules are attached to the operation of electrical
systems. The primary safety system is the isolation of hazardous energy
lock-out, tag-out. Process technicians are required to have training in this
area. Figure 12.7 shows the basic symbols and flow path associated with
an electrical drawing. Electrical lines are typically run in cable trays to
switches, motors, ammeters, substations, and control rooms.
A transformer is a device used by industry to convert high voltage to low
voltage. The electric department always handles problems with transformers. Electric breakers are designed to interrupt current flow if design conditions are exceeded. Breakers are not switches and should not be turned on

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Chapter 12

Process Diagrams

69,000 Volts
69 KV

MAIN
TRANSFORMER

V
As

51

Vs
27

Steam
Turbine

MCC #1

2.3 KV or
480 Volts

Motor
Starter

ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Motor
Starter

Motor

Motor

Voltmeter: measures voltage

27

Under Voltage Relay

Ammeter: measures electric current

Vs

On
Off

MCC

Motor Control Center

Voltmeter Switch
Current Transformer: reduces high voltage to instrumentation.

As

Ammeter switch

50

Transformer Overcurrent Relay

(Instantaneous)

Potential Transforming Symbol

51

Transformer Overcurrent Relay

(Time delay)

Power Transformer: reduces high voltage

Circuit Breaker: a protective device

that interrupts current flow through an
electric circuit

Switch

Figure 12.7
260

Fuse

Electrical Drawing

13.2 KV
13.8 KV
2.3 KV

480V BUS MAIN POWER DISTRIBUTION

Generator

BOILER

13,200 V
13, 800 V
2,300 V

Motor Circuit Contacts

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Process and Instrument Drawings
or off. If a tripping problem occurs, the technician should call for an electrician. Fuses are devices designed to protect equipment from excess current. A thin strip of metal will melt if design specifications are exceeded.
During operational rounds, technicians check the ammeters inside the
MCC for current flow to their electrical systems. Voltmeters, electrical
devices used to monitor voltage in an electrical system, are also checked
during routine rounds.

Equipment Location Drawing

Equipment location drawings (plot plans) show the exact location of
equipment in relation to the plants physical boundaries (Figure 12.8). One
of the most difficult concepts to explain to a new process technician is the
scope and size of modern chemical processing. Most chemical plants and
refineries closely resemble small cities; they have well-defined blocks and
areas connected by a highway of piping and equipment. Equipment location drawings provide information about the neighborhood.

Loop Diagrams
A loop diagram traces all instrument connections between the field instrument and the control room panel. This includes instrument air lines, wiring
connections at field junction boxes, and control room panels and front
connections.

Electrical One-Line Diagrams

Like the piping in process systems, the wiring in a unit follows a path. Electrical diagrams show a flow path for distributing power throughout the unit and

TK-2

TK-3

TK-4

Figure 12.8
Equipment Location

8' 0"

TK-1

P-200
D-200

TK-100
18' 0"

TK-200

8' 0"
20' 0"

18' 0"

20' 0"

20' 0"
6' 0"

P-100

EX-200

P-500A
C-200

8' 0"

P-201
TK-300

EX-202
10' 0"

P-300

TK-400

P-400

20' 0"

16' 0"

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Chapter 12

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to all electrical equipment. These diagrams show the different voltage levels
in the unit, electrical equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers, fuses,
and motors and horsepower required. It also includes start/stop switches,
emergency circuits, and motor control centers. Process technicians can use
these diagrams to trace a system from the power source to the load.

Review of Basic and Specialized Symbols

Piping and Valves
Each plant will have a standardized file for their piping symbols. Process
technicians should carefully review the piping symbols for major and minor
flows; electric, pneumatic, capillary, and hydraulic elements; and future
equipment (Figure 12.9). The major flow path through a unit illustrates the

Figure 12.9
Piping Symbols

Y-type Strainer

RS

Removable Spool
Flexible Hose

Duplex Strainer
Expansion Joint
Basket Strainer

Detonation Arrestor

Flame Arrestor

In-Line Silencer

Steam Trap

XXX

Breather
Vent Cover
In-Line Mixer

Desuperheater

DS

Ejector / Eductor

Vent Silencer
Diverter Valve

Rotary Valve

Pulsation Dampener

Exhaust Head
Flange
Future Equipment
Major Process
Minor Process

LLL

262

Electromagnetic, Sonic
Optical, Nuclear
Electric
Connecting Line

Pneumatic

Non-Connecting Line

Hydraulic

Non-Connecting Line

X X

X X

Capillary Tubing

Jacketed or Double Containment

Mechanical Link

Software or Data Link

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Review of Basic and Specialized Symbols
critical areas a new technician should concentrate on. A variety of other
symbols are included on the piping. These include valves (Figure 12.10),
strainers, filters, flanges, spool pieces, insulation, piping size, pressure rating, material codes, and steam traps.

Pumps and Tanks

Pumps and tanks come in a variety of designs and shapes. Common pump
and tank symbols are shown on Figure 12.11.

Compressors, Steam Turbines, and Motors

Because compressors and pumps share a common set of operating principles and are classified as dynamic or positive displacement, the symbols for compressors may closely resemble those for pumps (compare

GATE VALVES

Manual
Operated
Valve

Gate
Valve

Pneumatic

GLOBE VALVES

Globe
Valve

Pneumatic

Motor

Hydraulic

Motor

Hydraulic

Bleeder
Valves
M

Angle

Needle
Pneumatic

BALL VALVES

Ball

Plug

Motor or
Hydraulic

BUTTERFLY VALVES

Butterfly

Motor

PLUG VALVES

Ball

Butterfly

Figure 12.10
Valves

Motor or
Hydraulic

Plug

M
Butterfly

DIAPHRAGM VALVES

Solenoid Valve
CLOSED

Pneumatic
Operated

Motor or
Hydraulic

CHECK VALVES
M

Diaphragm
SAFETY (Gases)

Motor

Check
Valve

RELIEF (Liquids)

Four-Way

Check
Valve

Stop Check
Three-Way
Valve

Relief
Valve
Knife Valve

Pinch Valve
Gauge

Rotameter

Orifice

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Chapter 12

Process Diagrams

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Positive
Displacement

Positive Displacement
Vertical

Progressive Cavity

Horizontal

Gear
Pump

Screw Pump
Vertical
Screw Pump
Sump Pump

Vertical

Vertical Can
Pump

Vacuum Pump

Reciprocating Pump

STORAGE SYMBOLS

Dome Roof
Tank
Bin

Open Top
Tank
Tank

Tank

Double Wall
Tank

Cone Roof
Tank

Drum
Sphere

Figure 12.11

Internal Floating
Roof Tank

Onion Tank

External Floating
Roof

Pumps and Tanks

Figures 12.11 and 12.12). In most cases, the compressor symbol is slightly
larger than the pump symbol.
In the multistage, centrifugal compressors, the narrowing of the symbol from
left to right denotes compression of the gas before it is released. This is in
sharp contrast to the steam turbine symbol, which illustrates the opposite effect as the steam expands while passing over the rotor. Modern P&IDs show
the motor symbol connected to the driven equipment. This equipment may
be a pump, compressor, mixer, or generator. Figure 12.12 illustrates the
standardized symbols for compressors, steam turbines, and motors.

Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers

Heat exchangers and cooling towers are two types of industrial equipment
that share a unique relationship. A heat exchanger is a device used to

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Review of Basic and Specialized Symbols

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

PD COMPRESSORS

T
Centrifugal
Compressor

Centrifugal Compressor
(Turbine Driven)

Centrifugal
Compressor
Centrifugal
Blower

Reciprocating
Compressor
Rotary
Compressor

Rotory
Compressor
& Silencers

Rotary Screw
Compressor

Liquid Ring
Vacuum

Positive
Displacement
Blower
Reciprocating Compressor

Axial Compressor

STEAM TURBINE

MOTORS
Agitator or Mixer

Turbine Driver

Doubleflow Turbine

Motor
Diesel Motor

Figure 12.12

Compressors, Steam Turbines, and Motors

transfer heat energy between two process flows. The cooling tower performs a similar function, but cooling towers and heat exchangers use different scientific principles to operate. Heat exchangers transfer heat energy
through conductive and convective heat transfer, whereas cooling towers
transfer heat energy to the outside air through the principle of evaporation.
Figures 12.13 and 12.14 illustrate the standard symbols used for heat
exchangers and cooling towers.
The symbol for a heat exchanger clearly illustrates the flows through
the device. It is important for a process technician to be able to recognize the shell inlet and outlet and the tube inlet and outlet flow paths. A
heat exchanger with an arrow drawn through the body illustrates
whether the tubeside flow is being used to heat or cool the shellside
fluid. The downward direction indicates heating; the upward direction illustrates cooling.

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Chapter 12

Process Diagrams

Figure 12.13
Heat Exchangers

Plate and Frame

Heat Exchanger
Hairpin Exchanger

Air Cooled Exchanger

(Louvers Optional)

Double-Pipe
Heat Exchanger

U-Tube
Heat Exchanger

Single Pass
Heat Exchanger

Spiral Heat Exchanger

Heater

Condenser

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Figure 12.14
Cooling Towers

INDUCED DRAFT
Crossflow

HYPERBOLIC
Chimney Tower

266

Reboiler

FORCED DRAFT
Counterflow

NATURAL DRAFT
Counterflow

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Review of Basic and Specialized Symbols

Figure 12.15
Furnace and Boiler

Furnace

Boiler

The symbol for a cooling tower is designed to resemble the actual device
in the process unit. Cooled product flows out of the bottom of the tower and
to the processing units. Hot water returns to a point located above the fill.
The symbol will not show all of the various components of the cooling tower
system, but it will provide a technician with a good foundation in cooling
tower operation and enough information to clearly see the process.

Furnaces and Boilers

The standard symbols file for furnaces and boilers is shown in Figure 12.15. If a proprietary process includes several types of equipment not
typically found on a standard symbol file, the designer will draw the device
as it visually appears in the unit.

Distillation Columns
Distillation columns come in two basic designs, plate and packed (Figure 12.16). Flow arrangements vary from process to process. The symbols allow the technician to identify primary and secondary flow paths.
Distillation is a process designed to separate the various components in
a mixture by their boiling points. (See Chapter 15.) A distillation column is
the central component of a much larger system. This system typically includes all of the equipment symbols found in this chapter. Plate distillation
columns include sieve trays, valve trays, and bubble-cap trays. Packed
columns are filled with packing material, rings, saddles, sulzer, and
rosette.

Reactors
Reactors (Figure 12.17) are stationary vessels and can be classified as
batch, semibatch, or continuous. A reactor is designed to allow chemicals to mix together under specific conditions to make chemical bonds,
break chemical bonds, or make and break chemical bonds to form new
products.

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Figure 12.16
Distillation Symbols

PLATE TOWER
Bubble-cap, Sieve, Valve

PACKED TOWER
Saddle, Ring, Sulzer, Rosette

Single Pass
Demister
Spray Nozzle
Chimney
Two Pass
Packed Section

Draw Off
Generic Tray

Manway

Vortex Breaker

Sources of Information
for Process Technicians
Information used by process technicians comes from a variety of sources.
Some of these sources are:
Operating training manuals
Process descriptions
Process control manuals
Equipment summaries
Safety, health, and environment regulations
Operating procedures
Startup and shutdown procedures

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Summary

Figure 12.17
Reactor Symbols

Hydrocracking

Fluid Catalytic
Cracking

Hydrodesulfurization

Fluid Coking

Mixing Reactor

Tubular
Reactor

Reformer

Fluidized
Reactor

Alkylation

Emergency procedures
Process diagrams
Technical data books
Detailed equipment vendor information

Summary
Process flow diagrams (PFDs) and process and instrument drawings
(P&IDs) are used to outline or explain the complex flows, equipment, instrumentation, electronics, elevations, and foundations that exist in a
process unit. A PFD is a simple flow diagram that describes the primary
flow path through a unit. A P&ID is a complex representation of the various
units found in a plant. Standardized symbols and diagrams have been
developed for most pieces of industrial equipment, process flows, and
instrumentation.

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Review Questions
1. Describe a process flow diagram and a process and instrument drawing.
2. Draw the symbols for a gate, globe, and automatic valve.
3. Draw the symbols for a centrifugal pump and positive displacement pump.
4. Draw the symbols for a blower and a reciprocating compressor.
5. Draw the symbols for a steam turbine and centrifugal compressor.
6. Draw the symbols for a heat exchanger and a cooling tower.
7. Draw the symbols for a packed distillation column and plate distillation column.
8. Draw the symbols for a furnace and a boiler.
9. Draw a simple process flow diagram using the symbols from questions 28.
10. What information is obtained from a loop diagram?
11. What information is available on electrical one-line diagrams?
12. What information is contained on a plot plan drawing?

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