Chng 7: chui

s chui lu tha

7.1. chui s

7.1.1. nh ngha chui s.

nh ngha 7.1. Dy s l mt tp hp gm v hn cc s thc c sp
xp theo mt quy lut no .
Thng thng, ngi ta k hiu dy s bi:
un = u1, u2, u3, ..., un, ...
trong uk c gi l s hng th k ca dy s (k = 1, ), un c gi l
s hng tng qut ca dy s.
V d 7.1.
(i) Tp hp: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 khng phi l dy s v n ch c 5 s hng.
(ii) Tp hp: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,... l dy s v n c v hn s thc v c sp
xp theo quy lut s ng sau bng s ng ngay trc n cng vi 2. Dy
s ny c vit gn nh sau: 2n 1.
nh ngha 7.2. Cho dy s un. Tng tt c cc s hng ca dy s trn

(k hiu l

un ) c gi l mt chui s. Vy:
n 1

un = u1 u2 u3... un...
n 1

7.1.2. Cc loi chui s.

Chui s dng l mt chui m tt c cc s hng ca n u dng.
Chui s m l mt chui m tt c cc s hng ca n u m.

Chui s an du l mt chui m hai s hng bt k ng cnh

nhau th c du ngc nhau.
Mt chui s khng phi l chui s dng, khng phi l chui s
m, khng phi l chui s an du th c gi l chui s bt k.
V d 7.2.
(i)

2n ,

3n 1 l cc chui s dng.

n 1

n 1

(ii)

2 n 1
1 , 1 2n
n 1

n 1

(iii)

n
n 1
1 , 1 n2
n 1

(iiii)

l cc chui s m.

l cc chui s an du.

n 1
2 n 1

cos n ,

n 1

sin n l cc chui s bt k.
n 1

7.1.3. S hi t ca chui s.

Cho chui s

un = u1 u2 u3... un... Ta thnh lp dy cc tng

n 1

ring nh sau: S1 = u1, S2 = u1 u2, S3 = u1 u2 u3,..., Sn = u1 u2 u3...

un,...

nh ngha 7.3. Nu chui s

un c
n 1

lim Sn tn ti, hu hn. Th chui

un c gi l hi t. Khi ,
n 1

Sn =I,
un = nlim

n 1

I c gi l tng ca chui s. Trong trng hp ngc li, chui

un
n 1

c gi l phn k.

Nhn xt 7.1. Chui

un phn k khi
n 1

lim Sn khng tn ti hoc tn ti

nhng l s v hn.

V d 7.3.

(i) Chui

2n

hi t v c tng = 1 v:

n 1

Sn =

1 1
1
1
1

... n 1 n lim Sn lim 1 n 1 .

n
n
2 4
2
2
2

(ii) Chui

n phn k v:
n 1

Sn = 1 2 ... n

(iii) Chui

n n 1
n n 1
lim Sn lim
.
n
n
2
2

phn k v:

n 1

1 khi n 2 k 1
n
Sn = 1 1 1 ... 1
(k nguyn, dng).
0 khi n 2 k
lim Sn khng tn ti.
n

Tnh cht 7.1.

(i) Nu

un v

vn l cc chui hi t th

n 1

n 1

un vn cng hi t.

n 1

(ii) Nu nhn tt c cc s hng ca mt chui s vi mt s khc khng th

khng lm thay i s hi t hay phn k ca chui s .
(iii) Nu thm vo hoc bt i mt s hu hn cc s hng ca chui s th
khng lm thay i s hi t hay phn k ca chui s .

nh l 7.1 (Tiu chun Cauchy mt chui s hi t). iu kin cn v

chui s

un hi t l: ( >0),(N > 0: m,n > N) Sm Sn< .

n 1

H qu 7.1.1. iu kin cn chui s

un 0 .
un hi t l nlim

n 1

Chng minh. Theo nh l 7.1, v chui s

un hi t nn:
n 1

( >0),(N > 0: m = n1,n > N) Sm Sn< .

( >0),(N > 0: n1 > N) un< .
lim un 0 . (pcm)
n

Nhn xt 7.2. Nu mt chui s khng tho mn iu kin lim un 0

n

(ngha l gii hn trn khng tn ti hoc tn ti nhng l s khc 0) th

chui phn k. Tuy nhin, h qu 7.1.1 ch l iu kin cn nn mt
chui s tho mn iu kin lim un 0 , th cha kt lun c chui s
n

hi t hay phn k.
V d 7.4.

(i) Chui

n1

2n 1 phn k v:

n 1

(ii) Chui

n 1 1
0.
n 2 n 1
2

lim un lim

phn k v: lim un khng tn ti.

n

n 1

Ch 7.1. Chng ta cng nhn cc kt qu sau:

(i) Chui s

qn (q l hng s) c gi l chui s nhn. Chui ny

n 1

hi t khi q< 1 v phn k khi q 1.

(ii) Chui s

ns

(s l hng s) c gi l chui Dirichlet. Chui

n 1

ny hi t khi s > 1 v phn k khi s 1.

Nhn xt 7.3. i vi chui s Dirichlet v chui s nhn chng ta ch cn

nhn vo s hoc q l c th kt lun c chui hi t hay phn k.
Chng hn:

(i)

2n l chui s phn k v n l chui s nhn c q = 2 > 1.

n 1

(ii)

3n l chui s hi t v n l chui s nhn c q =

n 1

(iii)

1
< 1.
3

3 n l chui s phn k v n l chui s Dirichlet c s =

n 1

(iiii)

1
< 1.
3

n2 l chui s hi t v n l chui s Dirichlet c s = 2 > 1.

n 1

7.2. S hi t ca chui s dng

Nhc li: Chui s

un l chui s dng nu un > 0

(n =1, 2, 3,...).

n 1

Trong phn ny chng ta a ra cc iu kin mt chui s

dng hi t.
7.2.1. Du hiu so snh 1.
nh l 7.2. Cho hai chui s dng

un ,

vn ; tn ti s c > 0 v tn ti

n 1

n 1

s N nguyn dng sao cho:

un c.vn (n > N).
Khi , (i) Nu chui s

vn hi t th chui s

un hi t.

n 1

n 1

(ii) Nu chui s

un phn k th chui s

vn phn k.

n 1

n 1

(Kt qu trn vn ng cho chui s khng m).

Nhn xt 7.4. p dng c du hiu so snh 1 xt s hi t ca mt
chui s ta phi tin hnh qua cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Kim tra tnh dng ca chui s cho.

Bc 2: a ra chui s th hai

vn tho

mn cc iu kin: l

n 1

chui s dng ; bit hi t hay phn k ri; so snh c vi chui s

cho.
a ra chui s th hai ta phi da vo chui s cho v chui
s nhn (hoc chui s Dirichlet).

5n
V d 7.5. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 2
, b) n
.
n 1 3 n 1
n 1 3 2

Gii. a)

3 n2 1 .

Ta c un =

n 1

1
2

3n 1

>0

(n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui

cho l chui dng.

Chui s

vn =

n2

n 1

l chui dng v l chui Dirichlet hi t v

n 1

s = 2 > 1. Mt khc:
un =

1
2

3n 1

<

1
1
vn (n =1, 2, 3,...).
2
3
3n

Theo du hiu so snh 1, chui cho hi t.

5n
5n
.
Ta
c
u
=
>0 (n=1,2,...) vy chui cho l chui dng.
n
n
n
3

2
3

2
n 1

b)

5
Chui s vn = l chui dng v l chui nhn phn k v
n 1
n 1 3
n

5n
5
q > 1. Mt khc: un = n
vn (n =1, 2, 3,...).
3 2 3
Theo du hiu so snh 1, chui cho phn k.
Nhn xt 7.5. Nu trong v d 7.5, phn a) mu s 3n2 1 c thay bi
3n2 k hoc phn b) mu s 3n 2 c thay bi 3n k (vi k l hng s
dng). Th chng ta khng th p dng du hiu so snh 1 c. khc
phc, sau y chng ta a ra du hiu so snh 2.
7.2.2. Du hiu so snh 2.
nh l 7.3. Cho hai chui s dng

un ,

n
=
vn c nlim
v

n1

n1

k 0, hu

hn. Th hai chui s trn cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

Chng minh.
T gi thit ca nh l ta suy ra k > 0. Theo nh ngha gii hn ta c:

un
u
= k ( > 0), (N > 0: n > N) k < n < k
n v
vn
n
lim

V (7.1) ng vi mi > 0 nn cng ng vi 0 =

(7.1)

k
> 0. Ngha l tn
2

ti N0 > 0 sao cho vi mi n > N0 th:

k
k
k
3k
vn = (k )vn < un < (k )vn =
vn .
2
2
2
2

(i) Nu

un hi t
n 1

un hi t. T (7.2) ta c:

n N0

dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

k
vn < un ( n > N0). p
2

vn hi t

n N0

vn hi t.
n 1

(7.2)

(ii) Nu

un phn k

n 1

un phn k. T (7.2) ta c: un <

n N0

>N0). p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

vn phn k.

vn phn k

n N0

(iii) Nu

vn hi t

n 1

n 1

n N0

un hi t

n N0

(iiii) Nu

3k
vn ( n >N0).
2

vn hi t. T (7.2) ta c: un <

p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

un hi t.
n 1

vn phn k

vn phn k. T (7.2) ta c:

n N0

n 1

k
vn < un (n >
2

N0). p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

3k
vn ( n
2

un phn k

n N0

un phn k.
n 1

T (i) n (iiii) (pcm)

Nhn xt 7.6. p dng c du hiu so snh 2 xt s hi t ca chui
s chng ta cng phi chi qua cc bc nh trong nhn xt 7.4.

1
V d 7.6. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 2
, b)
3
n

2
n 1

Gii. a)

3n2 2 .

Ta c un =

n 1

1
>0
3n2 2

5n
3n 2 .
n 1

(n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui

cho l chui dng.

Chui s

vn
n 1

n2

l chui dng v l chui Dirichlet hi t v

n 1

s = 2 > 1. Mt khc:

un
1
n2
lim 2
= 0, hu hn.
n v
n 3n 2
3
n
lim

Theo du hiu so snh 2, chui cho hi t.

5n
b) n
.
n 1 3 2

Ta c un =

5n
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui cho l chui dng.
3n 2

5
Chui s vn = l chui dng v l chui nhn phn k v
n 1
n 1 3

un
5 n 3n
q > 1. Mt khc: lim
lim n
= 1 0, hu hn.
n v
n 3 2 5 n
n

Theo du hiu so snh 2, chui cho phn k.

Ch 7.2. Trong du hiu so snh 2, ta mi chng minh c cho trng

un
= k 0, hu hn. Nu k = 0 hoc k = th du hiu so snh 2
n v
n

hp lim

cn ng na khng ? Sau y chng ta xt c th cho tng trng hp.

un
=k
n v
n

(i) Nu k = 0 lim

( > 0), (N > 0: n > N) <

un
<
vn

(7.3)

V (7.3) ng vi mi > 0 nn cng ng vi 0 = 2 > 0. Ngha l tn

ti N0 > 0 sao cho vi mi n > N0 th:
2vn < un < 2vn.

Nu

vn
n 1

(7.4)

hi t

vn hi t. T (7.4) ta c: un < 2vn ( n >N0).

n N0

p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

un hi t

n N0

10

un hi t.
n 1

Nu

un phn k

un phn k. T (7.4) ta c: un < 2vn ( n

n N0

n 1

>N0). p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

vn phn k

n N0

vn phn k.
n 1

Nh vy, nu k = 0. Th du hiu so snh 2 khng ng na m ch

c th kt lun nh sau:
Nu k = 0 th t chui

Nu k = 0 th t chui

vn hi t

un hi t.

n 1

n 1

un phn k

vn phn k.

n 1

n 1

un
=
n v
n

(ii) Nu k = lim

(M > 0), (N > 0: n > N)

un
>M
vn

(7.5)

V (7.5) ng vi mi M > 0 nn cng ng vi M 0 = 20 > 0. Ngha l

tn ti N0 > 0 sao cho vi mi n > N0 th:
un > 20vn.
Nu

vn phn k

n 1

(7.6)

vn phn k. T (7.6) ta c: un> 20vn ( n

n N0

>N0). p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

un phn k

n N0

Nu

un hi t

n 1

un phn k.
n 1

un hi t. T (7.6) ta c: un< 20vn ( n > N0).

n N0

p dng du hiu so snh 1 ta c

vn hi t

n N0

11

vn hi t.
n 1

Nh vy, nu k = . Th du hiu so snh 2 khng ng na m ch

c th kt lun nh sau:

Nu

un hi t vn hi t.
n 1

Nu

n 1

vn phn k

un phn k.

n 1

n 1

Nhn xt 7.7. Mun p dng cc du hiu so snh1 v du hiu so snh 2

xt s hi t ca chui s dng. Chng ta phi a ra c chui
dng th hai bit hi t hay phn k ri v so snh c vi chui
cho. Tuy nhin, vic a ra chui th hai tho mn cc iu kin nh trn
khng phi trng hp no cng thun li. khc phc sau y chng ta
a ra hai iu kin khc (thun li hn) xt s hi t ca chui s
dng.
7.2.3. Du hiu DAlembert.

nh l 7.5. Cho chui s dng

un
n 1

un 1
= k. Khi :
n u
n

c lim

(i)

Nu k < 1. Th chui

un

hi t.

n 1

(ii) Nu k > 1. Th chui

un

phn k.

n 1

(iii) Nu k = 1. Th cha kt lun c v s hi t hay phn k ca

chui

un .
n 1

V d 7.7. Xt s hi t ca cc chui:

2n
3n2 2 , b)
n 1

a)

5n 13
3n , c)
n 1

12

3n2 2 .

n 1

n
2n
Gii. a) 2
. Ta c un =
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui
3n2 2
n 1 3n 2

2n 1
cho l chui dng ; un+1 =
.
3n2 6 n 1

2 n 1 3 n2 2
un 1
k = lim
lim n
2 > 1.
2
n u
n 2
3
n

6
n

1
n

Theo du hiu DAlembert, chui cho phn k.

b)

5n 13
5n 13
. Ta c un =
>0
n
n
3
3
n 1

(n =3, 4, 5,...), u1 =

8
< 0 vy
3

chui cho khng phi l chui dng. Nhng chui

dng ; un+1

5n 8
=
.
3 n 1

5n 13
l chui
n
3
n 3

3n 5n 8
un 1
1
k = lim
lim n 1
< 1. Theo
n u
n 3
5n 13 3
n

du hiu DAlembert, chui

5n 13
hi t. Theo tnh cht v s hi t
3n
n 3

ca chui s th chui cho hi t.

c)

3n2 2 . Ta c un =

n 1

n
>0
3n 2

(n =1, 2, 3,...), vy chui cho l

3n2 2 n 1
n1
un 1
chui dng ; un+1 =
. k = lim
lim
1.
n u
n n 3n2 6 n 1
3n2 6 n 1
n

Theo du hiu DAlembert, cha kt lun c s hi t hay phn k

ca chui cho. Mt khc, chui

vn
n 1

13

n 1

l chui s dng v l

un
n2
1
chui Dirichlet phn k. Ta li c: lim
lim
0 , hu
2
n v
n 3n 2
3
n

hn. Theo du hiu so snh 2, chui cho phn k.

7.2.4. Du hiu Cauchy.

nh l 7.6. Cho chui s dng

un
n 1

c lim n un = k. Khi :
n

(i)

Nu k < 1. Th chui

un

hi t.

n 1

(ii) Nu k > 1. Th chui

un

phn k.

n 1

(iii) Nu k = 1. Th cha kt lun c v s hi t ca chui

un .
n 1

n2

V d 7.8. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 1 , b)
n
n 1
n2

n
3n 1 .
n 1

n2

1
1

Gii. a) 1 . Ta c un = 1 > 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...), vy chui

n
n

n 1
n

cho l chui dng

k = lim un lim 1 e > 1.

n
n
n
n

Theo du hiu Cauchy, chui cho phn k.

n
n
b)
. Ta c un =
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...), vy chui cho
3
n

1
3
n

n 1
l chui dng

n 1
k = lim n un lim
< 1.
n
n 3n 1
3

Theo du hiu Cauchy, chui cho hi t.

Nhn xt 7.8.

14

(i) Cc du hiu so snh 1, so snh 2, du hiu DAlembert v du hiu

Cauchy p dng c xt s hi t ca chui s m bng cch nhn tt
c cc s hng ca chui s m vi (1).
(ii) Trn y chng ta trnh by cc iu kin mt chui s dng
hi t hay phn k, theo th t: du hiu so snh 1, so snh 2, du hiu
DAlembert v du hiu Cauchy. Tuy nhin, khi p dng chng ta nn i
theo chu trnh ngc li. Tc l, s dng cc du hiu DAlembert v
Cauchy trc, nu khng c (k =1) th s dng du hiu so snh 2, cng
khng c th s dng du hiu so snh 1 nu khng c na th s
dng iu kin cn chui s hi t. V d sau y khng nh iu .

V d 7.9. Xt s hi t ca chui 1
n
n 1

n2

1
.
en

Gii. D dng kim tra c chui trn khng p dng c cc du hiu

DAlembert v Cauchy (v trong c hai trng hp ta lun tm c k
=1). Vic s dng cc du hiu so snh 1 v so snh 2 xt s hi t ca
chui s ny gp rt nhiu kh khn. Mt khc, lim un e
n

0 v:

1 1 t

ln1 t t
1
x
lim
lim x x ln 1 1
lim
1
1
1
2
2 t 1 t
x
x
t 0
t
lim un lim 1 e
e
et 0 e 2 .
n
x e
x

Nn chui cho phn k.

7.3. S hi t ca chui s an du
7.3.1. nh ngha chui s an du.

15

nh ngha 7.4. Chui s an du l mt chui s c mt trong cc dng

sau:

1 un hoc 1
n 1

n 1

un , trong un > 0 (n = 1, 2, 3,...).

n 1

V d 7.9.

(i) Cc chui s sau y l cc chui s an du:

n 1

(ii) Chui s

1
n

n 1

n 1

n2 2

n2 2 khng phi l chui an du v u1 = 1< 0, u2 = 2 > 0.

n 1

Nhn xt 7.9.

(i) S hng tng qut ca

1 un l (1)nun ch khng phi l un .

n 1

(ii) S hng tng qut ca

n 1

un l (1)n+1un ch khng phi l un .

n 1

7.3.2. S hi t ca chui s an du.

nh l 7.7 (nh l Leibnitz). Nu chui s an du

n 1

un tho

n 1

mn cc iu kin sau:
(i) u1 u2 u3 ... un ...;
(ii) lim un = 0.
n

Th chui an du trn hi t v c tng u1.

Chng minh.
Vi mi k= 1,2,3,... ta c: ukuk+1 0 (v u1 u2 u3 ... un ...) nn
S2k = u1 u2 u3 u4 ... u2k u2k
= (u1 u2) (u3 u4) ... (u2k-1 u2k).

(7.7)

= u1 (u2 u3) ... (u2k-2 u2k-1) u2k u1.

(7.8)

16

T (7.7) v (7.8) suy ra S2k l dy khng gim v b chn trn bi

u1 khi k . Theo tiu chun tn ti gii hn th hai th tn ti

lim S2 k = I u1.

(7.9)

Mt khc, v lim un = 0 nn lim u2 k 1 = 0. M S2k+1= S2k u2k+1. Do

n

lim S2 k 1 = lim S2 k lim u2 k 1 = I 0 = I u1.

(7.10)

T (7.9) v (7.10) suy ra lim Sn = I u1. (pcm)

n

V d 7.10. Xt s hi t ca chui s

1 n 1 .

n 1

n3

Gii. Chui s cho l chui s an du vi un =

u1 =

1
v ta c:
n3

1
1
1
1
> u2 = > u3 = > ....; lim un lim
= 0.
n
n n 3
4
5
6

Theo nh l Leibniz, chui s cho hi t v c tng

1
.
4

Ch 7.3.

(i) nh l Leibnitz pht biu cho chui an du dng

n 1

un v l

n 1

iu kin chui

n 1

un hi t. i vi chui an du dng

n 1

1 un

chng ta ch p dng c nh l Leibnitz sau khi nhn tt c

n 1

cc s hng ca

1 un vi (1), do ch kt lun uc s hi t ca
n 1

1 un m khng kt lun c 1 un c tng u1.

n 1

n 1

17

(ii) i vi chui an du dng

n 1

un m cc gi thit ca nh l

n 1

Leibnitz ch ng khi n > N (vi N l s nguyn dng no ). Th vn kt

lun c s hi t ca chui an du nhng khng kt lun c chui
c tng u1.

V d 7.11. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s (i)

n 1

Gii. (i) Chui s cho l chui s an du vi un =

, (ii)

1 n n .

n2 16

n 1

1
. Nhn tt c cc
n

s hng ca chui s cho vi (1) ta c chui s mi:

n1

n 1

v ta

c:
u1 = 1 > u2 =

1
1
1
> u3 = > ....; lim un lim
= 0.
n
n n
2
3

Theo nh l Leibnitz, chui s

n 1

n 1

hi t v c tng 1. Theo

tnh cht v s hi t ca chui s suy ra chui s cho hi t.

(ii) Chui s cho l chui s an du vi un =

n
. Nhn tt c cc s
n2 16

hng ca chui s cho vi (1) ta c chui s mi:

n 1

n 1

n 2 16

v ta

c:

n
n2 n 16
0 (n 4).
lim un lim 2
0 , un+1 un =
n
n n 16
n 12 16 n2 16

18

Xy dng chui

n 1

n 1

ba chui

1 n n ,

n2 16

n 1

n 1

u
vn nh sau: vn = 4
un

1 n 1 n
n2 16

n 1

khi n 1, 2 , 3 , 4 ;
khi

n 4.

Th

vn cng hi t hoc cng phn

n 1

k (tnh cht v s hi t ca chui s), m

n 1

vn l chui an du

n 1

tho mn nh l Leibnitz nn chui

1 n n

n2 16

hi t.

n 1

Nhn xt 7.10. (i) Nu chui s an du c iu kin (ii) ca nh l

Leibnitz khng tho mn (tc l, lim un khng tn ti hoc tn ti nhng
n

bng k 0). Th chui s an du phn k v khng tho mn iu kin

cn mt chui s hi t.
(ii) Nu chui s an du c iu kin (i) ca nh l Leibnitz khng
tho mn v iu kin (ii) ca nh l tho mn. Th ta cha th kt lun
g v s hi t hay phn k ca chui s an du , v nh l Leibnitz ch
l mt iu kin m khng phi l iu kin cn chui s an du
hi t. V d sau y s khng nh iu .

V d 7.12. (a) Cho chui s

c chui s mi: 1

n 1

. y l chui s an du hi t. Ta

n 1

300

1 1
... l chui hi t tho mn iu
2 3

kin (ii) nhng khng tho mn iu kin (i) ca nh l Leibnitz.

(b) Chui:

1 1
1
1
1
1
2 3 4 ...
2 n ... l chui s an du hi
2 n 1
2 3
2
3
3
2

t (tng ca hai chui hi t) v l chui tho mn iu kin (ii) nhng

19

khng tho mn iu kin (i) ca nh l Leibnitz.

(c) Xt chui s c cho bi: u2k-1=

12 k 2 , u
2k 1

2k

1 2 k 1
2k
2 k 2

(k = 1,2,3,
2 k 1

1 1
1 1 1 1
...). Chui c th nh sau: 1

...
2
2k
3 4
5
2k 1

...

2k 2k 1
.
2
k
2
k

1
k 1

y l chui s an du phn k tho mn iu kin (ii) nhng

khng tho mn iu kin (i) ca nh l Leibnitz.

7.4. Chui s bt k

7.4.1. Chui s tr tuyt i.

nh ngha 7.5. Cho

un l chui s bt k th chui

un

n 1

n 1

c gi l

chui s tr tuyt i ca chui s

un .
n 1

Nu chui

un

hi t cn chui

n 1

un

phn k th chui

n 1

un c
n 1

gi l chui bn hi t.

Nu c hai chui

un v un
n 1

u hi t th chui

n 1

un c gi l
n 1

chui hi t tuyt i.
V d 7.13. D dng kim tra c cc kt qu sau:

20

Chui s

n 1

l chui bn hi t; Chui s

n 1

n2

l chui

hi t tuyt i.
7.4.2. Tnh cht.

nh l 7.8. Nu chui

un hi t th chui

n 1

un cng hi t.
n 1

Nhn xt 7.11.
kim tra mt chui s c hi t tuyt i hay khng ta ch cn
kim tra s hi t ca chui tr tuyt i ca n.

7.5. Chui lu tha

7.5.1. Chui hm.
nh ngha 7.6. Cho fn(x) l dy cc hm s xc nh trn min X . Th
tng tt c cc hm s ca dy hm s trn c gi l mt chui hm s

trn min X, k hiu l

fn x . Vy: fn x f1 x f2 x ... fn x ...

n 1

V d 7.14.

n 1

ln n ln x ln 2 ... ln n ... l mt chui hm trn (0;).

n 1

sin nx sin x sin 2 x ... sin nx ... l

mt

chui

hm

trn

n 1

(;).

nh ngha 7.7. Cho chui

fn x cc hm xc nh trn X, x0 X. Th
n 1

fn x0 l

mt chui s.Nu chui s ny hi t th chui hm

n 1

21

fn x c gi l hi t ti x0 v im x0 c gi l im t ca chui
n 1

hm

fn x . Tp hp tt c cc im t ca mt chui hm c gi l
n 1

min hi t ca chui hm .

V d 7.15. Chui

c min hi t l (1;1). Chui

n 1

sin nx hi t ti
n 1

cc im k vi mi k = 1, 2, 3,...
7.5.2. Chui lu tha.
nh ngha 7.8. Chui lu tha l mt chui hm s c mt trong cc
dng sau:

an x

(1),

n 1

an x x0

(2),

n 1

trong x0, an (n =1, 2, 3,...) l cc s thc.

V d 7.16.

xn l chui lu tha vi an = 1

( n =1, 2, 3,...).

n 1

n 1

x 2

3n 1

l chui lu tha vi an =

1
(n =1, 2, 3,...).
3n 1

Nhn xt 7.12.
(i) Chui lu tha dng (1) lun hi t ti x = 0, chui lu tha dng
(2) lun hi t ti x = x0.
(ii) Chui lu tha dng (2) lun a c v dng (1) bng cch t
y = x x0. V vy xt s hi t ca chui lu tha chng ta ch cn xt s
hi t ca chui lu tha dng (1).

22

7.6. S hi t ca chui lu tha

7.6.1. nh l Abel.

nh l 7.9. Nu chui lu tha

an x n hi t ti x0 0 th chui lu tha
n 1

hi t tuyt i ti mi x mx< x0.

Chng minh. V chui lu tha

an x n hi

t ti x0 0, nn chui s

n 1

an x0n

hi t. Theo iu kin cn mt chui s hi t th lim an x0n 0 .

n

n 1

Do , an x0n l i lng b chn khi n . Vy:

M > 0 ,N0> 0: n > N0 an x0n M.

Ti x = 0 chui

an x n hi t v c tng bng 0.
n 1

Vi x 0, ta c: anxn = an x0n

n 1

x
x0

x
M
x0

( n > N0).

x
l dng v l chui nhn hi t khi x x0. Vy theo du
x0
n

hiu so snh 1 ca chui s dng, vi mi x m x x0 th

an x

hi

n N0 1

t. Theo tnh cht v s hi t ca chui s th chui

an x

n
n

hi t. Do

n 1

, chui

an x n hi t tuyt i khi x x0.(pcm)

n 1

H qu 7.9.1. Nu chui lu tha

an x n phn k ti x1 0 th chui lu
n 1

tha phn k ti mi x mx> x1.

23

Chng minh.

Gi s tn ti x0 sao cho: x0> x1v chui

an x n hi t ti x0. Th
n 1

x1 0, theo nh l Abel chui

an x n hi t tuyt i khi x x0. Do

n 1

chui hi t ti x1. Tri vi gi thit, suy ra (pcm)

Nhn xt 7.13. i vi chui lu tha m bng cch no chng ta tm
c hai im x0, x1 0 (x0 < x1); ti x0 chui hi t, ti x1 chui phn k.
Th kt lun c chui hi t trn (x0; x0), phn k trn (;x1)
(x1;), cn trn [x1; x0] v [x0;x1] phi xt ring.
Vn t ra l vi mt chui lu liu c hay khng mt s a > 0 sao
cho chui hi t khi x < a v phn k khi x > a?
Ngi ta chng minh c vi mi chui lu tha lun tm c
mt s r 0 sao cho chui hi t khi x < r v phn k khi x > r.

nh ngha 7.8. Nu tn ti s r 0 sao cho chui lu tha

an x n hi t
n 1

khi x < r v phn k khi x > r (khi r > 0). Th r c gi l bn knh hi

t ca chui lu tha

an x n .
n 1

7.6.2. Phng php tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha.

Da vo cc du hiu D Alembert v Cauchy v s hi t ca chui
s dng ngi ta chng minh c nh l sau:

nh l 7.10. Nu chui lu tha

an x n c
n 1

lim

lim

an 1
k
an

hoc

an k . Th bn knh hi t r ca chui lu tha c tnh theo

24

cng thc:

0 khi k ;

r = khi k 0 ;
1

khi 0 k .
k
V d 7.16. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau:

xn
a)
,
n 1 3 n 1

b)

x 1n ,
n

n 1

n 1
c)

n 1 2 n 1

x 2 2 n .

1
xn
3n 1 . y l chui lu tha vi an = 3n 1 > 0
n 1

Gii. a)

3,...) v: k = lim

( n = 1, 2,

an 1
3n 2
lim
1 . Vy bn knh hi t ca chui
n 3n 1
an

cho l r = 1. Hay chui cho hi t khi x < 1 v phn k khi x > 1.

Ti x = 1, ta c chui s:

3n 1 . y l chui s dng phn k (so

n 1

snh vi chui

n ). Vy chui lu tha cho phn k ti x = 1.

n 1

Ti x = 1, ta c chui s:

3 n 1 . y l chui s an du hi t

n 1

(s dng nh l Leibnitz). Vy chui lu tha cho hi t ti x = 1.

Vy min hi t ca chui lu tha cho l: [1; 1).

b)

n 1

x 1
n

. y l chui lu tha vi an =

1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3,...) v:
n2
2

a
n 1 1 .
k = lim n 1 lim
n a
n
n2
n

25

Vy bn knh hi t ca chui cho l r = 1. Hay chui cho hi t

khi x 1 < 1 v phn k khi x 1 > 1.

n2 . y l chui s dng v l chui

Ti x 1 = 1, ta c chui s:

n 1

Dirichlet hi t. Vy chui lu tha cho hi t ti x 1 = 1.

Ti x 1 = 1, ta c chui s:

n 1

nn chui

n2

n 1

. C

n 1

1
n

n2

hi t

n 1

hi t. Vy min hi t ca chui lu tha cho l:

x 1[1; 1] x [2; 0].

n 1
c)

n 1 2 n 1

2n

x 2

n1
. y l chui lu tha vi an =
> 0 ( n =
2n 1

k = lim

1, 2, 3,...) v:

n 1 1
.
n 2 n 1
2

an lim

Vy bn knh hi t ca chui cho l r = 2. Hay chui cho hi t

khi (x 2)2 < 2 v phn k khi (x 2)2 > 2.
n

n 1
Ti (x 2) = 2, ta c chui s:
. y l chui s dng v l
n 1 2 n 1
2

chui hi t (s dng du hiu Cauchy). Vy chui lu tha cho hi t

ti (x 2)2 = 2.
Ti (x2)2=2 v nghim. Vy min hi t ca chui lu tha cho l:
0 (x 2)2 2 2 x 2

2 2 2 x 2

2.

V d 7.17. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau:

a)

n! x ,
n 1

b)

n 1

x 1

n!

26

c)

2 n 13
n
x

2
.

3
n

2
n 1

Gii. a)

n ! xn

l chui lu tha vi an = n! > 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3,...) v:

n 1

k = lim

an 1
n 1 ! lim n 1 .
lim

n
n
an
n!

Vy bn knh hi t ca chui cho l r = 0 hay chui lu tha

cho hi t ti duy nht im x = 0.

b)

n 1

x 1
n!

l chui lu tha vi an =
k = lim

1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3,...) v:
n!

an 1
n!
1
lim
lim
0.
n n 1 !
n n 1
an

Vy bn knh hi t ca chui cho l r = hay chui lu tha cho

hi t ti mi im.

c)

2 n 13
2 n 13
> 0 ( n = 7, 8, 9,...)
x 2 n l chui lu tha vi an = 3
3
n 2
n 1 n 2

n3 2 2 n 13
an 1
v: k = lim
lim
1.
3
n a
n

n
n 1 2 2n 11

Vy bn knh hi t ca chui cho l r = 1. Hay chui cho hi t

khi x 2 < 1 v phn k khi x 2 > 1.

Ti x 2 = 1, ta c chui s:

2 n 13
. y khng phi l chui s
3
n 1 n 2

2 n 13
dng, nhng 3
l chui s dng hi t (so snh vi
n7 n 2

n2 ). Nn

n7

2 n 13
l chui s hi t . Vy chui lu tha cho hi t ti x 2 =
3
n 1 n 2

1.

27

Ti x 2 = 1, ta c chui s:

n 1

chui s an du v s hng th 6 bng

nhng chui

1
n7

chui

1
n 1

2 n 13
. y khng phi l
n3 2

1
1
v s hng th 7 bng
,
218
345

2 n 13
l chui s an du hi t (theo Leibniz). Vy
n3 2

2 n 13
hi t hay chui lu tha cho hi t ti x 2 = 1.
n3 2

Vy min hi t ca chui lu tha cho l: [3; 1].

Nhn xt 7.14. Cho chui lu tha

an x n .
n7

Ti x = 0 chui hi t v c tng bng 0.

Ti x 0. Nu tn ti s N0 nguyn, dng sao cho an 0 ( n > N0) v
tn ti gii hn:

an 1 x n 1
a
lim
x lim n 1 = k(x),
n
n
n a
an x
n
hoc lim

an x n x lim

an = k(x).

(7.11)
(7.12)

Th ta c th s dng du hiu DAlembert hoc du hiu Cauchy i

vi chui s dng tm min hi t ca lu tha cho nh sau:

Vi x 0. V an 0 (n>N0) nn chui

an x n l chui s dng.

n N0 1

Nu gii hn (7.11) [hoc (7.12)] tn ti th theo du hiu DAlembert

(hoc du hiu Cauchy) chui

an x n hi t khi k(x) < 1 v phn k

n N0 1

khi k(x) > 1. T c th suy ra c s hi t ca chui lu tha cho.

28

V d 7.18. Tm min hi t ca chui:

2n 1 n
x .
n
3
n 1

Gii. Chui cho l chui lu tha vi an =

2n 1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
3n

chui hi t ti x = 0 v c tng bng 0.

Ti mi x 0 ta c:

n 1

2n 1 n
x l chui s dng v
3n

2 n 1 3n
x
an 1 x n 1
an 1

k(x) = lim

x
lim

x
lim

.
n
n a
n 3n 1 2 n 1
3
an x n
n

Theo du hiu DAlembert chui

n 1

k khi

x
2n 1 n
x
hi
t
khi
1 , phn
3
3n

x
1 . Do , chui lu tha cho hi t tuyt i khi x (3; 3).
3

Vi mi x > 3 chui lu tha cho l chui s dng c k(x) > 1.

Theo du hiu DAlembert chui lu tha cho phn k.
Vi mi x < 3 chui lu tha cho l chui s an du v vit c

di dng:
un(x) =

2n 1
3n x n =
n 1

n
1
n 1

2 n 1 n
n
x
=

1
un x , vi

3n
n 1

2n 1 n 2n 1 n
x
3 = 2n 1 lim un x lim 2n 1 .
n
n
3n
3n

Vy iu kin (ii) ca nh l Leibnitz khng tho mn. Hay chui lu

tha cho phn k khi x < 3.

Vi x = 3 ta c chui s

un lim 2 n 1
2n 1 nlim

n

n 1

chui phn k, hay chui lu tha phn k ti x = 3.

29

Vi x = 3 ta c chui s

n
1 2n 1 .
n 1

lim un lim 1 2 n 1 khng tn ti.

n

chui phn k, hay chui lu tha phn k ti x = 3.

MHT ca chui lu tha cho l (3;3).
7.6.3. o hm v tch phn tng s hng ca chui.

nh l 7. 11. Nu chui lu tha

an x n hi t trn min X v vi mi x
n 1

X ta c

an x n = S(x).

Th ta c th o hm v tch phn tng s hng

n 1

n
ca chui. C th: an x nan x n 1 S x ( x X);
n 1
n 1

n
an x dx
n 1

an x n 1
n 1 S x dx .
n 1

V d 7.18. Tnh cc tng sau:

(i) S1(x) = 1 2x 3x2 4x3 ....
(ii) S2(x) = x2 2x3 3x4 4x5 ....

1
1
1
(iii) S3(x) = x x2 x3 x4 ...
2
3
4

Gii. Ta c

xn 1 x

l chui lu tha hi t v

n 1

(khi 1 < x < 1).

n 1

Theo nh l 7.11, o hm hai v ca ng thc trn ta c:

S1(x) = 1 2x 3x2 4x3 .... =

1 x 2

(x (1;1)).

Nhn c hai v ca ng thc trn vi x2 ta c:

30

S2(x) = x 2x 3x 4x .... =

Mt khc,

x2

1 x

(x (1;1)).

1 x x2 x3 x 4 .... x ... l chui lu

n 0

tha hi t v

x
n0

1
(x (1;1)). Theo nh l 7.11, tch phn
1 x

hai v ca ng thc trn ta c:

1
1
1
dx
S3(x) = x x2 x3 x4 ... =
ln 1 x C
2
3
4
1 x

(x (1;1)).

7.6.4. Khai trin hm s thnh chui lu tha.

nh l 7. 12. Nu hm f(x) c o hm mi cp ti x0 v o hm cc cp
ca n lin tc trong mt ln cn no ca x0 th n khai trin c
thnh chui lu tha ti x0 . Khi ,

f(x) =

1 k
k
k ! f x0 x x0 .

k0

V d 7.19. Khai trin cc hm s sau thnh chui lu tha cho tng

trng hp c th:
(i) f(x) = sin x theo lu tha ca x.
(ii) f(x) = cos x theo lu tha ca x.
(iii) f(x) = ln x theo lu tha ca x 1.
Gii. (i) f(x) = sin x l hm c o hm mi cp ti x = 0 v

f(n)(x) = sin x n

Nn f(x) = sin x khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti x = 0 v

sin n n
x3 x5
2 x ...
f(x) = sin x = x

...
3! 5!
n!

31

(ii) f(x) = cos x l hm c o hm mi cp ti x = 0 v

f(n)(x) = cos x n

Nn f(x) = cos x khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti x = 0 v

cos n n
x2 x4
2 x ...
f(x) = cos x = 1

...
2! 4!
n!
(iii) f(x) = ln x l hm c o hm mi cp ti x = 1 v
f (x) =

1
x 1 , f (1) =1, f(n)(x) = (1)n1(n1)! xn, f(n)(1) = (1)n1(n1)!.
x

Nn f(x) = ln x khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti x = 1 v

f(x) = ln x = (x1) (x1)2

1
1
3
4
x 1 x 1 ....
2!
3!

Cu hi n tp chng 7
Cu 1: nh ngha chui s; nh ngha tng ca chui s.
Cu 2: nh ngha s hi t ca chui s. Nu cc tnh cht v s hi t
ca chui s; chng minh tnh cht th 3 v s hi t ca chui s.

Cu 3: Cho hai chui s

un A , vn B . Khi c th ni g v s hi
n 1

n 1

t ca chui

un vn nu:
n 1

a) C hai chui (A) v (B) u hi t?

b) Mt trong hai chui hi t cn chui kia phn k?
c) C hai chui (A) v (B) u phn k?
Cu 4: 1. Pht biu iu kin cn v Cauchy v s hi t ca chui s,
t suy ra iu kin cn mt chui s hi t.

32

2. Cho chui s

un c
n 1

lim un a 0 hoc khng tn ti lim un th c kt

lun g v s hi t hay phn k ca chui s cho?

Cu 5: nh ngha chui s dng. Pht biu cc du hiu: So snh 1, So
snh 2, Dalambe v Cauchy v s hi t ca chui s dng. Chng minh
du hiu so snh 2; mi du hiu l diu kin cn hay iu kin hay
iu kin cn v mt chui s dng hi t?
Cu 6: Cc du hiu: So snh 1, So snh 2, Dalambe v Cauchy v s hi
t ca chui s dng c p dng xt s hi t ca cc chui s sau y
c khng? ti sao?
a) Chui s m.
b) Chui s khng m.

Cu 7: Cho chui s dng

an

bn
1 . Th c th khng
n a
n

hi t v lim

n 1

nh chui

bn cng hi t hay khng? ti sao?

n 1

Cu 8: Cho hai chui s

un A , vn B
n 1

l cc chui s hi t, ng

n 1

thi un tn vn n 1, 2 ,... . Chng minh rng chui s

tn (C) cng hi
n 1

t.
Nu cc chui (A) v (B) cng phn k th c th ni g v s hi t
ca chui (C)?

Cu 9: Cho

an l chui s khng i du v tho mn iu kin:

n 1

lim nan k 0.

33

Th chui cho phn k.

Cu 10: Pht biu v chng minh nh l Lepnit v s hi t ca chui s

an du. nh l Lepnit c ng cho chui an du

un khng? ti

n 1

sao? Nu c t nht mt trong hai gi thit ca nh l Lepnit v s hi t

ca chui s an du khng c tho mn th nh l cn ng na
khng? Ly v d minh ho.

Cu 11: Cho chui s bt k

un . Nu

mi lin h gia s hi t ca

n 1

chui s

un v s hi t ca chui s un . Ly v d minh ho.

n 1

n 1

Cu 12: Nu cc nh ngha v: chui hm; chui lu tha; im t v

min hi t ca chui lu tha.
Cu 13: Pht biu v chng minh nh l Abel v s hi t ca chui lu

tha. T hy chng t rng nu chui lu tha an x n phn k ti im

n 1

x0 0 th n phn k ti mi x m x > x0. mi

Cu 14: nh ngha bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha. Nu phng php
tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha.
Cu 15: Nu iu kin c th o hm v tch phn tng s hng ca
chui lu tha trn min hi t ca n. p dng kt qu trn vo vic tnh
tng.

34