Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -





CHNG 3. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
1) T THNG, SUT IN NG
Biu thc t thng:
= NBScos(t + ) =
o
cos(t + ), trong
( )

n, B . =


Biu thc sut in ng
( ) ( )
o
o o o
E

e NBSsin t sin t e E sin(t ) E cos t V.

2
| |
= = + = + = + = +
|
\

Ch :
Trong bi thi cc em ch cn nh biu thc ca t thng, t o hm l c biu thc ca sut in ng.
Sut in ng hiu dng:

= = =
o o
E NBS
E .
2 2 2

2) NH LUT M CHO MCH IN XOAY CHIU
Cc gi tr hiu dng v cc i:
C RC R L RL
L C RL RC
oR oL oC o
o
L C
U U U U U U
I ...
R Z Z Z Z Z
U U U U
I ...
R Z Z Z

= = = = = =

= = = =

ng dng vit biu thc: ( )
( )
( )
( )
R o i
L o L i
C o C i
o i
2
RL o L i RL
2
RC o C i RC
u I Rcos t

u I Z cos t
2

u I Z cos t
i I cos t
2
u I R Z cos t
u I R Z cos t
...............................
= +
| |
= + +
|
\
| |
= +
|
= +
\
= + + +
= + + +

H thc lin h trong on mch c u v i vung pha vi nhau
Vi mch ch c cha cun cm:
2 2
L oL
L
o o oL o
u U cos(t)
u i
1

i I cos t I sin(t) U I
2
=
| | | |

+ =
| | | |
= =
| \ \
\

T h thc trn ta thy th ca u
L
theo i (hoc ngc li) l ng elip.
H qu:
Ti thi im t
1
in p v dng in c gi tr l u
1
; i
1
, ti thi im t
2
c ( u
2
; i
2
) th ta c h thc

2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
2 1
1

| | | | | | | |
+ = = + = =
| | | |

\ \ \ \
=

L
oL
oL o oL o oL o o
u u
Z
i i
U u i u i u u i i u u
U I U I U I I i i
u u
L
i i

H thng kin thc trng tm vt l H thng kin thc trng tm vt l H thng kin thc trng tm vt l H thng kin thc trng tm vt l
(Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t)
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -

Vi mch ch c cha t C:
2 2
C oC
C
o o oC o
u U cos(t)
u i
1

i I cos t I sin(t) U I
2
=
| | | |

+ =
| | | |
= + =
| \ \
\

T h thc trn ta thy th ca u
C
theo i (hoc ngc li) l ng elip.
H qu:
Ti thi im t
1
in p v dng in c gi tr l u
1
; i
1
, ti thi im t
2
c ( u
2
; i
2
) th ta c h thc

2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
2 1
1
1

| | | | | | | |
+ = = + = =
| | | |

\ \ \ \
=

C
oC
oC o oC o oC o o
u u
Z
i i
U u i u i u u i i u u
U I U I U I I i i
u u
C i i

Ch : Nu thay cc cc gi tr cc i bng gi tr hiu dng th ta c h thc tng ng
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 2.
2 2
| | | |
| | | |
+ = + = + =
| |
| |
\ \
\ \ o o
u i u i u i
U I U I U I

3) CNG SUT TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU
Biu thc tnh cng sut:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
o u u
u i
o i i
u U cos t V U 2cos t V
P UIcos .
i I cos t A I 2cos t A

= + = +

= + = +

Ch :
Khi tnh ton cng sut tiu th ca on mch in xoay chiu th ta phi chuyn i cc phng trnh ca u v i
v cng dng vi nhau theo quy tc
2
| |
=
|
\

sin x cos x .
Vi on mch in c cha R th tnh cng sut bng cng thc
2
= P I R.
H s cng sut:
Vi mi loi on mch in:
o o
P 2P
cos
UI U I
= =
Vi on mch c cha R:
R
U R
cos .
Z U
= =
V d: Tnh h s cng sut ca on mch in xoay chiu c cc thng s tha mn
a) = =
L C
1
U U 2U .
2
b) = =
R L C
3
U U 3U .
3

Hng dn gii:
a) T gi thit ta c
( )
L
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
C R R R
2
2 2
R L C
1
U U
2
1 1 1 U 15U
U U U U U U U U U
4 2 4 16 16
U U U U

| |
= = + = + =

|
\

= +

T ta c
R
R
U 15U 15
U cos .
4 U 4
= = =
b) Ta c
( )
L R
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 R R
C R R R R R
2
2 2
R L C
U 3U
4U 7U 1 1
U U U U 3U U U U U
3 3 3 3
U U U U

| |
= = + = + =

|
\

= +

T ,
R
R
U 3 3 21
U U cos .
7 U 7 7
= = = =
4) LCH PHA TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU
Mch ch c R: = 0.
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 3 -

Mch ch c L:

2
= .
Mch ch c C:

2
= .
Mch ch c R, L ni tip:
L
2 2
L
Z
tan
R

, 0 .
R R
2
cos
Z
R Z

| |
< <

|
\
= =
+

c bit:
L
L

R Z 0
4

R Z
4 2
> < <
< < <

Mch ch c R, C ni tip:
C
2 2
C
Z
tan
R

, 0 .
R R
2
cos
Z
R Z

=

| |
< <

|
\
= =
+

c bit:
C
C

R Z 0
4

R Z
2 4
> < <
< < <

Mch ch c R, L, C ni tip:
( )
L C
2
2
L C
Z Z
tan
R

, .
R R
2 2
cos
Z
R Z Z

=

| |
< <

|
\
= =

c bit:

L C
L C
L C

0 Z Z R
4
0 Z Z

Z Z R
4 2
< < <
> >
< < >


C L
L C
C L

Z Z R
2 4
0 Z Z

0 Z Z R
4
< < >
< <
< < <

Ch : Trong cc bi ton lch pha c cho biu thc ca u v i, chng ta phi quy i phng trnh u, i v cng
dng hm theo quy tc

| |
=

|
\

| |
= +
|

\
sin cos : sin cos
cos sin : cos sin

5) MT S DNG TON V BIN LUN HP KN THNG GP
Mch in c 1 hp kn
Gi l lch pha gia u v i, vi

2 2
. Ta c mt s cc trng hp in hnh:
Nu = 0:
+ hp kn ch cha R nu n cha 1 phn t.
+ hp kn cha 3 phn t R, L, C vi Z
L
= Z
C.

Nu

:
2
=
+ hp kn ch cha L nu n cha 1 phn t.
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 4 -

+ hp kn cha 2 phn t (L, C) vi Z
L
> Z
C.

Nu

:
2
=
+ hp kn ch cha C nu n cha 1 phn t.
+ hp kn cha 2 phn t (L, C) vi Z
L
< Z
C.

Nu

0 :
2
< <
+ hp kn cha 2 phn t (R, L).
+ hp kn cha 3 phn t R, L, C vi Z
L
> Z
C.

Nu

0:
2
< <
+ hp kn cha 2 phn t (R, C).
+ hp kn cha 3 phn t (R, L, C) vi Z
L
< Z
C.

Ch :
+ Nu mch in khng cho dng mt chiu chy qua th mch phi c cha t in.
+ Nu mch in c tiu th in nng th mch in phi c R, hoc cun dy khng thun cm.
Mch in c 2 hp kn
Gi s hai hp kn ta cn xc nh phn t cha trong chng l X v Y.
TH1: Mi hp ch cha mt phn t.
Gi l lch pha gia in p ca X v Y (
X Y
u u
, = vi 0 ). mt s cc kh nng c th xy ra:
Nu = 0: Khi , cc hp kn hon ton ging nhau cc phn t.
Nu

:
2
=
+ Hp 1 cha L, hp 2 cha R.
+ Hp 1 cha R, hp 2 cha C.
Nu = : Khi , hp 1 cha L, hp 2 cha C.
Nu

0 :
2
< <
+ Hp 1 cha cun dy khng thun cm (r, L); hp 2 cha R.
+ Hp 1 cha L, hp 2 cha cun dy khng thun cm (r, L
o
).
Nu

:
2
< < Khi , hp 1 cha cun dy khng thun cm (r, L); hp 2 cha C.
TH2: Mi hp cha 2 trong 3 phn t.
Gi l lch pha gia in p ca X v Y (
X Y
u u
, = vi 0 ).
Kh nng 1: X cha hai phn t R, L:

Nu = 0: Khi Y cha R, L vi
L L
.
R R

Nu

:
2
= Khi Y cha R, C vi
L
L C
C
Z R L
R.R Z .Z R.R
R Z C

= = =
Nu

0 :
2
< < C mt s kh nng sau xy ra:
+ Hp 2 cha (L, R) vi
L L
.
R R

>

+ Hp 2 cha (R, C) vi
L
RR .
C
>
Nu

:
2
< < C mt s kh nng sau xy ra:
+ Hp 2 cha (L, C) vi
L C
Z Z

<
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 5 -

+ Hp 2 cha (R, C) vi
L
RR .
C
<
Kh nng 1: X cha hai phn t R, C:

Nu = 0: Khi Y cha R, C vi CR C R . =
Nu

:
2
= Khi Y cha R, L vi
L
L C
C
Z R L
R.R Z .Z R.R
R Z C
= = =

Nu

0 :
2
< < C mt s kh nng sau xy ra:
+ Hp 2 cha (L, C) vi
L C
Z Z

<
+ Hp 2 cha (R, C) vi CR C R . <
6) CC TR TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU
Mch in c R thay i
R thay i P
max
th ta c cc kt qu sau:
L C
2 2
o
max
L C L C
R Z Z
U U
P
2 Z Z 4 Z Z
1
cos
2

= =

R thay i I
max
, U
Lmax
, U
Cmax
th ta c cc kt qu:
O
max
L C L C
L
Lmax
L C
C
Cmax
L C
R 0
U U
I
Z Z 2 Z Z
U.Z
U
Z Z
U.Z
U
Z Z
=

= =

Cun dy khng thun cm:
+ Cng sut ton mch cc i khi:
L C L C
2 2 2
o
max max
L C L C L C
R r Z Z R Z Z r
U U U
P P
2 Z Z 4 Z Z 2 Z Z
1 1
cos cos
2 2


+ = =


= = =




= =


+ Cng sut trn R cc i, khi ta c:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
L C
2
R
max
2
2
L C
R r Z Z
U
P
2r r Z Z
1
cos
2

= +

+ +

>

Bi ton hai gi tr bin thin R
1
, R
2
cng sut khng i:
+ Mch in c cun dy thun cm, khi
( )
2
1 2 L C
1 2
2
1 2
R R Z Z

2
U
P
R R

+ =

Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 6 -

+ Mch in c cun dy khng thun cm, khi
( )( ) ( )
2
1 2 L C
1 2
2
1 2
R r R r Z Z

2
U
P
R R 2r

+ + =

+ =

+ +

Ch :
Trong trng hp mch in b khuyt mt phn t (hoc L hoc C) th ta c cc iu kin tng t
+ Vi mch R, L:
1 2 2
1 2
2
1 2
2

= =

L
R R
R R Z L .
f
U
P
R R

+ Vi mch R, C:
2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1
2

= =

C
R R Z C .
f R R
U
P
R R

Cc em cn phn bit r hai trng hp cng sut cc i khi R bin thin v cng sut bng nhau.
+ Khi R bin thin th cng sut cc i l
2 2
2 2
max
L C
U U
P
Z Z R
= =

+ Khi R bin thin c hai gi tr cho P bng nhau th
( )
2
2 2
1 2
2 1 2
1 2
2 2
max
L C
L C
U
P
U U
R R
P
Z Z R R
Z Z R R

+
= =

Mch in c L thay i
L thay i I, P, U
R
, U
C
t max, khi mch c cng hng:
2
2
max max
C
Rmax Cmax
1
L
C
U U
I , P
R R
U.Z
U U, U
R
cos 1

= =

= =

L thay i U
Lmax
, khi ta c:
( )
2 2
C
L
C
2 2
L C
max
R Z
Z
Z
U
U R Z
R
+
=

= +

L thay i U
RLmax
, khi ta c:
( )
2 2
C C
L
RL
max
2 2
C C
Z 4R Z
Z
2
2UR
U
4R Z Z

+ +
=

Ch :
Khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m cng sut P (hoc cng hiu dng I) khng i th ta c
+
=
1 2
L L
C
Z Z
Z
2

Khi U
L
cc i th ta c ( ) = + + = +
2
2 2 2 2 2
L R C RC
max
U U U U U U
Khi U
L
cc i th u
RC
vung pha vi in p u ca hai u mch.
Khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m U
L
khng i, ng thi khi L = L
o
m U
L
t cc i th ta c h thc lin h
gia cc i lng l = +
o 1 2
2 1 1
.
L L L

Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 7 -

Mch in c C thay i
C thay i I, P, U
R
, U
L
t max, khi mch c cng hng:
2
2
max max
L
Rmax Lmax
1
C
L
U U
I , P
R R
U.Z
U U, U
R
cos 1

= =

= =

C thay i U
Cmax
, khi ta c:
( )
2 2
L
C
L
2 2
C L
max
R Z
Z
Z
U
U R Z
R
+
=

= +

C thay i U
RCmax
, khi ta c:
( )
2 2
L L
C
RC
max
2 2
L L
Z 4R Z
Z
2
2UR
U
4R Z Z

+ +
=

Ch :
Khi C = C
1
hoc C = L
2
m cng sut P (hoc cng hiu dng I) khng i th ta c
+
=
1 2
C C
L
Z Z
Z
2

Khi U
C
cc i th ta c ( ) = + + = +
2
2 2 2 2 2
C R L RL
max
U U U U U U
Khi U
C
cc i th u
RL
vung pha vi in p u ca hai u mch.
Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m U
C
khng i, ng thi khi C = C
o
m U
C
t cc i th ta c h thc lin h
gia cc i lng l
+
=
1 2
o
C C
C .
2

Mch in c hoc f thay i
I, P, U
R
t max, khi mch c cng hng:
2
max max
Rmax
1 1
f
LC 2 LC
U U
I , P
R R
U U
cos 1

= =

= =

U
L
t max, khi :
L 2 2
2

2LC R C
=

U
L
t max, khi :
2
C 2
2L R C
.
2L C

=
Ch :
Khi =
1
hoc =
2
m cng sut P (hoc cng hiu dng I) khng i ng thi khi =
o
m
cng sut P cc i (hoc I cc i, hoc mch c cng hng in) th ta c h thc lin h gia cc i
lng l
2 2
o 1 2 o 1 2
. f f . f = =
T cc kt qu thu c trn ta c
2
2 2 2
2 2 1
. .
2 2

= =

L C
L R C

LC R C L C LC

7) MY BIN P, S TRUYN TI IN NNG
My bin p
Vi mi loi my bin p:
1 1
2 2
U N
.
U N
=
Vi my bin p l tng:
1 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2
U I U N I
.
U I U N I
= = =
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 8 -

S truyn ti in nng
Cng sut hao ph:
2
2
P
P I R .R
Ucos
| |
= =
|
\

gim in p trn ng dy truyn ti in nng: U = I.R
Hiu sut truyn ti in nng:
( )
2
P P P P.U.R
H 1 1
P P
Ucos

= = =
Ch :
Trong cu to my bin p th cun s cp ni vi ngun in xoay chiu, cun th cp ni vi ti tiu th.
Cng thc tnh in tr dy dn: . =

R
S

Trong qu trnh tnh ton, 2 = d , vi d l khong cch t nh my in n ni tiu th.
V d 1: in nng mt trm pht in c truyn i xa vi in p 2 kV, hiu sut ca qu trnh truyn ti
in nng l 80%. Mun hiu sut ca qu trnh truyn ti tng ln n 95% th ta phi
A. tng in p ln n 4 kV. B. tng in p ln n 8 kV.
C. gim in p xung cn 1 kV. D. gim in p xung cn 0,5 kV.
Hng dn gii:
Biu thc tnh cng sut hao ph
2
P
P .R
Ucos
| |
=
|
\

Khi H = 80% th cng sut hao ph l 20%.
Khi H = 95% th cng sut hao ph l 5%.
cng sut hao ph gim 4 ln (t 20% cn 5%) th ta phi tng U ln 2 ln, tc l tng ln 4 kV.
V d 2: Ngi ta cn ti 1 cng sut 5 MW t nh my in n mt ni tiu th cch nhau 5 km. Hiu in
th cun th cp my tng th l U = 100 kV, gim th trn ng dy khng qu 1% U. in tr sut cc
dy ti l 1,7. 10
8
m. Tit din dy dn phi tha iu kin no?
Hng dn gii:
Ta c d 5 km 10 km 10000 m. = = =
gim in th
1 1000
U IR U 1kV 1000V R
100 I
= = =
M
6
3
P 5.10 1000
P UI I 50A R 20 20 S
U 100.10 50 S 20
= = = = =


Thay s ta c
8
6 2 2 2
1, 7.10 .10000
S 8, 5.10 m 8, 5mm S 8, 5mm
20

= =
8) MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU
Nguyn tc hot ng: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
My pht in xoay chiu 1 pha:
Cu to:
+ Phn cm: l nam chm dng to ra t trng. Nam chm ca phn cm c th l nam chm
vnh cu hoc nam chm in.
+ Phn ng: l khung dy dn dng to ra dng in.
Mt trong hai phn cm v phn ng ng yn, phn cn li quay. B phn ng yn gi l stato, b
phn quay gi l rto.
+ T thng qua mi cun dy bin thin tun hon vi tn s: f = n.p
Trong : n l tc quay (vng/s), p: s cp cc.
Nu tc quay l N(vng/pht) th tn s ca dng in cho my pht sinh ra l
N.p
f .
60
=
Hot ng: Cc my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c th hot ng theo hai cch
+ Cch th nht: phn ng quay, phn cm c nh.
+ Cch th hai: phn cm quay, phn ng c nh.
My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha:
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 9 -

Khi nim: L my to ra 3 sut in ng xoay chiu hnh sin cng tn s, cng bin v lch pha nhau
120
0
tng i mt. Biu thc cc sut in ng ba cun dy :
( )
1 o
2 o
3 o o
e E os t
2
e E os t
3
4 2
e E os t E os t
3 3
c
c
c c

| |
=

|
\

| | | |
= = +
| |
\ \

Cc dng in do my pht sinh ra c biu thc tng ng:
( )
1 o
2 o
3 o o
i I os t
2
i I os t
3
4 2
i I os t I os t
3 3
c
c
c c

| |
=

|
\

| | | |
= = +
| |
\ \

Cu to:
+ Phn cm: l nam chm quay xung quanh 1 trc dng to ra t trng (hay cn gi l Rto).
+ Phn ng: gm 3 cun dy dn ging nhau lch nhau 120
0
tc 1/3 vng trn (hay cn gi l
Stato).
Cc s mt ti 3 pha i xng
Mc hnh sao:
+ Cng tc thi trn dy trung ha i = i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
. Nu cc ti i xng th i = 0.
+ Gi hiu in th gia mt dy pha v mt dy trung ha

l hiu in th pha U
P.
Gi hiu in th
gia hai dy pha l hiu in th dy U
d
. Khi ta c h thc
d p
d p
U 3U
I I

Mc hnh tam gic: Khi ta c h thc
d p
d p
U U
I 3I
=

Ch : Khi tnh ton v my pht in xoay chiu 3 pha th chng ta tnh ton trn tng pha vi in p l U
P
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHNG 4. DAO NG IN T
1) CC I LNG C TRNG CA MCH DAO NG IN T
Chu k, tn s mch dao ng:
o
o
o
2
T 2 LC
1

1 1
LC
f
T 2 2 LC

= =

= = =

T cc cng thc trn, chng ta c th tnh ton c L, C, T, f ca mch dao ng cng nh s tng gim ca chu
k, tn s.
Ch :
Cng thc tnh in dung ca t in phng l
.
.
=
S
C
k 4 d
, trong d l khong cch gia hai bn t in.
Khi tng d (hoc gim d) th C gim (hoc tng), t ta c mi lin h vi T, f.
Nu
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
1 1
2 2

LC T LC
C C C
f
LC LC

Bi ton vit biu thc i, q, u ca mch dao ng:
Biu thc in tch hai bn t in: q = Q
o
cos( + ) C.
Biu thc cng dng in chy trong cun dy: i = q = I
o
cos( + + /2) A; I
o
= Q
o
.
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 10 -

Biu thc hiu in th hai u t in:
+
= = = + =
o o
o o
Q cos(t ) Q q
u U cos(t )V; U
C C C

Quan h v pha ca cc i lng:
i q u
u q


2 2

= + = +
=

Quan h v cc bin :
o
o
o o
o
o o
o
Q
U
Q CU
C
I
I Q

Q
=
=

=
=

Phng trnh lin h:
( )
( )
2 2
o
o o o o
q Q cos t
q i
1

Q I i I cos t I sin t
2
=
| | | |

+ =
| |
| |
= + =
\ \ |
\

Bi ton ghp t in
Cc t C
1
, C
2
mc ni tip:
b 1 2
1 1 1
C C C
= + , tc l in dung ca b t gim i, C
b
< C
1
; C
b
< C
2
.
Khi tn s gc, chu k, tn s ca mch l
1 2 n
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
...
L C C C LC
L
T 2 LC 2
1 1
C C
1 1 1 1 1
f
2 L C C 2 LC
| |
= = + + +
|
\
= =
+
| |
= = +
|
\


Cc t C
1
, C
2
mc song song: C
b
= C
1
+ C
2
, tc l in dung ca b t tng ln, C
b
> C
1
; C
b
> C
2
.

Khi tn s gc, chu k, tn s ca mch l
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1

LC L C C
2
T 2 L C C

1 1
f
T 2
2 L C C
= =
+
= = +
= = =
+

Cc t C
1
, C
2
mc hn hp:
+ T
1
; f
1
l chu k, tn s ca mch khi mc L vi C
1
+ T
1
; f
1
l chu k, tn s ca mch khi mc L vi C
2

+ Gi T
nt
; f
nt
l chu k, tn s ca mch khi mc L vi (C
1
ni tip C
2
).

Khi
1 2
nt 2 2 2
2 2
nt 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
nt 1 2 nt 1 2
T .T 1 1 1
T
T T T
T T
f f f f f f
= + =
+
= + = +

+ Gi T
ss
; f
ss
l chu k, tn s ca mch khi mc L vi (C
1
song song C
2
).

+ Khi
2 2 2 2 2
ss 1 2 ss 1 2
1 2
ss 2 2 2
2 2
ss 1 2
1 2
T T T T T T
f .f 1 1 1
f
f f f
f f
= + = +
= + =
+

2) NNG LNG CA MCH DAO NG
Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 11 -

Nng lng in trng:
2
2
C
1 q
W Cu
2 2C
= =
Nng lng t trng:
2
L
1
W Li
2
=
Nng lng in t:
2 2
2
2
L C
2
1 1
Cu Li
2 2
q 1
W W W Li
2C 2
1 1
qu Li
2 2
+
= + = +
+

Bo ton nng lng trong mch:
T cc cng thc tnh trn ta thy nng lng in t bng nng lng t trng cc i v cng bng
nng lng in trng cc i.
Khi ta c
( )
( )
2
o
2
2 2
o
2 2 o o
C o o o
max
o o
2 2 2
L o o o
max
o o
Q
LC
I
Q Q 1 1 1
W CU QU LI
C
2C 2 2 2 2C
W I U
L 1 1 1
W LI LI CU
2 2 2 L
U I
C

= = = =

= =


= =

Cng ging nh ng nng v th nng ca dao ng c, nu mch dao ng bin thin tun hon vi chu
k T, tn s f th nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s l 2f v chu
k l T/2.
tnh cc gi tr tc thi (u, i) ta da vo phng trnh bo ton nng lng:
( )
( )
2 2
o
2 2 2 2 2 2
o o
2 2
o
2 2 2 2 2 2
o o
C U u
1 1 1
CU Cu Li Li CU Cu i
2 2 2 L
L I i
1 1 1
LI Cu Li Cu LI Li u
2 2 2 C

= + = =

= + = =

tnh cc gi tr tc thi (i, q) ta da vo h thc lin h:
( )
( )
2 2
o
o o o
q Q cos t
i q
1.
Q Q i q Q sin t
=
| | | |

+ =
| |
= =
\ \

T ta c mt s cp i, q lin hp:
+
C
o
L
W W
i 0 ; q Q
W 0
=
= =

+
L
o
C
W W
i I ; q 0
W 0
=
= =

+
o o
C L
I Q 3
i ; q W 3W
2 2
= = =
+
o o
L C
I 3 Q
i ; q W 3W
2 2
= = =
+
o o
L C
I 2 Q 2
i ; q W W
2 2
= = =
Ch :
T cc phng trnh lin h i, q v phng trnh bo ton nng lng, ta c cc bi ton v hai thi im t
1
, t
2


2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 1
1
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ = + = + = = =
| | | | | |

\ \ \ \ \ \
o
o o o o o o o o o
I i q i q i i q q i i i q
I Q I Q I Q Q I Q q q

Kha hc Luyn thi i hc mn Vt l Thy ng Vit Hng
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 12 -


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= + + = + = =

o
u u L
CU Cu Li Cu Li Cu Li C u u L i i
C i i

3) IN T TRNG, SNG IN T
Cc gi thuyt Macxoen
Gi thuyt 1:
+ Mi t trng bin thin theo thi gian u sinh ra mt in trng xoy.
+ in trng xoy l in trng m cc ng sc bao quanh cc ng cm ng t.
Gi thuyt 2:
+ Mi in trng bin thin theo thi gian u sinh ra mt t trng xoy.
+ T trng xoy l t trng m cc ng cm ng t bao quanh cc ng sc ca in trng.
in t trng
Pht minh ca Mcxoen dn n kt lun khng th c in trng hoc t trng tn ti ring bit, c
lp vi nhau. in trng bin thin no cng sinh ra t trng bin thin v ngc li t trng bin thin
no cng sinh ra in trng bin thin.
in trng v t trng l hai mt th hin khc nhau ca mt loi trng duy nht gi l in t trng.
Sng in t
Khi nim:
Sng in t l qu trnh truyn i trong khng gian ca in t trng bin thin tun hon trong khng gian
theo thi gian.
c im:
+ Sng in t l sng ngang. Trong qu trnh truyn sng, ti mt im bt k trn phng truyn,
vect E

, vect B

lun vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng.

+ Trong sng in t, ,

E B ti mt im lun dao ng cng pha vi nhau.
+ Sng in t truyn c trong cc mi trng vt cht v c trong chn khng. Vn tc truyn
sng in t trong chn khng ln nht, v bng vn tc nh sng v = c = 3.10
8
m/s.
+ Sng in t c tnh cht ging sng c hc: phn x, c th khc x v giao thoa c vi nhau.
Sng v tuyn: l sng in t c bc sng t vi mt n vi kilomet c dng trong thng tin lin lc v tuyn.
Cng thc tnh bc sng v tuyn
+ Trong chn khng:
v
v.T 2v LC
f
= = = vi v = 3.10
8
m/s l tc nh sng trong chn khng.
+ Trong mi trng vt cht c chit sut n th
n
v c
v.T ; n .
f n v

= = = =
Ch :
+ i vi bi ton cc t C
1
, C
2
... mc song song hoc ni tip th ta c th gii theo quy tc sau:
Nu L mc vi t C
1
th mch thu c bc sng
1
; Nu L mc vi t C
2
th mch thu c bc
sng
2.
Khi
( )
( )
1 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1
;


;
= + =
+
= + = +
nt
nt
ss ss
L C nt C
L C ss C

+ i vi bi ton c t xoay m in dung ca t l hm bc nht ca gc xoay th ta tnh theo quy
tc:
- in dung ca t mt v tr c gc xoay phi tha mn: C

= C
1
+ k., trong
2 1
2 1

C C
k l h s gc.
- Tnh c gi tr ca hoc C

t gi thit ban u thu c kt lun.

S khi ca my pht sng v tuyn n gin


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