Extending The Life of Bridges

STRUCTURAL FAULTS +
REPAIR2006
Abstracts of the Eleventh
International Conference
on
Extending the Life of Bridges

Concrete + Composites
Buildings, Masonry + Civil Structures
13th 15th June 2006
Venue:
The Assembly Rooms
Edinburgh
Edited by:
Professor M.C. Forde, PhD, CEng, FREng, FRSE, FICE, FIEE
Carillion Chair
University of Edinburgh
www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com
1
STRUCTURAL FAULTS +
REPAIR2006
First published in June 2006
by
ENGINEERING TECHNICS PRESS
46 Cluny Gardens
Edinburgh EH10 6BN, UK
Tel: +44-(0)131-447 0447
Fax: +44-(0)131-452 8596
email: books@ecspublications.com
ISBN 0-947644-58-10
The Contributors
named in the List of Contents 2006
Printed in Scotland
by
Meigle Colour Printers Ltd
Tweedbank Industrial Estate, Galashiels
Tel: +44-(0)1896-753076
2
STRUCTURAL FAULTS +
REPAIR2006
Scientific Advisory Board
Dr I Al-Qadi, Univ of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
Dr SL Matthews, BRE, Garston, UK
Prof SL Bakoss, Univ of Tech, Sydney, Australia
Prof DM McCann, Univ of Edinburgh, UK
Prof PAM Basheer, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK
Prof U Meier, EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland
Dr R Betti, Columbia Univ, New York, NY, USA
Dr J Mirza, Hydro-Quebec, Varennes, Canada
Prof L Binda, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Dr AS Mosallam, Univ of California, Irvine CA,

USA
Prof JH Bungey, Univ of Liverpool, UK
Dr A Nanni, Univ of Missouri-Rolla, MO, USA
Prof O Buyukozturk, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA
Dr HH Nassif, Rutgers Univ, NJ, USA
Prof JR Casas, UPC, Barcelona, Spain
Prof M Ohtsu, Kumamoto Univ, Japan
Prof MYL Chew, National Univ of Singapore
Dr SP Pessiki, Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Dr AG Davis, CTL, Skokie, IL, USA (deceased)
CG Petersen, Germann Inst, Copenhagen,

Denmark
J Elliott, Pure Technologies Ltd, Calgary, Canada

PJ Fenning, VJ GeoConsultants, Christchurch,
UK
Prof M Raupach, TU Aachen, Germany

Dr S Rizkalla, N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh,
USA
C Flohrer, Hochtief AG, Frankfurt, Germany

Prof R Folic, Univ of Novi Sad, Serbia &
Montenegro
Prof PC Robery, Halcrow, Birmingham, UK

Dr H Saadatmanesh, Univ of Arizona, Tucson,
USA
Prof MC Forde, Univ of Edinburgh, UK

Dr DW Fowler, Univ of Texas at Austin, USA
Prof M Shigeishi, Kumamoto Univ, Japan
Prof D Frangopol, Univ of Colorado, Boulder,

USA
Dr T Shiotani, Tobishima Corp, Chiba, Japan

Dr N Shrive, Univ of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Prof D v. Gemert, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
Prof B Taljsten, Lulea Univ of Tech, Sweden
Prof PC Hewlett, BBA, Garston, UK
Prof J-G Teng, Hong Kong Poly Univ, Hong Kong
Prof LC Hollaway, Univ of Surrey, UK
Dr G Washer, University of Missouri Columbia, USA
Dr KC Hover, Cornell Univ, Ithica, NY, USA

Dr J Jirsa, Univ of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
Prof E Watanabe, Kyoto Univ, Japan
R Johnstone, Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, UK
Prof T Watanabe, Univ of Tokushima, Japan
I Kennnedy-Reid, Atkins, Epsom, UK
Dr H Wiggenhauser, BAM, Berlin, Germany
Dr FW Klaiber, Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA, USA
A Wingrove, Highways Agency, Birmingham, UK
Prof Q Leiper, Carillion plc, Wolverhampton, UK
Dr JGM Wood, SS&D Ltd, Chiddingfold, UK
Prof CK Leung, Hong Kong Univ of Sci & Tech,

China
Dr R Woodward, TRL Ltd, Crowthorne, UK

Dr BS Yanev, New York State DoT, NY, USA
Prof AE Long, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK

Dr SF Luke, Mouchel Parkman, West Byfleet, UK
CONTENTS
Theme 1:
Day 1:
Keynote Papers
Bridges
Bridge Management & Assessment ....................................................11

Concrete Bridges ................................................................................15
Steel Bridges + Steel-concrete Composite Bridges &
Cable-stayed Bridges ..........................................................................23
Prestressed & Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges .................................31
Day 2:
Masonry Arch Bridges ........................................................................37

NDT & Monitoring of Bridges ...........................................................45
Day 3:
Bridge Repair using Advanced Composites........................................51

Concrete Bridge Deck Inspection + Repair ........................................55
Corrosion + Cathodic Protection in Concrete Bridges........................63
Timber Bridges....................................................................................67
Case Studies of Bridge Repair ............................................................71
Theme 2:
Day 1:
Concrete & Advanced Composites
NDT of Concrete + Advanced Composites.........................................77

Impact-echo NDT of Concrete............................................................87
Case Studies NDT of Concrete ........................................................91
Corrosion + Cathodic Protection.........................................................95
Day 2:
Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair........................................99

Concrete Durability Assessment by NDT & Monitoring..................109
Day 3:
Concrete Repair & Durability ...........................................................115

Durability of Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair ................123
Seismic Upgrades using Advanced Composites ...............................127
Concrete Repair Interfaces................................................................131
Theme 3:
Day 1:
Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures
Civil Structures .................................................................................137

Masonry Structures ...........................................................................145
Seismic & Blast Strengthening .........................................................151
Corrosion & Repair ...........................................................................155
Day 2:
Timber Structures..............................................................................159
Building Inspection & Repair ...........................................................165
Concrete Repair.................................................................................171
Fire Damage & Repair ......................................................................177
Building Repair using Composites ...................................................181
Day 3:
Car Parking Structures ......................................................................185

Basilicas, Mosques & Monuments....................................................189
Bell Towers .......................................................................................195
NDT of Structures .............................................................................199
Radar NDT ........................................................................................205
Acoustic Emission NDT....................................................................209
KEYNOTE PAPERS
DEGRADATION MECHANICS OF
BRIDGE CABLES
nondeteructive testings (NDT) have been

intensively studied to establish practical
inspection techniques.
Acoustic emission (AE) techniques
have been extensively studied as NDT of
concrete. At the present state of the art,
cracking mechanisms inside concrete,
damage degree of concrete and corrosion
of reinforcement can be quantitatively
evaluated. Crack kinematics is identified by
the SiGMA procedure based on the moment
tesor of AE source. Because kinematical
information is obtained as threedimensional (3-D) locations and vectors,
3-D visualization is recently developed.
New AE parameters of load ratio and
calm ratio are defined for qualification of
the damages. Damage qualification was
experimentally conducted in reinforced
concrete beams damaged due to cyclic
loading. AE behavior of concrete under
compression is quantitatively analyzed,
applying the rate process theory. Using
Loland's model of damage mechanics, a
relation between AE rate and the damage
parameter is correlated and implemented
in a database. By quantifying intact
elastic moduli of concrete from the
database, relative damages of concrete
in existing structures are successfully
estimated. Continuous AE monitoring is
useful for earlier warning of corrosion
in reinforcement. Onset of corrosion in
reinforcement and nucleation of corrosion
cracking in concrete are readily identified.
These updated results are discussed.
The impact echo is developed for NDT
to identify defects in concrete. Resonance
frequencies are applied to estimate the
presence and the depth of defects. It is,
however, not easy to identify particular
peak frequencies only responsible for
the defects. Consequrently, SIBIE (Stack
Imaging of Spectral Amplitudes based on
Impact-Echo) procedure is developed. The
KM Mahmoud
Bridge Technology Consulting, 295 Madison

Avenue, Suite 901, New York, NY 10017, USA
khaled@kmbtc.com
Keywords: Suspension cables, degradation

mechanics, stress corrosion cracking,
hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion rate,
Monte Carlo simulation
Inspections of suspension bridge cables
conducted in the last decade revealed the
presence of cracks and brittle fractures in
wires. Strength capacity of bridge cables
is usually evaluated without accounting
for the effect of corrosive environments.
Stress corrosion cracking, pitting, corrosion
fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement are
some of the major factors that compromise
the cable strength. In this paper, the factors
that affect the degradation mechanics of
bridge cables are presented. The parameters
influencing the cable strength are outlined
and discussed in the frame work of
probability-based analysis.
AE AND SIBIE TECHNIQUES
FOR NDT OF CRACK, DAMAGE,
CORROSION AND VOID IN
CONCRETE
M Ohtsu, M Shigeishi, T Suzuki,
N Alver
Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555

Japan
Ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
Keywords: NDT of concrete, acoustic

emission, impact echo, SIBIE
The need for estimating concrete
properties other than strength has been
drastically increasing. In particular,
quantitative identification of defects in
concrete is of significant importance for
maintenance, because concrete structures
are no longer maintenance-free. To this end,
7
procedure is successfully applied to identify

an ungrouted tendon duct of plastic sheath in
a prestressed concrete (PC). Determination
of surface-crack depths is also attempted.
concrete columns wrapped with GFRP. The

importance of data de-noising and filtering
along with further image processing is
emphasized and planned for further work.
DETECTING DETERIORATION
BEHIND GFRP WRAP
STRENGTHNING OF BRIDGE
COLUMNS
O Bykztrk, T-Y Yu
DEBONDING FAILURES OF
RC BEAMS FLEXURALLY
STRENGTHENED WITH
EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP
REINFORCEMENT
Prof JG Teng
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept

Civil & Environmental Engineering, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, USA
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Dept

Civil & Structural Engineering, Hong Kong,
China
cejgteng@polyu.edu.hk
obuyuk@mit.edu, youngyu@mit.edu
Keywords: NDE, GFRP-wrapped concrete
columns, airborne radar, far-field condition,
delamination
Keywords: FRP, RC beams, strengthening,

debonding, design
The flexural strength of a reinforced
concrete (RC) beam can be substantially
enhanced by bonding an FRP plate to the
tension face of the beam. Failure of such an
FRP-strengthened RC beam often occurs
by debonding of the FRP plate from the
RC beam before the theoretical flexural
capacity of the plated beam section is
reached. Despite the many theoretical
and experimental studies on debonding
failures of FRP-strengthened RC beams,
considerable uncertainty still exists with the
failure mechanisms and processes and with
the accurate prediction of debonding failure
loads. This paper addresses the following
issues based on the extensive recent research
conducted at The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University: (a) classification of debonding
failure modes; (c) mechanisms and
processes of debonding failure modes; (e)
theoretical models for debonding failures;
and (d) design against debonding failures.
The comprehensive design procedure
given in this paper can be directly applied
in the practical design of FRP strengthening
systems for RC beams and serves as a useful
basis for the drafting of design provisions in
design codes and guidelines.
A radar NDE (nondestructive evaluation)

technique using an airborne antenna
operating in the far-field condition is
developed for detecting damages such
as delamination and concrete cracking in
GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer)wrapped concrete columns. The far-field
airborne radar (FAR) NDE technique is
advantageous for distant measurement of
bridge columns in practical applications.
Far-field radar measurements were made
on artificially damaged specimens in
the compact RCS (radar cross section)/
antenna range facility. Normal incidence
and oblique incidence measurement
schemes were applied to study the specular
effect in reflected signals. Preliminary
measurement results indicate the presence
of artificial defects behind the GFRP wraps
as shown in the frequency-angle imagery.
A finite difference-time domain (FD-TD)
numerical simulation capability for the
electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation
and scattering is developed and applied
to GFRP-wrapped concrete cylinders. It
is shown that this far-field radar NDE
technique has potential in identifying
structural damages in the surface regions of
8
35 YEARS OF INSITU ASSESSMENT

OF CONCRETE
Prof JH Bungey
of appropriate accredited training

programmes.
STATE-OF-THE ART TECHNIQUES
FOR REHABILITATION AND
SAFETY OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Prof AS Mosallam
The University of Liverpool, Dept Engineering,

Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ UK
bungey@liverpool.ac.uk
Keywords: Concrete, insitu, testing, nondestructive, documentation, standards
University of California, Irvine Dept Civil &

Environmental Engineering, 4130 Engineering
Gateway, Irvine CA 92697-2175, USA
Mosallam@uci.edu
Developments of techniques for insitu

assessment of concrete over the past 35
years, including non-destructive methods,
are reviewed and analysed on the basis of
the Authors experiences. The effects of
changing demands by Engineers driven
by industrial circumstances, including a
shift in focus from strength to durability
and integrity assessment are traced in
relation to equipment developments. An
important recent feature is the impact of
digital technology upon data handling,
interpretation and presentation capabilities,
leading to significant new industrial
applications. This has been supported by
extensive research at Universities and other
laboratories to assess test capabilities and
develop interpretation procedures. In
some cases, this has been stimulated by
organisations such as RILEM and research
councils.
Concurrent developments of authorative
documentation available to Engineers have
also been significant. These include new
National Standards, Committee Reports
and Compendia of test methods, as well
as textbooks and handbooks. Several
new European Standards have recently
been published, whilst others are under
development, and key features of these
will be outlined. Such documentation is an
essential component of increased industrial
acceptance of insitu testing.
Future prospects for insitu testing
will also be briefly considered in the light
of likely industrial needs and financial
constraints, together with availability
Keywords: Highway bridges, FRP

composites, rehabilitation, repair, safety,
impact, fatigue
This paper provides an overview on some of
the latest advances in bridge rehabilitation
and safety. In the rehabilitation side,
innovative polymer composite systems
were developed, evaluated and applied on
a portion of the Sauvie Island highway steel
bridge in Portland, Oregon. A description
of the field application of the composite
systems is presented. The use of hybrid
composite decks for providing an efficient
solution for the chronic fatigue problem of
the lift span of the Schuyler Heim highway
bridge in Long Beach, California is also
presented. In addition to weight saving,
the composite deck has a superior fatigue
properties and high strength-to-weight and
stiffness-to-weight ratios as compared to
the existing welded steel gratings.
In this program, a pilot project in
developing field emergency repair
procedure was conducted and the
repaired deck exceeded the strength of the
undamaged deck by over 25%. Rapid and
emergency repair of reinforced concrete
bridge columns is another successful
application of FRP composites. The
results and details of a pilot project was
conducted at the University of California of
Irvine aiming at evaluating repaired sheardeficient columns damaged by a simulated
gravity and cyclic forces is reported. The
9
results of the large-scale testing indicated

that the use of polymeric composites as
external jackets can be performed rapidly
in the field with minimum workmanship
requirements in addition of being a costeffective solution capable of not only
restoring the original capacity of the
damaged column, but also increases its
shear strength and ductility. In addition,
details of an innovative functionallydegraded sandwich system for enhancing
the high-energy impact resistance of
reinforced concrete highway bridge girders
are discussed. This innovative system will
increase the safety of both the over-height
trucks as well as the impacted girder. The
efficiency of this innovative system was
validated via large-scale horizontal impact
tests as well as numerical simulation using
Dyna-LS software.
obtained cutting the temple cell walls, show

a complex situation of damages and repairs.
An investigation program (including sonic,
radar, ultrasonic, etc.) has been recently
planned, aimed to design the preservation
and restoration actions. An accurate
geometrical survey of the surface problems
and defects allowed the localisation of the
most damaged area, suggesting the further
control by NDT. The results obtained from
the survey were compared to the results of
the other type of tests and the elaborated
data will implement an analytical model
for the study of the seismic vulnerability.
The paper presents and discusses the
preliminary results of the research carried
out by the authors.
INVESTIGATION ON THE PILLARS

OF THE SYRACUSE CATHEDRAL
IN SICILY
L Binda, L Cantini, P Condoleo,
A Saisi, L Zanzi
DIS - Department of Structural Engineering,

Politecnico of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci,
32, 20133 Milan - Italy
binda@stru.polimi.it, cantini@stru.polimi.it
condoleo@stru.polimi.it, saisi@stru.polimi.it
zanzi@stru.polimi.it
Keywords: Masonry, diagnosis, NDT&E,

radar test, thermovision
The long-term research experience of
the authors shows the importance of
the knowledge of the building through
experimental investigation. Recently, the
authors intensively studied the Syracuse
Cathedral in order to evaluate the structural
state of preservation of the pillars. The
Cathedral of Syracuse was built in different
phases on an ancient Greek temple from
the 5th cent b.C. and modified along the
centuries. The pillars of the central nave,
10
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1:
Bridge Management & Assessment
11
12
EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY
EVALUATION OF CONCRETE AND
MASONRY BRIDGES
Prof M Gutermann
VALUATION AND WHOLE LIFE

COSTING OF CONCRETE BRIDGES
AND OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE
ASSETS IN THE UK
Dr D Mulenga & Prof P Robery
University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall

30, 28199 Bremen, Germany
ifes@hs-bremen.de
Prof K Steffens
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffens

Neustadtswall 30, Germany
info@psi-bremen.de
Halcrow Group Ltd, 62 Hagley Road,

Birmingham B16 8PE, UK
mulengadm@halcrow.com
roberypc@halcrow.com
Ing.-GmbH,
M Alisa
Halcrow Group Ltd, Vineyard House, London

W6 7BY, UK
alisam@halcrow.com
Keywords: Loading test, maintenance,

experimental assessment of loading
capacity, road bridge, railway bridge,
masonry arch bridge, hybrid static
Keywords: Asset Engineering, Asset

Management, Whole Life Costing, Whole
of Government Accounts, Transport Asset
Management Plans, Facilities Management,
PAS 55, Turnbull Compliance, Asset
Preservation, Asset Valuation, PDA
devices, Benchmark Survey.
The experimental safety evaluation

of structures appears to be a technical
alternative if analytical approaches fail to
prove sufficient structural safety. Especially
in the case of concrete and masonry
structures, by loading tests numerous
structures could be saved from demolition.
Financial as well as environmental resources
for their replacement could be saved.
During the last decade, the technology of
the in situ experimental safety evaluation of
structures has been significantly improved
and extensively tested.
The work of a research team under
the leadership of the University of
Applied Sciences in Bremen resulted in
remarkable technical achievements as far
as methods and equipment for loading
tests are concerned (Fig. 1). Furthermore,
the team contributed into the formulation
of corresponding technical guidelines.
By using state-of-the-art measuring
equipment the research team could
successfully evaluate the structural safety
and serviceability of approximately 300
structures, among them about 60 bridges.
In the past three years there has been

an unprecedented interest by Local
Government in the UK in the condition
and value of their highway assets. In the
past, it was sufficient to know the projected
maintenance spend to keep highway assets
such as bridges and roads operational.
However, this approach suffered from
budgetary shortfalls, leading to a backlog
in work.
For some time, Governments around
the world have begun to look further
than short term, reactive maintenance
strategies. Strategic highway authorities
in particular have introduced infrastructure
management plans and procedures that
developed complex models based on the
value of the asset and the comparative cost
of maintaining or replacing it, based on a
whole life costing approach. The intention
was clear: to prioritise the work and ensure
that best use was made of the limited funds
available. The outcome has been increasing
use of transport asset management plans,
which include asset valuation and whole
13
life costing principles.

Recently in England, the Local
Government sector has also had to
embrace this approach. UK Government
has now adopted Resource Accounting and
Budgeting (RAB) and Whole Government
Accounting (WGA) for all its assets. This
requires Local Government authorities to
carry out an exercise to value their assets.
The first step in the process is to
understand the types and numbers of
assets within each authority area. All key
structures such as bridges and culverts
should have current inspection and
test reports giving the structural form;
information on other highway assets, such
as street signage, may be less well defined.
However, all assets need to be identified
and valued and an estimated residual life
stated, from which future maintenance
requirements can be developed. This is in
effect an Asset Management Plan. Each
authority needs to use asset management
principles to discharge its responsibilities
for the safety and performance of the
network under its control. Typically, this
involves an assessment of present condition
and level of service, a projection of future
condition and level of service with projected
usage levels, present and future valuation,
and consideration of alternative scenarios
for improvement to meet performance
targets.
This paper sets out the authors
experience in developing asset management
plans that incorporate asset valuation and
whole life costing, using practical examples
to demonstrate how deterioration modelling,
upgrading works and life projection
improvements can significantly increase the
value of the asset on the balance sheet.
14
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1:
Concrete Bridges
15
16
STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
BRIDGES BY USE OF EXTERNAL
PRESTRESSING
Dr H Pedersen
condition of each bridge and hence its

current capacity, LTA also required the
bridges to be checked for carrying enhanced
HA Loading (20% increase on the HA loads
specified in BS 5400) to reflect the increase
in intensity and weight of traffic.
Where the current capacity proved to
be inadequate to take the enhanced HA
loading, strengthening of the bridges was
required. The use of external prestressing
for strengthening of bridges was found to
be a cost effective and efficient system for
increasing the bridge capacity.
Using both single span and continuous
span bridges as examples, this paper
presents
A summary of the inspection and testing
undertaken;
The assessment of the load carrying
capacity;
The criteria adopted for determining
whether
a
bridge
required
strengthening;
The assessment and costing of the
various strengthening options, including
the temporary works involved.
The analysis and design of external
prestressing members;
The construction techniques used to
install external prestressing.
The paper concludes by summarising the
advantages of using external prestressing,
which in many cases has proved to be
superior for the following reasons:
the concrete of the existing bridge
superstructure possesses non used
capacities
use of external prestressing only requires
known and proven technology and
existing equipment
as well the serviceability limit state
as the ultimate limit state is improved
(durability as well as load capacity)
construction works are limited to the
areas of the anchorage zones for the
COWI A/S, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby,

Denmark
hpe@cowi.dk
ITK Leong
Land Transport Authority, 1 Hampshire Road,

Singapore 219428
Kim_Leong_TAN@lta.gov.sg
Saw Wee Hong
Maunsell (S), The Concourse, 300 Beach Road,

199555 Singapore
WeeHong.Saw@maunsell.aecom.com
Keywords: Traffic loads, design and

upgrading Criteria, load capacity, durability,
strengthening, concrete structures,
prestressing, interruption of traffic
Since the early eighties external prestressing
has been used in many cases as an efficient
method to increase the load capacity of
concrete bridge superstructures. However,
the method does not seem to have reached
a status worldwide of being a standard.
It is well-known, that use of prestressing
techniques in design of concrete bridges
have provided slender designs and have
lowered the overall costs of bridge
superstructures as the strengths of concrete
materials are utilized to an optimal extent.
When the need for increasing the load
capacity of an existing bridge arises, it is
therefore natural to consider the condition
of the bridge, the strength of the concrete
and the degree of prestressing, if any, in the
existing bridge. In many cases it is possible
to increase the degree of prestressing and
thereby achieve a more optimal distribution
of concrete stresses for live load, which
leads to an increase of the load capacity.
In Singapore the Land Transport
Authority (LTA) has appointed consultants
to undertake a thorough inspection of its
bridge stock. Apart from determining the
17
external prestressing, which means that

the need for traffic restrictions on the
bridge itself or below is reduced.
significant capacity above that predicted

by the assessment codes.
Non-linear finite element techniques
were employed to model the load test, and
reproduce the additional capacity observed.
The model was further calibrated using
other published experimental results of
similar half joint tests. Once confidence
in the reliability of the non-linear model
was established, it was used to analyse
critical half joints among the 84 noncompliances. This approach was used to
justify an acceptable level of confidence
that the half joints actual capacities were
significantly greater than that obtained from
the simplified assessment methods and
were sufficient to sustain the assessment
loading.
ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE HALF JOINTS IN THE
KINGSTON BRIDGE APPROACHES
USING NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS
Dr D Boothman, S Leckie
Scott Wilson Scotland Ltd, 6 Park Circus,

Glasgow G3 6AX
danny.boothman@scottwilson.com
stephen.leckie@scottwilson.com
I MacGregor
Glasgow City Council, Richmond Exchange, 20

Cadogan Street, Glasgow G2 7AD
A Brodie
Transport Scotland, Bridges Section, Victoria

Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ
Keywords: Half joints, Kingston Bridge,

concrete, concrete modelling, non-linear
analysis
CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF
CONCRETE BRIDGES DURING
DEMOLITION
Prof T Vogel & R Barghr
The Kingston Bridge in Glasgow carries

traffic across the River Clyde and is one
of the busiest bridges in Europe. The
approach ramps to the North and South
of the river are formed from concrete box
girders, consisting of alternating reinforced
concrete suspended spans and posttensioned concrete table-top spans with
half joints. There were originally a total
of 176 half joints in the Kingston Bridge
Complex, all designed in accordance with
standards current in the late 1960s. A recent
assessment undertaken to more onerous
modern codes indicated that 84 of the half
joints were not code compliant.
In light of this theoretical inadequacy,
and in an attempt to justify a more
favourable assessed joint capacity, a
destructive load test was undertaken on a
typical half joint in part of the Complex
that was being demolished and replaced.
The data obtained from the upper and lower
nibs of the tested half joint demonstrated
ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering,

8093 Zurich, Switzerland
vogel@ibk.baug.ethz.ch
Keywords: Corrosion, ducts, grouting,

post-tensioning, tendons
During the demolition of bridges valuable
information can be gained that would
cause great expense if the structure would
have to maintain its function. Destructive
testing methods can be applied without
restrictions and results of non-destructive
methods can be verified. The condition for
structural elements being vital for structural
safety like tendons, joints or bearings can be
assessed without restriction of the covering
concrete.
The research project ZEBRA lasted
from 1997 to 2004 creating a framework
for the condition assessment of bridges to
be demolished, the central collection and
processing of the data and the development
of detailed procedures for registration of the
18
condition. In addition, the project provided

information about damage and failure
mechanisms as well as new knowledge
for checks of similar objects. The database
finally contained 89 bridges of which 36
were treated in detail resulting in respective
annexes to the final report.
The paper includes a statistical overview
regarding e.g. the types of bridges, ages of
the bridges and reasons for demolition and
especially the main conclusions of the
investigations regarding crucial structural
elements of concrete bridges like tendons,
joints, bearings and foundations.
bridge site and connected to adjacent panels

with a cast-in-place concrete joint.
The PMBISB design is similar to the
Modified Beam-in-Slab Bridge (MBISB)
system previously developed by the Iowa
State University Bridge Engineering
Center (ISU BEC). Two defining features
of the MBISB are the transverse arched
deck and the Alternative Shear Connector
(ASC) which are both incorporated in
the PMBISB. Applying Allowable Stress
Design (ASD) methods, the PMBISB is
designed for local vehicles: five 20 kip
axles on 4 ft - 3 in. centers.
Individual panels consist of three
longitudinal W-sections that are embedded
in a transversely arched concrete deck.
Reinforcement is limited to that required
in the ASC and in the deck for crack
control. All construction is preformed by
county forces with existing equipment. The
PMBISB system costs approximately 80%
of a conventional design.
The ISU BEC load tested the first
PMBISB to determine its service level
performance and the behavior of the
connected panels. Based on these results,
the design has been further refined and
five additional PMBISBs have been
constructed.
PRE-CAST MODIFIED BEAMIN-SLAB BRIDGE SYSTEM, AN

ALTERNATIVE REPLACEMENT
FOR LOW VOLUME ROADS
TF Konda
HNTB Corporation, 715 Kirk Drive, Kansas

City, MO 64105-1310, USA
tkonda@hntb.com
FW Klaiber & TJ Wipf
Iowa State University, Dept of Civil &

Environment Engineering, 422 Town Engineering Bldg, Ames, IA 50011, USA
klaiber@iastate.edu
TP Schoellen
Black Hawk County Engineer, County

Courthouse Room 211, 316 East 5th Street,
Waterloo, IA 50703, USA
tschoellen@co.black-hawk.ia.us
DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXIBLE
CONCRETE ARCH
SE Taylor, A Long, B Rankin
Keywords: Field testing of bridges, precast bridge elements, bridges for low
volume roads
Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast

Belfast, UK
s.e.taylor@qub.ac.uk
As a means of extending available resources,

the Black Hawk County Engineers Office
(BHCEO), Black Hawk County, Iowa
has developed a pre-cast bridge system
specifically for low volume roads (LVRs)
for spans up to approximately 40 ft. The
design, referred to as the Pre-cast Modified
Beam-in-Slab Bridge (PMBISB) consists
of pre-cast panels which are fabricated in
the countys casting yard, transported to the
A Gupta, J Kirkpatrick, I Hogg
Macrete Ireland Ltd, Northern Ireland
Keywords: Concrete masonry arch,

durability, field-testing, advanced
composites
Many centuries ago, our ancient engineers
were designing and constructing masonry
bridges. Some of these are still in existence
19
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF RC
BRIDGE PIERS
P Delgado & P Rocha
today, such as Le Pont du Gard which has

survived the changes of two millennia,
and are testament to the sustainability of
such structures. The key structural form of
many of these bridges was the arch form,
and more specifically the masonry blocks or
voussoirs used to create the arch. Brick and
stone were the original materials used for
arch bridges and they have proved to have
a high level of durability. In contrast, many
bridges built of modern materials, such as
steel reinforced concrete, have required
extensive repair after being in service for
a relatively short period of their design life.
As a consequence, many modern bridges
are unable to meet current loading standards
without costly strengthening work. This
paper describes the development of a
flexible concrete arch system that has no
main steel reinforcement, is cast flat but can
be lifted to form an arch without centering.
The arch takes advantage of flexible
polymeric reinforcement to support the selfweight of the blocks during the temporary
situation of the arch lift. The system
provides a highly durable and cost effective
structure. Preliminary results taken during
the monitoring of backfill operations of a
prototype arch ring are also presented. It
was concluded that the arch ring was stable
under backfilling operations.
Polytechnic Institute, Apartado 574, 4901-908

Viana do Castelo, Portugal
pdelgado@estg.ipvc.pt
procha@estg.ipvc.pt
Miguel Santos
STAP Reparao, consolidao e modificao

de estruturas, SA, Porto, Portugal
www.stap.pt
V Rodrigues, A Arde, N Pouca, A

Costa & R Delgado
Porto University, Faculty of Engineering, Rua

Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n 4200-465 Porto,
Portugal
rdelgado@fe.up.pt
Keywords: Experimental tests, retrofit,

non-linear cyclic behaviour, bridge piers.
The main purpose of this paper is to
present an experimental campaign of
different strategies for the seismic retrofit
of reinforced concrete bridge piers and
evaluating benefits concerning their
structural behaviour under the cyclic
loading.
The setup of the RC pier experimental
tests was specially designed to carry out
bending with axial load, using a horizontal
and a vertical actuator (with a slide device
to allow top displacements of the pier). A
square hollow section RC pier (450 mm
x 450 mm, and 75 mm thick), similar to
another one tested at the laboratory of Pavia
University in Italy, and a rectangular hollow
section RC pier of 450 mm x 900 mm (with
the same thickness) were tested at LESE
- Laboratory of Earthquake and Structural
Engineering at Faculty of Engineering of
University of Porto.
Besides numerical simulations of RC
piers, which are not presented herein, the
aim is to contribute for developing and
calibrating a procedure that enables the
20
evaluation of the efficiency of the different

retrofit solutions, their possibilities and
fields of application.
deflections were much less than the

recommended AASHTO Highway Bridge
Specification value.
Laboratory testing consisted of loading
twelve deteriorated panels to failure in a
four point bending arrangement. Although
all panels exhibited significant deflection
prior to failure, the experimental capacity
of eleven panels exceeded their theoretical
capacity. The experimental capacity of
the twelfth panel, an extremely distressed
panel, was only slightly below its theoretical
capacity.
TESTING AND EVALUATION OF

PRECAST CHANNEL BRIDGES
TJ Wipf, F Klaiber, DL Wood
Iowa State University, Dept of Civil Engineering,

Ames, IA 50010, USA
tjwipf@iastate.edu, klaiber@iastate.edu,
dwoody@iastate.edu
JS Ingersoll
WHKS and Company, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA

singersoll@whks.com
Keywords: Precast channel bridge,

deterioration, capacity, concrete bridges.
BRIDGE REHABILITATION AND

STRENGTHENING
WITH CONCRETE OVERLAYS
J Kunz & C de Smet
The precast channel bridge (PCB) is a

short span bridge that was commonly used
on Iowas secondary roads approximately
forty years ago. Each PCB span consists of
eight to ten simply supported precast panels
ranging in length from 5.8m to 11.0m. The
panels resemble a steel channel in crosssection; the web is oriented horizontally
and forms the roadway deck and the legs
act as shallow beams. Bundled reinforcing
bars in each leg act as the primary flexural
reinforcement.
Many of the approximately 600
PCBs in Iowa show signs of significant
deterioration. Typical deterioration consists
of spalled concrete cover and corrosion of
the bundled primary reinforcement. The
objective of this research was to access
the structural sufficiency of the deteriorated
PCBs through field and laboratory testing.
Four deteriorated PCBs were
instrumented with strain gages to measure
strains in both the concrete and reinforcing
steel and transducers to measure vertical
deflections. Response from loaded trucks
was recorded and analyzed. Test results
revealed that all measured strains and
corresponding stresses were well within
acceptable limits. Likewise, measured
Hilti Corp, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein

jakob.kunz@hilti.com
camiel.desmet@hilti.com
N Randl
Hilti Development, D-86916 Kaufering,

Germany
norbert.randl@hilti.com
Keywords: Anchors, concrete composite

construction, interface, reinforcement,
design.
The placing of concrete overlays has
gained in importance as a result of the
more frequent need to strengthen existing
structures. In order to obtain monolithic
structures, the shear transfer between the
concrete layers must be guaranteed. The
state of the art connecting procedures
and design method are briefly introduced.
From an analysis of the load-bearing
behaviour of the interface, optimization
criteria concerning the static behaviour of
connectors are derived. Numerical models
which allow to simulate a splitting test and
a shear test have been set up and calibrated.
By simulating various connector geometries
in the splitting test, an optimized shape
could be defined. Simulation of the shear
21
test confirmed the improved behaviour

of the new shape compared to traditional
connectors. An analysis of the placing
procedures has shown that the new shape
also offers a clear advantage in terms of
time required for setting the elements.
22
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1:
Steel Bridges + Steel-concrete
Composite Bridges & Cable-stayed Bridges
23
24
STRUCTURAL ASSESMENT OF
SUSPENSION BRIDGES EXAMPLE
OF FORTH BRIDGE IN THE UK
M de Wit, G Hovhanessian
informed decisions to be made about repair

or replacement.
This paper provides an overview of
current cable inspection practices. It traces
the evolution of the new technologies,
presents case studies, and discusses the
limitations and challenges associated with
each technique. The example of the FORTH
suspension bridge will be particularly
developed.
Advitam, Harensesteenweg 299, B-1800,

Vilvoorde, Belgium
mdewit@advitam-group.com
Keywords: Acoustic monitoring,

suspension bridges, structural assessment,
cables corrosion, suspension balancing
The assessment of the condition of cables
in suspension bridges and other cablesupported structures has typically been
problematic. The inaccessibility of all but
the outer layers of wire has limited the
value of visual inspection of the cables,
and traditional non-destructive testing
techniques, such as radiography and
magnetic flux, have severe limitations
that render them unsuitable for most
applications. Also, over the past ten years,
new proprietary monitoring and inspection
technologies have been introduced that
have provided bridge owners and engineers
with better information about the condition
and rate of deterioration of these critical
structural components.
Continuous remote acoustic monitoring
of the main cables of a suspension bridge
was first implemented in North America
on the Bronx Whitestone Bridge in 2000,
having previously been used successfully
to monitor the condition of post-tensioned
structures. Since that time it has been
applied on several suspension bridges
in the US, France and United Kingdom.
In 1999, Southwest Research Institute
used its proprietary magnetostrictive
sensing (MsS) technology to assess the
condition of suspender ropes on the George
Washington Bridge in New York City. Both
of these techniques have since been refined
and improved to the point where they now
provide comprehensive information about
the health of bridge cables, and allow
INVESTIGATION OF THE CABLESTAYED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

M agoda, P Olaszek
Road and Bridge Research Institute, Jagielloska

80, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
mlagoda@ibdim.edu.pl,
polaszek@ibdim.edu.pl
Keywords: Investigation, construction,

cable-stayed bridges.
The necessity of the great range of
the research works appearance during
cable-stayed bridge construction is often
caused by used materials and technical or
technological solution. The paper presents
the specific investigation, which were
done during assembling and acceptance
load testing of cable-stayed bridges over
the Vistula River: in Warsaw and Pock.
Non-typical and innovative Warsaw
bridge assembling technology was based
on launching the bridge steel girders
together with the reinforced concrete deck
slab. The monitoring measurements of the
assembling process and the all cable-stayed
bridges specific measurements are shown.
The second bridge has non-typical design
of the pylons connection with the bridge
deck. The stresses measurements of pylon,
deck structure and pylon displacement
measurements were conducted.
25
FIELD AND ANALYTICAL

INVESTIGATIONS FOR
DISTORTION CRACK PROBLEMS
IN SKEWED STEEL GIRDER
BRIDGES
Prof F Fanous, Prof T Wipf
linear relationships. This along with the

developed influence surfaces for the strains
in the vicinity of the web-gab location can
serve as quick estimates of induced stresses
and strains at this critical region.
FATIGUE CRACKS IN
FLOORBEAM-TO-TIE GIRDER
CONNECTION ANGLES IN A TIEDARCH BRIDGE
Dr L L-Y Lai
Iowa State University, Dept of Civil Eng, Ames,

IA 50011, USA
YS Bayleyegn
John Hopkins University, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Specialty Engineering, Inc, 6 East Trenton

Avenue, Suite 2, Morrisville, PA 19067, USA
lylai@sei-engineers.com
Keywords: Steel bridges, web-gap,

stiffener, field test, finite element, retrofit,
influence surfaces
Keywords: Fatigue, tied-arch bridge, finite

element, retrofit
Fatigue-crack formation in the web-gap

region has been a common occurrence
in multi-girder steel bridges. Differential
deflections between girders occur when a
bridge deck is loaded resulting in diaphragm
forces that subject the web-gap to out-ofplane distortion. This paper presents field
testing and analytical studies of a skewed
multi-girder steel bridge to investigate the
behavior of web-gap in steel girder bridges.
The field test involved measurements of
strains in the web-gap region under several
loading arrangements. Finite element
models for the tested bridge structure
were developed and the analytical results
were compared to those obtained from the
field test. In these models, different retrofit
methods that included the provision of
a connection plate between the stiffener
and the girder top flange, loosening of the
bolts connecting the cross-bracing to the
stiffener, and supplementing a stiffener
plate opposite to the original stiffener side
were investigated.
The results indicated that two of the
investigated repair alternatives were
effective in reducing the strains in the
web-gap region. In addition, the analytical
results indicated that the variation in the
stresses along the depth of the web-gap and
the out-of-plane displacements exhibited
Cracks were discovered in 1995 in several

floorbeam-to-tied girder connection
angles in a tied-arch bridge which was
constructed in the late 1940s. Based on a
load test and the subsequent finite element
analyses conducted in 2001, some stringer
bearings were replaced with elastomeric
bearings to eliminate frozen movement
at the expandable end of the stringers. All
the cracked connection angles were also
replaced.
However, some cracks redeveloped at
the same locations and more cracks were
discovered within one year after the retrofit.
A second load test was then conducted in
2004 and the results indicated that replacing
stringer bearings did not reduce the chance
of fatigue cracking. Another round of study
was therefore initiated to develop a retrofit
recommendation. Softening and stiffening
retrofit schemes were studied using
the finite element analyses which were
calibrated with the load testing results.
26
FIELD TESTING SERVICEABILITY

PERFORMANCE OF MISSOURIS
FIRST HPS BRIDGE
Dr KE Barth
paper gives and overview of current U.S.

bridge specifications with respect to live
load deflection serviceability, presents an
overview of alternative frequency based
serviceability limits founds in the Canadian
bridge specifications and summarizes the
results of a field test of the first HPS bridge
built in Missouri which was conducted to
assess the implication of various deflection
limits.
West Virginia University, Dept of Civil &

Environmental Engineering, Morgantown, WV
26506-6103, USA
Karl.Barth@mail.wvu.edu
Dr MG Barker
University of Wyoming, Dept of Civil &

Architectural Engineering, 1000 E. University
Ave, P.O. Box 3295, Laramie, WY 82071
Barker@uwyo.edu
EXECUTIVE APPROACHES TO
CONSTRUCT RAILWAY BRIDGES
WHILE RAILWAY LINE IS IN
OPERATION
JA Zakeri
Keywords: Bridges, field testing,

serviceability
The AASHTO Standard Specification
limits the deflections to L/800 for ordinary
bridges and L/1000 for bridges in urban
areas that are subject to pedestrian use.
Bridges designed by the AASHTO LRFD
Specification have an optional deflection
limit. The specifications and the LRFD
commentary do not provide explanations
for these limits, and the precise justification
of these provisions is lost to history.
Historically, the limit does not appear to
have affected a significant range of bridge
designs. However, recent introduction of
high performance steel (HPS) may change
this fact. HPS has a higher yield stress
than other steels commonly used in bridge
design (Fy=70 ksi and higher as opposed to
50 ksi), and the larger yield stress permits
smaller sections for bridge members. As
a result, deflections may be larger for
bridges of HPS, and deflection limits are
increasingly likely to control the design of
bridges built with these new materials.
This paper presents summary results of a
collaborative project between West Virginia
University, the University of Wyoming, and
the University of Washington focused on
evaluating the influence of current AASHTO
criteria that limit live load deflection of
composite steel girders. Specifically, this
School of Railway Engineering, Iran University

of Science & Technology, Tehran, Narmak,
16864, Iran
Zakeri@iust.ac.ir
Keywords: Railway bridge, detour, prefabricated bridge.

Sometimes, there is a need to construct
underpasses for different purposes such as
bridge in rail-road crossing, new waterway
and etc, while track is in operation. As track
blockage for a long time is impossible, two
approaches can be used:
1. Constructing temporary railway track
(detour) in a section of the route,
2. Using temporary main beams and speed
restrictions.
Practically, construction of detour railway
track is designed and executed in the form
of both standard case for route design speed
and /or temporary case with limited running
speed. Construction cost of standard detour
is too high and in some cases it even
exceeds underpass construction cost. The
cost of temporary detour construction is less
compared to the standard one. however, it
is considerable.
The second method which is - in case
observing safety parameters - suitable
experimental approach, would be the best
27
& cheapest method to construct underpass

while track is in operation.
This paper describes the second
method and gives executive approaches as
well as related practical examples. In this
method, suitable approaches are given to
improve safety while recognizing probable
risks. Moreover, the construction of prefabricated underpasses in minimum period
of time is described and its executive stages
are given step by step.
(ATS) system. The deflection profiles

computed from the measured strains were
in close agreement with the ATS results.
The theoretical profiles based on applicable
AASHTO LRFD girder distribution factors
provide reasonably conservative estimates
for efficient design with respect to threedimensional finite element analysis, which
accounts for the contribution of secondary
superstructure elements.
DETERMINATION OF LOAD
CAPACITY RESERVES IN OLD
TRUSS STEEL RAILROAD BRIDGE
ON BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
Prof Z Manko
DISTRIBUTED STRAIN AND

NON-CONTACT DEFLECTION
MEASUREMENT IN MULTI-SPAN
HIGHWAY BRIDGE
F Matta, N Galati, F Bastianini,
Prof A Nanni
Wroclaw University of Technology, Dept of Civil

and Water Engineering (Bridge Division), Civil
Engineering Institute, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego
No. 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
zbigniew.manko@pwr.wroc.pl
University of Missouri-Rolla, Center for

Infrastructure Engineering Studies, 223 Eng
Research Lab, 1870 Miner Circle, 65409 Rolla,
MO, USA
mattaf@umr.edu, galati@umr.edu,
fbroptic@umr.edu, nanni@umr.edu
Keywords: Railroad bridge, steel span,

truss structure, old object, load capacity
reserve, repair
Paolo Casadei
University of Bath, Dept of Architecture and

Civil Engineering, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
p.casadei@bath.ac.uk
The works subject is a steel railroad bridge

dating from the turn of the century (1900)
which is situated on a local line with a
permissible standard axle load of 155 kN.
The supporting structure is made up of three
simple-supported trusses (each having the
effective span of 44.00 m) with running in
the half-through. Since there was a need
for 200 kN axle load freight cars to go over
the bridge, a decision was made to look
for load-carrying capacity reserves. Staticstrength calculations revealed that several
truss members and deck elements did not
satisfy the requirements of the Polish
light standard (NL) for bridges situated
on this type of line. It also turned out that
the top chord elements did not meet the
requirements either, even when the dynamic
coefficient was reduced to minimum (the
running speed had to be limited to 15 km/h).
Keywords: Bridge testing, Brillouin, fiber

optics, structural health monitoring, total
station.
Fiber optic sensors are emerging as viable
alternatives for the health monitoring of
constructed facilities and smart structures.
Distributed sensors based on Brillouin
scattering add the unique advantage
of continuous strain and temperature
measurement along an optical fiber. This
paper presents the experimental validation
of distributed strain profiles from the
first extensive application of Brillouin
Optical Time Domain Reflectometry on
a highway bridge subjected to a load test.
Girder deflections were measured using a
high-precision Automated Total Station
28
A remedy that immediately came to mind

was to reinforce the top chord members
and to maintain the running speed limit.
However, considerable difficulties in the
realization of the reinforcement were
encountered and a decision was made
to look for load capacity reserves in the
spans. A load test was carried out which
showed considerable differences between
the expected deflections (or/and strains)
and the measured ones. This pointed to
potential load capacity reserves in the
span. The differences were smaller in the
case of strains. Similarly, dynamic studies
conducted under a moving locomotive
with a tender showed that the dynamic
coefficients (expressed by a comparative
ratio of dynamic to static deflection or
strain) were considerably lower than
those calculated by applying the standard
formulas. On the basis of the studies, a
decision was made to not reinforce the
members whereby considerable savings
were made.
screening is a priority for maintenance

management which may allocate the
available budget just where is needed to
assure the structure integrity and safety.
Monitoring and screening of bridges and
steel sheet piling is surely cost-effective
with RTD-INCOTEST, a Pulsed Eddy
Current inspection technology to detect
average remaining wall thickness of
corroded low alloyed carbon steel structures
through corrosion scaling, paint, coating,
concrete.
BRIDGE STRUCTURES AND STEEL

SHEET PILING INSPECTION
BY MEANS OF PULSED EDDY
CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
R Scottini, HJ Quakkelsteijn
RTD-Group, Business & Market Development

Delftweg 144 - 3046 NC Rotterdam, P.O. Box
10065 - 3004 AB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
r.scottini@rtd-group.com
h.j.quakkelsteijn@rtd-group.com
Keywords: Maintenance optimisation, cost

effective inspection, corrosion, monitoring,
pulsed eddy current, inspection, ultrasonics,
safety, integrity
Corrosion of bridges and steel sheet piling
is a major problem as they age and require
replacement, which cost billions. Colapsing
of these structures may costs lives and much
money, therefore their monitoring and
29
30
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1:
Prestressed & Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges
31
32
IS EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR
SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF
BRIDGE ELEMENTS?
T Aravinthan
in shear strengthening of concrete bridges,

with a case study of Tenthill Creek Bridge
in Queensland, Australia.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVE
PRESTRESS FORCE IN EXTERNAL
POST-TENSIONING BARS IN A
STEEL PIER CAP
S Pessiki
University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of

Engineering and Surveying, Toowoomba QLD
4350, Australia
aravinthant@usq.edu.au
Keywords: Shear strengthening, external

post-tensioning, shear crack, crack repair,
epoxy injection.
Lehigh University, Dept of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, Bethlehem, PA
18015 USA
pessiki@lehigh.edu
Retrofitting of existing concrete structures

has become an important issue nowadays
in the construction industry. Such necessity
had been caused by several factors,
especially when concrete is subjected
to severe environmental and loading
conditions. In such situations, the remedy is
either to demolish the existing structure and
construct a new one or to retrofit the existing
structure by an appropriate strengthening
methodology. In this regard, external posttensioning has been proven to be effective
in flexural strengthening of bridge elements
such as main girders, transverse girders
and headstocks. There have been some
attempts to use the external post-tensioning
technology to increase the shear strength of
bridge elements such as headstocks. One of
the issues that need careful consideration is
the presence of existing shear cracks in such
structural elements. Recent experimental
investigations using model specimens
revealed that the strength enhancement by
external prestressing is highly influenced
by the existence of shear cracks in the
concrete member. It was found that the
external post-tensioning is only effective
when the shear cracks are properly repaired
by a suitable technique such as epoxy
injection of cracks. This paper presents the
results of the investigation, discussing the
effectiveness of external post-tensioning
D Ozevin
Physical Acoustics Corporation, Princeton

Junction, NJ 08550, USA
Keywords: External prestress, pier cap,

prestress force
Field tests were performed to estimate the
effective prestress force in four 1-3/8 inch
diameter high strength steel bars installed
as a retrofit in an existing steel pier cap to
provide an external prestress force to the pier
cap and thereby increase its load carrying
capacity. After several years in service,
the bars exhibited evidence of corrosion,
and an investigation was performed to
evaluate the remaining prestress force in
the bars. The force in each bar in the field
was estimated by measuring the first mode
natural frequency of vibration of the bar
in transverse bending, and calculating the
tension force from a theoretical relationship
between bar tension, frequency, and
geometrical and material properties. The
experimental technique was first developed
and evaluated in laboratory experiments
performed on a bar of similar length and the
same diameter. The experimental technique
developed in the laboratory tests showed
good agreement between theoretical values
of tension force in a bar, computed from
measured first mode natural frequency of
vibration, and the experimentally measured
33
tension force. The laboratory methods used

to mount the accelerometer to the bar, and
to excite the bar to vibrate, were later
replicated in the field tests. The paper
describes the laboratory and field tests that
were performed to evaluate the effective
prestress in the bars.
The system consists of a precast UltraHigh Performance Concrete (UHPC)

element that is connected to the rear of
the bridge abutment using high-strength
post-tensioning rods and epoxy adhesive
similar to that used in segmental bridge
construction.
Researchers at Iowa State University
have performed full-scale laboratory testing
of the paving notch replacement system.
In addition, a structural health monitoring
system will be installed and used to
document and evaluate the performance
of these bridge components following
their installation in field demonstration
projects.
This paper presents the development
of these two fast-track bridge repair
systems, discusses their laboratory testing,
field installation, instrumentation and
monitoring.
PRECAST, POST-TENSIONED
BRIDGE REPAIR SOLUTIONS
MD LaViolette
Iowa State University, Bridge Engineering

Center, 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3100,
Ames, IA 50010, (515) 294-6838, USA
mlaviol@iastate.edu
D Bierwagen
Iowa Department of Transportation, Office of

Bridges and Structures, 800 Lincoln Way, Ames,
IA 50010, (515) 239-1585, USA
dean.bierwagen@dot.iowa.gov
Keywords: Precast, post-tensioning, bridge

repair, ultra-high performance concrete,
steel fibers, Lafarge North America, posttensioned pavement, paving support
Bridge owners are frequently faced by the
need to replace critical bridge components
during strictly limited or overnight road
closure periods. This paper presents the
development, testing, installation and
monitoring of two precast concrete bridge
elements specifically designed for the Iowa
Department of Transportation to address
this condition.
A precast, post-tensioned concrete
approach pavement has been designed
as part of the FHWA Concrete Pavement
Technology program. The precast
approach pavement system is intended for
use in either new construction or retrofit
applications and can be installed in singlelane-widths to permit staged construction
under traffic.
A rapid paving notch replacement has
been developed which can be installed
using a single overnight bridge closure.
34
CRACKING AND REPAIR OF

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
BRIDGE GIRDERS MADE
CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOADS
RW Barnes, AK Schindler
designed and is scheduled for installation

in summer 2006.
Auburn University, Dept of Civil Engineering

238 Harbert Eng. Center, Auburn AL 368495337, USA
rbarnes@eng.auburn.edu
antons@eng.auburn.edu
KS Swenson
Echelon Engineering, LLC, 1000 Abernathy Rd,

Ste 310, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA
kswenson@echeloneng.com
N Gao
DMJM Harris, 601 University Ave, Ste 274,

Sacramento, CA 95825, USA
ningyu.gao@dmjmharris.com
WE Fason
LBYD, Inc, 716 S 30th St, Birmingham, AL

35233, USA
bfason@lbyd.com
Keywords: Bond of reinforcement,

continuity, creep, fiber-reinforced polymer
repair, reinforcement details, shrinkage,
temperature effects, time-dependent
deformations, transfer length
After construction of an elevated portion
of an interstate highway in Huntsville,
Alabama, U.S.A., inspectors discovered
large cracks near the end regions in
numerous precast, pretensioned concrete
girders. These girders had been made
continuous for live loads by means of
cast-in-place, nonprestressed concrete
continuity diaphragms at the intermediate
supports. The causes of the unexpected
cracking were investigated, as well as
the ramifications regarding the remaining
capacity of the affected structures. The end
regions of the cracked girders were found
to have deficient capacity for resisting shear
and positive bending. In order to correct
the identified structural deficiencies, a
repair system utilizing externally bonded,
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) fabric was
35
36
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 2:
Masonry Arch Bridges
37
38
THE REFURBISHMENT OF
DOWLEY GAP AQUEDUCT: LEEDS
AND LIVERPOOL CANAL, UNITED
KINGDOM
F Hartley
ARCHTEC - STRENGTHENING
AND PRESERVING
MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES IN
CUMBRIA
PJ Mullett
British Waterways, Ferans Wharf, Neptune

Street, Leeds LS 9 8PB, UK
Fred.hartley@britishwaterways.co.uk
Gifford and Partners, Hounsdown House,

Hounsdown Business Park, Newmans Copse
Road, Totton, Southampton SO40 9LX, UK
paul.mullett@gifford.uk.com
Keywords: Aqueduct, masonry, repair
M Briggs
Dowley Gap Aqueduct is a 110m long

seven span masonry arch structure that
carries the Leeds and Liverpool Canal
over the River Aire and its flood plain in
Bingley, 7km north west of Bradford in
West Yorkshire.
The aqueduct was built around 1773
by John Longbotham to plans by James
Brindley. It is Grade 2 listed and is an
important structure for both British
Waterways and Bradford MDC, the local
authority.
The aqueduct is in poor condition. It
is classed as an arrears asset by British
Waterways and appears on the local
authoritys buildings at risk register. The
main defects are differential movement
between the spandrel walls and arches,
leaks, weathering of the stonework
exacerbated by freeze thaw action and
extensive, established vegetation growth
causing displacement and opening of some
joints in the masonry.
This paper describeS British Waterways
winter 2005/2006 project to refurbish this
historic structure which will safeguard its
future and enhance the Conservation Area
and County Wildlife Site in which it is
situated.
Cumbria County Council, The Courts, Carlisle

CA3 8NA, UK
K. Minton
Cintec International Ltd, Cintec House, 11 Gold

Tops, Newport NP20 4PH, UK
Keywords: Arch, masonry, strengthening,

discrete, Cumbria
Masonry arch bridges form a vital part
of Cumbrias infrastructure and are a
particularly common form of bridge
construction in the local area, with over
1000 accounting for approximately 65% of
the total bridge stock. Many of the bridges
are in rural locations, and whilst they are not
heavily trafficked, they provide essential
access routes for local communities. In
addition, many of the structures are well
over 100 years old and have local heritage
importance.
Cumbria County Council (CCC),
working with Capita, has assessed the
masonry arch bridges using traditional
techniques, as part of a programme to
assess all the county bridges for the
introduction of the 40/44 tonne vehicle.
This has resulted in approximately a
quarter of the bridges being found to be
under strength with approximately 100 of
these being masonry arch bridges. CCC is
now well advanced through a strengthening
programme to improve the load carrying
capacity of the under strength bridges. For
masonry arch bridges, feasibility studies
are carried out considering the options for
strengthening including saddling, gunniting
39
and retrofitted reinforcement. The selection

process considers the relative merits of
each strengthening method particularly
with regards to cost, technical quality,
traffic disruption, heritage conservation,
sustainability and the environment. The
Archtec system has been chosen as the
preferred method of strengthening on a
significant number of the masonry arch
strengthening schemes to date.
This paper describes the features of the
Archtec system with particular relevance
to strengthening bridges in rural areas
such as Cumbria. Case studies of bridges
strengthened in Cumbria are described,
and the benefits discussed. It is concluded
that the method has provided the client
with bridges strengthened to the EC load
requirements, whilst minimising disruption
to the local communities and preserving
them for future generations.
years old. They are narrows on the road

system, too.
This paper presents the strengthening
method of masonry arch bridges using
transversal post-tensioning. This method
is very useful not only for strengthening
in transversal direction, but widening of
masonry arches can be taken as secondary
effect. There were repaired several bridges
with use of this system.
STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY
ARCH BRIDGES USING
TRANSVERSAL POST-TENSIONING
Dr L Klusek
Prof S Kisin
TREBINJE BRIDGE: HOW TO

CONTINUE UNCONSERVED
BUILDING WORK AFTER 12
YEARS?
J Kovaevi
Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Neboja Ravic
Konstruktor konsaltind d.o.o., Kolonija 33,

11222 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
www.kkonsalting.com
kkonsaltin@sezampro.yu
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical
Sciences, Civil Engineering Dept, Trg Dositeja
Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and
Montenegro
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil

Engineering, Dept of Masonry and Concrete
Structures, Veve 95, 662 37 Brno, Czech
Republic
klusacek.l@fce.vutbr.cz
Keywords: Bridge, prestressed concrete,

girder, box section, reinforcement,
prestressing
tendos,
cantilever
proceedings
R Mitrenga
On a roundabout motorway at Trebinje

place toward Dubrovnik city during
1991. was begun constructional work
on continual prestressed concrete bridge
with (34.00+48.00+34.00) meters
spans. This structure was built in free
cantilever system. At the beginning of
1992. some about 15 meters in central
span, and the most part of one lateral span
wasnt still constructed. However, these
works were interrupted without any kind
conservation at the beginning of civil war
at ex Yugoslavia. After that, during next
12 years weathering influenced on groups
Mitrenga-stavby, spol. s r.o, Tuanka 115,

627 00, Brno, Czech Republic
mitrenga@mitrenga.net
Keywords: Masonry arch bridges,

longitudinal cracks, transversal posttensioning, transversal cables
There are more than 500 masonry arch
bridges in the Czech Road system. Many of
them are cracked in longitudinal direction.
The barrel vaults are separated by them
into partial masonry arches without load
bearing connection in transversal direction
(Fig. 1). Those constructions are about 150
40
of prestressing cables (some of them were

prestressed without injection, some were
only prepared in tubes while some were
injected but without protection). Without
any protection were parts of reinforcement
and concrete surfaces.
During 2004. the building work was
continued with very hard and specific
designers task to make decisions about
replacement or repairation earlier built
structural parts. The additional problem
was changing building technology as
previous equipment wasnt useful without
serious repairation and completing. After
exhausting laboratory and structural
analysis the new design documentation
was established. At the same time it was
repairation, reconstruction and new building documentation. The whole process
was very delicate and it was completed in
close interactive work at building company,
designers and institutes that supported them.
The bridge was completed and successfully
tested in June 2005.
The experimental part of the study

involved extensive measurement of
ambient vibrations induced by traffic and
7 normal modes were identified in the
frequency range 016 Hz by using two
complementary techniques: the Enhanced
Frequency Domain Decomposition
(frequency domain) and the Stochastic
Subspace Identification (time domain).
The investigation was complemented
by the development of a 3D finite element
model, based on as-built drawings of
the bridge, and the correlation between
measured and predicted modal parameters
provided a validation of the main
assumptions adopted in the model.
WIDENING OF THE HYDRAULIC
SECTION OF A MASONRY ARCH
BRIDGE IN SARDINIA
Dr PP Mossone, Dr G Balloco, Dr L Di
Pilla
Grandi Strutture Srl, Viale Monastir 176,

Cagliari 09122, Italy
Keywords: Masonry arch bridge, widening

section, reinforced concrete arch, tie beams
pre-tension force, FEM model
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
AN HISTORIC ARCH BRIDGE
Prof C Gentile
The following work aims to analyse and

work out the issues relating to the widening
of the hydraulic section of a two arched
bridge in Sardinia.
Its small hydraulic section proved to be
insufficient and unable to drain an adequate
quantity of water with the possible risk of
dangerous flooding. In order to avoid
the occurrence of such phenomena it
is necessary to build a third reinforced
concrete arch.
Thus, we pulled down the right abutment
of the original bridge and consequently we
took the necessary safety measures through
an innovative confinement system carried
out as follows:
Driving in a line of micro-piles by
each bridge pier wall and placing two
Politecnico di Milano, Dept of Structural

Engineering, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133
Milan, Italy
Keywords: Ambient vibration testing, arch

bridges, construction phases, enhanced
frequency domain decomposition (EFDD),
operational modal analysis, strengthening,
stochastic subspace identification (SSI)
The paper presents the results of a recent
investigation on the dynamic behaviour of
an historic RC arch bridge. The investigated
bridge, known as Victory Bridge and
originally constructed in 1923, spans 75 m
over a deep valley in the Province of Lecco,
Italy. The history of the bridge is reviewed,
with an emphasis on modifications and
retrofits to the structure.
41
commercial sections at the level of the

arch springing line tightly secured to
the micro-pile line tied by means of
Dywidag threaded bars . Through such
device we neednt use ribs so avoiding
all the problems related to building
underwater. Besides, building micropiles enabled the conversion of the
original abutment of the pier bridge.
Pulling tensile the Dywidag bars by the
springing levels of both arches.
The main subject of this writing is the
determination of the tie beam pre-tension
force, having calculated the horizontal
reaction to the arch springings.
improvement on the use of the GPR method

on brick masonry railway arch bridges and
hopefully, will improve the maintenance
regime. Thus it will contribute to enhancing
the safety around railways.
ACCOUNTING FOR THREE
DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS IN ARCH
BRIDGE ASSESSMENTS
PJ Fanning, L Sobczak
School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil

Engineering, University College Dublin,
Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
paul.fanning@ucd.ie

assessment, modelling, three dimensional
effects
DETECTING RING SEPARATION IN

MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES USING
GPR
N Diamanti, Dr A Giannopoulos,
Prof MC Forde
The assessment of the safe load carrying

capacity of stone and masonry arch bridges
is generally undertaken using a unit width
of the bridge, excluding spandrel walls, in
a two dimensional analysis. Equally, and
unlike the assessment of steel or concrete
bridges, it is usual for assessors to use
empirical or mechanism type analysis
procedures. The Bridge Engineering
Research Group at UCD has been studying
the response of stone arch bridges to
vehicle loading over the past six years
the significant findings of this research
include; the predictability of response of
stone arch bridges using conventional
three dimensional solid modelling and
analysis procedures, and the importance
of transverse effects in the response to
vehicle loading. This paper describes a
novel assessment procedure for stone arch
bridges which is consistent with the ultimate
strength assessment procedures used for
other bridge types, accounts for the three
dimensional nature of arch bridge response,
and furthermore allows assessment of the
capacity of an arch bridge in both the span
and transverse directions.
The University of Edinburgh, School of

Engineering & Electronics, Institute of
Infrastructure & Environment, William Rankine
Building, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh,
EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK
N.Diamanti@ed.ac.uk
A.Giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk
M.Forde@ed.ac.uk

ground penetrating radar, GPR, numerical
modelling
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) numerical
modelling as well as experimental
verification is employed to study the
condition of masonry arch bridges in a nondestructive way. The numerical modelling is
done using a finite-difference time-domain
(FDTD) algorithm. To be able to model
fine regions of the overall model without
unrealistically increasing the computational
requirements, a new subgridding method
is being studied and will be implemented
into a numerical simulator. This project
will lead to the development and further
42
REINFORCEMENT OF OLD
BRICK ARCH BRIDGE BY STEEL
SHELL STRUCTURE MADE FROM
CORRUGATED PLATES
Dr D Beben
Opole University of Technology, Faculty of

Civil Engineering, Katowicka 48, 45-061
Opole, Poland
dbeben@po.opole.pl
Prof Z Manko
Wroclaw University of Technology, Civil

Engineering Institute, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego
27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
zbigniew.manko@pwr.wroc.pl
Keywords: Arch bridge, composite bridge,

corrugated plate, reinforcement, steel shell
structure
This paper presents the example of
reinforcement old brick arch bridge located
in Wyszkow (Poland). As the reinforcement
was used steel structure made from
corrugated plates MultiPlate type. The
conclusions drawn from the example
reinforcement can be helpful mostly for
the assessment of the behaviour of such
a type of composite bridge structures
(consists with old bridge and new structure
plus fill). In consideration of an ever more
frequent application of this type of structure
for small and middle-sized road and railway
bridges, conclusions from the paper can
be generalized to the whole class of such
structural solutions.
43
44
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 2:
NDT & Monitoring of Bridges
45
46
THE EXTENSION OF THE

UK HIGHWAYS AGENCYS
ADVICE NOTES ON THE NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF
HIGHWAY STRUCTURES (BA86) TO
COVER ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Prof MC Forde
Guidance on NDT; the second tier

comprising Areas of Application; and the
third tier covering NDT Techniques. The
extension comprises second tier documents
entitled Testing and Monitoring of the
Condition of Concrete Structures and
Testing and Monitoring of the Condition
of Metallic Structures and a third tier
document entitled Acoustic Emission.
m.forde@ed.ac.uk
B Hill
DAMAGE EVALUATION OF
CONCRETE IN A ROAD BRIDGE
BY DECAT
T Suzuki
University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering

& Electronics, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh
EH9 3JL, UK
Highways Agency, Heron House, 49/53

Goldington Road, Bedford MK40 3LL, UK
IL Kennedy-Reid
Nihon University, Collage of Bioresource

Sciences, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
t.suzuki@brs.nihon-u.ac.jp
Atkins Highways and Transportation, Woodcote

Grove, Ashley Road, Epsom KT18 5BW, UK
Dr R Woodward
G Komeno, M Ohtsu
TRL Limited, Crowthorne House, Nine Mile

Ride, Wokingham, RG40 3GA, UK
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of

Science & Technology, Kumamoto 860-8555,
Japan
Keywords: Highway structures, steel,

concrete, testing, non-destructive testing,
acoustic emission, advice notes
Keywords: Acoustic emission, damage

mechanics, rate-process theory
In 2004 the UK Highways Agency

published BA86 Advice Notes on the NonDestructive Testing of Highway Structures.
A paper presented to Bridge Management
Five described the background to these
Advice Notes, how they were developed
and trialled, what their objectives were, and
how they could be extended in the future.
This paper summarises the Bridge
Management Five paper and goes on to
describe how the Advice Notes have been
extended to cover Acoustic Emission.
The extension is based on research on
Acoustic Emission funded by the Highways
Agency. The resulting report has been
worked up by the Highways Agencys NDT
Steering Committee into Advice Notes to
enable Acoustic Emission to be used for the
investigation and monitoring of Highway
Structures.
The Advice Notes are formed of three
tiers; the first tier consisting of General
The durability of concrete structures

decreases due to such physical and
chemical environmental effects as freezingthawing process, chemical attack, fatigue
and carbonation. The degree of damage
in concrete is, in most cases, evaluated
from the strength by a compression test
and a rebound-hammer test. For effective
maintenance of concrete structures, it
is necessary to evaluate not only the
strength of concrete but also the damage
degree. Quantitative damage evaluation of
concrete is proposed by applying acoustic
emission (AE) method and damage
mechanics. The procedure is named as
DeCAT(Damage Estimation of Concrete
by Acoustic Emission Technique). In this
study, the relative damage evaluation of
concrete is performed by DeCAT in core
tests. Core-samples were collected from
an arch fragment of a reinforced concrete
road bridge that had been used for 87 years.
47
Mechanical properties of compressive

strengths and elastic moduli were measured
during the compression test, and dynamic
elastic moduli were calculated from P wave
velocity. As the relative damage, concrete
damage can be quantitatively evaluated
from AE generating behavior under
compression test and dynamic Youngs
moduli.
To evaluate the practicability of

acoustic monitoring the results were
compared with those of a conventional
invasive examination and those of potential
mapping.
AUTOMATED NON-DESTRUCTIVE
INVESTIGATION OF RAILWAY
BRIDGE CONDITION
E Niederleithinger, R Helmerich, D
Streicher, M Stoppel, H Wiggenhauser
ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF
POST-TENSIONED BRIDGES
S Fricker, Prof T Vogel
BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research

and Testing), Division VIII.2, Unter den Eichen
87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Ernst.Niederleithinger@bam.de
ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering,

8093 Zurich, Switzerland
fricker@ibk.baug.ethz.ch
Keywords: Acoustic monitoring, acoustic

emission, non-destructive testing,
wire breaks
Keywords: Non-destructive testing,

automated scanning device, combination
of methods, ultrasonic-echo, impact-echo,
impulse radar
In recent years much experience was gained

with continuous acoustic monitoring of
monostrands and stay cables. There is little
experience, however, with monitoring of
post-tensioned bridges with bonded tendons
because of the structural complexity and
the lower energy released when a wire
breaks.
To evaluate the diagnostic performance
the acoustic monitoring system SoundPrint
has been installed in April 2004 on a road
bridge. This bridge, the Ponte Moesa,
was built in 1952 and is one of the first
prestressed concrete bridges in Switzerland.
It is longitudinally prestressed and has two
spans of 30 m. Insufficient grouting and deicing salts among other causes have led to
deterioration and wire breaks. Blind tests
have been conducted generating artificial
wire breaks by means of electrolytic
corrosion-cells. Additionally, several
spontaneous wire breaks occurred. The
signal of a wire break can be distinguished
from other acoustic events such as noises
from expansion joints, bearings, traffic and
other ambient sources.
Unification of the infrastructure networks

management is one central concern of the
European commission for the next decades.
Today, the assessment procedures, e.g. of
bridges and their conditions differ all over
Europe. The Integrated Project Sustainable
Bridges focuses on finding optimum
procedures to assess and strengthen the
existing railway bridge stock. One of
the workpackages concentrates on the
integration of Non-Destructive testing
into a proposal for a unified condition
assessment procedure.
To give Non-destructive testing a
higher priority means the reduction of
uncertainties, which are often included
in the calculation of existing structures as
safety margin. The non-destructive testing
of reinforced or prestressed concrete
bridges, made of heterogeneous materials
in combination with steel comprises a
challenge in data acquisition and data
processing. A new developed automated
scanning system, especially for concrete
bridges, includes advanced equipment
components and the feasibility for the
48
variation of sensors with high precise

geometrical correlation. Data images
obtained with radar measurement can be
refined in a second measurement, using
two additional methods simultaneously: an
ultrasonic-echo array with point-contact for
better coupling to the swirl surface and an
impact echo-sensor. The images, recorded
from radiated and reflected acoustic waves
in the heterogeneous solid, can be processed
with a Synthetic Aperture Focussing
Technique (SAFT-reconstruction). As a
result, slices parallel or perpendicular to
the surface are visualized in 2D-images or
even as 3D-demonstrations.
The results are used to verify construction
plans and the inner structures of the bridge.
Both, bad workmanship or in-service
damages, which arose during their service
life, can be investigated.
demolished. Repeated impact testing was

performed on two of the bridge piers.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity tomography was
employed on the structural components to
assess the integrity of the structure before,
and after impacts. Data obtained was then
was used to assess the induced damage and
the response of the bridge structure and the
viability of using ultrasonic pulse velocity
testing for the investigation of impact
damage in concrete structures.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
INVESTIGATION OF FULL-SCALE
BARGE IMPACTS ON BRIDGE
PIERS
CC Ferraro, AJ Boyd, GR Consolazio
Keywords: Timber bridges, load

assessment, reliability, dynamic stiffness,
modal mass
DEVELOPMENT OF NDT
TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSMENT
OF SHORT SPAN BRIDGES USING
SIMPLE DYNAMIC PROCEDURES
Prof K Crews, Prof B Samali, Dr J Li
University of Technology, Sydney Centre

for Built Infrastructure Research, Faculty of
Engineering, Sydney, Australia
keith.crews@uts.edu.au
Reliable assessment of the structural

integrity of aging bridges, which are
required to cope with increasing loads,
is currently a major challenge facing
structural engineers throughout the world.
Since late 2001, a cost effective assessment
method has been developed by the authors
for determining the global stiffness of short
to medium span bridge decks made from
concrete, steel or timber.
Assessment involves the attachment
of accelerometers underneath the bridge
deck, which are then excited by a modal
hammer. The dynamic responses are
analysed with and without extra mass,
so that the overall flexural stiffness of the
bridge can be obtained. The global stiffness
is then used in conjunction with reliability
based strength models to predict the safe
load carrying capacity of the bridge. In the
case of timber bridges, this has required the
University of Florida, Dept of Civil & Coastal

Engineering, 365 Weil Hall, P.O. Box 116580,
Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
concrete1@ce.ufl.edu
Keywords: Ultrasonic pulse velocity,

tomography, NDT, barge impact
The nondestructive investigation of impact
loaded on-full-scale concrete structures and
structural components is an area of research
that has produced very little experimental
data. The cost of construction of full-scale
bridge components solely for research
purposes is not considered to be feasible
by most research based organizations.
However, the replacement of a functionally
obsolete bridge in the United States
(Florida) afforded a unique opportunity
to conduct full-scale barge impact tests
on the preexisting structure before it was
49
development of unique algorithms derived

from analysis of extensive test data, based
on a probabilistic relationship between the
measured girder stiffness and the bending
moment capacity of the timber girders.
This paper describes research and
development of the method and discusses
its application in successfully undertaking
testing of over 250 concrete and timber
bridges in Australia.
loading. The simulation results matched

well the full-scale laboratory test results.
For example, the variation between the
maximum deflections predicted by the
genoa simulation for the maximum shear
and those obtained from the full-scale tests
was only 3.2%. In addition, the location
and type of damages at the ultimate load
were very close to those obtained from the
full-scale laboratory tests.
VIRTUAL TESTING OF A
COMPOSITE ARMY BRIDGE
Prof. Ayman Mosallam
AMBIENT VIBRATION-BASED
MODEL UPDATING OF SIMILAR R.
C. ARCH BRIDGES
Prof C Gentile
University of California, Irvine Civil and

Environmental Engineering Dept, Irvine,
California, USA
Mosallam@uci.edu

Engineering, P.za Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133
Milan Italy
Keywords: Military bridges, advanced

composites, repair, progressive failure,
virtual testing
Dr G Pedrazzi
Chief Engineer, Lombardi-Reico Engineering,

P.za Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan
Italy
Military composite bridges offer many

unique advantages for the army including
its lightweight (high strength-to-weight
ratio), as compared to current steel and
aluminum bridges, as well as their superior
corrosion and fatigue resistance properties.
This paper presents the results of a part of a
comprehensive research program sponsored
by the us army to develop innovative field
repair techniques for military composite
bridges. In this paper, results of virtual
testing and progressive failure analysis
(pfa) simulation conducted on a composite
army bridge (cab) prototype are presented.
The simulation was conducted using the
state-of-the-art simulator, genoa, developed
jointly by alpha star corp and nasa.
The virtual tests were performed on the
composite treadway under three different
loading cases. The three cases used in this
study are: i) maximum static shear loading
case, ii) maximum static flexural loading
case and iii) fatigue progressive failure
analysis for the maximum moment case
Keywords: Ambient vibration testing,

Arch bridges, Enhanced Frequency
Domain Decomposition (EFDD), Finite
Element model updating, Operational
modal analysis.
The paper presents the results of a recent
experimental and theoretical research on the
dynamic behaviour of 4 R.C. arch bridges,
dating back to the 50s. The investigated
bridges are in principle perfectly equal and
belong to a viaduct consisting of 7 open
spandrel arch bridges.
The investigation involved ambient
vibration testing, output-only modal
identification and updating of the uncertain
structural parameters of a F.E. model. The
structural identification methodology and
its results are especially addressed in the
paper.
50
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3:
Bridge Repair using Advanced Composites
51
52
HAMMERSMITH ROAD BRIDGE

CARBON FIBRE STRENGTHENING
CASE STUDY
S Walters, Dr S Luke, H Indran
together with dead load reduction using

lightweight concrete on the main span.
Innovative solutions for both permanent and
temporary works were required to enable
the LUL and main NR span of the bridge
to be strengthened within limited hours
(96hr, 52hr and 8hr) railway possessions.
In particular, strengthening of the deck
plates was achieved by using multiple layer
factory bonded pultruded CFRP cruciform
laminates, tapering in both thickness and
width, and curved in elevation. The design
and installation of the strengthening scheme
is discussed and observations made on the
installation process.
Mouchel Parkman, West Hall, Surrey KT14

6EZ, UK
Dr L Canning
Mouchel Parkman, Salford, UK
Keywords: Carbon fibre, bridge,

strengthening, case study, railway, cast
iron
Hammersmith Road (A315) Bridge is
a three span Network Rail and London
Underground over line bridge between
the London Borough of Hammersmith
and Fulham and the Royal Borough of
Kensington and Chelsea, constructed in
1860. The bridge is comprised of three
spans: a main span of approximately 10m
and side spans of approximately 5.25m,
all of cast iron girder and brickwork jackarch construction with cast iron deck plates,
with a carriageway width of 14.8m and two
footpaths of 4.5m width.
The current capacity of the bridge
is governed by the deck plate capacity,
which is approximately 3 tonnes. Until the
deck plates are strengthened the area of the
bridge over the deckplates is segregated
from traffic flow to protect them from
overloading. The cast iron girders are also
under the 40 tonne required capacity, with
an assessed capacity of 17 tonnes with
single lane loading.
The existing weight and lane restriction
on the bridge was not a long term solution
because it is a busy route into West
London and serves both Earls Court and
Olympia exhibition venues. The method of
strengthening to the cast iron girders and
deck plates was Carbon Fibre Reinforced
Polymer (CFRP) plate bonding using
multiple factory-bonded pultruded plates,
although factory and in-situ pre-preg
and wet lay-up options were considered,
DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE
COMPOSITE SYSTEM FOR
STRUCTURAL UPGRADE OF
STEEL BRIDGE GIRDERS
Prof A Mosallam
University of California, Irvine, USA
mosallam@uci.edu
Keywords: Steel bridges, FRP composites,

H-Lam, strengthening
This paper presents the results of a multiphase project aiming at developing fiberreinforced-polymer (FRP) composite
systems for structural upgrade of the
flexural capacity of steel girders. This
study is divided into three phases; namely
i) large-scale verifications tests of two
strengthening systems, ii) field application
of the composite systems on some girders
of the Sauvie Island Bridge, and iii)
long-term monitoring of the performance
strengthening system. The two composite
systems that were evaluated in this program
are i) precured carbon/epoxy (CFRP) strip,
and ii) an innovative composite sandwich
system (H-Lam). This paper describes a
summary of the results of the first two
phases of the study that includes large-scale
verification tests and description the field
application of the composite systems.
53
ANALYSIS OF CFRP
STRENGTHENED CONCRETE
BRIDGE PIERS USING THE
STRUCT-TIE METHOD
SD Park
accounting for reduction of strength in

cracked concrete were also investigated and
presented. Experimental results of a total of
seventeen deep beam test specimens were
compared to the proposed STM approach
results. Based on this study, it was found
that the proposed STM approach with an
effective factor model depending on the
strut angle provided the best agreement
with the experimental test results.
Seoul, Metropolitan Government, Urban

Management Division, Urban Planning Bureau,
Seoul, Korea
psdon@unitel.co.kr
Dr RS Aboutaha
Syracuse University, Dept of Civil Engineering,

255 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
rsabouta@syr.edu
Keywords: CFRP composites, bridge piers,

strengthening, strut-tie model
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
composites have been successfully used
for strengthening existing reinforced
concrete bridges with inadequate traffic
load carrying capacity, and inadequate
seismic resistance. During the last two
decades, a great deal of research on CFRP
retrofitted concrete bridge flexural members
has been conducted. However, most of
these investigations have been primarily
focused on flexural and shear strengthening
of slender flexural members. Very limited
work has been done on CFRP strengthened
deep members, such as bridge pier cap
beams. Therefore, CFRP strengthened
bridge piers are still being analyzed using
approximate procedures that have been
developed for more slender members.
For analysis of CFRP strengthened deep
reinforced concrete members, the Strutand-Tie Method (STM) offers a powerful
analysis tool, as the externally bonded CFRP
sheets would act as an additional tension
ties. In this paper, a practical analysis and
design process of CFRP strengthened deep
reinforced concrete flexural members using
the Strut-and-Tie Method is presented. In
addition to presenting the STM approach for
CFRP retrofitted deep structural concrete
members, seven effective factor models
54
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3:
Concrete Bridge Deck Inspection + Repair
55
56
COMPARISON OF 2 GHZ HORN

ANTENNA & 1.5 GHZ GROUNDCOUPLED ANTENNA FOR BRIDGE
DECK CONDITION ASSESSMENT
USING GPR
R Parrillo, R Roberts, D Delea
launched horn antennas. The air-launched

antenna permits faster data collection, at
the expense of resolution. Three years
ago Geophysical Survey Systems began
manufacturing a 2 GHz air-launched horn
antenna. In a collaborative effort between
Geophysical Survey Systems and the
Maine Dept of Transportation, both the
1.5 GHz ground-coupled antenna and the
2 GHz air-launched horn antenna were
used on April 13th, 2005 to evaluate the
condition of an asphalt overlaid bridge
deck located in Lewiston, Maine known
as the Ramp D from Main Street over
Maine Central Railroad. Ramp D is a
portion of the Veterans Memorial Bridge
which crosses the Maine Central Railroad
and the Androscoggin River. The GPR
data was collected along the bridge deck
in lines parallel to the direction of traffic.
The profile lines were perpendicular to
the transverse direction of the upper-most
rebar. GPR data lines were acquired at
two foot spacing by simply walking the
ground-coupled antenna system and by
driving a vehicle with the air-launched
horn antenna system. The GPR data was
processed with GSSIs RADAN software
program using the Bridge Assessment
Module. The results were used to produce
color-coded deterioration maps of the
bridge deck. Results from the groundcoupled antenna and the air-launched horn
antenna comparison demonstrated excellent
correlation. In addition, the deterioration
maps from both antennas were compared
with visual data obtained from top-side
and bottom-side visual inspections and
exhibited excellent correlation. The Maine
DOT further confirmed the correlation
by hammer sounding and opening the
bridge deck to expose the actual areas of
deterioration requiring repair. Consequently,
it was concluded that the 2 GHz airlaunched horn antenna is an effective tool
Geophysical Survey Systems Inc, 12 Industrial

Way, Salem, NH 03079-4843, USA
ParrilloR@geophysical.com
Keywords: Radar, GPR, horn, ground

coupled, bridge deck
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an
accepted electromagnetic evaluation
technique used for the transportation
infrastructure and a variety of other
applications including concrete inspection,
utility detection, geology and archeology. A
well-established and accepted application
of GPR is the accurate condition assessment
of bridge decks as well as other reinforced
concrete structures. Traditional bridge
deck inspection methods include hammer
soundings, chain dragging and visual
inspection. The interpretation of these
familiar techniques is subjective, and is
operator dependant and may produce highly
variable results. Significant advantages of
using GPR for bridge deck assessment
include the non-destructive nature of the
technique as well as the ability of GPR to
be used without requiring the removal of
an existing asphalt overlay and to provide a
quantitative record independent of operator
interpretation. The most accurate bridge
deck condition assessments using GPR
have been performed using high frequency
(1.5 GHz) ground-coupled antennas. The
high frequency ground-coupled antenna
provides excellent resolution of the
reinforcing steel. It necessitates a slower
data acquisition speed, however, since the
antenna must remain sufficiently groundcoupled. Some GPR bridge assessments
have been performed using 1 GHz air57
and provides an accurate assessment of the

condition of bridge decks.
RoadMap acquires data with

synchronized GPS coordinates and digital
photography making transfer of data into
engineering reports fast and cost effective.
Data from RoadMap is readily imported
into GIS and similar mapping systems and
databases.
HIGH SPEED GROUND-COUPLED

GPR FOR ROAD & BRIDGE
INSPECTION
AP Annan, JD Redman
Sensors & Software Inc, 1040 Stacey Court,
Mississauga, ON, Canada L4W 2X8
apa@sensoft.ca or dr@sensoft.ca
REINFORCED HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
FOR REHABILITATION OF
ORTHOTROPIC STEEL BRIDGE
DECKS
Peter Buitelaar
Keywords: GPR, ground coupled, antenna,

bridge
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been
used for examination of roads and bridges
with considerable success. The majority of
work requires data acquisition at highway
speeds to minimize traffic management
cost. To date, high speed GPR surveys
have primarily used air-launched antenna
systems mounted well above the road
surface to allow for high speed profiling
without incurring damage to the antennas.
Sensors & Software Inc. recently
introduced the RoadMap ground-coupled
GPR system. RoadMap was designed and
developed to be a highway speed groundcoupled system that achieves higher
spatial resolution and deeper penetration.
RoadMap systems now deliver results not
previously observed with high speed road
surveys. Use of multiple high and low
frequency transducers makes for great
operational versatility. Further, the use of
ground-coupled GPR overcomes many of
the new regulatory issues associated with
air-launched GPR.
We present results of recent surveys
that illustrate how the RoadMap system
addresses such diverse applications as
pavement thickness estimation, detection
of buried utilities, mapping repairs, joint
deterioration in concrete pavement, rebar
depth, concrete degradation and many
others.
Contec ApS, Axel Kiers Vej 30, DK-8270

Hjbjerg Denmark
pb@contec-aps.dk
Ren Braam & Henk Kolstein
Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1

2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
c.r.braam@citg.tudelft.nl
m.h.kolstein@citg.tudelft.nl
Peter de Jong
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water

Management, Utrecht, The Netherlands
f.b.p.dejong@bwd.rws.minvenw.nl
Keywords: High performance concrete,

ultra high performance concrete, orthotropic
bridge deck, fatigue, rehabilitation, restrengthening
A large research project including a pilot
project and two large rehabilitation projects
is executed during the last 7 years. It aims
at developing a new revolutionary high
strength concrete wearing course for
orthotropic steel bridges that extends the
service life of the total structure by solving
fatigue problems in specific deck details.
This might be a very promising solution
since it can turn the deck plate in a much
more rigid structure with a higher plate
factor due the monolithic composite
interaction between the Reinforced High
Performance Concrete overlay (RHPC
overlay) and the steel deck plate. The
58
RHPC overlay (thickness 50 mm) will

already result in a stress reduction with
a factor of 4 5 in the deck plate and
trough wall (as measured at the pilot
project) and thus extend the service life
of the orthotropic bridge deck with some
extra decades. Project initiator is the Civil
Engineering Division of the Dutch Ministry
of Transport, Public Works and Water
Management in close co-operation with
Contec ApS, inventor of the Reinforced
High Performance Concrete overlay, the
Delft University of Technology and TNO
Building Materials. Two large projects
are executed at two mayor bridges in The
Netherlands with a total surface of more
than 40.000 m2. This paper will deals with
the issue of fatigue of orthotropic bridge
decks in The Netherlands in general,
some of the associated research projects
and presents the results obtained during
execution of the rehabilitation projects.
square foot, replacement concrete bridge

deck reinforced completely with GFRP
reinforcing bars. This project represents
one of the first applications of all-GFRP
nontensioned reinforcement in a concrete
deck on a continuous, multi-span vehicular
bridge.
The goal of the monitoring system
was to collect strain, temperature, and
deflection data from the bridge through
seasonal environmental slow data sampling
and periodic fast data sampling during live
load tests for a period of 3 years. Seven
live load tests and two extended seasonal
environmental sampling periods were
monitored on the bridge between May
2002 and December 2004. In addition,
laboratory fatigue testing of representative
GFRP sections was also conducted, in
order to investigate flexural crack growth
evolution (of initially cracked sections)
under cyclic loading.
The rehabilitated deck was found to have
enhanced stiffness and greater continuity
than the original degraded steel-reinforced
deck. Observed levels of curvature,
impact effects, relative slab deflections,
and slab, rebar, and girder stresses were
lower than anticipated, indicating the
conservative nature of design procedures
currently employed for GFRP concrete. The
laboratory cyclic load testing indicated that
even under the greatest service-load flexural
stresses currently permitted, any flexural
crack openings quickly stabilize at an
acceptable magnitude. This investigation
serves as a valuable comprehensive record
of all-GFRP reinforced concrete behavior,
and may foster confidence in its broader use
in the infrastructure.
EARLY PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS OF A REPLACEMENT GFRP

REINFORCED HIGHWAY BRIDGE
DECK
Dr AA Huckelbridge, Jr
Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106-7201, USA
aah4@case.edu
Dr AK Eitel
URS Consultants, Hunt Valley, MD, USA
Dr Y Zou
R.E. Warner Assoc, Cleveland, OH, USA
Keywords:
replacement
Bridge,
deck,
GFRP,
The corrosion resistance of fiber-reinforced

polymers, in addition to their high strength
and light weight, makes them a promising
alternative to traditional steel reinforcement
in bridge decks. In cooperation with the
Cuyahoga County (Ohio) Engineering
Dept, a health monitoring system was
implemented on a two-span, 3500
59
BEHAVIOR OF BRIDGE DECKS

REINFORCED WITH MMFX STEEL
H Seliem, G Lucier, S Rizkalla, P Zia
ACOUSTIC EMISSION FROM

FISSURED STEEL PLATE DECK
OF ROAD BRIDGE
Dr M Shigeishi, Y Tomoda
North Carolina State University, Constructed

Facilities Laboratory, Dept of Civil Engineering,
2414 Campus Shore Dr, Raleigh NC 27695,
USA
sami_rizkalla@ncsu.edu
Kumamoto University, Faculty of Engineering

Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
shigeishi@civil.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
T Ogasawara, T Ito, Y Tachibana
Kawada Industries, Inc, Division of Bridge

Engineering, 1-3-11 Takinogawa, Kita-ku
Tokyo 114-8562, Japan
Keywords: Bridge decks, concrete,

corrosion, high-strength steel, MMFX,
flexure, punching shear
Keywords: Acoustic emission, aging,

crack, fatigue, non-destructive inspection,
steel and concrete composite slab, wheel
running test
This paper describes the behavior of typical

bridge deck slabs reinforced with a highstrength, highly corrosion-resistant steel
commercially known as Micro-composite
Multi-structural Formable (MMFX) steel.
The study included testing three full-scale
bridge decks each having a span-to-depth
ratio of 12.5. Two decks were reinforced
with MMFX steel while another was
reinforced with conventional Grade 60
steel for comparison purposes. The bridge
decks were tested under static loading
up to failure using concentrated loads
intended to simulate truck wheel loads.
Load-deflection behavior, mode of failure,
crack patterns, and strain distribution are
reported. The use of MMFX steel as main
flexural reinforcement in bridge decks was
evaluated in light of the test results. A nonlinear finite element analysis was developed
to predict the behavior. This prediction was
calibrated using measured values, and was
employed to study various parameters
related to the use of MMFX steel in bridge
decks. The paper also presents the effects
bending MMFX steel bars on their tensile
strength.
In recent years, the steel and concrete

composite slabs have been increasingly
adopted. However, inspections of the
concrete condition of the composite slabs
are relatively difficult task because the steel
plates hide the concrete body. Therefore,
establishment of an inspection method for
this kind of structure is strongly demanded
in current.
The aim of this research is development
of a non-destructive inspection method of
the steel and concrete composite slab using
acoustic emission technique. The acoustic
emission measurements were implemented
through wheel load running tests using an
actual size Robinson type steel and concrete
composite slab specimen. Moreover, the
surfaces of the slabs were infiltrated after
400,000 times of the reciprocal running,
the acoustic emission events due to water
infiltration from the cracking of concrete
were also observed.
As the result, variations of acoustic
emission activities and characteristics of the
acoustic emission waveform parameters are
recognized as fatigue progress. Otherwise,
water saturation into the concrete from
surface crack also could be detected
changing the acoustic emission activity.
60
DURABILITY OF WEARING
SURFACES FOR FRP BRIDGE
DECKS
P Wattanadechachan, Dr RS Aboutaha

pwattana@syr.edu, rsabouta@syr.edu
Keywords: Bridge decks, FRP decks,
wearing surfaces, polymer concrete,
polymer modified concrete, thermal
compatibility
Wearing surface materials are needed on
bridge decks for skid and wear resistance,
and to withstand the daily traffic loads
during the service life of the bridge. For
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite
bridge decks, a wearing surface also serves
as a cover to protect the slick and soft-top
surface of the panels. Field surveys in
several USA states have shown fast
deterioration of wearing surface materials
(WSM). The cause of deterioration is
attributed to incompatibility between the
WSM and the FRP decks, and several other
physical and environmental factors.
This paper presents causes of
deteriorations in wearing surfaces used on
FRP bridges decks, as well as experimental
investigation of thermal compatibility
between several types of WSM and FRP
bridge decks. The types of wearing surfaces
investigated included; polymer modified
concrete, polymer concrete, asphalt,
and polymer modified asphalt. Thermal
compatibility between WSM and FRP was
investigated using ASTM C884 Standard
Test, freeze-thaw-heat non-standard test,
and submerge-freeze non-standard test. A
hybrid wearing surface system, which offers
both excellent bond to the FRP bridge deck
and excellent wearing resistance to traffic
loads is recommended and presented.
61
62
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3:
Corrosion + Cathodic Protection
in Concrete Bridges
63
64
LINEAR CRACKING AND

CHLORIDE PENETRATION OF
CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS
MC Brown, DW Mokarem,
MM Sprinkel
CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF
CONCRETE IN BRIDGES
JE Bledsoe, Dr I Szabo
Laurene and Rickher, Charlotte, NC 28217

jbledsoe@uncc.edu, iszabo@lrpc.net
BQ Tempest, Dr J Gergely
Va. Transp. Research Council, 530 Edgemont

Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
michael.brown@virginiadot.org
david.mokarem@virginiadot.org
michael.sprinkel@virginiadot.org
UNC Charlotte, Civil Engineering, Charlotte,

NC 28223
bqtempes@uncc.edu, jgergely@uncc.edu
Keywords: Chloride permeability,

diffusion coefficient, bridge concrete
RE Weyers, RM Weyers
Virginia Tech, Dept.of Civil & Env. Eng, 200

Patton Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
rweyers@vt.edu, ryweyers@vt.edu
The chloride permeability of concrete

mixes is an important property for concrete
mixes that are exposed to the elements, such
as bridges. The presence of chloride ions at
the level of the reinforcing steel will initiate
corrosion, ultimately leading to the repair
or replacement of the bridge. To counteract
this, engineers have developed concrete
mix designs incorporating supplementary
cementitious materials and other
admixtures to slow this process. In order
to test the effectiveness of these admixtures,
two tests are commonly used in the US to
determine the permeability of the concrete:
the salt ponding test and the rapid chloride
permeability test. These two tests were used
on 10 common North Carolina concrete mix
designs to assess chloride permeability, in a
project funded by the North Carolina Dept
of Transportation. In addition, on four of
these mix designs, additional bulk diffusion
and rapid migration tests were performed;
then the result compared. Furthermore,
this project also established the existing
chloride exposure conditions of concrete
bridge components, by sampling several
bridges across the state. The components
sampled included bridge decks, pier caps,
pile caps, and bridge abutments.
TJ Kirkpatrick
URS Corporation, Bridge Division, 7650 West

Courtney Campbell Causeway Tampa, FL
33607, USA
Trevor_Kirkpatrick@URSCorp.com
Keywords: Bridge, concrete, chloride

penetration, cracking
The results of field investigations of ten
concrete bridge decks located throughout
Virginia have been analyzed to determine
the frequency of deck cracking and the
influence of crack width and depth on
the diffusion of chloride to the reinforcing
steel. The analysis involved eight decks
containing epoxy-coated reinforcement
and two decks containing bare steel
reinforcement. The subject decks were all
constructed between 4 and 18 years prior to
field sampling in 1999 and the decks were
constructed under similar specifications.
Crack size, depth, orientation and
frequency, as a function of deck area, are
investigated. Conclusions are drawn as to
the influence of such cracks on the service
life and time-to-rehabilitation of Virginia
bridge decks.
65
CONCRETE REPAIR & CATHODIC

PROTECTION: SCOTTISH CASE
STUDY
J Preston
Corrosion Control Services Limited,

6 Hollinswood Court, Stafford Park 1, Telford
TF3 3DE, UK
K Brown
West Lothian Council, Transportation

Structures, County Buildings, High Street,
Linlithgow EH49 7EZ
Keywords: Corrosion, cathodic protection,

concrete repair, chlorides, sprayed concrete,
impressed current
The corrosion problems associated with
reinforced concrete structures exposed
to road de-icing salts are a national
problem. The repair, and increasingly,
the use of cathodic protection (CP) to
provide corrosion protection is becoming
commonplace.
This paper presents an overview on
CP as a solution to corrosion problems in
reinforced concrete and provides detail, of
the installation techniques by reference to
a local case study, a road over rail bridge
in Livingston.
It considers the practical aspects
of procuring and delivering a remedial
solution from the clients perspective and
the technical aspects of repair including
methods to overcome site constraints,
including railway possessions.
It also reviews the long term monitoring
of impressed current CP systems of this
type.
66
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3:
Timber Bridges
67
68
INVESTIGATION OF PILE
DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS ON
A TIMBER TRESTLE BRIDGE
CHORD: PHYSICAL AND
COMPUTER MODELS
SA Babcock, J Balogh, WA Charlie,
RM Gutkowski
Colorado State University, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
wcharlie@engr.colostate.edu
gutkowsk@engr.colostate.edu
Steve.Babcock@wgint.com
jbalogh@engr.colostate.edu
Keywords: Pile, timber, bridge, models

A representative one-tenth scale model
of an open-deck three-span timber trestle
bridge was constructed and subjected to
load testing in the laboratory. Each span
was 1.2 m long and utilized two semicontinuous bridge chords. The 3.65 m
long scaled bridge incorporated a realistic
wooden pile foundation in a sandy soil
similar to those observed in previous field
tests. A computer based analytical model
was created in AxisVM software to predict
the behavior of the physical model. Support
motion was included in the physical and
computer models and the observed behavior
was similar to motions observed in field
bridge tests. The AxisVM model was
successful in predicting the behavior of the
scale-model bridge. Predicted deflections
were within 5% to 10% of the measured
values. The support motion created by
the pile-soil interaction was also modeled
successfully by using a linear spring
approximation.
69
70
Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3:
Case Studies of Bridge Repair
71
72
TILFORD NEW BRIDGE

SUCCESSFULLY BLENDING THE
NEW WITH THE OLD
H Brooman
been added to the bridge removed and a

new stonework up-stand added to provide
some protection to the new parapet.
It was also proposed to change the traffic
management arrangements at the bridges,
once the bridge works were completed, so
that the new bridge would have alternate
direction traffic on a give way basis.
Surrey County Council, County Hall, Kingston

upon Thames, KT1 2DY, UK
hbrooman@surreycc.gov.uk
Keywords: Ancient monument, contractor

partnering, conservation, British Army
TRAFFIC VIBRATION EFFECTS ON

BRIDGES UNDER REPAIR
Prof U Freundt
Tilford is a small rural village located

approximately 5 miles to the south east of
Farnham in Surrey. Tilford West and Tilford
Semi-Permanent Bridges are parallel and
carry Tilford Road (C28) over the southern
branch of the River Wey at the west end of
the village.
The paper examines the design options
and constraints, the successful construction
of the new bridge and the restoration of the
ancient monument.
The project consisted of two parts:
- the demolition of the existing Tilford
Semi-Permanent Bridge and replacing it
with a new bridge on the same line as that
existing, and the extensive refurbishment
of the Ancient Monument Bridge (Tilford
West).
The form of the new bridge was to
be an integral three span deck consisting
of pre-cast concrete beams and concrete
deck supported on piled foundation piers
and abutments. It was proposed to face
the abutments and piers with ironstone.
The structural timber parapet was to have
a half round top to the vertical posts. The
hard standing adjacent to the parapet was
to have sandstone granite sets paving and
reconstituted sandstone kerbs.
The maintenance to the Tilford West
Bridge would consist of re-pointing,
with traditional lime mortar, the areas of
cracking to the soffit and spandrel walls.
The timber parapet and crossbeams were
to be replaced and the steel beams that had
Bauhaus-Universitt Weimar, Fakultt

Bauingenieurwesen, Professur Verkehrsbau
99421 Weimar
ursula.freundt@bauing.uni-weimar.de
Keywords: Bridges, vibrations, repair

operations
The dynamic behaviour of structures
has been investigated for 150 years with
theoretical and experimental methods.
Although we have excellent theoretical
methods today and a lot of experimental
ways and means for such problems, we
can not image the reality. The interaction
between bridge, carriageway and car is one
complex and the real damping under the
given situation is another complex.
Dynamic analyses have to conform to
a tangible aim and the aim determines the
necessary complexity.
This paper will present dynamic
analyses for bridges during repair. During
their life bridges have to be repaired and
we have to do this under traffic.
73
INSPECTION, ANALYSIS AND

REABILITATION OF THE BRAGNO
BRIDGE
G Massone, G Pasqualato
control was performed using the Sineco

method with the aim to indicate the level
of damage of the each part of the bridge and
to characterize the materials.
The second part describes the design
performed in order to strengthen the
structure, oriented to solve several problems
in particular the arc structure and to produce
a rehabilitation of the transversal section by
increasing the lane width.
Finally some details collected during
the management of the repair works are
also explained.
Sineco SpA, V. F. Casati 1/A, 20124 Milano

Italy
sineco@sineco.co.it
G Mesiti
Amministrazione Provinciale di Savona, V.

Sormano 12, 17100 Savona, Italy
g.mesiti@provincia.savona.it
Keywords: Bridge, monitoring, inspection,

damage, strengthening, design solutions,
bearings
HUNGERFORD RIVER BRIDGE

NO 7 A CASE STUDY OF
ASSESSMENT FROM FIRST
PRINCIPLES
Adrian Pope
The significant increase of the heavy traffic

in the provincial route s.p. n36, one of the
important commercial road of the Savona
network (Liguria - Italy), together with the
aging of the structures, have moved the
Amministrazione Provinciale di Savona in
2000 to make inspections and controls to
evaluate the state of viaducts and bridges.
In this paper is presented the
methodologies adopted for the analysis
and the design solution applied to the
structural rehabilitation of the historical
Bragno Bridge, located between Ferrania
and Cairo Montenotte along the s.p. n36.
The bridge was built across the Bormida
river in 1912. In 1938 a part of the structure
was rebuilt because of the damaged
caused by a flood and the whole deck was
rehabilitated. The actual structural scheme
of the bridge consists of two concrete arc
spans 25 m length and other two spans 15
m long constituted by continuous concrete
girders. The bridge deck is 8 m wide and
is subdivided by two lanes of 6m each and
two footpaths of 1 m wide.
The first part of the paper describes
the studies and the inspection that was
carried out in order to understand the
structure so to define a sufficient level of
knowledge and to establish a correct plan
to rehabilitate the bridge. In particular the
Mouchel Parkman, West Hall, Parvis Road, West

Byfleet KT14 6EZ, UK
adrian.pope@mouchelparkman.com
Keywords: Assessment, non-linear,

railway, value for money
The UK assessment codes for metal bridges
are derived from BS 5400. They assume that
truss structures will be sensibly configured.
Hungerford Rail Bridge No. 7, part of the
only rail access to Charing Cross Station,
is not sensibly laid out, having no top chord
restraint. Standard assessment therefore
produced a very low assessed capacity.
This was not because of actual weakness,
but was due to the structure falling outside
of the normal code scope.
This paper describes the methods
used to re-assess the bridge from first
principles. The methods use the same
underlying assumptions as the assessment
codes. These methods showed that the top
chord was twice as strong as originally
assessed, dramatically increasing the live
load capacity of the bridge.
This demonstrates how a return to first
principles can potentially provide capacity
74
increases. It shows the financial benefit

of exhausting every reasonable method
of analysis before resorting to expensive
strengthening or reconstruction.
75
76
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 1:
NDT of Concrete + Advanced Composites
77
78
INTEREST OF COUPLING
SEVERAL NON DESTRUCTIVE
TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF
CONCRETE STZRUCTURES
D Breysse, C Sirieix, J-F Lataste
The influence of several material

parameters
(which
are
varied
independently on laboratory specimens)
on the global response is analyzed and
modelled, focussing mainly on resistivity
measurements. The sensitivity to
porosity and water content is quantified
using empirical modelling and practical
applications for a better assessment of
structures are discussed.
Universit Bordeaux I, CDGA, Avenue des

facults, Domaine universitaire, 33 405 Talence
cedex, France
d.breysse@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr
c.sirieix / jf.lataste @cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr
J-P Balayssac
LASER SHEAROGRAPHY FOR

DETECTION OF FINE CRACKS IN
CONCRETE AND MASONRY
RA Livingston
LMDC INSA-UPS, Gnie Civil, 135 avenue de

Rangueil, 31 077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
jean-paul.balayssac@insa-tlse.fr

concrete assessment, water content,
porosity
Office of Infrastructure R&D, Federal Highway

Administration, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean
VA 22101 USA
dick.livingston@fhwa.dot.gov
Combining several non destructive

techniques (NDT) can have an interest since
they are sensitive in a different way to the
parameters which can possibly influence
the concrete state (microcracking, water
content, porosity of the plain concrete...).
When several parameters (for instance water
content and micro-cracking) are possibly
varying in the structure, the inverse analysis
is not possible, except if a second technique
is used, which enables to uncouple the
effects of the different parameters. It is
discussed, both from a theoretical point of
view and from a practical point of view (on
full size structures) what can be the added
value combining several techniques.
A wide experimental program has
been designed, combining on laboratory
specimens and on full-size site structures,
the use of several non destructive
techniques, such as electromagnetic
techniques, acoustical techniques or
resistivity measurements. Each of these
techniques is sensitive to various parameters
(porosity, water content, chloride content,
microcracking...), thus the interpretation of
NDT results in terms of material assessment
is not straightforward.
J Ceesay, AM Amde
Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept,

University of Maryland, College Park, MD
20742, USA
JW Newman
Laser Technology Inc, Norristown PA 19403
DJ Wallace
Consulting Engineer, Annapolis, MD
Keywords: Laser shearography, concrete,

fine cracks, Blair House, masonry, image
analysis
Laser shearography is a refinement of
electronic speckle interferometry (ESPI)
that records a sheared image of the
speckle interferogram. This produces a
self-referenced image and consequently
avoids the need for very precise positioning
as required with conventional ESPI. Thus
the laser shearography system can be used
in the field under ambient conditions. It has
been applied to detect fine cracks at early
ages in concrete, with a resolution better
than 10 microns. Moreover, the output of
the system is a digital image which can be
processed with image analysis software to
yield statistics on the crack distribution such
79
non-destructive methods for estimating

the chloride content in reinforced concrete
structures has been explored.
Thus, the measurement was carried out
to estimate the chloride content using the
electromagnetic wave in the pier which
was one of marine structures. Results
from the study indicate clear applicability
of using changes in electromagnetic waves
to measure chloride content in concrete
structures.
as length, width and preferred orientation,

that can be used to diagnose the cause of
the cracks. Since it is a nondestructive
method it can be used to make repeated
measurements on the same location over
time, and thus monitor the propagation of
cracks. It has also been used to detect cracks
and other flaws in historic brick masonry
buildings including the Blair House in
Washington, DC.
APPLICABILITY OF ESTIMATION
OF CHLORIDE CONTENT USING
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
IN REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Dr T Mizobuchi
QUANTITATIVE PULSEPHASE-THERMOGRAPHY FOR

COMPOSITES AND CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
R Arndt, R Helmerich, C Maierhofer,
M Rllig
Dept of Civil Engineering, HOSEI University,

3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei-city, Tokyo, Japan
mizobuch@k.hosei.ac.jp
Federal Institute for Materials Research and

Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205
Berlin, Germany
ralf.arndt@bam.de
rosemarie.helmerich@bam.de
christiane.maierhofer@bam.de,
mathias.roellig@bam.de
Dr K Suda
Civil Engineering Division, Kajima Corporation,

5-30 Akasaka 6-chome Minato-ku, Tokyo,
Japan
suda@kajima.com
Dr K Yokozek
Keywords: Quantitative NDT, impulsethermography, pulse-phase-thermography,

blind / characteristic frequency, concrete,
thermo-scanner, CFRP-laminates, debonding, voids
Kajima Technical Research Institute, Kajima

Corporation, 2-19-1 Tobitakyu Chofu-city,
Tokyo, Japan
yokozeki@kajima.com
Keywords: Electromagnetic wave, content

of chloride ions, dielectric constant,
amplitude.
The active approach for non-destructivetesting in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) with

infrared-thermography (IR), developed at
the Federal Institute for Materials Research
and Testing (BAM), is described in part one
of this contribution. The active IR-approach
is based on the principles of impulse- (IT)
and pulse-phase-thermography (PPT).
The concept is a direct result of a research
project at the BAM in cooperation
with the Technical University of Berlin
(TUB) and was funded by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
In the second part results of the new
thermography-scanning system (thermo-
The chlorides could find their way to

concrete either as part of constituent
materials when sea sand is used, or, by
gradual permeation and diffusion as in the
case of marine structures, or, cases where
deicing salts are used to melt away snow
on highways, etc. Thus, determination of
chloride content in a concrete structure is
an important part of periodic nondestructive
testing carried out for structures identified
to be vulnerable to chloride induced
reinforcement corrosion. The possibility
of using electromagnetic waves as one of
80
scanner) of BAM on debonding of multilayered structures, especially carbon fibre

reinforced plates (CFRP) on concrete
are presented. Both, the thermo-scanner
developed at BAM, and the investigations
carried out, are part of the EU-Project
Sustainable Bridges.
In the third part of the paper the
characteristic frequency of the optimum
phase-contrast as a means for the
characterization of defects depth in
CE by means of PPT is introduced. A
new quantitative approach is tested and
discussed on concrete structures with
defects of polystyrene and gas concrete.
loaded with simple stress states. Factors

such as differential shrinkage, swelling
induced during wet drilling, and the
inclusion of steel reinforcement and coarse
stone aggregate violate some of these
assumptions and necessitate strategies for
incorporation of their effects in an overall
evaluation for stress. This paper briefly
reviews the theoretical basis of the method,
the analytical investigations of the effects
of shrinkage, swelling, and reinforcement,
and discusses experiments to validate the
method.
A STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT IN
THE INTEGRITY OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Professor YS Cho
THE CORE-DRILLING METHOD

FOR MEASURING IN-SITU STRESS
IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES A
REVIEW
MJ McGinnis, S Pessiki
Hanyang University, School of Architecture

& Architectural Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong,
Ansan-Si, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, Korea
ycho@hanyang.ac.kr

18015 USA
pessiki@lehigh.edu
Dr SC Lee
Samsung Corporation (Eng.& Cons.), Research

Institute of Technology, Bundang,
Korea
sclee88@unitel.co.kr
Keywords: in-situ stress concrete image

correlation, core-drilling
The core-drilling method (CDM) is a
technique for measuring in-situ stress in
concrete structures. A small hole is drilled
into the structure, and the deformations in
the vicinity of the hole are measured and
related via elasticity theory to the stress.
The method is similar to the ASTM holedrilling strain-gauge method excepting
that displacements rather than strains are
the measured quantities. Displacement
measurements in the current work
are performed using 3D digital image
correlation. The theoretical basis for the
CDM hinges on the classical elasticity
solution for the displacements in the
vicinity of a small hole in an infinite,
thin plate comprised of a linear-elastic,
isotropic and homogenous material and
Keywords: Structural assessment system,

neural network, non-destructive test,
impact-echo method, SASW method
This study is focused on the prediction
of concrete compressive strength and the
unknown thickness of concrete structures
as a partial development of concrete
assessment system. The non-destructive
tests, Impact Echo method and SASW
(spectral analysis of Surface Wave Method),
have been applied to predict concrete
compressive strengths for the correlation
between non-destructive test results
and cylinder tests results. The concrete
strength prediction and the measurement of
thickness have been effectively achieved by
81
using artificial neural network technology.

As the actual problems have been tested
in the neural network system, the good
agreement between the result from the
cylinder test and the result form the neural
network run has been achieved. The
accuracy in measuring the thickness of the
specimen has been successfully achieved
using the same technology.
of the elastic wave velocity distribution

that is illustrated as superimposition of
functions. These functions are invented
from result of experiments and defined
from some parameters that characteristic
of probability is easily determined.
The difficulties on the determination of
covariance for each degree of freedom are
mitigated since this assumption, and the
number of variables is drastically reduced
as well. This method is applied to a simple
example model. The result shows that the
presented method correctly identifies the
parameters of the example model.
DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING

SEISMIC TRAVEL TIME
TOMOGRAPHY ON THE BASIS OF
EVOLUATIONAL WAVE VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION MODEL
Y Kobayashi, H Shiojiri
REAL - TIME MONITORING OF

R.C. ELEMENTS BY MEANS OF
SMART COMPOSITE PATCHES
WITH EMBEDDED FBG SENSOR
P Corvaglia, A Largo
Nihon University, College of Sci. and Tech.

Dept of Civil Engineering, 1-8-14, KandaSurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308,
Japan
kobayasi@civil.cst.nihon-u.ac
jpshiojiri@civil.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp
CETMA Consortium, Dept of Materials and

Structures Engineering, s.s. Appia km 706+030,
72100 Brindisi, Italy
paolo.corvaglia@cetma.it
alessandro.largo@cetma.it
T Shiotani
Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute

of Technology, 5472, Kimagase, Chiba, 2700222, Japan
tomoki_shiotani@tobishima.co.jp
MA Caponero, F Fabbri
Keywords: Seismic travel time

tomography, wave velocity, slowness,
distribution function, evolutional model
ENEA Frascati Research Centre, via E. Fermi

45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
caponero@frascati.enea.it
fabio.fabbri@frascati.enea.it
Seismic tomography has been studied as

a way of identification. This technique
aims to compute the distribution of elastic
wave velocity from combination of raytrace technique and first travel time that is
observed at in-situ or model tests. However,
it is difficult to apply this method to a model
that has many degrees of freedom due to the
difficulties of settlement of initial condition
that defines parameters on algorithms of
identification such as covariance of state
variables. In this paper, a method that
the extent of damage area evolves in the
progress of identification is presented. This
method is characterized by the assumption
Optical fibres, serving as both sensor and

data conduit, are particularly interesting for
the long-term health monitoring of civil
structures. Nevertheless, many challenges
associated with the on-the-field application
of such sensors have to be solved, mainly
related to the application methodology. In
this paper, the development and validation
of smart composite patches, composed of
FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) reinforcing
sheets with embedded FBG (Fibre Bragg
Grating) optical sensors, is presented.
Keywords: structural health monitoring,

smart patch, fibre bragg grating sensor,
FRP
82
The FBG sensor is pre-packaged in a thin

composite tape, that can than be easily
mounted on the structure to be monitored.
Tensile tests were carried out and the
strain measures from the FBG sensors
were compared to data obtained from
conventional surface mounted electrical
strain gauges in order to calibrate the
transfer function of the smart patch. A good
repeatability and an excellent linearity in
the strain response were achieved, and no
significant reduction in the longitudinal
tensile properties of the patches was
observed due to the presence of the FBG
sensor.
Finally, the smart patch, assimilable to
an optical strain gauge fully suitable for
in-situ usage, was mounted on a batch of
both FRP-reinforced and un-reinforced r.c.
elements, that were tested in flexure in order
to evaluate the correct strain transfer from
the structure to the patch.
a fair-faced concrete cladding which was

damaged by freeze-thaw cycling according
to the CIF-test. Purpose of the second study
is the spatial visualization of a drilling core
taken from a sluice which was damaged
by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freezethaw cycling. A further study demonstrates
the possibility of visualizing cracks and
steel fibres in a cube consisting of ultra
high performance concrete (UHPC) after
uniaxial compression. These studies show
that this innovative non-destructive method
opens up new vistas for the analysis of
damages due to physical, chemical and
mechanical processes in different kinds
of concrete.
APPLICATION OF X-RAY
TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE
VERIFICATION OF DAMAGE
MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE
Dr F Weise, Dr J Goebbels, B Maier
Changsha University of Science & Technology,

School of Highway Engineering, Changsha
410076, P.R. China
zhaxd999@public.cs.hn.cn
TESTING METHOD OF CRACK

WIDTH FOR CONTINUOUSLY
REINFORCED CONCRETE
PAVEMENT BASED ON IMAGE
PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
Xudong Zha, Qiuming Xiao
Wang Wenqiang
Foshan Limited Company of Road & Bridge

Construction, Foshan 528040, P.R. China
Federal Institute for Material Research and

Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Frank.Weise@bam.de
Juergen.Goebbels@bam.de
Baerbel.Maier@bam.de
Keywords: Continuously reinforced

concrete pavement, crack width, image
processing, distress
Keywords: Concrete, damage mechanism,

X-ray tomography
According to the character of transverse

crack of Continuously Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (CRCP), the testing difficulty of
crack width with conventional microscope
measuring and the urgent demand of the
crack width testing, the paper puts forward
the method of picking and analyzing the
crack image of fine resolution from a digital
camera with computer image processing
technique. The results show that the method
is a kind of technique of testing the crack
width of CRCP with high precision and
In this paper the performance of x-ray

computed tomography which is not
frequently used in civil engineering up to
now is demonstrated by studies showing
its feasibility for investigations of the
microstructure and moisture distribution
in concrete. The first study illustrates the
possibility of the temporal and spatial
visualization of cracks and moisture
distributions in a drilling core taken from
83
rapid speed. So the research provides an

effective testing method for the study of
CRCP long-term performance.
Considering the characterisation of

spatial variations of properties in specimens,
measurements highlight differences
between the two sides (facing the harbour
or the open sea). It is also shown that the
progressive drying of specimens during
the measurements session is detected. The
analysis of experimental results also enables
to identify empirical relations between the
porosity and the electrical resistivity.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS ON VARIOUS
CONCRETES SUBMITTED
TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT:
FIRST DRAFT FOR ASSESSING
POROSITY WITH CND
J-F Lataste, D Breysse, C Sirieix,
S Naar
USE OF COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY IN EXAMINING
THE PORE STRUCTURE OF
CONCRETE
Sinan Caliskan
Universit Bordeaux 1, Centre de

Dveloppement des Gosciences Appliques,
Avenue des facults, btiment B18, 33405
Talence cedex, France
jf.lataste@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr
University of Dundee, Division of Civil

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical
Sciences, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
s.caliskan@dundee.ac.uk
Keywords: Electrical resistivity, concrete,

porosity, chlorides.
Keywords: Fly ash, CT scanning, image

analysis, porosity
Aiming at the improvement of Non

Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of concrete
structures, electrical resistivity method is
tested on concretes submitted to marine
atmosphere. On site measurements,
supported by the French RGC&U
network, are done on full size specimens
kept in the La Rochelle harbour (France).
The specimens are remaining in the tiding
zone since 1996, and have been sounded by
electrical method during winter 2004.
Measurements have been performed
on 10 specimens made of different mixes,
in the 25-120 MPa compressive strength
range. They concern ordinary concretes as
well as HPC (silica fume additions or fly
ash additions). Tests bodies are assumed as
saturated by sea water.
Electrical resistivity results allow to
observe, as expected, that the technique is
very sensitive to microstructural material
profile (porosity). NDE enables to rank
specimens according to their mechanical
strength.
This paper reports an experimental work

carried out to investigate the influence
of location within column element on
the porosity characteristics of concrete
by using non-destructive technique,
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning.
8.0m high with 0.5x0.5m cross-section
of un-reinforced Fly Ash concrete column
element was constructed. 100mm diameter
and about 200mm long cores were taken
from lower and upper areas of the column.
In addition to the CT scanning, compressive
strength of the cores was determined.
Experimental findings indicate that the
cores from the upper part of the column
exhibited more porous structure and lower
strength values compared to those of cored
specimens obtained from the lower part of
the column.
84
DAMAGE EVALUATION ON
CONCRETE MATERIALS USING
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC
WAVES
DG Aggelis, Tomoki Shiotani
Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute of

Technology, 5472 Kimagase, Noda 270-0222,
Chiba, Japan
dimitris-tobishima@tech.email.ne.jp
Keywords: Concrete, damage, grout, pulse

velocity, scattering
A commonly used repair technique is the
injection of repair agent into boreholes
with high pressure, ensuring that, at a high
percentage, the system of interconnected
cracks and voids is eliminated. A certain
question rising refers to the estimation
of repair effectiveness. Due to the time
dependent properties of the repair agent,
post monitoring using stress waves can lead
to false conclusions before full hardening
of the material takes place. Therefore, a
theoretical investigation was undertaken
with multiple scattering theory in order
to highlight the role of properties of
filler material that after filling the cracks,
acts as scatterer in the concrete matrix.
Additionally, an experimental series of pulse
velocity measurements has been conducted
in laboratory using specimens of the same
grouting material. The specimens were
cured at the same conditions with the site
material, in order to evaluate the evolution
of mechanical properties at any time, while
porous concrete specimens examined after
impregnation with grout, exhibited decrease
in pulse velocity, highlighting the role of
fresh grout in wave propagation in the
actual structure.
85
86
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 1:
Impact-Echo NDT of Concrete
87
88
EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTED
CRACKING DAMAGE USING
TRANSIENT STRESS WAVES
Dr K Kesner
element simulations were then used to

develop an understanding of why varying
amounts of damage are reflected in the
observed changes in impact-echo signals.
The understanding gained from the
numerical and experimental studies was
subsequently evaluated in a field study
carried out on concrete box beams, some
of which contained distributed damage.
Cores were taken to verify the results of
the field studies.
WDP & Associates, Inc, Manassas, VA, USA

kek11@cornell.edu
Dr MJ Sansalone
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA

mjs39@cornell.edu
Dr RW Poston
WDP & Associates, Inc, Austin, TX, USA

rposton@wdpa.com
SIBIE ANALYSIS AND

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON
RELATION BETWEEN PEAK
FREQUENCIES AND LOCATIONS
OF REFLECTORS IN THE IMPACTECHO
Dr N Alver, Prof M Ohtsu
Keywords: Alkali silica reactivity,

concrete, delayed ettringite formation,
distributed damage, impact-echo, neutron
radiography, nondestructive testing, and
stress wave propagation
The feasibility of using transient stress
waves to detect and quantify cracking
caused by distributed damage mechanisms,
specifically alkali-silica reactivity or
delayed ettringite formation, in plate-like
structures was evaluated. Theory, numerical
simulations, laboratory experiments, and
field studies were used to determine how
distributed damage in concrete plates
affects propagation of transient stress
waves generated by elastic impact. It was
found that distributed damage produces
significant and quantifiable changes in
the waveforms and spectra obtained from
impact-echo results.
In the laboratory, impact-echo tests were
performed on a slab specimen made from
concrete modified to produce distributed
cracking over a relatively short period of
time. Impact-echo signals were recorded
and cores removed at regular intervals.
Neutron radiographs were taken of slices
obtained from the cores to determine the
amount of damage in the plate. These
results were compared with impact-echo
signals. As the level of damage increased,
there were observable changes in both
impact-echo waveform and spectra. Finite
Kumamoto University, Graduate School of

Science and Technology, Kurokami 2-39-1,
Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
ninel@civil.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
Keywords: Impact-echo method, SIBIE,

Boundary Element Method (BEM).
The impact-echo is known as a
nondestructive testing method for
concrete structures. Resonant frequencies
observed in the frequency spectra are used
to identify locations of such reflectors as
voids and defects. However, the frequency
spectra may not sometimes be interpreted
successfully, because many peaks are
observed in the spectra. Stack imaging of
spectral amplitudes based on impact-echo
(SIBIE) is developed, in order to improve
the impact-echo and to visually identify
locations of defects. It is confirmed that
reflection due to the void could be visualized
clearly by SIBIE. Two-dimensional
dynamic BEM analysis is performed
to investigate a relation between peak
frequencies in the frequency spectra and
locations of reflectors. Stress distributions
89
and dynamic deformations at a cross-section

are determined at particular frequencies
corresponding to resonances. It is found
that locations of stress concentration are
physically associated with deformations
due to the vibrating modes.
Visualised data from a number of

experiments in the laboratory are reported,
on control specimens ranging from a
concrete slab with defects to p-t concrete
beams with voided plastic ducts.
DEVELOPMENT OF VIVIDANALYSIS: IMAGING OF IMPACTECHO DATA ON P-T CONCRETE

BRIDGE BEAMS
A Clark, S Stranney,
Dr A Giannopoulos, Prof MC Forde

& Electronics, Institute for Infrastructure &
Environment, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh
EH9 3JL, UK
m.forde@ed.ac.uk
Keywords: NDT, Impact-echo, imaging,

post-tensioned beams, concrete
Voiding in grouted ducts of post-tensioned
concrete bridge beams is a worldwide
problem. Voiding can give rise to conditions
where corrosion can take place. Several p-t
concrete bridges have collapsed in Europe
and severe corrosion has been identified
in Florida. The UK Highways Agency
addressed this problem by implementing
a moratorium on all new p-t bridges until
plastic tendon ducts were introduced.
Plastic tendon ducts can be tested using
radar but it is far from simple. The most
common NDT technique used is impact
echo but this is considered unusable on
plastic ducts.
A stacked imaging system was
developed in Japan with good feedback.
The work reported herein has focused on
visualising the amplitude of the normalised
frequency domain data following a fourier
transform Vivid-Analysis. At this stage
the responses are not considered to be
heavily dependent on the input frequencies
as previously argued.
90
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 1:
Case Studies NDT of Concrete
91
92
NDT METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL

INVESTIGATION OF A DAMAGED
CONCRETE PAVILION
G Concu, B De Nicolo, D Meloni, F
Mistretta
existing reinforced concrete office building

led to his conclusion that the original
structural design was severely deficient. As
a result, the renovation engineer issued a
memorandum stating that the structure was
unsafe for occupancy, and the building was
immediately evacuated. The building owner
then retained the authors firm to provide
an independent second opinion. Based
upon a review and analysis of the original
structural design, supplemented by on-site
testing, as well as a review of the results of
the structural analysis and concrete testing
performed by the renovation engineer, a
number of shortcomings in the renovation
engineers investigation were identified.
The subsequent investigation performed
by the authors firm concluded that the
original structural design was adequate,
the building was safe for occupancy, and
the evacuation was unnecessary.
Dept of Structural Engineering, University of

Cagliari, Italy
Piazza DArmi, 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
g.concu@tiscali.it, denicolo@unica.it
melonid@unica.it, fmistret@unica.it
Keywords: NDT, structural safety, damage

diagnosis, concrete structures
A nondestructive diagnostic campaign has
been carried out on a concrete pavilion built
in Cagliari (Italy) in the fifties by the Italian
architect Adalberto Libera. The beautiful
building showed signs of damage such
as cracks in walls upper areas, recurrent
breaking of glass panels, drop in the paving.
The diagnostic campaign has been run to
establish the causes of damage, the level of
degradation of materials and the structural
safety before starting a restoration program.
Several nondestructive investigations
have been carried out: visual inspection,
magnetic bearing of reinforcement, sonic
tests, sclerometric tests, Son-Reb method.
Numerical simulation of the structural
behavior has been run too. On the basis of
the results the cause of damage has been
settled and a restoration proposal has been
defined.
DAMAGE QUANTIFICATION OF
AGING CONCRETE STRUCTURES
BY MEANS OF NDT
T Shiotani, DG Aggelis
Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute of

Technology, 5472 Kimagase, Noda, Chiba
270-0222, Japan
tomoki_shiotani@tobishima.co.jp
Keywords: Acoustic emission, concrete,

damage quantification, NDT, repair effect,
tomography
FAILURE OF AN INVESTIGATION
DA Cuoco
Aging concrete structures are increasing

remarkably, and to sustain those with a
proper repair method the evaluation of the
structural integrity is a crucial issue. NDTs
appear to contribute to this paramount issue
since they are non-destructive and are a
variety of testing corresponding to the
objective measurements. The NDTs might
also provide momentous information on
repair effectiveness when repeating the
test after the repair work. In the paper, such
NDTs as seismic tomography and acoustic
Thornton Tomasetti, Inc, 51 Madison Avenue,

New York, NY 10010, USA
DCuoco@ThorntonTomasetti.com
Keywords: Concrete, floor slab,

investigation, punching shear, deflection,
overstress
This paper presents a case study in which
a structural engineers investigation of slab
deflections observed during renovation of an
93
emission were applied for the damage

quantification of a full-scale concrete
structure. The tests were conducted both
before and after repair work. Distribution
of velocity and AE activity were carefully
examined. Consequently the followings are
found: the velocity variations reflected well
with the repair effect; and damage indices
obtained from AE activity showed in good
accordance with structural integrity.
94
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 1:
Corrosion + Cathodic Protection
95
96
CATHODIC PROTECTION
SYSTEMS IN STEEL FRAME
BUILDINGS
Dr M Mazraeh, Dr H Garden
apartments, for which CP is ideal due

to the negligible future maintenance
requirements.
The use of CP avoided extensive
dismantling of the faades for the purpose
of coating the steel. The CP system was
installed alongside various other trade
contractors activities.
This paper reviews the technology of CP
and explains how the system was installed.
The ongoing monitoring of the system is
also explained.
Taylor Woodrow Construction Ltd, Technology

Centre, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire LU7
4QH, UK
mohsen.mazraeh@uk.taylorwoodrow.com,
holger.garden@uk.taylorwoodrow.com
Keywords: Corrosion, life extension,

forensic inspections, cathodic protection,
anode, reference cell electrode, conductor
bar, ti wire, Local Rectifier Unit (LRU),
monitoring system
CATHODIC PROTECTION TO
CONTROL CORROSION OF STEEL
IN CONCRETE AN UPDATE
Dr S El-Belbol, Dr R Walker,
D Kimberley
During the development of historic steelframed buildings, the destructive nature

and risks of corrosion were not fully
appreciated by Engineers and Architects.
The Grosvenor House Hotel, London is
a steel-framed building clad in brick and
stone. The building is typical of those
constructed prior to World War II with the
exterior masonry tightly build around the
structural steel columns & beams and voids
crudely in-filled with mortar. The steel
elements have corroded over the buildings
life, causing cracking of the faades.
In order to suppress further corrosion of
the steel columns and beams in the South
Block, Taylor Woodrows Technology
Centre (TWTC) was commissioned to
design and install an impressed current
cathodic protection (CP) system for the
building. This followed TWTCs prior
forensic investigation of the faades to
establish the extent of corrosion and to
prioritise the areas that would need most
immediate attention to satisfy lifetime and
building use requirements.
The installed CP system comprises
18,000 discrete Ti Tubular and Ebonex
anodes and associated equipment
unobtrusively located throughout the
building. The design allows for future
development of the building into serviced
Scott Wilson, Royal Court, Basil Close,

Chesterfield S41 7SL, UK
said.el-belbol@scottwilson.com
robert.walker@scottwilson.com
darren.kimberley@scottwilson.com
Keywords: Reinforcement corrosion,

cathodic protection, repair techniques
Cathodic protection (CP) is one of the
principal approaches to corrosion control
available to a Corrosion Engineer. By means
of an externally applied electric current,
the corrosion of a metallic object in an
otherwise corrosive aqueous environment
can be reduced virtually to zero, and it
can be maintained in that condition for an
indefinite period of time.
Although the use of CP in other
industries has a long and proven history,
its use on reinforced concrete structures is
a relatively new development. However,
since its introduction into the UK in the mid
to late 1980s, CP of reinforced concrete has
quickly become a tried and tested means
of preventing further deterioration due to
reinforcement corrosion, with, as of 2002,
more than 200,000 m2 of concrete being
protected in the UK alone.
97
This paper describes the principles

and benefits of CP, a brief history of its
development, anode systems currently in
use and provides a number of case studies
showing its practical application.
cored samples. It becomes possible to

predict the long-term deterioration progress
of concrete structures with cracks by
using the salinity infiltration analysis with
proposed assumptions.
PREDICTION ON CORROSION
OF REINFORCEMENTS WITH
DIFFERENT WIDTHS OF CRACKS
Y Moroyama, T Nishido, K Toda
FUNGAL INDUCED CORROSION

OF UNBONDED LUBRICATED
POST- TENSIONING TENDONS
Dr L Bonaccorsi, Prof E Proverbio
Keywords: Salinity infiltration analysis by

FEM, chloride ion, concrete with cracks,
EPMA, potentiometric titration
Dr. Clara Urz
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co.,

Ltd, Structure & Strength Dept., Research
Laboratory, 1, Shin-Nakahara-cho, Isogo-ku,
Yokohama 235-8505, Japan
yuu_moroyama@ihi.co.jp
University of Messina, Dept. Industrial

Chemistry and Materials Engineering, C/da di
Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
lbonaccorsi@unime.it
proverbi@ingegneria.unime.it
University of Messina, Dept of Microbiological,
Genetic and Molecular Sciences, Salita Sperone
31 - S. Agata 98166 Messina, Italy
urzicl@unime.it
Effective maintenance for concrete

structures is important and urgent tasks.
Cracks in the structures are main cause
for corrosion of reinforcements because
salinity is coming from them. Generally,
the chloride ion content at the location
of the reinforcements is calculated with
diffusion equation. The equation is not
considered the cracks, so the evaluated time
by the corrosion of the reinforcements is
longer than the actual one. The chloride ion
content in concrete is different according
to the crack widths. If the corrosion of the
reinforcements is accurately predicted,
engineers can judge when the maintenance
is started.
The salinity infiltration analysis
technique by FEM is proposed to predict
deterioration progress of concrete with
cracks. Cored samples with crack widths
of 0.2mm or more are taken from an
actual structure. The distributions of the
chloride ion are experimentally analyzed
by potentiometric titration and EPMA
(Electron Probe Micro Analyzer). The
analytical results of salinity infiltration
agree with the experimental ones for the
Keywords: MIC, prestressed concrete,

fungi, pitting, grease, SCC
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
(MIC) of prestressed tendons has been
reported in literature. Due to the effect
of fungi the microbiological breakdown
of organic grease resulted in formation of
formic and acetic acids which combined
with moisture could cause steel corrosion.
Cold drawn wire strands, coated with
hydrocarbon-based lubricant, were
subjected to fungal inoculation. After 10
months of incubation at room temperature,
steel wires were examined at scanning
electron microscope, revealing localised
corrosion. FTIR analysis showed the
degradation of grease due the fungal
activity.
98
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 2:
Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair
99
100
RE-STRENGTHENING OF
EXISTING PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE TURBINE DECK
USING CARBON FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMER (CFRP)
MATERIAL
RR Bick
115 F (45C) was most challenging for the

contractor.
Keywords: Re-strengthening, CFRP, prestressed, turbine deck, ASR
North Carolina State University, Constructed

Facilities Laboratory, 2414 Campus Shore
Drive, Campus Box 7533, Raleigh, NC, 276957533, USA
sami_rizkalla@ncsu.edu
FUNDAMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH
MODULUS CFRP MATERIALS FOR
STRENGTHENING OF STEELCONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS
M Dawood, S Rizkalla, E Sumner
SRJR Consulting Inc, 856 Cypress Drive,

Upland, CA 91784-1191, USA
SRJRConsulting@aol.com
Power producers in Oxnard, California

USA operate a 430 MW natural gas
electric generating station located on
the Pacific Ocean. The station has been
exposed to severe climatic conditions for
nearly 50 years. Visual signs of concrete
distress in the pre-stressed concrete turbine
deck, including corrosion of the tendons,
resulted in concerns over its safety and
performance.
Engineering evaluations to select
an overall economical repair and restrengthening of the deck were conducted.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
re-strengthening was selected to be an
effective method to restore the overall
structural integrity of the deck. Traditional
methods were also used to repair distressed
concrete sections.
Upon completion of repairs, concrete
substrate surfaces were prepared to properly
bond to the wet lay-up CFRP material.
Work was performed in accordance with
American Concrete Institute (ACI) and
International Concrete Repair Institute
(ICRI) Guidelines. After the CFRP
installation, a coating was applied to the
top of the deck for protection.
The logistics of installing CFRP
material on the decks soffit with limited
access during 24 hour-a-day operations
of the station and temperatures exceeding
Keywords: CFRP, steel structures,

strengthening, flexure, bond
This paper presents the findings of a
research program which was conducted
to investigate the fundamental behavior
of steel-concrete composite beams
strengthened with high modulus (HM)
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
materials. The first part of this paper
presents a brief description of the HM CFRP
materials and the adhesive selection. The
second part of the paper focuses primarily
on the flexural behavior of steel-concrete
composite beams strengthened with CFRP
laminates. The behavior of steel-concrete
composite beams strengthened with
different configurations of CFRP materials
and loaded under monotonic, overloading
and fatigue loading conditions is presented.
Based on the findings of the experimental
program flexural design guidelines are
proposed to facilitate the design of the
CFRP strengthening for steel bridges and
structures. The final section of the paper
discusses in detail the bond behavior of
the CFRP laminates. The bond behavior
is investigated using both double-lap
shear coupon tests and large-scale flexural
tests. The effectiveness of implementing a
reverse taper at the end of the CFRP plates
101
is investigated as a means of enhancing

the bond characteristics. The proposed
analytical tools and finite element analysis,
used to predict the bond behavior of the
CFRP bonded joints, are in good correlation
with the experimental results. This paper
demonstrates that high modulus CFRP
materials can be effectively implemented
for strengthening and repair of steel bridges
and structures.
are used to bond the CFRP in otherwise

identical applications. The deleterious
effects of fatigue loading on FRP-toconcrete bond have been identified in
previous studies by the author; therefore
the fatigue loading parameters are also
selected to investigate the effects of
interface geometry and applied stress range
on the bond behaviour using the various
adhesives.
EFFECT OF ADHESIVELINE PROPERTIES ON THE

MONOTONIC AND FATIGUE
BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERNALLY
BONDED CFRP SYSTEMS
Dr KA Harries, B Reeve, A Zorn
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF
PLAIN CONCRETE BEAMS
STRENGTHENED WITH
EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP
Professor CA Issa
Lebanese American University, Dept of

Civil Engineering, School of Engineering &
Architecture, Byblos, Lebanon
Cissa@lau.edu.lb
University of Pittsburgh, Dept of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh PA
PA15261-2294, USA
kharries@engr.pitt.edu
A Sfeir
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Dept of

Civil Engineering, New Jersey, USA
Keywords: FRP, adhesive line, fatigue

Debonding of externally bonded fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) composite
materials used for repair of reinforced
concrete elements is commonly observed
and is becoming acknowledged to represent
the critical limit state for such systems.
When selecting an adhesive system to bond
FRP to concrete, interfacial fracture energy
and ductility are crucial for developing
and maintaining efficient interfacial stress
transfer although these are achieved at the
expense of interfacial bond capacity. The
former may be achieved using an adhesive
having lower shear stiffness, while the
latter requires a stiffer adhesive system.
The study presented investigates the
balance of these behavioural parameters
under both monotonic and cyclic fatigue
loading conditions. Moderate-scale
specimens (4.7 m long) having externally
bonded carbon FRP (CFRP) retrofits with
different geometries are tested. Different
commercially available adhesive systems
Keywords: Plain concrete, beams,

experimental, CFRP
The use of carbon fiber for reinforcing or
rehabilitating concrete beams has started
about 15 years ago; it is used as an external
tensile reinforcement which increases the
strength and the stiffness of the structure.
Most of the experimental testing performed
on wrapped concrete beams was performed
on steel reinforced concrete beams. In this
study, experimental the numerical modeling
was conducted using plain concrete beams.
A total of 30 plain concrete beams of
dimensions of 450x150x150 mm, of which
24 of them wrapped with carbon fiber in
different thickness and locations were
tested using two types of loading:
Two point load: where the load is
distributed on the beam at 2 points
placed each 150 mm form each end of
the beam.
One point load: where the load is applied
102
at the middle of the beam.

The aim of the experimental study was to
determine the effectiveness of carbon fiber
as a strengthening technique and to evaluate
the deformations caused by the loading.
two sheets of 170 mm. However, in a case

of RC beams with U-jackets, the maximum
load of an RC beam with two sheets of
170 mm increased by approximately 17%
compared to that of an RC beam with
four sheets of 85 mm. The increment in
maximum load of strengthened RC beams
did not agree with the ratio increase in
CFRP sheets number of layers.
EFFECT OF CFRP SHEET WIDTH

ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC
BEAMS BONDED BY CFRP SHEETS
Y Takahashi
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING

OF RC BEAM-COLUMN
CONNECTIONS STRENGTHENED
WITH FRP COMPOSITES
R Shrestha, ST Smith, A Saleh
Hokkai Gakuen University, Dept of Civil &

Environmental Engineering, 1-1, Minami-26,
Nishi-11, Chuou-ku, Sapporo 064-0926, Japan
takahasi@cvl.hokkai-s-u.ac.jp
Y Sato
Hokkaido University, Division of Structural and

Geotechnical Engineering, Graduate School
of Engineering, Kita-13, Nishi-18, Kita-ku,
Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
University of Technology Sydney, Centre

for Built Infrastructure Research, Faculty of
Engineering, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW
2007, Australia
Keywords: CFRP sheet layer, CFRP sheet

width, flexural strength, U-jacket
Keywords: FRP, concrete, strengthening,

beam-column connections, beam-column
joints, bonding
Results obtained from an experimental

investigation on the flexural strengthening
performance of reinforced concrete (RC)
beams strengthened with externally epoxy
bonded carbon fiber-reinforced plastic
(CFRP) sheets are presented in this paper.
Externally reinforced concrete beams were
tested to failure using a symmetric twopoint concentrated static loading system.
In the experiment, the width of CFRP
sheets and the number of sheet layers were
changed from 85 mm to 170 mm and from
one to four sheet layers, respectively, and
some specimens were reinforced with a Ujacket to prevent debonding of the sheet.
The behavior of the strengthened beams
was represented by load-deflection curves
and load-strain curves on the CFRP sheet
and rebar, and the different modes of failure
were investigated. In the case of RC beams
without U-jackets, the results indicated
that the maximum load of an RC beam
strengthened with four sheet layers of 85
mm was similar to that of an RC beam with
Considerable research has been conducted

over the last decade or so on the
strengthening or repair of existing reinforced
concrete (RC) structural elements such as
beams, columns and slabs with externally
bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites. Surprisingly, by comparison,
very little research has been conducted
on the strengthening of RC beam-column
connections with FRP composites. The
majority of research on connection
strengthening has been experimental to date
which is scattered in various journals and
conference proceedings. Considerably less
research has been published on numerical
modelling (e.g. finite element modelling)
and analytical modelling (e.g. strut and
tie, and compatibility of stress and strain
models) as well as the performance of these
models when assessed against experimental
data. Some design recommendations have
been proposed although they are no where
near as comprehensive as recommendations
103
for the FRP-strengthening of other elements

such as beams, columns and slabs. In this
paper, the results of a finite element
(FE) investigation on RC connections
strengthened with FRP are reported and
compared with test data. The study shows
that the FE approach is able to capture the
overall behaviour of the test specimens
although some short comings of the
analytical method are highlighted.
CFRP. Moreover, it is quite flexible and

SCRP is as strong as CFRP. Hence, the new
composite enables the same applications as
steel plates and CFRP sheets and laminates,
but also new application challenges can be
tackled: shear strengthening of complex
shapes, wrapping of rectangular beams, and
improved uses of pre-stressing. Different
prototypes of SCRP are investigated to
develop an optimal type of SCRP for the
different applications.
STEEL CORD REINFORCED

POLYMER (SCRP) FOR
EXTERNALLY BONDED
REINFORCEMENT
W Figeys, L Schueremans, Dv Gemert
KU Leuven
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
RC BEAMS REPAIRED WITH
CEMENTITIOUS AND POLYMERMODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS
MORTARS
R Nsambu
Dept of Civil Engineering, Kasteelpark,

Arenberg 40, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
wine.figeys@bwk.kuleuven.be
Agostinho Neto University, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Avenida 21 de Janeiro, Angola
resende@civil.ist.utl.pt
K Brosens
Triconsult NV, Industriepark 1241/Bus 4, B3545 Halen, Belgium

info@triconsult.be
Prof A Gomes
IST of the Lisbon Technical University, Dept

of Civil Engineering & Architectural, Lisbon
1049-001 Rovisco Pais, Portugal
augusto@civil.ist.utl.pt
W Dekeyser, J Gallens
NV Bekaert SA, Bekaert Technology Center,

Bekaertstraat 2, B-8550 Zwevegem, Belgium
Willem.Dekeyser@Bekaert.com
Keywords: Concrete beams, mortars,

shrinkage, bond strength, ductility
Keywords: Steel cord reinforced polymer,

SCRP, externally bonded reinforcement
This paper presents some conclusions of

an extensive experimental program on
repair mortars for reinforced concrete
beams repaired in flexure. Two predosed (cementitious and acrylic polymer
modified) of the different manufacturer
mortars (Degussa 2003 and Sika, 2004) and
one polymermodified cementitious mortar
formulated in laboratory with Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) were investigated
in repaired beams. The materials used in
the specimens, both the concrete and the
steel, were characterized. Free shrinkage,
and restrained shrinkage tested on ring
test, V-channel, and Bnziger Block were
evaluated. The restrained shrinkage was
also evaluated in repaired element beams.
The capacity of a structure can be

enhanced using the technique of externally
bonded reinforcement. By adding extra
reinforcement, the flexural capacity, the
flexural stiffness and the shear capacity
are influenced. Steel cord reinforced
polymer (SCRP) is a new material that
can be used as external reinforcement. It
consists of thin high-strength steel fibres
which are bundled into cords. These cords
are woven into unidirectional sheets with a
synthetic textile. This innovative material
combines the advantages of steel plates and
CFRP, which are already used today. The
material cost is relatively low compared to
104
The range of surface roughness was studied

on bond strength in the pull-off test. The
effect of static and cyclic loading was
compared and analysed on flexural strength
as well as the effect the two types of the
geometrical repair. The beams tested by
cycle loading have shown a high ductility
ratio. Also monolithic coefficient for all
beams was evaluated.
strength and deflection was obtained. The

results show that the use of FRP sheets as
an external reinforcement to strengthen
or repair concrete structural members
(uncracked or precracked) is very effective.
The test results also reveal that the beams
loaded to service load levels, unloaded and
then repaired with FRP sheets and those
strengthened while loaded behaved in a
similar way as those strengthened before
loading.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF
RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED
WITH FRP COMPOSITE SHEETS
SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT LOAD
CASES
Dr YA Al-Salloum
THEORETICAL MODEL FOR

IC DEBONDING IN FRPSTRENGTHENED CONCRETE
MEMBERS
Dr JF Chen
King Saud University, Dept of Civil Engineering,

P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
ysalloum@ksu.edu.sa
University of Edinburgh, Inst for Infrastructure

& Environment, The Kings Buildings,
Edinburgh, UK
J.F.Chen@ed.ac.uk
Keywords: FRP, strengthening, composites,

RC beams, flexure
This study was carried out to experimentally
investigate the flexural performance
of RC beams strengthened with GFRP
and CFRP composite sheets for three
cases: strengthening before loading,
strengthening while subjected to service
loading and strengthening after unloading.
The parameters of study included level of
loading and the type of FRP strengthening
system. The test program consisted of
seven groups of beams. The first group
was unstrengthened control group. The
remaining six groups were divided into two
series, one was strengthened with GFRP
sheets, and the other was strengthened
with CFRP sheets. Each series consisted of
three groups; the first one was strengthened
before loading, the second group was
loaded to service load, unloaded, repaired
with FRP sheet then loaded to failure, and
the third group was similar to the second
one except that the beam was strengthened
while loaded. These beams were tested
in flexure and the experimental data on
Prof JG Teng
Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, The

Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,
China
cejgteng@polyu.edu.hk
J Yao
Zhejiang University, Dept of Civil Engineering,

Hangzhou, China
yaojian19580302@yahoo.com.cn
Keywords: FRP, concrete beam,

strengthening, interface, IC debonding
A popular method for the flexural
strengthening of RC beams is to bond
an FRP plate to their tension face. Such
strengthened beams often fail by debonding
in a number of different forms. In particular,
intermediate crack (IC) debonding is
a common failure mode in such FRPstrengthened RC beams. An IC debonding
failure initiates in the high moment region
and propagates towards a plate end. This
paper presents a new strength model for
IC debonding failures. This strength model
105
is based a recent analytical solution for

interfacial debonding between concrete
and externally bonded FRP and considers
the interaction between two adjacent cracks
in an explicit manner. Predictions by this
new model, on the basis of crack spacings
from the tests, are shown to predict the
test debonding strengths closely. The new
model enables factors such as the effect
of load distribution to be automatically
considered. Other factors such as the
internal reinforcement on IC debonding
behaviour can also be accounted for if
their effect on cracking spacing is properly
captured through an appropriate crack
spacing equation.
All the strengthening procedures

studied at this research worked in terms
of ultimate load. The ultimate test load
was above the estimated flexural failure
load for all beams, despite the premature
failures happened for the beams of Groups
B (strengthened respectively with CFRP
strips) to E strengthened with externally
bonded layers of CFRP unidirectional
laminate. Ultimate loads 32% higher were
obtained with almost the same Area x E
(modulus) for the FRP strengthened beams
(Groups B to E), in comparison with steel
strengthened beams (Group F).
EXPERIMENTAL RESPONSE AND
CODE MODELS OF CONTINUOUS
CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED
WITH GFRP BARS
MN Habeeb, Dr AF Ashour
REINFORCED CONCRETE
'T' BEAMS STRENGTHENED
IN BENDING WITH NEAR
SURFACE MOUNTED (NSM) FRP
REINFORCEMENT
EK Castro, GS Melo, Y Nagato
University of Bradford, School of Engineering,

Design & Technology, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
a.f.ashour@bradford.ac.uk
University of Braslia, Dept of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, 70910-900 Braslia
DF, Brazil
guilherm@unb.br
Keywords: Code, flexure, glass fibre

reinforced polymer bars, continuous
beams
The results of testing two simply and
three continuously supported concrete
beams reinforced with glass fibre
reinforced polymer bars are presented.
The amount of GFRP reinforcement
was the main parameter investigated.
Over and under GFRP reinforcements
were applied for the simply supported
concrete beams. Three different GFRP
reinforcement combinations of over
and under reinforcement ratios were
used for the top and bottom layers of
the continuous concrete beams tested. A
concrete continuous beam reinforced with
steel bars was also tested for comparison
purposes. The experimental results
revealed that over-reinforcing the bottom
layer of either the simply or continuously
supported GFRP beams is a key factor in
Keywords: Flexural strengthening, near

surface mounted, FRP, CFRP, GFRP
The flexural resistance of twelve T
reinforced concrete simply supported
beams, submitted to two top point loads
was investigated. Ten of the beams were
strengthened in bending with NSM (near
surface mounted) CFRP strips (two beams),
with NSM CFRP bars (two beams), with
NSM GFRP bars (two beams), with
externally bonded CFRP unidirectional
laminates (two beams) and with NSM
steel bars (two beams). The remaining two
beams were used as references, without
being strengthened. The beams were 4400
mm (overall length) x 400 mm (overall
height) x 150 mm (web width) and 550
mm flange width.
106
controlling the width and propagation of

cracks, enhancing the load capacity and
reducing the deflection of such beams.
Comparisons
between
experimental
results and those obtained from simplified
methods proposed by ACI 440 committee
show that ACI 440.IR-01 equations can
reasonably predict the load capacity and
deflection of the simply and continuously
supported GFRP reinforced concrete
beams tested.
of strains and equilibrium of forces.

Comparisons between the flexural
capacity obtained from the theoretical
analysis and that experimentally measured
in the current investigation and elsewhere
show good agreement. To predict the shear
capacity of the beams tested, four methods
recently proposed in the literature for GFRP
reinforced concrete beams are used. These
methods have been developed by modifying
the ACI 318-99 shear capacity formula for
steel reinforced concrete beams to account
for the difference in the axial stiffness of
GFRP and steel bars. It has been shown
that the theoretical predictions of the shear
capacity obtained from these methods are
inconsistent and further research needs to
be carried out in order to establish a rational
method for the shear capacity calculation
of GFRP reinforced concrete beams.
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
BEAMS REINFORCED WITH GFRP
BARS
Dr. A. F. Ashour
University of Bradford, School of Engineering,

Design & Technology, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
a.f.ashour@bradford.ac.uk
Keywords: Flexure, shear, glass fibre

reinforced polymer bars, ACI 440, beams
This paper reports test results of twelve
concrete beams reinforced with glass
fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars
subjected to a four point loading system.
All test specimens had no transverse shear
nor compression reinforcement and were
classified into two groups according to the
concrete compressive strength. The main
parameters investigated in each group
were the beam depth and amount of GFRP
reinforcement. Two modes of failure were
observed, namely flexural and shear. The
flexural failure is mainly occurred due to
tensile rupture of GFRP bars either within
the mid-span region or under the applied
point load. The shear failure is initiated by
a major diagonal crack within the beam
shear span. This diagonal crack extended
horizontally at the level of the GFRP bars
indicating bond failure.
Simplified methods for estimating the
flexural and shear capacities of beams
tested are presented. The flexural capacity
is estimated based on the compatibility
107
108
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 2:
Concrete Durability Assessment
by NDT & Monitoring
109
110
FIFTEEN YEARS OF RESEARCH

ON THE ASSESSMENT OF
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
USING IN SITU AIR
PERMEABILITY AND SORPTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS
Prof PAM Basheer, Dr L Basheer, Prof
AE Lo, Prof DJ Cleland
A PROPOSAL FOR THE USE

OF PARTIAL FACTORS FOR
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE IN
TERMS OF AIR PERMEABILITY
AND SORPTIVITY
Prof PAM Basheer, Dr L Basheer,
Prof AE Long
Keywords: Concrete, non-destructive

test, in situ test, permeability, sorptivity,
durability assessment, Autoclam
Permeability System
Keywords: Concrete, air permeability,

sorptivity, Autoclam Permeability System,
partial factor, design codes
School of Planning, Architecture and Civil

Engineering, Queens University Belfast,
Northern Ireland, UK, BT7 1NN
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk, l.basheer@qub.ac.uk
a.long@qub.ac.uk

Engineering, Queens University Belfast, UK
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk, l.basheer@qub.ac.uk
a.long@qub.ac.uk, d.cleland@qub.ac.uk
The variations in concrete strength are taken

into account in design codes of all countries
by the introduction of a material partial
factor, m. This accounts for the possible
variations in strength of concrete between a
structure and test specimens cast and cured
in a standard manner. It covers variations
in workmanship and quality control that
may normally be expected to occur in
manufacturing concrete on site. However,
when it comes to dealing with the durability
of concrete, no such procedures are available
in any of the codes. This is primarily due to
the fact that there is no agreement on the
property to be used to specify durability
of the hardened concrete, unlike strength.
However, research at Queens University
Belfast during the past 17 years clearly
illustrated that permeation characteristics
can be used to assess the durability. For
different mechanisms of deterioration,
different permeation characteristics,
such as hydraulic conductivity (or more
commonly called the coefficient of water
permeability), gas permeability, sorptivity
(or water absorption) and diffusivity (i.e.
coefficient of ionic and gaseous diffusion),
can be specified and their variations can
be used to develop appropriate partial
factors for durability. This paper describes
Since the development of the Autoclam

Permeability System to measure the air
permeability and sorptivity of concrete in
1980s, researchers at Queens University
have used this instrument to assess the
durability of a range of concrete mixes
and the protection provided by different
methods commonly used by the industry.
In this paper, conceptual links between
permeability and durability are introduced
first and then the research findings
during the past 15 years are summarised,
using which the potential of developing
performance specifications for durability
on the basis of in situ air permeability and
sorptivity is highlighted
111
an attempt made by the authors during

the construction of a Sewage Treatment
Works in Northern Ireland to develop
partial factors based on air permeability
and sorptivity.
range of OPC concrete mixes by Basheer et

al (2005). It was found that the coefficient
obtained from this test correlated linearly
with the migration coefficient and the
diffusion coefficient from a 1-dimensional
laboratory-based test, where a steady state
flow existed. Reliable results were obtained
within 4-10 hours of test duration.
As a further development of the
Permit Ion Migration test, its suitability to
assess concretes with cement replacement
materials, such as microsilica, ground
granulated blast furnace slab, fly ash and
metakaolin, was investigated. The Permit
was compared with three other test methods
recommended by a European consortium
which studied different test techniques
for the evaluation of chloride ingress
into concrete structure. The results of this
investigation are discussed in this paper.
As an alternative to the measurement of
the chloride concentration to identify the
steady state, conductivity measurements
are recommended. This also eliminates the
dependence of the test on skilled personnel
and further simplifies the test procedure.
Furthermore, a thorough discussion of the
results highlighted that the measurement of
peak current in Permit Ion Migration test is
as good as the measurement of the steady
state chloride flux.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF
THE PERMIT ION MIGRATION
TEST FOR DETERMINING THE
CHLORIDE DIFFUSIVITY OF
CONCRETE
SV Nanukuttan, Prof PAM Basheer,
Dr DJ Robinson
Queens University Belfast, School of Planning,

Architecture and Civil Engineering, Belfast BT7
1NN, UK
s.nanukuttan@qub.ac.uk
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk
des.robinson@qub.ac.uk
Keywords: Chloride diffusion, permit

ion migration test, chloride migration,
migration coefficient, steady state,
conductivity, resisitivity, in situ test
Chloride induced corrosion of steel in
concrete is one of the most common
reasons for the deterioration of reinforced
concrete structures. In order to assess the
resistance of concrete to the penetration of
chloride ions, the common practice is to
remove a core from the structure and test
it in a lab to determine the chloride ion
diffusion coefficient using the steady state
diffusion test. This test is notorious for its
long test duration and hence the movement
of chloride ions through the test specimen
is usually accelerated by the application
of a potential difference. The steady rate
of flow of chloride ions in accelerated
chloride migration tests is used to calculate
a chloride migration coefficient, which is
known to correlate well with the steady state
diffusion coefficient. Using this principle of
migration of chlorides, an in-situ chloride
migration test, called Permit Ion Migration
Test, was developed and was validated for a
112
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
OF THE RAPID SURFACE
MODIFICATION OF STONE USED
IN CONSTRUCTION
Prof BJ Smith
FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS:

PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE
KTV Grattan, T Sun, W Zhao
School of Engineering & Mathematical

Sciences, City University, Northampton Square,
London, EC1V 0HB
k.t.v.grattan@city.ac.uk
School of Geography, Archaeology and

Palaeoecology, Queens University Belfast, UK
b.smith@qub.ac.uk
Keywords: Fibre optic sensors, laser
Prof PAM Basheer
Fibre Optic Sensors have seen a very

significant impact on a number of niche areas
of measurement since their development as
a spin-off from optical communications
systems in the late 1970s. An overview
of progress and advances in the field of
fiber optic sensor technology is presented,
highlighting the major issues underpinning
recent research and illustrating a number
of important applications and key areas of
effective fiber optic sensor development.

Engineering, Queens University Belfast, UK
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk
Dr JM Curran
Stone Conservation Services Ltd, The Gas

Offices, 4b Cromac Street, Belfast, UK
joanne.curran@consarc-design.co.uk
Keywords: Masonry, surface modification,

gas permeametry, exposure trials
Using techniques such as gas permeametry
and laboratory weathering simulations, it
is demonstrated that surface modification
of buildings stones can have a marked
effect on surface porosity/permeability
characteristics and, for example, the
thermal response of the stone. In turn,
these responses institute feedbacks that
control the operation of decay processes
such as salt weathering. It is intended that
results from these integrated studies will
be used in future to design stone sensors
that can be placed on structures prior to
conservation, as a non-destructive means
of identifying active decay processes,
appropriate intervention and/or suitable
replacement materials.
FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS FOR

STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF
BRIDGES
YM Gebremichael, BT Meggitt, WJO
Boyle, T Sun, KTV Grattan
School of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences,

City University, Northampton Square, London,
EC1V 0HB, UK
k.t.v.grattan@city.ac.uk
Keywords: Fibre optic monitoring system,

Bragg grating sensors
The principal objective of the research
programme described was to develop
an advanced fibre optic monitoring
system and robust sensor attachment
and protection techniques based on fibre
Bragg grating (FBG) sensor technology for
monitoring applications in harsh industrial
environments important to civil engineering
applications. The work reports on the
design and development of a ruggedly
engineered, high bandwidth optical fibre
Bragg grating prototype sensor system and
the results of several important field trials
113
MONITORING INTERNAL
CHANGES IN CONCRETE DURING
CARBONATION AND CHLORIDE
INGRESS USING A COVERCRETE
ELECTRODE ARRAY
Prof PAM Basheer
of the equipment, especially on bridges and

related structures.
NOVEL FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
FOR MONITORING CORROSIONRELATED PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
T Sun, TL Yeo, WG Xie, WZ Zhao,
KTV Grattan

Engineering, Queens University Belfast, BT7
1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk
School of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences,

City University, Northampton Square, London
EC1V 0HB, UK
t.sun@city.ac.uk
Dr D Russell
Kirk, McClure and Morton, Elmwood House

74 Boucher Road, Belfast, BT12 6RZ
Northern Ireland, UK
info@kmm.co.uk
PAM Basheer, AE Long, D McPolin
Queens University Belfast, School of Planning,

Arch & Civil Engineering Belfast BT7 1NN,
UK
m.basheer@qub.ac.uk
Dr. R. Andrews
Atkins, 1 Quayside Office Park, 14 Dargan

Crescent, Belfast, BT3 9JP, Northern Ireland,
UK
belfast@atkinsglobal.com
Keywords: optical fibre sensors, corrosion,

structural health monitoring, fibre bragg
grating, fluorescence lifetime
Prof. W.J. McCarter
School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt

University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland,
UK
w.j.mccarter@hw.ac.uk
The monitoring of a number of parameters

which are indicative of the corrosion of
concrete structures is very important to
ensure the structural health of the major
civil engineering infrastructure. This paper
reports on a suite of novel sensors developed
to improve monitoring through determining
temperature, pH, strain and moisture level,
demonstrated through laboratory tests and
extensive evaluations of the durability and
sensitivity of the sensors themselves.
Keywords: Covercrete electrode array,

in situ monitoring, carbonation, chloride
ingress, permit ion migration test
A novel Covercrete Electrode Array for
measuring electrical resistance of concrete
in situ was developed by McCarter at
Heriot-Watt University in mid-90s and
since then it has been used extensively
in research projects undertaken by the
Structural Materials Research group at
Queens. In these projects, it has been
possible to monitor internal changes in
concrete due to a number of mechanisms,
including carbonation and chloride
ingress. The results from two of these
investigations are presented in this paper
and the advantages and disadvantages of
the system are highlighted.
114
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 3:
Concrete Repair & Durability
115
116
DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF
EPOXY INJECTED REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS WITH AND
WITHOUT FRP FABRICS
Prof JJ Myers, M Ekene
THE VIRTUAL CEMENT

AND CONCRETE TESTING
LABORATORY: THE FUTURE IN
CONCRETE MATERIALS
EJ Garboczi, ST Erdoan
Keywords: Composite strengthening, crack

repair, epoxy injection, environmental
conditioning, durability performance
Dr DW Fowler
University of Missouri-Rolla, CIES / Dept of

Civil, Arch., & Env. Engineering, Rolla, MO
65409, USA
jmyers@umr.edu
Inorganic Materials Group, National Institute of

Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD,
20899, USA
Edward.Garboczi@nist.gov
Sinan.Erdogan@nist.gov
The University of Texas at Austin, Dept of Civil
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, 78712, USA
dwf@mail.utexas.edu
Cracks in reinforced concrete (RC)

should be repaired if they present the
potential for durability related problems
such as corrosion of reinforcing steel.
One way to repair extensive cracks is the
use of epoxy injection. Another repair
technique to enhance shear or flexural
strength in deficient RC members is the
utilization of externally bonded carbon
fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics.
The affect of environmental conditioning
on crack injection with or without CFRP
strengthening is investigated in this paper.
Test results showed that the crack injection
provided an increase in initial stiffness for
un-strengthened RC beams. An increase
in initial stiffness and ultimate strength
was achieved in CFRP strengthened RC
beams. Surface roughness combined with
crack injection significantly increased
the flexural capacity of the specimens.
Environmental conditioning significantly
affected the bond performance of the epoxy
injection. The presence of sustained load
during environmental conditioning resulted
in reduced section capacity and ductility.
Keywords: VCCTL, computer modeling,

concrete, virtual, aggregates, cement
The Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing
Laboratory (VCCTL) was initiated
at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology in 2001. A consortium
consisting of universities, materials
manufacturers and trade associations have
joined together to continue work on this
exciting new development. VCCTL has
the goal of modeling the materials used in
concrete, the mixing, and the curing so that
both fresh and hardened concrete properties
can be predicted. The impact on modeling
concrete mixtures will likely be as great as
the finite element modeling of structures
has been on structural analysis and design.
It will permit optimum designs of concrete
mixtures to be performed, eliminating most
of the laborious laboratory mixing and
testing now required. Rheology, curing
time, strength, and durability are now or
are planned to be within the scope of its
predictions. The International Center for
Aggregates Research has been involved
in modeling aggregates, particularly the
shape and texture. Shape characterization
has required the use of X-ray tomography
to scan actual aggregates bound in a
matrix so that the shape can be modeled
117
using spherical harmonic functions. Each

aggregate source has a unique shape and
texture, and the wide range of sizes requires
that many aggregates be modeled. A brief
overview of the VCCTL is given with
emphasis on the modeling of aggregates.
FERROCEMENT FOR HURRICANE

PRONE STATE OF FLORIDA
JC Adajar
PROPERTIES OF CEMENTITIOUS
COMPOSITE-BASED RUBBER
PARTICLES
A. Benazzouk, O. Douzane,
M. Quneudec
Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc, 1431 Greenway

Drive, Ste 900, Irving, Texas 75038, USA
AJIISS Structural Engineering, Plano, Texas

75025, USA
jca@ajiiss.com
T Hogue
C Jordan
Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc, 6360 NW 5th

Way, Ste 101, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309,
USA
Universit de Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire

des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), IUT
dpartement Gnie Civil, Avenue des Facults,
80025 Amiens, France
amar.benazzouk@u-picardie.fr
omar.douzane@u-picardie.fr
micheletkint@u-picardie.fr
Keywords: Ferrocement, hurricane,

damage, repair, strength recovery, wire
mesh, mortar
Ferrocement could be beneficial in
hurricane - prone areas like Florida because
of its structural integrity and repairable
characteristic. Hurricanes had caused
notable damages to homes and buildings
in Florida and repairing the damage had
been usually the preferred option instead of
replacement. This paper presents the results
of an experimental study on the repairability
of ferrocement. Specimens were designed
and subjected to four types of loads, which
were compression, tension, flexure, and
shear, to determine the recovered strength
after repair of a ferrocement component.
The strength recovery factor cannot be
generalized because of the effects of
the type of loading, number of layers of
mesh reinforcements, cement-sand-water
mixture, and other related properties.
However, experimental and analytical
results indicated that an estimate of
approximately 70% of the original
strength for compression, 90% for tension
and 100% for flexure could be recovered
after repair. Shear strength recovery was
not investigated. Ferrocement technology
offers a better way to build structures to
withstand a hurricane environment.
Keywords: Rubber waste, cement

composite, rubber particles, physicomechanical properties, sound attenuation
The aim of the present work was the
recycling of rubber waste particles, as a
partial substitute of sand in mortar. The
replacement levels were 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100% by volume. Cement composites
obtained were characterized by destructive
and non-destructive testing, in order to
find a liable application. Results from tests
performed on fresh composite have shown
reduction in workability and improvement
in air content. A study conducted on
hardened composite properties has
indicated a significant reduction both in
mechanical properties and unit weight.
However, the incorporation of rubber
particles as replacement to the sand reveals
the ability of composites to reduce sound
level for frequency ranges from 125 to
8,000 Hz in 1/3 octave bands.
118
A DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR

RETROFITTED R.C. ELEMENTS
SE Dritsos
CHLORIDE ION PENETRATION

IN SELF-CONSOLIDATING
CONCRETE
Dr N Ghafoori, MA Aqel
University of Patras, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Greece
dritsos@upatras.gr
University of Nevada, Las Vegas,

Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las
Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA
nader.ghafoori@unlv.edu
Keywords: Repair, strengthening,

retrofitting, earthquake, redesign and
structural design
Keywords: Self-consolidating concrete,

chloride ion penetration, corrosion
procedure for the structural design

and the detailing of retrofitted elements
involves the following: (a) The control of
a sufficient connection between contact
surfaces, (b) The use of new partial factors
of safety and (c) The determination of the
performance of the retrofitted elements
considered as composite elements, taking
into account the slippage at the interfaces
between the old and new materials. An
approximate process could be used which
would involve applying suitable correction
factors to an equivalent monolithic element.
The determination of reliable monolithic
correction factor values, for use by the
engineers, is one of the critical issues in
the field of redesign. Regarding concrete
jacketing of R.C. columns, design values
for the strength and the displacement
factors are proposed, evaluating recent
experimental results. The differences in
the philosophy of the structural design are
stressed when, for the strengthening, fibre
reinforced polymers are to be used.
This study evaluates the influence of

mixing proportions on the chloride ion
penetration in self-consolidating concrete
(i.e. cementitious materials content, waterto-cementitious materials ratio and coarse
aggregate content). A slump-flow of 650
10 mm and an air content of 2.0 0.3%
were used to control matrix proportions.
Six different mixing proportions with
three different water-to-cementitious
materials ratios (0.35, 0.4 and 0.45) and
four cementitious materials contents (386,
445, 505 and 564 kg/m) were used. A
constant fine aggregate-to-total aggregate
ratio of 0.463 was employed for all trial
matrices. Slump flow, air content, flow
ability, passing ability, and visual stability
index were used to describe fresh properties
of the trial matrices, while demolded unitweight and compressive strength were used
to characterize bulk properties. The rapid
chloride penetration test was used to evaluate
the resistance to chloride ion permeability
of the selected self-consolidating concretes.
Predictive equations to correlate the fresh
and bulk properties and chloride ion
permeability with the matrix proportions
were developed.
119
FULL-SCALE TESTING OF RC
COLUMNS STRENGTHENED
WITH STEEL ANGLES AND STEEL
BATTENS
Dr PA Caldern, E Gimnez, JM Adm
REHABILITATION OF SLABCOLUMN CONNECTIONS

Widianto, Y Tian, J Argudo,
Prof O Bayrak, Prof JO Jirsa
University of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Austin TX 78712, USA
antos911@mail.utexas.edu
yingtian@mail.utexas.edu
jargudo@mail.utexas.edu
bayrak@mail.utexas.edu
jirsa@uts.cc.utexas.edu
Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, ICITECH,

Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
pcaldero@cst.upv.es
S Ivorra
University of Alicante, ICITECH, Camino de

Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
Keywords: Repair, strengthening, flatplate, slab-column connection, two-way

shear, punching shear failure, seismic, steel
collars, carbon fiber reinforced polymers
sheets, anchors, shear reinforcement
Keywords: Strengthened, retrofit,

reinforced concrete columns, steel angles,
strips
This article describes and analyses the
results of an experimental research
program, on the use of steel angles and steel
battens for the strengthening of damaged
reinforced concrete columns. Eighteen fullscale columns were tested under uniaxialcompression, with combinations of three
variables that can affect the behaviour:
placing a capital or not to improve the
transmission of efforts, the loading or
unloading while strengthening the columns,
and the use of cement mortar or epoxy resin
to join the steel jacket to the RC column.
The results show that failure takes place
close to the ends of the column before
the theoretical maximum strength of the
strengthened column is reached. However,
there is a considerable improvement in
strength and ductility.
Seven 2/3-scale interior slab-column

connections were tested to quantify the
effects of low flexural reinforcement ratios,
earthquake damage, and the efficiency of
various rehabilitation techniques on the
two-way shear strength of reinforced
concrete slabs. Research results indicate
that in addition to the critical shear
perimeter, the flexural reinforcement
within the column region can significantly
affect the two-way shear strength of the
connection. Three alternatives for repairing
and strengthening slab-column connections
were experimentally evaluated: (i)
installation of steel collars on the column
under the slab, (ii) installation of external
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)
stirrups, and (iii) application of wellanchored CFRP sheets on the tension side
of the slab. All techniques increased the
connection strength and provided a means
for repairing or strengthening flat plate
structures with questionable or inadequate
two-way shear capacity.
120
NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF
BEHAVIOUR OF STRENGTHENED
RC COLUMNS UNDER CYCLIC
LOADING
AP Lampropoulos, SE Dritsos
EFFECT OF ADDITION
OF WOOD SHAVINGS ON
PHYSICO-MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND
CONCRETES
M Bederina, Med M Khenfer
Dept of Civil Engineering, University of Patras,

Greece
dritsos@upatras.gr
Dp. de G. Civil, Univ. A.Thlidji, BP G37

Laghouat, Algrie
Keywords: Strengthening, columns,

interface, cyclic loading and bar
elongation
B Ladoudi, M Quneudec
The simulation of reinforced concrete

elements using the finite element method
is investigated. A numerical model has
been created in ANSYS code, in order to
predict the behaviour of monolithic and
strengthened columns by concrete jacketing.
The relative slip between the concrete and
the steel elements is modelled by using
special spring elements. The bar elongation
and the total extension of a reinforcing
bar at a particular point in relation to the
surrounding concrete is also examined. For
the strengthened specimens, special contact
elements are used at the interface between
the initial column and the concrete jacket
and spring elements are used to simulate
the presence of dowels. The degradation
of the strength at the interface and the
shear resistance of dowels due to cyclic
loading are taken into account. The results
are compared with available experimental
data from cyclic loading tests in order to
examine the reliability of the model.
A Bali
L.T.I - I.U.T, Av. Des Facults, 80025 Amiens

Cedex 1, France
michele.tkint@u-picardie.fr
ENP Alger, Dp. de G. Civil, BP182, El Harrach
Algrie
Keywords: Sand concrete, lightweight

concrete, filler, wood shavings,
mechanical strength, thermal conductivity,
microstructure
The purpose of this work is to valorise local
materials and to reuse industrial wastes. It
aims at the search for structure lightweight
sand concrete. It consists in studying the
effect of wood shavings addition on the
physico-mechanical behaviour of sand
concretes. Two different sands have been
separately used: a river sand and dune sand.
The used wood shavings have been obtained
from woodworking activities waste and the
range of its contents in concrete has been
varied from 0 to 160 kg/m 3. The used
fillers, which have been obtained from
crushing waste, are mainly composed of
limestone. Results demonstrate that the
inclusion of shavings into the sand concrete
improves thermal conductivity, while the
structure remaining homogeneous and
with a strong wood-matrix adherence.
The strength decreases, but it should be
noted, that at smaller shavings contents, it
is possible to obtain interesting strengths
with good heat insulation which allow the
use of the material in certain less carrying
structures.
121
RETROFITTING OF SQUARE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO
CONCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING
WITH STEEL JACKETS
Dr K Al-Deen I Bsisu
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF
DETERIORATED CONCRETE
MEMBERS
M Tapan, Dr RS Aboutaha

mtapan@syr.edu & rsabouta@syr.edu
Al-Eman Housing Company, P.O. Box 35063

Amman, 11180, Jordan
bsisu@yahoo.com
Keywords: Bridge column, concrete

deterioration, corrosion of steel bars,
structural evaluation, interaction diagrams
Keywords: Retrofitting, jacketing,

confinement, reinforced concrete,
columns.
Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the

main causes of deterioration of concrete
bridge structures in the United States.
In order to design a cost-effective repair
system for deteriorated concrete bridge
components, the remaining load carrying
capacity of the existing reinforced concrete
structure should be determined.
This paper presents structural evaluation
of partially corroded reinforced concrete
bridge columns. In this study, interaction
diagrams for partially corroded reinforced
concrete bridge columns were developed
using an advanced analytical approach.
Several variables were investigated, e.g.
amount of corrosion, length of corroded
region, percentage of corroded bars, and
type of stresses in the corroded reinforcing
bars.
Developed interaction diagrams may be
used to determine strength and safety level
of deteriorated reinforced concrete columns
at the time of investigation. Results of
deteriorated columns were compared with
those of un-deteriorated columns, and
presented.
Strengthening reinforced concrete columns

to resist increased loads by retrofitting
with steel jackets is common engineering
practice for strengthening and repair of
columns because it is inexpensive, dose not
require highly trained labor, unobtrusive,
does not reduce space, easy to inspect
and can be applied whilst the structure is
still in use. Steel jacketing can be used to
repair existing structures, to prolong their
design life, and to upgrade structures for
alternative use and additional loading.
In this study 20 square reinforced
concrete columns were tested to investigate
retrofitting with steel jackets technique and
design procedures to provide theoretical and
experimental verification of the technique
and allow the development of retrofitting
designs with ease and confidence.
Confinement models from previous
researchers were compared with
experimental results. Conclusions were
drawn toward the best model to be used
for estimating the strength of confined
square reinforced concrete columns with
steel jackets.
122
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 3:
Durabilitiy of Advanced Composites
for Concrete Repair
123
124
LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF FRP

STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS IN
AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS.
ER Fyfe, S Witt
EXAMINATION OF FRP WRAPPED

COLUMNS AND BEAMS INA
CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT
HG Wheat
Edward Donnelly
Fyfe Company LLC, Los Angeles, CA 92121,
H Karpate, JO Jirsa, DW Fowler, DP

Whitney
Fyfe Company LLC, Nancy Ridge, Technology

Center, 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 103, San
Diego CA 92121, USA
ed@fyfeco.com, sarah@fyfeco.com
Mechanical Engineering, Texas Materials

Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin,
TX 78712 USA
hwheat@mail.utexas.edu
USA
ed@fibrwrap.com
Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Austin,

Austin, TX 78712 USA
Keywords: FRP strengthening, fibrwrap,

composite, long-term durability, fire
protection, underwater, environmental
exposure
Keywords: Concrete, corrosion, composite,

epoxy, FRP
An experimental program was established
to help determine whether fiber-reinforced
plastic (FRP) composite wraps provide
barriers against the transportation of
chlorides into concrete. The goal of the
program is to evaluate the long-term
effectiveness of FRP wraps in preventing
or reducing corrosion of reinforced concrete
elements in severe environments. Initially
there were more than 60 specimens
that were designed to represent typical
rectangular (beam) and cylindrical
(column) elements in reinforced concrete
bridges. Partially wrapped and unwrapped
elements were studied as part of the project.
Other parameters of interest in design and
construction included: cast-in chlorides to
represent specimens already exposed to a
corrosive environment prior to wrapping,
cracked versus uncracked elements,
addition of corrosion inhibitors, and types
of repair materials used in addition to
composite wrapping. For more than six
years, specimens have been exposed to a
saltwater environment on a cyclical basis,
and periodically selected specimens have
been removed from exposure testing and
examined in detail. There is a lot of interest
in this technology because FRP wraps could
potentially retard the ingress of chlorides
and inhibit corrosion. On the other hand, the
In the past decade the use of FRPs for

structural strengthening has become
commonplace. As the engineering
community has become more familiar
with the performance advantages of these
materials, new applications have been
researched and implemented. The initial
research and field installations focused on
seismic retrofits and bridge strengthening.
The successful testing and implementation
of these systems led to the development of
additional applications that moved project
sites from the moderate climates of the
Western U.S. and Europe to aggressive
climes in all corners of the globe. Research
has been undertaken to prove the viability
of FRPs under various environmental
exposures. In addition to accelerated
laboratory testing and the development
of new materials, several installations
have been in place for over a decade that
provide sound case studies on the in-field
performance of composite materials.
125
wraps could trap chlorides and moisture and

thereby accelerate the corrosion process.
These and other aspects of FRP wrapping
will be discussed based on the long-term
behavior that has been observed.
126
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 3:
Seismic Upgrades using Advanced Composites
127
128
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF
SHEAR CRITICAL SQUARE RC
COLUMNS WITH LONGITUDINAL
CFRP BONDED AND TRANSVERSE
AFRP STRIPS USING ACTIVE AND
PASSIVE CONFINEMENT
SM Taleie, Prof H Moghaddam
SEISMIC UPGRADING OF
SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR RC
COLUMNS USING FRP WRAPPING:
NUMERICAL MODELING
MAN Abdel-Mooty
The American University in Cairo, Dept. of

Construction Engineering
mamooty@aucegypt.edu
ME Issa
Sharif University of Technology, Dept of Civil

Eng, Tehran, Iran
shahabmehdizad@mehr.sharif.edu
moghaddam@sharif.edu
Cairo University, Structural Eng Dept
HM Farag, Bitar
Military Technical College, Dept Structural

Engineering
Keywords: Active confinement, ductility,

FRP, passive confinement, retrofit
Keywords: Seismic upgrading, column

strengthening, FRP wrapping, numerical
modelling, nonlinear analysis, experimental
testing
Recent earthquakes have revealed an urgent

need to develop retrofit techniques for the
existing buildings and bridges designed in
accordance with old seismic codes so as to
meet the requirements of current seismic
design standards. The insufficient amount
of transverse reinforcement renders RC
columns ineffective at dissipating seismic
energy and the inadequate ductility rapidly
leads to failure. In this research, six halfscale square RC columns with shear span
to depth ratio of 2.5 with poor transverse
reinforcements are tested under cyclic and
axial loads as control columns and retrofitted
ones. Longitudinal CFRP bonded used to
increase the strength and AFRP strips used
as external transverse reinforcement to
evaluate the benefits of active and passive
confinement. Variables investigated
include: the type of confinement (Active
and Passive) and the amount of axial
load. Tests results show that strength and
ductility of columns improves significantly
as a result of confining action and the active
confinement advantages versus passive
confinement are demonstrated.
This paper reports the results of experimental

and numerical study to evaluate the
effectiveness of using FRP wrapping for
repair and seismic upgrading of square and
rectangular RC columns in buildings. Eight
specimens were tested and numerically
analyzed using finite element method
(FEM). A three-dimensional nonlinear
finite element models were developed to
examine the structural behaviour of the
RC columns before and after applying FRP
sheet. The nonlinear finite element analysis
was performed using the ANSYS program.
Special elements SOLID65, LINK8, and
SOLID64 were used to represent concrete,
discrete reinforcing steel bars, and
FRP sheet, respectively. The tested and
numerically modelled specimens were
divided into two groups. The first group of
columns consists of four square columns
and the second group consists of four
rectangular columns. The specimens were
tested under combined axial and increasing
cyclic lateral loads. The nonlinear material
properties for each material component
were evaluated experimentally and used
in the nonlinear finite element analysis.
The numerically obtained results were
129
correlated to the experimental ones.

The developed finite element models
were capable of effectively simulating
the behaviour of square and rectangular
columns confined by FRP sheets when the
proper material properties are adopted. The
factors affecting the performance of FRP
wrapping in rectangular columns under
the action of combined axial and lateral
loads are considered in this paper. These
factors include the rectangularity ratio of
the column cross-section, the thickness of
the FRP jacket, and the use of carbon verses
glass FRP for column jacketing.
130
Theme 2: Concrete &

Advanced Composites
Day 3:
Concrete Repair Interfaces
131
132
ON THE EFFECTIVE ADHESIVE

BETWEEN NEW AND OLD
Li Ying
A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR

OF THE CEMENT MORTAR
INTERFACE IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE COLUMNS
STRENGTHENED BY MEANS OF
STEEL ANGLES AND STRIPS
JM Adam, PA Caldern, E Gimnez
Shen Yang Architectural Univ, China
M Funada, Prof I Adachi
Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan

ichiro.adachi@it-chiba.ac.jp
Keywords: Construction joint, hydrate,

ultra high early strength cement, expanding
cement, curing
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, ICITECH,

Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
joadmar@cst.upv.es
C Hidalgo
The adhesive strength between new and

old hardened cement depends mainly
on the curing, surface treatment of old
concrete, water content percentage of new
concrete or mortar and property of new
materials. This report is mainly studied
about the result of using ultra high early
strength cement, expanding cement, fly ash
cement or ordinary Portland cement as new
materials for joints to confirm the advanced
hydrate by the side of the interface of
construction joint with Scanning Electron
Microscope ( SEM ). The flexural strength
of jointed specimens using ultra high early
strength cement or expanding cement
as new were lager than using ordinary
Portland cement in the past experimental
test of authors. And the observational tests
of hydrate have been done especially by
the inside of the construction joint using
ultra high early strength cement, expanding
cement, ordinary Portland cement and fly
ash cement. As the result, it is confirmed
that the advanced hydrate can be seen by
the side of the joint when ultra high early
strength cement or expanding cement was
used, but the hydrate was insufficient in the
young age and minute cracks were seen for
ordinary Portland cement or fly ash cement
for short time curing.
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Dep. Ingeniera

del Terreno, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia,
Spain
S Ivorra
Universidad de Alicante, Aptdo. de Correos 99,

Alicante, Spain
Keywords: Interface behaviour, cement

mortar, concrete columns, strengthening
This paper studies the behavior of
the cement mortar bond between the
strengthening steel and concrete in RC
columns strengthened with steel angles
and strips. Two different strengthening
techniques are studied analyzing the effects
of the coefficient of friction between steel
and concrete on the strengthened column.
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
STRENGTH BETWEEN TWO
CONCRETE LAYERS WITH ADDED
REINFORCEMENT CROSSING THE
INTERFACE
ENBS Jlio
Dept of Civil Engineering, University of

Coimbra, Portugal
ejulio@dec.uc.pt
FAB Branco
Dept of Civil Engineering, Technical University

of Lisbon, Portugal
fbranco@civil.ist.utl.pt
Keywords:
Concrete,
longitudinal shear, strength
interface,
Concrete bridge decks are often

strengthened by adding a new layer of
133
concrete. Previous studies by the authors

deal with the influence of different
parameters on the bond strength of old-tonew concrete interfaces: roughness of the
substrate surface; use of an epoxy-based
bonding agent; and compressive strength of
added concrete. The present paper describes
a subsequent study, performed to analyse the
influence of added reinforcement crossing
the interface, based on and complementing
the preceding work.
An experimental study was performed
to evaluate the longitudinal shear strength
between two concrete layers, for different
values of added reinforcement crossing the
interface. A total of 35 push-off tests were
conducted. Results indicated that: (a) the
reinforcement crossing the interface does
not have a significant influence on the
interface de-bonding stress; (b) increasing
the reinforcement crossing the interface, the
longitudinal shear strength increases; (c) to
mobilize the maximum longitudinal shear
strength, an important slip is necessary;
(d) the slant shear test is more sensitive
to the roughness of the substrate surface
than the push-off test; and (e) the design
expressions of most design codes analysed
are not conservative in the conditions of the
study performed.
flexural capacity of reinforced concrete

elements involves the casting of a new
concrete layer, reinforced or not, on the
tensile or the compressive side of the
element. Slip at the interface between
the old and the new concrete affects the
behaviour of the composite element.
However, it is common practice in design
to ignore slip and consider the strengthened
element as monolithic. In the present paper,
an approximate estimation of the maximum
values of sliding, slip strain and shear stress
of the strengthened element is presented.
In addition, an analytical procedure for
prediction of the distribution of sliding and
slip strain along the interface between the
initial beam and the new layer of concrete
is presented. Finally, the results of these two
methods are compared.
SILICATE PROTECTING LAYERS
OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
AGAINST WATER AND
AGGRESSIVE SUBSTANCES
P Tesrek, M Jiikov, R ern
Czech Technical University, Faculty of Civil

Engineering, Dept of Mechanics,
Thkurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech
Republic
tesarek@fsv.cvut.cz
Keywords: Silicate protecting layer,

concrete, moisture diffusivity, water vapour
diffusion resistance factor
AN ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
FOR RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED
BY NEW CONCRETE LAYERS
OT Tsioulou, SE Dritsos
Silicate protecting layers are cheap and

effective means against penetration of
water and aggressive substances during
the whole service life of concrete structure.
In a concrete element water-proof surface
layer up to 20 mm thick depending on the
concrete porosity is formed. The protection
is based on the formation of hydrated
calcium silicates in pores and cracks of
concrete and is activated in the presence
of moisture. In this paper, basic water
and water vapour transport properties of
Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Patras,

Greece
dritsos@upatras.gr
Keywords: Strengthened concrete beams,

new concrete layers, interface, shear stress,
slip strain and sliding
A common problem in high seismicity
areas is the need for flexural strengthening
of the weak reinforced concrete elements.
A popular technique for increasing the
134
two types of concrete provided by silicate

protecting layer are analyzed and compared
with the properties of the same concretes
without any protection. The measured
data show that the studied silicate layer
can protect the investigated concretes only
moderately against water penetration, the
main reason being the insufficient thickness
of the protecting layer.
135
136
Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry &

Civil Structures
Day 1:
Civil Structures
137
138
REPLACE A DRAINED TYPE NATM

TUNNEL WITH AN UN-DRAINED
TYPE
Hwang, Deok-Il, Kim, Jung Yun
grouting waterproofing method with a

viscous and flexible material (Turbo-Seal)
has been successfully installed to achieve
an 'un-drained type' waterproofing system
in the tunnel.
Korea Telecom, Real Assets Development

Center, 1-2. 3ga wonhyo-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul
140-718, Korea
hdi379@kt.co.kr, jykim1@kt.co.kr
CONDITION ASSESMENT AND

DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
FOR WATER AERATOR
Prof R Folic, Z Brujic, R Lekic
Kang, Ho Kyoung
Korea Telecom, 206 Jungja-dong, Bundang-gu

Kyounggi Province 463-711, Korea
hkkang@kt.co.kr

Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, Novi Sad,
Serbia & Montenegro
Lee, Jong Yong
Re-New System Co, 181-3 Jamshil-dong,

Songpa-gu, Hyochang Bldg.9F, Seoul, 138220, Korea
jylee001@hotmail.co
Keywords:
Damage,
corrosion,
protective cover, prefabricated members,
rehabilitation, protective surface
In addition to the description of the
structure, 30 years old, regarding its
specificities, details related to its production
technology are also given. They include
problems of inspections made during
February and March 2003, corresponding
surveys and examinations in situ in order
to assess conditions relevant for the Aerator
of the Strand source in Novi Sad. These
data were a basis for a condition evaluation
of some elements that served as a base
for producing a rehabilitation project.
Concerning the complex conditions of
exploitation in many elements, various
damages were registered, and thus
described and illustrated by photographs.
All important parts of the building and
structures elements are described. Damage
is related to phenomenon conditions.
Due to small concrete depth covers, the
prefabricated reinforced concrete members
were considerably damaged. This paper
presents repair and rehabilitation works
as well. General considerations for all
members to be rehabilitated are presented
as well as procedures for preparation and
scope of repair and rehabilitation works
for each structural element, all aiming
to provide required safety, durability and
Keywords: Telecommunication tunnel,

NATM, waterproofing method, 'drained
type waterproofing', 'un-drained type
waterproofing'
NATM tunnels in Korea have been
designed and constructed as a 'drained
type waterproofing system to reduce the
high external water pressure. Constructed
at a depth of 30 meters the high water
pressure has caused problems such as
ground settlement over NATM tunnel,
underground water depletion, pumping cost,
and premature structure aging. After seven
years of service it was decided to convert
the drained type waterproofing system
to an un-drained type. Performance
requirements of a new waterproofing layer
were established and the waterproofing
seal suitable for this application was
developed.
Impact-Echo Method, GPR and
Rebar detector methods were employed
to review the structural integrity of the
tunnel structure while under high water
pressure. Subsequent test results revealed
it was safe to use a grouting back method
to inject a new layer into the existing
waterproofing layer (ECB layer). A
139
aesthetic properties of the structure. Surface

protection of elements needed in order to
provide required durability of the structure
is described.
fundamentally new process documenting

the decision processes; an audit trail
on repair alternatives; and the basis for
documenting lessons learned.
MEETING THE COST DEMAND

Dr R Oberle
STABILIZATION OF HILLSIDE
IN THE WORK TERRACES OF
ALCAIDESA IN SAN ROQUE
(CADIZ)
Prof CJ Cabaes
The Georgia Institute of Technology P.E, School

of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Atlanta,
GA 30332-0355, USA
Dr CE Demers
Polythecnic University of Madrid, Escuela

de Ingeniera Tcnica de Obras Pblicas de
Madrid & Ingecal Ingenieros S.L., Avda. De la
Independencia 34, Madrid, Spain
cjurado@recol.es
Wentworth Institute of Technology, Dept of

Civil, Construction & Environment, Boston,
MA 02115, USA
demersc1@wit.edu
Keywords: Parametric cost engineering,

cost-benefit, bridges, model, Pontis
Keywords: Hillside, slope, landfill,

housing, stabilisation
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

recommends rehabilitation alternatives
before replacing a bridge structure to
effectively use available federal funds. The
goal of bridge management is to assess the
structures most critically in need of repair/
strengthening, decide the appropriate
retrofit, and control cost. In determining
which structures are most critical for repair/
strengthening, Pontis TM, a database of
bridge assessment, was developed. PONTIS
provides a network level analysis that does
not include a project level evaluation. A
project level analysis is needed to assess
costs associated with alternative repair
procedures for specific bridge treatments.
The objective of this paper is to report the
design and conceptual basis of a project
level cost-benefit model for bridges. This
model addresses the process of constructing
the repair, provides resulting costs, builds
on the patented Parametric Automated
Cost Engineering System (PACES)
and contributes new and fundamental
interdisciplinary systems-based knowledge
applicable to bridge infrastructure systems.
This model design provides: economically
smart repair/strengthening options; a
In the locality of La Alcaidesa in San Roque

(Cadiz) is now being constructed three
blocks of housings called The Terraces
Alcaidesa in a hillside in part virgin and
in part with a refilling terrain without
compaction with a width of 50m and with
a difference of levels between the most
extreme points of 10 m.
The existence of the above mentioned
difference, it forces to a construction
with excavations and landfills. For
the containment of the terrace, where
the housings will be placed, a wall of
limestone blocks was constructed by an
average height on the above mentioned
landfills of approximately 3 meters. The
above mentioned wall according to the
Geotechnical Report had to be construct
fixed 1,0 m in the underlying hard marls.
The terrace in the zone of the
intermediate housing block, was affected
in February, 2003 by intense rains, giving
place the breaking of the collectors
above the mentioned zone, which there
produced both the slide of the stone wall
of limestone blocks, the displacement and
the break of the piles that were realized in
the intermediate block of housings.
140
The analysis of the slide by means of a

Geotechnical Campaign detected the lack of
fixing of the retaining wall in the underlying
hard marls and it has forced to stabilization
by means of a double sheet of piles with
satisfactory results.
the remarkable property that it effectively

absorbs wave energies impinging on it at a
wide range of angles and frequencies.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE
PROTECTION WALL OF THE
GUADALQUIVIR RIVER
DESTROYED BY A LANDSLIDE,
ALCAL DEL RO, SEVILLE
(SPAIN)
Prof CJ Cabaes
MINE SHAFT DETECTION:

ASPECTS OF NUMERICAL MODEL
DEVELOPMENT
Dr FH Drossaert, Dr A Giannopoulos,
Dr DM McCann, PJ Fenning,
Prof MC Forde
Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos,

Polytechnic University of Madrid, Escuela de
Ingeniera Tcnica de Obras Pblicas de Madrid
(Spain),
General Director of the Ingecal Ingenieros SL,
Avda. De la Independencia 34, 4 A - S.S. Reyes
(28700-Madrid), Spain
cjurado@recol.es

and Electronics, William Rankine Building,
Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
F.Drossaert@ed.ac.uk
a.giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk, M.Forde@ed.ac.uk
Keywords: Abandoned mineshaft,

detection, seismics
Keywords: River, retaining wall, collapse,

repair
Intensive mining in the UK left the country

a legacy of abandoned mine workings
and mine shafts. Especially mine shafts
constitute a potential hazard for existing
buildings and infrastructures and therefore
these mine shafts have to be located and
treated. Suspected areas where mine
shafts can exist should be investigated.
Procedures have been outlined by the
Dept of Environment. Geophysical and
geochemical methods can be used to
detect mine workings. A short overview
of geophysical and geochemical detection
methods is given in this paper.
This paper focuses on the development
of a numerical simulation technique for
seismic elastic wave propagation models
for detection of mine shafts. In particular it
focuses on the fact that seismic waves need
to be absorbed at artificial boundaries in
order to avoid spurious reflections caused
by the truncation in the computer model.
It is argued that the way forward is to use
an integrational perfectly matched layer
(IPML) for wave modelling, which has
The retaining wall of local road C-433 on

Alcal del Ro over the Guadalquivir river,
has suffer the 23th of September of 1.992,
a collapse towards the river, just in the
moment when a bus with 50 passengers
was driving to Sevilla, with the possibility
of causing a catastrophe.
The present article describes the
backgrounds of other collapses in the
area, the site works and the analysis made
to diagnose the pathology, the initial
proposals of repairing and the final solution
adopted.
141
TECHNIQUES FOR THE

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS
OF TSA ON SKIN FRICTION AT
THE SOIL/CONCRETE INTERFACE
R Brueckner, SJ Williamson
BONDED STEEL ANCHOR DESIGN

PROBLEM DESCRIPT
M Bajer, J Barnat

Engineering, Institute of Metal and Timber
Structures, Veve 95, 602 00 Brno,
Czech Republic
bajer.m@fce.vutbr.cz; barnat.j@fce.vutbr.cz
University of Birmingham, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, UK
rxb316@bham.ac.uk
J Kala

Engineering, Institute of Structural Mechanics,
Veve 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
kala.j@fce.vutbr.cz
Keywords: Sulphate, attack, soil,

concrete
Since the discovery of the thaumasite form
of sulfate attack (TSA) in a number of
underground structures in 1998 this form of
concrete deterioration has been the subject
of a good deal of research effort, much of
which has focussed on the mechanism of
thaumasite formation and the identification
of mixes and construction methods
capable of resisting TSA. Less attention
has, however, been given to the structural
effects of TSA. To investigate these it
is first necessary to develop laboratory
techniques for the acceleration of TSA
that are representative of field conditions,
i.e. the mineral must form under pressure
and should not be allowed to become
detached from the specimen. This paper
reports on the development of techniques
for the acceleration of TSA suitable for
investigation of its effects on skin friction
at the soil/concrete interface.
Keywords: Steel bonded anchor, bearing

capacity, failure type, experimental analysis,
anchorage length, numerical modelling
This paper discusses some problems of steel
bonded elements design. It is focused on
analysis of steel bonded anchors behaviour.
The comparison between results from
experimental research and results obtained
by numerical modeling is described in
this paper. The anchors are loaded by
static tension force. Numerical models
are assembled in Atena software. The
experiments are focused to verification of
ultimate bearing capacity of single anchor,
as well as of couple of two anchors in two
mutual limit distances. The mechanical and
strength parameters of basic material were
experimentally determined on laboratory
specimens. They are used in assembling
of numerical models.
142
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE

PUNCHING SHEAR OF RC FLAT
PLATE USING STUD AND STEEL
PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LATERAL
LOAD
Lin Xia, Hyun Woo Kim, Seung Il Lee
comparison to the control sample. Punching

shear failure was not observed in this kind
of upgraded specimens. The results of the
experimental program showed that the
flat plate slab strengthened by stud with
steel plates is successful in increasing
deformation resistance capacity, ductility
and avoiding punching shear failures. It can
be widely used in high rise buildings.
Hanyang University, Dept of Architectural

Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong, Ansan-Si,
Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, R.O. Korea
hitxl@163.com, rt145@hanmail.net
mrsec@chol.com
PUNCHING TEST OF CONCRETE

FLAT PLATE SLAB REINFORCED
WITH CARBON FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMERS
Ran Li & Prof S Zhang
Prof YS Cho
Hanyang University, Dept. of Architectural

Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong, Ansan-Si,
Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, R.O. Korea
ycho@hanyang.ac.kr
Harbin Institute of Technology, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Harbin, 150001, PR China
liran.hit@gmail.com, smzhang@hit.edu.cn
Keywords: Flat plate, stud with steel plate,

punching shear, ductility, lateral load
Prof YS Cho
Flat plate slab has been widely used in

high rise buildings for its remarkable
advantages. However, punching shear
failure has become increasingly important
issue with the spread of flat plate slab.
The results of an experiment program
on punching shear performance of RC
slab-column connections are presented in
this paper. The first one of five specimens
was severed as the control specimen. Two
of them were strengthened by studs welded
on the rails according to ACI 421.1R-99.
The others were reinforced by studs with
perforated steel plates. Specimens were
tested under constant gravity shear load
and the lateral displacement was applied
on the top surface of column in a reversed
cyclic manner.
Punching shear failure occurred for
the control specimen at drift ratio of
approximately 6%. The specimens with
studs on the steel plates showed a significant
flexural yielding and sustained deformation
up to a drift ratio of 10.6% to 11.9% without
obviously losses of strength. Furthermore,
the results exhibited a maximum increase
of 52.29% on ductility of the joints
Hanyang University, Dept of Architecture

Engineering, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, RO
Korea
ycho@hanyang.ac.kr
Keywords: Flat plate slab, Punching shear,

CFRP, lateral force
Flat plate slab system is widely adopted by
engineers as it provides many advantages.
The system can reduce the height of the
building and further reduce the material
cost. This system can also provide more
flexible spatial planning due to no beams
present and so on. However, the biggest
disadvantage it carries is the brittle failure
of punching shear. In this paper, the
punching shear behavior will be discussed
and an experiment of using carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods as shear
reinforcement was conducted.
This exploratory research is to study
the behavior of the flat plate slab with
CFRP-rods reinforced in punching
shear zone under constant gravity load
and lateral displacements in a reversed
cyclic manner. Three interior columnslab connection specimens were tested
143
including one standard specimen without

any shear reinforcement, the second
one reinforced with CFRP-rods and the
third one reinforced with stud rail as the
reference for the second one. The slabs
were 3,000mm long 2,800mm wide
150mm deep and were simply supported
at four corners. Punching shear failure
occurred for the standard specimens at a
lateral drift-ratio of approximately 5%.
The CFRP-rods reinforced specimens
had significant flexural yielding and
sustained deformations up to a drift ratio
of approximately 9% without significant
losses of strength and punching shear
was not observed in this specimen. The
displacements increased up to 1.79 times
better than that of the standard specimen.
The CFRP-rods reinforced specimen
showed 42% superior ductile performance
than the standard specimen and even the
same capability with the stud-rail reinforced
specimen. The results of the experiment
indicate that CFRP material using in the
flat slab has a better foreground.
144

Civil Structures
Day 1:
Masonry Structures
145
146
BEYOND THE FIRST YEAR: LONG

TERM IMPLICATIONS STONE
PLAZA DESIGN SELECTION
CRITERIA
EA Gerns, SG Naggatz
EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY
EVALUATION OF HISTORIC
STRUCTURES RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE 'NEUES MUSEUM' AT
BERLIN
Dr M Gutermann
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc, 120

North LaSalle Street, Suite 2000, Chicago,
Illinois USA
egerns@wje.com, snaggatz@wje.com
University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall

30, 28199 Bremen, Germany
ifes@hs-bremen.de
Prof K Steffens
Keywords: Paver, setting bed, sand,

mortar, pedestal
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffens

Neustsadtswall 30, Germany
info@psi-bremen.de
Plazas have been an integral part of

architectural expression for thousands of
years. Todays plazas are no longer used
only by pedestrians; therefore initial design
decisions become much more critical.
Frequently, the initial design of the plaza is
not given the same level of thought as the
rest of the building, and furthermore, the
long term performance of the system is not
properly considered. This paper examines
initial design options and system selection
criteria based on the current body of
knowledge and past performance. Three
case studies installed within the past 10
years are also presented. Each of the case
studies employed a different paving support
system; sand set, mortar set, and pedestals.
The focus of each case study will be to
present initial design decisions for each
project and more importantly, discuss the
long term serviceability and performance
of each system and the implication of
considering long term serviceability in
design considerations.
Ing.-GmbH,
Keywords: Monument protection, loading

test, maintenance, experimental assessment
of bearing capacity, clay pots, limestone
pillar, mosaic floor, cast iron girder
While no work can be understood without
knowledge of its technology, no technology
can be understood without knowledge of
the work, either. The reconstruction of
the 'Neues Museum' at Berlin is a great
challenge for all participants in terms of
Adorno. Historical structures, especially
arched components, usually have amazing
bearing capacities. It is rarely possible to
verify these only by calculation. Some
examples will show how calculation and
experiment complement each other in
analysing the load capacity. Thus historical
structure components can be admitted to
modern utilisation.
UNDERSTANDING TERRA COTTA
DISTRESS: EVALUATION AND
REPAIR APPROACHES
EA Gerns, JD Freedland
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc, 120 North

LaSalle, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois USA
egerns@wje.com, jfreedland@wje.com
Keywords: Terra cotta, skyscrapers,

restoration, distress, repair
This paper will provide a brief history of
terra cotta veneer systems in general and
147
specifically representative examples of terra

cotta clad buildings systems in the United
States. Through case studies, various types
of distress, the causes of distress, and repair
techniques of the distress will be discussed.
Distress in terra cotta facades often
manifests as cracking or displacement
of terra cotta units. More than other
modern curtain wall systems, terra cotta
in a hybrid system, and distress may
result from a number of causes. Common
repairs including replacement, removal
and reinstallation, an in-situ through face
pinning may all be appropriate depending
on the cause of distress. The underlying
cause of distress must be understood,
so that a durable repair and appropriate
maintenance program can be established.
The masonry had a high concentration of

nitrates and problems with hygroscopic
moisture. The electrodes consisted of
reinforcement steel in carbonate-rich clay.
The clay was chosen mainly to improve
electric contact between metal and masonry
and to hinder the acid produced at the anode
in reaching the masonry. In the first set of
electrodes the clay was too dry, and electric
current was only applied for 7 days. Still
the highest concentrations of nitrates and
chlorides in the clay measured after these
7 days was higher than the highest initial
concentrations in the masonry. The second
pilot-test with a new set of electrodes is
running at present. Current have been
applied to these electrodes for 35 days in
very cold weather (most of the time below
0C) which shows that the method can be
used during periods with frost.
ELECTROKINETIC REMOVAL OF
SALTS FROM BRICK MASONRY
LM Ottosen, AJ Pedersen, I RrigDalgaard
COLLAPSE OF A SLAB IN
'FESTIVITIES HALL VERSAILLES'
IN JERUSALEM, MAY 24, 2001
QUESTION MARKS REGARDING
THE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF
BEAMS
Dr AS Scarlat
Techncial University of Denmark, Dept. of

Civil Engineering, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby,
Denmark
lo@byg.dtu.dk
Keywords: Brick masonry, chlorides,

nitrates, electrokinetics
Scarlat, Shenkar, Engineering, Givataym,

Israel
adi@scarlat-shenkar.com
Affiliate Professor, University Ben Gurion, Beer
Sheva, Israel
A method to effectively remove salts from

masonry is lacking. The present study aims
at determining the removal efficiency of
salts from bricks in an applied low current
electric DC field. At first an investigation on
removal of NaCl and Na(NO3)2 from spiked
bricks in laboratory scale was conducted,
and the results were very promising. It was
possible to remove both nitrate and chloride
from a high level (0.83 mg Cl/kg and 1.5
mg NO3-/kg) to concentrations below 0.02
mg/kg. Following these good results in
laboratory scale a pilot scale test was
initiated. The pilot-trial consisted of two
electrodes, a cathode and an anode, that were
placed on a masonry wall of an old stable.
Keywords: Collapse, shear stresses, failure

load, allowable stresses
The collapse of a slab designed by a
new system of construction is described,
together with various possible explanations.
The shear resistance due to longitudinal
steel bars in tension is emphasized, as
well as the difficulties encountered in
distinguishing the shear collapse from
the bending collapse. The assessment of
the real ductility of the slab structure is
discussed.
148
ADDITIONAL STRENGTHENING
OF MASONRY VAULTS WITH
NON-PRESTRESSED ADDITIONAL
REINFORCEMENT
Prof P tpnek, M Zlmal
CONDITION RATING FOR THE

EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY OF
CORRODING RC STRUCTURES
D Coronelli

Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32,
20133, Milano , Italy
dario.coronelli@polimi.it
Dept of Concrete and Masonry Structures,

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University
of Technology, Brno 662 37, Czech Republic
stepanek.p@fce.vutbr.cz,
zlamal.m@fce.vutbr.cz
Keywords: Concrete, structures, safety,

evaluation, corrosion
Keywords: Masonry, tests, strengthening
A condition rating method is proposed for the

assessment of existing reinforced concrete
structures, with a specific application to
frames and one-way horizontal spanning
systems. A case-study is presented
analysing an industrial building suffering
from carbonation corrosion damage. The
observation of both the chemical-physical
and mechanical deterioration is connected
to the understanding of the hierarchy of
the structural elements in the load path.
The condition rating is used to evaluate a
strength deterioration factor for the Limit
State verifications; the results are compared
to those obtained estimating the residual
strength using the measured mechanical
properties and geometry of the damaged
elements.
An experimental validation of additional

strengthening consisting of
pull-out (anchorage) tests of the system
in masonry made from Czech bricks
load tests of beams made from bricks
'London Brick' and Czech bricks
load tests of vaults made from Czech
bricks
was carried out.
Aim of the work was
Evaluation, testing a new method for
the masonry strengthening by retrofit
reinforcement using non-prestressed
steel rebars to resist the bending moment
or eccentric tensile force, respectively.
Development of a design methodology
(algorithm) for strengthening set up of
mathematical model, parametric study,
establish practice guide, development
of new software or new modulus into
existing program (for example Ring).
149
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
OF A MASONRY WALL UNDER
HORIZONTAL CYCLIC LOAD;
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL
STUDY
A Costa, B Silva, J Guedes, A Arde
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering,
Dep. of Civil Engineering, Porto, Portugal
jguedes@fe.up.pt, jguedes@fe.up.pt
aarede@fe.up.pt
A Costa
University of Aveiro, Dep. of Civil Engineering,

Aveiro, Portugal
agc@fe.up.pt
Keywords: Stone masonry wall, cyclic

load, experimental test, numerical model,
reinforcement
This paper presents a numerical and
experimental study on the structural
behaviour of a stone masonry wall recovered
from a house in faial island, archipelago of
azores, that collapsed during the 9th july
1998 earthquake. The wall was identified
and tested under cyclic horizontal loads at
the laboratory of seismic and structural
engineering (lese) of the faculty of
engineering of porto university, to simulate
the effects of a horizontal seismic action.
In particular, the experimental response
allowed accessing the cyclic behaviour
and estimating the energy dissipation and
ductility capacity of the structure, as well
as its strength and stiffness. Afterwards
the wall was simulated numerically using
a finite element method. The stones and
the infill were simulated separately using
different behaviour models and the link
between the two materials was simulated
with joint elements (pegon, 1999). Finally,
the numerical results were compared to the
experimental response.
150

Civil Structures
Day 1:
Seismic & Blast Strengthening
151
152
A REVIEW OF RESEARCH
ON BLAST RESISTANCE OF
CONCRETE AND MASONRY
STRUCTURES RETROFITTED
WITH FRP
PA Buchan
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF RENOVATED
SEWAGE STRUCTURES
M Nakano, Z Shi
Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei

Co., Ltd, 2304 Inarihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3001259, Japan
a4753@n-koei.co.jp
Weidlinger Associates Ltd, PO Box 14488

Glenrothes, Fife, UK
buchan@wai.com
S Sato, K Nakatsui
Tokyo Regional Division, Nippon Koei Co.,

Ltd, 4-2, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 1020083, Japan
JF Chen
University of Edinburgh, Institute for

Infrastructure and Environment, The Kings
Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
j.f.chen@ed.ac.uk
T Deguchi
Tokyo Metropolitan Sewage Service

Corporation, 2-6-2, Otemachi, Chiyodaku,Tokyo 100-8699, Japan
Keywords: FRP, concrete, masonry, blast,

explosion, strengthening
Keywords: Sewage pipes, seismic

performance verification, seismic
performance chart, nonlinear dynamic
response analysis
Recent world events such as bombings

in London, Istanbul and Madrid have
highlighted the vulnerability of many
civilian facilities to terrorist threats.
Attacks directed towards vulnerable
structures may cause considerable damage
and loss of life. As a result, there is now
a desire to increase the blast resistance of
many types of structures. This has led to
research in retrofitting structures with fibre
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
blast protection. This paper presents a
review of publicly available literature on
blast resistance of concrete and masonry
structures retrofitted with FRP composites.
Areas where research is lacking are also
highlighted.
In Japan, aging sewage structures renovated

with various renewal methods in recent
years are expected to withstand severe
structural damage during the events of
strong earthquakes. In principle, recent
building codes that require seismic
performance evaluation for RC structures
provide theoretical bases for the required
seismic performance of renovated
sewage structures. Specific efforts have
to be made, however, in implementing
these building codes because renovated
sewage pipes are often hybrid types, and
usually contain complicated and unique
structural features that require adequate
interpretations of the building codes.
This paper presents examples of seismic
performance evaluations of these renovated
structures using the recent building
codes of JSCE for seismic performance
verification, which require non-linear,
time-history response analysis. Based
on detailed numerical analyses of the
renovated pipes of various sizes and shapes
while changing the localities, geologic
153
features, material properties and details

of the renewal methods, the possibility
of constructing seismic performance
charts for renovated sewage structures
is studied. With the assistance of such
a chart, a practicing engineer can easily
select a renovation method that satisfies
the seismic performance requirement for an
aging sewage pipe following a shakedown
process, and proceed to design the structural
details under static loads only.
154

Civil Structures
Day 1:
Corrosion & Repair
155
156
CATHODIC PROTECTION
TO PREVENT AGAINST
ACCELERATED LOW WATER
CORROSION
Jim Preston
UNDERWATER FRP REPAIR OF

CORRODED PILES
R Sen, G Mullins, D Winters,
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering,

University of South Florida, Tampa FL 336205350, USA
sen@eng.usf.edu
Corrosion Control Services Limited,

6 Hollinswood Court, Stafford Park 1, Telford
TF3 3DE, UK
jpreston@freyssinet.co.uk
K Suh
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc,

5405 West Cypress St, Tampa FL 33607, USA
suhk@pbworld.com
Keywords: Corrosion, cathodic protection,

ALWC, anodes, galvanic, impressed
current
Keywords: FRP, piles, corrosion, repair,

underwater
The identification, reporting and

publication of data on Accelerated Low
Water Corrosion (ALWC) from the mid
1990s to date has resulted in many port,
harbour and terminal operators reviewing
the applicable corrosion control measures
for their marine structures and jetties and
in many instances this has resulted in the
installation of Cathodic Protection (CP).
CP is a well established engineering tool to
prevent the corrosion of buried, submerged
or concrete encased metals.
At the same time structural designers
have taken heed of the publication of data
regarding ALWC and increasingly designs
take the problem into account. Again,
in many instances the installation of CP
at time of construction is considered an
effective remedy.
This paper presents an overview on
CP as a solution for ALWC, presents the
relative merits of both impressed current
and galvanic CP systems, presents data from
UK field installations, details the associated
costs and makes comment on practical
considerations for CP installations.
It also presents UK case studies in the
use of CP to overcome ALWC.
The unsatisfactory performance of

traditional corrosion repair has led to
renewed interest in exploring the use
of fiber reinforced polymers for such
repairs. This paper presents an overview
of recent demonstration projects in which
FRP was used to repair corroding piles. A
unique feature of the study was that in all
cases selected piles were instrumented to
allow the performance of the FRP wrap
to be monitored. Long term corrosion
measurements over nearly three years
indicate lower corrosion rates in wrapped
piles compared to their unwrapped
counterparts. The FRP-concrete bond was
found to be dependent on the type of resin
used. Overall, the method shows promise.
157
158

Civil Structures
Day 2:
Timber Structures
159
160
LIMITS OF VISUAL STRENGTH

GRADING: OLD TIMBER
ROOF BEAMS OF AI CADUTI
DELLADAMELLO REFUGE
Prof M Piazza, M Riggio
in maintaining the integrity and safety of

the structures and users. Among various
proposed damage identification algorithms,
the methods based on vibration of structures
have shown great potential. However,
despite a number of vibration-based damage
identification algorithms being proposed,
and some being applied in laboratory or
in the field, detailed studies on changes to
dynamic behaviour of timber bridges are
still in their early stages of development.
Furthermore, structures subjected to
different damage have also not been
closely and systematically investigated.
Hence, in this paper, multiple damage
location detection of a timber beam is
numerically addressed. A finite element
model is developed to acquire the modal
parameters of the beam. Three types of
damage detection algorithms were evaluated
for multiple damage configurations. The
quality of the damage identification with
the three different detection algorithms is
discussed. The mode shape curvature based
method proves to be a reasonably good
damage detection and health monitoring
tools for multiple damage locations.
Trento University, Dept of Mechanical and

Structural Engineering (DIMS), Via Mesiano
77, 38050 Trento, Italy
maurizio.piazza@ing.unitn.it
Keywords: Timber, visual grading, on-site

grading, traditional structures
The aim of the research presented in
this paper was to assess the reliability of
visual grading procedures in predicting
the mechanical characteristics of in-situ
traditional timber elements. The chance
to carry out a comprehensive investigation
on existing timber beams came up during
the restoration works of Ai Caduti
dellAdamello refuge, in Lobbia Alta
(Italy). A wide experimental campaign on
the disassembled old roof beams have been
undertaken at the DIMS laboratory of the
University of Trento, in order to compare
grading results with the data gathered from
NDT as well as from destructive tests.
DAMAGE DETECTION IN A
TIMBER BEAM
Dr J Li, FC Choi, Prof B Samali, Prof
K Crews
DAMAGE LOCALISATION AND

SEVERITY EVALUATION OF A
BEAM-LIKE TIMBER STRUCTURE
BASED ON MODAL STRAIN
ENERGY AND FLEXIBILITY
APPROACHES
Dr J Li, FC Choi, Prof B Samali, Prof
K Crews
University of Technology Sydney, Centre for

Built Infrastructure, Faculty of Engineering,
NSW 2007, Australia
fookcho@eng.uts.edu.au
Keywords: Damage detection, timber,

natural frequency, flexibility, mode shape
curvature, modal strain energy
University of Technology Sydney, Centre for

Built Infrastructure, Faculty of Engineering,
NSW 2007, Australia
Jianchun.Li@uts.edu.au
Many timber bridges in Australia are old and

structurally deficient. To avoid catastrophic
failure of structures, development of
a reliable damage identification and
structural health monitoring for these bridge
structures is one of the most important keys
Keywords: Damage identification, damage

index, modal strain energy, flexibility
Modal-based damage identification
techniques have been widely used for
structural damage evaluation. In many
161
TIME-DEPENDENT LOAD
PERFORMANCE OF NOTCHED
WOOD-CONCRETE COMPOSITE
BEAMS
Dr R Gutkowski, R Fast
cases, they were claimed to be successful

in detecting, locating and quantifying of
damage in structures. One of the popular
and promising damage identification
methods is the damage index method
based on change of modal strain energy.
However, systematic investigation on its
capability and limitation in locating and
quantifying damage is yet to be reported,
especially structures with multiple damage.
In this paper, after in-depth exploration of
the capability and limitation of damage
index and flexibility methods, a new
hybrid algorithm, combining modified
damage index and change in flexibility
algorithms, is presented for damage
localisation and severity evaluation. The
study is based on finite element analysis
(FEA) results of a timber beam. The mode
shape was mass normalised and the mode
shape curvature was normalised with
respect to the maximum value of each
considered mode. The first two flexural
mode shapes were used in computing
the algorithms. The aim of the study is
to explore the capability and limitations
of existing algorithms and present a new
effective damage identification approach
for locating damage and quantifying their
severities. The numerical results indicate
that the proposed hybrid algorithms based
on modified damage index method and
flexibility have greater advantages in
detecting damage locations and evaluating
damage severities, especially for multiple
damage cases.
Colorado State University, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
gutkowsk@engr.colostate.edu
Dr J Balogh
Metro St. Coll. of Denver, Civil Eng Technology,

Denver, CO 80217, USA
Dr M Fragiacomo
University of Canterbury, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
Keywords: Composite, beams, woodconcrete, creep, cyclic loading

Researchers at Colorado State University
(CSU) are examining the feasibility of
using wood-concrete composite floor/
deck systems as an alternative to concrete
floor slab systems. The primary aim is to
show that a structurally effective, durable
solid wood-concrete layer can replace the
cracked portion of the concrete slab and
its rebar. Concrete needs a companion
material to account for its lack of tension
carrying ability. Wood is good in tension, if
tension defects such as knots do not exist.
Since the wood layer deck can replace the
formwork for a solid slab, the gain is to
leave it in place and use it structurally
to reduce the concrete slab thickness by
about 50% by interconnecting the wood
and concrete layers. Ceccotti (1995) has
closely examined wood-concrete flooring
systems and provided a summation of many
of the benefits compared to light frame
wood floors. These include: 1) reduction
of the vibration problems associated with
timber structures, 2) an improvement of the
sound insulation, 3) better fire resistance, 4)
better seismic behaviour, and 5) reduction
in the likelihood of catastrophic failure.
The competitive merit of such mixed
construction is borne out by several
162
NUMERICAL STUDY OF
TRADITIONAL ROOF
STRUCTURES
Dr K Mikes
examples of successful commercial projects

in Europe (Natterer, 1998). The concept
has also been tried in the reconstruction
of timber floors and ceilings (Toratti and
Kevarinmaki, 2001).
Layered wood-concrete composites
exhibit composite behavior that is it is
bounded by two extreme limits. The
upper limit (fully composite) is when
the interface between the layers is
considered perfectly bonded and allows
no relative motion (slip). The lower
limit (non-composite) is when the layers
are completely unbounded with neither
mechanical bond nor friction taking place
between the two layers. For non-composite
behavior, no interlayer shear transfer takes
place. The actual circumstance is that the
layer beam exhibits partial composite
behavior while also experiencing slip
between the layers. Actual systems are
stiffer than the non-composite limit state
while less stiff than the fully composite
state.
Prior to conducting load tests of layered
floor/deck specimens, preliminary load tests
of layered wood-concrete beams where
done by Fast et al. (2003). This included
subjecting specimens to either creep tests
and/or cyclic loading tests which simulate
their typical service life. Results were
used to evaluate the efficiency of the beam
specimens as related to the degree of partial
composite action achieved. Graphical and
tabulated results presented herein are taken
(with permission) from Fast et al. (2003) in
the original units.
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty

of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, Prague 6,
Czech Republic
mikes@fsv.cvut.cz
Keywords: Roof, timber, numerical

analysis
This paper is about the numerical study and
comparison of several types of traditional
timber roof structures, which has been used
in Central Europe. The shapes and slopes
of roofs have changed over the course of
centuries. With the each slope of roof is
connected a few types of roof structures
which have been provided.
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
OF TIMBER BEAMS BY CFRP
LAMINATES
Valluzzi M.R., Garbin E., Modena C.
Dept of Construction and Transportation

Engineering, University of Padova, Via
Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
valluzzi@dic.unipd.it, garbin@dic.unipd.it
modena@dic.unipd.it
Keywords: Timber, dowels, CFRP,

strengthening, repair
In this contribution, experimental analyses
for the validation of some strengthening
techniques for historic timber floors using
traditional and/or innovative materials
(FRP, fibre reinforced polymer) are
presented. The traditional proposed method
consists in placing reinforcing planks above
the existing floor beams and in fixing
them with a dry connection by means of
hardwood dowels. The FRP strengthening
was evaluated first as separate technique
on timber beams and then in combination
with the traditional jointed beams. The
characterization of the connections
between the materials (dry wooden
163
dowels and FRP bond behaviour) and the

flexural tests on simple and mechanically
jointed beams with or without carbon FRP
(CFRP) reinforcement are presented. The
main execution phases of the strengthening
techniques, and their limits and advantages,
are described.
164

Civil Structures
Day 2:
Building Inspection & Repair
165
166
BIO-COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL
PANELS FOR LOW RISE
CONSTRUCTION
HW Shenton III, A Conklin, B Hu, RP
Wool
STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF
THE MINISTRY OF PLANNING
BUILDINGS COMPLEX AFTER
IRAQ LIBERATION WAR 2003
H Al-Madfai
University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

19716, USA
shenton@udel.edu, wool@ccm.udel.edu
Consulting Civil Engineer, Baghdad-Iraq

hushamalmadfai@yahoo.com
Keywords: Repair, concrete, war damaged

buildings
Keywords: Bio-composite, composite

material, experimental, design, roof,
structural, test
The Ministry of Planning Buildings

Complex in Baghdad has been exposed
to severe damages during the last 2003
war on Iraq by the Coalition Forces. The
Building Compound is located at the
Government Center, west side of Tigris
River in Baghdad adjacent to Jamhouriya
Bridge. The government center extends
from Jamhouriya Bridge to 14 th July
Bridge. It is called now the Green Zone in
Baghdad. The Building Complex contains
6 buildings. Two of the Buildings have been
designed by the Famous Italian architect
Geo Ponti, while the others were designed
by Iraqi architects.
This paper reports on the repair of these
buildings.
Research has recently been conducted at

the University of Delaware to develop
structural panels made from bio-based
composite materials for use in low rise
construction. Bio-based composites consist
of a resin made from natural oil and an all
natural fiber reinforcement. These new,
innovative materials are environmentally
friendly, are derived from annually grown
renewable resources, are biodegradable,
and do not deplete petroleum resources.
Composite structural panels, in the form of
a sandwich structure, have been fabricated
with Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil
(AESO) and recycled paper. The panel has
been designed for use as the roof in low
rise residential construction; the monolithic
load bearing sandwich panel is designed to
carry all of the usual normal and in-plane
loads a conventional roof must carry. The
panel consists of a top face sheet, bottom
face sheet and intermittent webs. Foam
cores separate the panel components and
provide inherent insulation to the system.
The sandwich panels can also be used
as load bearing walls and floors. Beams
and panels of various sizes have been
fabricated and tested in flexure and shear.
Tests have also been conducted to evaluate
the punching shear and web capacity of the
panel. The paper will provide an overview
of the research conducted to date and
discuss key results of the project.
STRENGTHENING OF RC FRAMES
WITH EXTERNAL RC SHEAR
WALL
Prof MY Kaltakci, M Hakan Arslan,
US Yilmaz
Selcuk University, Eng-Arch. Faculty, Dept of

Civil Eng., Konya, Turkey
mykal@selcuk.edu.tr, harslan@selcuk.edu.tr,
usyilmaz@selcuk.edu.tr
Keywords: Seismic strengthening,

reinforced concrete frames, reversed cyclic
loading, seismic response, shear wall
The seismic rehabilitation of structures in
the earthquake prone areas is an important
engineering problem that should be solved
both economically and effectively. The
main aim of a seismic rehabilitation study
167
is to upgrade both the stiffness and strength

characteristics of a structure and to decrease
the drift requirements. In Turkey, most of
the structural members of reinforced
concrete structures does not satisfy ductility
requirements. Generally, concrete quality
of the frames are poor (low strength and
poor compaction), reinforcement detailing
is not accordance with the current seismic
codes and the reinforcement detailing of
the frame members has lot of deficiencies
like inadequate splice length of the column
longitudinal bars and insufficient amount of
transverse reinforcement. Lessons, derived
in the past destructive earthquakes, have
indicated the importance and effectiveness
of structural walls, which might provide
adequate strength and stiffness to whole
building. The scope of the study includes
testing of eight two bay, two story, 1/3
scale RC specimens were constructed and
tested under reversed cyclic loading. The
specimens were constructed with the most
common deficiencies observed in practice
and mention above. Strengthening of
these undamaged poor reinforced concrete
frames using external reinforced shear wall
(SW) will be discussed in detail.
with respect to the Fact that simplifying

approaches are used in them and the
impact of non-constructions components
are ignored, and as amount of damping
in constructions which is based on the
kind of these materials being used and the
style of construction, the accuracy of these
models should be examined on construction
materials by shaking tests. In order to detect
co-ordination gained from mathematical
and theoretical Models with real tests,
construction models for buildings with steel
structure first mathematically analyzed, and
then, it has been put under Steady- state
sinusoidal Excitation. A shaker which is
able to apply Sinusoidal force at different
frequencies has been used.
Records from buildings response
have been attained in all directions and
all frequencies being simulated by shaker
set, and response has been drawn after
processing the records. Paying attention to
these spectra as well as rate of responses
and difference in Accelometers phase the
difference in each intensive frequency,
modes for changing from of building has
been drawn. Mode damping, also, has been
gain from each mode by using half band
method in response spectra. Results from
analysis and test have been compared its
been tried to modify the mathematical
model in such a way that its results are
conformed to those of the test. First
computer modeling has been ignored
because of stiffness of infilled walls, and so,
there was a significant difference between
mathematical and computerized models.
After modeling the stiffness of infilled walls
in computer model, there are respondent
between mathematical and computerized
model. It is, also, noteworthing that the
loads. Based on its relation to conditions
and under the effect of different forces,
the effect of entering forces on intensive
frequencies have been examined, mean
FORCED VIBRATION TEST AND

EFFECT OF INFILLED WALLS
OVER DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF
STRUCTURES
A Sayari
Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Kurdestan,

Iran
sayari_51@yahoo.com
Keywords: Forced vibration test, infilled

walls, dynamic behavior
Dynamic specifications of constructions
including natural vibrating periods, modes
and amount of damping are of the most
important factors which specify the kind
of behavior to earthquakes. Considering
mathematical and theoretical models
168
while, its been specified that the amount

of intensifying frequencies is independent
from the extent of entering forces.
Comparing mathematical and
computerized results, its been specified
that infilled walls have basic roies in the
behavior of construction and its hardness
should be considered in computerized
analysis. It, also, shows that the test result
on unrigidity and flexibility of the floor
which is against applied approaches in
computerized models. Before adding
infilled walls to computerized models,
the result from computerized analysis
showed that twisting is brought about at
1.98 HZ, but it was not Observed at/ near
to 0.0-12.0 HZ after adding inter- frames to
computerized model. This was confirmed
by test results and there was no twisting at
range of considered frequencies.
169
170

Civil Structures
Day 2:
Concrete Repair
171
172
CONREPNET: PERFORMANCEBASED APPROACH TO

REMEDIATION OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES: AN
OVERVIEW
Dr S L Matthews, J Morlidge
reviewed current industry practices and

research activities, and
examined the contribution that a
performance based approach might
make to meeting these objectives, along
with developing a vision and concepts
for its application.
BRE, Construction Division, Bucknalls Lane,

Garston WD25 9XX , UK
matthewss@bre.co.uk, morlidgej@bre.co.uk
EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR

CONCRETE REPAIR UPDATE ON
PROGRESS
Prof P Robery
Keywords: Concrete structures,

maintenance, repair, remediation,
performance-based approach

Economic and social development is

placing increasing demands on Europes
infrastructure, yet there are resource
and budgetary limits to how much new
construction can take place. A consideration
of environmental sustainability, amongst
other drivers, is encouraging the
extension of life of existing buildings
and infrastructure. Remediation and
refurbishment of existing buildings and
infrastructure is critical to maintaining the
effective functioning of contemporary and
future society. It is estimated that over 50%
of Europes annual construction budget is
spent on the remediation and refurbishment
of existing structures; a figure that is certain
to increase as the existing assets age.
Owners now require greater certainty in
the performance of rehabilitated concrete
structures in order to manage their assets
more effectively. This has generated a
requirement for industry to deliver more
durable and effective repairs to concrete
structures.
To help address these issues, a
thematic network on the performance
based remediation of reinforced concrete
structures was established. Known as CON
REP NET, this European-funded network
was launched in Madrid in February 2003.
The network has:
looked at the performance of previously
repaired concrete structures
Dr H Davies
Hywel Davies Consultancy, 2 The Furlong

Bedford MK41 8EE, UK
hywel@hyweldc.co.uk
Mr J Knights
Halcrow Group Ltd, Burderop Park, Swindon

SN4 0QD, UK
knightsjc@halcrow.com
Keywords: Concrete repair, European

Standard, CEN, performance standards,
test methods, factory production control,
repair principles, site application
For over 15 years, experts from the CEN
member states (currently numbering 28
countries), have been completing a project
to deliver a unified series of European
standards for the protection and repair of
concrete. Materials for concrete construction
and repair fall under the Construction
Products Directive. Among other things,
this requires that products offered for sale
in the EU meet minimum standards of
performance, safety and quality control,
thereby promoting free trade of products
across the CEN member states. The public
procurement rules within Europe will mean
that the use of these standards and CEmarked products will become mandatory
for much of the construction sector.
173
paper gives examples of how the various

parts of the standard can be applied.
Over the last five years, a steady trickle

of European standards from the EN 1504
series has become available. The standards
split into two groupings: performance
standards that lay down the minimum
performance criteria for products and
systems to be sold for concrete repair; and
the accompanying test methods, many of
which are new specialist methods written
specifically to meet the needs of testing
repair products and systems. It is only now
that we can begin to see the final form of
these European standards and gauge the
implications for specifiers and users.
The performance standards for products
have the status of harmonised European
standards. Publication of these begins
a count-down period where existing
National standards and the new European
standards can co-exist, but with a firm date
of withdrawal given for any conflicting
National standards. CE marking may
begin a year after the harmonised standard
is published. By the end of 2008, the full
suite of EN 1504 standards will be in place
for products and systems, covering:
Guidance on the selection and use of
repair products and systems;
Surface protection of concrete;
Structural and non-structural repair;
Strengthening by adding externally
bonded reinforcement;
Strengthening by injecting cracks;
Anchoring of new reinforcement to
existing concrete;
Site application and quality control.
This paper gives a summary of the
progress towards delivering the EN 1504
series of European product standards for
repair and protection of concrete. Specifiers
have to consider that the performance
standards give a minimum level of
performance, which may be suitable for
the intended purpose, but not necessarily
for all situations. To illustrate this point, the
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT - THE OWNERS
GUIDE: AN INTRODUCTION TO A
GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE BY
FIB TG 5.3
Dr S L Matthews
BRE, Construction Division, Bucknalls Lane

Garston WD25 9XX, UK
matthewss@bre.co.uk
Keywords: Concrete structures,

maintenance, repair, remediation, owner
briefing, remaining life cost
Although a considerable body of
technical information and guidance exists
for engineers and other professionals
addressing How to type technical issues,
it was felt that this was achieving only
limited impact and take-up because Owners
were not adequately informed as to why
the technical matters need to be addressed.
Accordingly fib Task Group 5.3 took the
decision to develop an Owners Guide to
Good Practice in an attempt to inform
Owners about Why and What type issues,
that is the overarching business, service,
financial and legal reasons why they should
be more concerned with the management
of their concrete structures (buildings and
infrastructure) and the benefits this could
deliver.
The guide provides background
information upon matters such as
deterioration processes and technical
procedures used for the management of
concrete structures, including reference
to the evolving European standards (e.g.
EN1504 series) for the protection and repair
of concrete structures. These activities are
illustrated by some application examples /
case histories and by a section addressing
frequently asked questions.
174
WHOLE-BUILDING BEHAVIOUR:
FULL-SCALE TESTING
AND MODELLING OF THE
CARDINGTON EUROPEAN
CONCRETE BUILDING (ECB)
SL Matthews, TDG Canisius,
R Rupasinghe, N Waleed, T Lennon
FULL-SCALE STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE TESTS UPON
THREE LARGE PANEL SYSTEM
(LPS) BUILDINGS IN THE UK
Dr SL Matthews, B Reeves,
Dr T Canisius
BRE Ltd, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford

WD25 9XX, UK
matthewss@bre.co.uk, reevesb@bre.co.uk
canisiust@bre.co.uk
BRE Ltd, Bucknalls Lane, Garston WD25

9XX, UK
matthewss@ bre.co.uk, canisiust@bre.co.uk
rupasingher@bre.co.uk, waleedn@bre.co.uk
lennont@bre.co.uk
Keywords: Concrete panel building

testing, finite element modelling, full-scale
structural building test, accidental loading,
gaseous explosion, alternative load paths,
structural assessment
Keywords: Cardington European concrete

building, structural performance, finite
element analysis, structural tests, large
compartment fire test, post-fire evaluation
There are still over 700 high rise LPS

blocks ( 50,000 dwellings) in the UK
and owners have special responsibilities
for the management of this particular class
of building following the partial collapse
of Ronan Point, a 22 storey LPS dwelling
block, in 1968 following a piped-gas
explosion. This activity requires periodic
inspection and assessment of the blocks
concerned. There are also over 1000 lowand medium-rise LPS blocks in the UK.
BRE has believed for some years
that LPS blocks should be stronger than
the simplified structural assessment
calculations could demonstrate, particularly
in respect of some classes of gas explosions.
However, there were no practical or
experimentally verified analytical methods
available to demonstrate this. BRE has
gained experience and better knowledge
about the behaviour of LPS blocks from
programmes of full-scale testing within
three LPS blocks (these being 9, 15 and
22 storeys high). These tests demonstrated
that adequate reserves of strength existed in
these LPS blocks for the loading situations
that they were likely to be exposed to.
The Cardington European Concrete

Building (ECB) was used in tests to
demonstrate aspects of the performance
and robustness of a building designed to
EC2. Two principal tests were performed;
one simulating structural damage / loss of
support involving the controlled removal of
a loaded corner column and the other was
a full-scale fire test carried out in a large
ground floor compartment (15m by 15m).
The structure behaved very well, mobilising
varying degrees of whole building response.
For example, in spite of significant soffit
spalling during the fire test, the floor slab
continued to support the applied load for
a period in excess of 2 years after the fire,
without any remedial measures being taken.
The experimental work was supported by
programmes of advanced finite element
studies using the DIANA package. These
have improved methods for predicting
behaviour of buildings and structures under
extreme loads such as fire.
175
SOME EXPERIENCES IN REPAIR

OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES IN THE TUZLA
INDUSTRY ZONE
Prof A Imamovic, D Zenunovic
ELECTROCHEMICAL MIGRATION
OF LITHIUM IONS INTO
HARDENED CONCRETE AND ASR
EXPANSION AFTER TREATMENT
Dr T Ueda, Y Baba
Prof Radomir Folic
Dr M Asida, A Nanasawa
University of Tuzla, Faculty of Mining, Geology

& Civil Engineering, Bosnia & Herzegovina
damir.zenunovic@utz.ba
The University of Tokushima, Dept of Civil

Engineering, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
ueda@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Denkikagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisya, Omi
Plant, Itoigawa 949-0393, Japan

Sciences, Serbia & Montenegro
folic@uns.ns.ac.yu
Keywords: Li +, ASR, electrochemical

technique, temperature of electrolyte, Li/
Na molar ratio
Keywords: Durability, reinforced concrete,

repair, environmental aggressivity,
strengthening
ASR expansion of concrete is one of

the serious deteriorations of concrete
structures. However, any effective repair
method for ASR has not been established
at the present time. Under such background,
expecting the suppression of ASR (alkali
silica reaction) expansion by the effect
of Li+, an electrochemical technique to
accelerate the penetration of Li + into
concrete has been developed. From the
results of past researches, the penetration
area of Li+ was limited around the concrete
surface and, it has been difficult to make Li+
penetrate into deeper part of concrete but
ASR expansion of concrete was suppressed
due to this treatment.
In this study, experimental investigation
was carried out aiming to grasp the change
of electrophoresis properties of Li+ with
the change of temperature during the
electrochemical treatment. As the results
of this study, electrophoresis of Li +
was accelerated and effective diffusion
coefficient of Li+ became large with the rise
of the temperature and ASR expansion of
concrete after this treatment was suppressed
compared with the case of non-treated
specimens.
In this paper some experiences in

reparation of reinforced concrete structures
are presented, which are in chloride
aggressive environment, in Tuzla area,
Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is the area
of Bosnian Heavy Industry. Strengthening
of reinforced concrete elements was
made with additional reinforced concrete
layer and additional reinforcement bars.
Concrete that was used for strengthening
has some additional requirements as,
new concrete old concrete bonding,
shrinkage limitation and good placeability
in thin and dense reinforcement mesh. As
a result of in situ repair works experiences,
in this paper Repair Flow Diagram and
Recommendations are given.
176

Civil Structures
Day 2:
Fire Damage & Repair
177
178
FIRE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF STEEL

BUILDING COLUMNS WITH
DAMAGED FIRE RESISTIVE
INSULATION
S Pessiki, K Kwon, B-J Lee
THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON

PRE-ENGINEERED WOOD
COMPONENTS RESULTING FROM
FIRE
WC Bracken

18015 USA
pessiki@lehigh.edu
Bracken Engineering Inc, 4899 W. Waters Ave,

Suite A, Tampa FL 33634, USA
wcb@brackenengineering.com
Keywords: Wood, timber, fire, connections,

strength
Keywords: Fire, columns, steel, strength,

stability
Given that pre-engineered wood components

are typically comprised of combinations
of milled and composite wood fiber and
often include metal fastening plates, there
exists no established method or procedure
for establishing the remaining viability
of either the components or the system
as a respective whole. This paper serves
to provide a protocol regarding assessing
the effects of heat on pre-engineered
wood components resulting from fire.
This paper begins with a discussion of
thermal conditions that accompany most
residential fires. From this discussion heat
affected zones are established based on the
type and configuration of the respective
systems, this discussion is then extended
to the different degrees of reduction in the
performance of the components and/or
systems. Once established, the protocol
serves to outline a method of identifying
and assessing the effects of heat on preengineered wood components resulting
from fire. The material presented within this
paper is based on correlations established
between research, field testing and field
experience.
Analyses were performed to examine the

fire load behavior of steel H columns
with damaged spray-applied fire resistive
material (SFRM) subjected to concentric
axial compression. The columns treated in
the research are typical of multi-story steel
building construction practices in the United
States. Nonlinear heat transfer analyses
were performed to predict the temperature
distribution in the steel columns under
the action of the ASTM E-119 standard
fire temperature-time curve. Nonlinear
structural analyses were then performed
to evaluate the influence of temperature
on column axial load behavior. Variables
treated in the analyses include size and
location (flange or web) of removed or
reduced SFRM, and fire duration. The
analytical approach used in the research
was validated by comparing the analytical
results with previous experimental fire tests
reported in the literature. This paper focuses
on the influence of the variables treated in
the analyses on the temperature distribution
in the column and the resulting axial load
behavior.
179
180

Civil Structures
Day 2:
Building Repair using Composites
181
182
OUT OF PLANE BEHAVIOR

OF MASONRY INFILL WALLS
RETROFITTED WITH A
REINFORCED POLYMER GRID
AND POLYUREA SYSTEM
T Hrynyk, Prof JJ Myers
STRENGTHENING MASONRY
BUILDINGS WITH FRP
COMPOSITES
P Foster, Dr J Gergely, Dr D Young
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Dept

of Civil Engineering, 9201 University City
Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223
USA
jgergely@uncc.edu
University of Missouri-Rolla, CIES / Dept of

Civil, Arch., & Env. Engineering, ,Rolla, MO
65409, USA
jmyers@umr.edu
Dr M McGinley
North Carolina A&T State University, Dept. of

Architectural Engineering, 1601 East Market
Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
Keywords: Masonry retrofit, composite

strengthening, masonry out of plane
strengthening, polyurea grid system
Keywords: FRP, retrofit, unreinforced

masonry, shear walls
Recent world events have illustrated that

sustainability of buildings to blast loads
is an ever increasing issue. Many older
buildings contain unreinforced masonry
(URM) infill walls. Due to their low flexural
capacity and their brittle mode of failure,
these walls have a low resistance to outof-plane loads, including a blast load. As a
result, an effort was undertaken to examine
retrofit methods that are feasible to enhance
their out-of-plane resistance. In previous
masonry infill wall studies conducted by
Carney and Myers (2005) and Myers et al.
(2002), fiber reinforced polymers (FRP)
fabrics and near surface mounted (NSM)
techniques demonstrated increases in
deformation ductility and energy ductility
levels by three fold. However, these
retrofit systems did not completely control
the scatter of debris which could be a life
safety issue. In this on-going research study
the use of externally bonded reinforced
polymer grid systems bonded with a
polyurea is investigated to examine the
feasibility of increasing the ductility in
these retrofit systems and better controlling
the scatter of debris. These systems have
shown to increase the out-of-plane load
capacity of the wall systems with improved
ductility based on both an energy-based and
deformation-based definition.
Fiber reinforced polymer composite

materials have been used extensively
both to strengthen and to improve the
seismic performance of unreinforced
masonry (URM) shear walls. In this paper,
three full-scale buildings are discussed.
Each structure received a unique FRP
composite repair or retrofit based on
a novel design methodology. Strength
and displacement increases were found
to exceed 60% and 200%, respectively.
The design methodology, which utilizes
small component tests, has been proven
to accurately predict the ultimate strength
of a URM structure retrofitted with FRP
materials.
183
IN-PLANE DESIGN FOR MASONRY

WALLS STRENGTHENED
BY FRP MATERIALS
E Garbin, MR Valluzzi, C Modena
University of Padova, Dep. of Construction

and Transportation Engineering, Via Marzolo,
9, 35131 Padova, Italy
garbin@dic.unipd.it
N Galati, A Nanni
University of Missouri-Rolla, Center for

Infrastructure Engineering Studies, 223
Engineering Research Lab, Rolla, Missouri
65409, USA
galati@umr.edu
Keywords: In-plane, design, masonry,

strengthening, FRP
Masonry structures constitute a large
percentage of the current buildings
in most countries around the world.
Many of these buildings need structural
improvement to meet the requirements
on seismic resistance of modern building
code. In the last years, a growing interest
has been direct to the application of FRP
(Fiber Reinforced Polymer) materials as
strengthening materials because they may
provide solutions for the strengthening of
masonry due to their easy application and
their favourable structural performances
(mechanical and physical characteristics,
corrosion immunity and others potentials).
Nowadays few design guidelines are
available to apply FRP on masonry
structures. This paper presents a proposal
for design recommendations for shear
strengthening of unreinforced masonry
walls with FRP systems. The proposed
design protocol is within existing building
codes for traditional materials. The adopted
methodology offers a rational attempt of
in-plane upgrade of structural masonry
walls with bonded FRP systems.
184

Civil Structures
Day 3:
Car Parking Structures
185
186
ASSESSMENT OF BEARING
STRUCTURE OF A MULTISTOREY
PARKING GARAGE
Prof R Foli, V Radonjanin, M Maleev
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND

MAINTENANCE OF CAR PARKS
- BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN
BRIDGE AND BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY
Dr DM Mulenga, Prof P Robery

Sciences, Serbia & Montenegro
folic@uns.ns.ac.yu, radonv@uns.ns.ac.yu
miram@uns.ns.ac.yu

mulengadm@halcrow.com
Keywords: Garage, precast concrete

structure, damage, assessment, corrosion,
columns, corbels
Dr K Turnpenny, R Baldwin
Halcrow Group Ltd, Burderop Park, Swindon

SN4 0QD, UK
turnpennykm@halcrow.com
baldwinr@halcrow.com
The construction of a multi-storey parking

garage in Kikinda started at 1988. Bearing
structure was made of precast concrete
columns, beams and ribbed floor slabs.
After building of bearing precast structure,
the works were stopped and unprotected
structure was exposed to atmospheric
influences (snow, rain, low temperatures).
Many of the structure elements are
damaged, due to insufficient concrete cover,
badly performed details of reinforcement
and incorrect manipulation of elements
during erection. Initial defects and damage
were developed in the past period to extent
that severely disturbed the durability of the
structure, but also jeopardize the stability
and bearing capacity of some structure
elements. Fissures and cracks, concrete
spalling and reinforcement corrosion
were registered on most of the structure
elements. This paper presents the damage
recorded, and the characteristic instances
are illustrated by snapshots. Results of
subsequent testing of quality of built-in
materials (concrete and reinforcement) are
presented separately. The analysis of the
results of in-situ and laboratory testing and
the data gathered through detailed visual
examination provided the real assessment
of the structure. A global repair works
recommendations are presented also.
Keywords: Multi-storey car park, concrete

deterioration, chloride penetration,
carbonation, half-cell potential, concrete
repair, waterproofing membranes, EN
1504
Over the past 15 years, the commercial
advantages from providing an improved
quality of parking environment have
been increasingly realised by owners and
operators. This has led to a significant
number of car parks being refurbished in
the UK. However, it is incorrect to believe
that the application of decorative coatings
and waterproofing membranes to concrete
is necessarily tackling the root issue of
structural durability. There is a risk that
such coatings merely cover up defects,
making them harder to monitor and treat.
These shortcomings were made
clear in the recent guidance by the UKs
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). It has
been over three years since their National
Steering Committee for the Inspection of
Multi-storey car parks (NSC) published
its Recommendations for the inspection,
maintenance and management or car
park structures. The Recommendations
were heralded as providing guidance on
standards of care for multi-storey car
parks, considered to be good practice
187
that addressed their safety and use in the

future.
With the publication of the ICE-NSC
Recommendations, we should ask whether
the UK parking industry has done enough
to avoid another car park collapse. Or are
the risks to our car parks still not fully
understood by all designers, contractors
and owner/operators working in this
field? It must be remembered that while
the majority of the UKs 4,000 or more
car parks are owned and operated by
specialist car parking companies, many
are one-off structures in a complex such
as a theatre complex or shopping mall. It
is these car parks that are particularly at
risk, if the message contained in the NSC
Recommendations is not getting through to
the owners, which may include investment
companies or retail/commercial outlets.
This paper seeks to provide an insight
into the issues relating to maintenance of
car park structures. The paper examines the
ICE-NSC Recommendations and illustrates
by case study how the recommendations
can be implemented to ensure the intended
good practice of care is achieved. In so
doing, this paper raises some of the key
issues contained in the Recommendations
and summarises the necessary actions
needed by car park owners and operators.
188

Civil Structures
Day 3:
Basilicas, Mosques & Monuments
189
190
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE

BYZANTINE BASILICA OF
SAN VITALE IN RAVENNA
A Taliercio, L Binda
REINFORCEMENT AND IN SITU

TESTING OF THE UPPER-CHOIR
OF PPULO CHURCH IN BRAGA,
PORTUGAL
J Guedes
Dept. of Structural Engineering, Politecnico di

Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133
Milan (I)
alberto.taliercio@polimi.it
luigia.binda@polimi.it
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering

Dep. of Civil Engineering, Porto, Portugal
jguedes@fe.up.pt
A Costa
University of Aveiro, Dep. of Civil Engineering

Aveiro, Portugal
agc@fe.up.pt
Keywords: Masonry, byzantine basilica,

survey, settlements, cracking
A finite element model was developed to
analyse the Byzantine Basilica of San Vitale
in Ravenna (Italy); modelling is intended to
help understanding the origin of a diffused
crack pattern in the building. In the
structural analyses account was taken of the
permanent loads and the seasonal thermal
changes. Because of the complexity of the
geometric model, a simplified (linearly
elastic, isotropic) constitutive law had to
be assumed to keep the computing time
within reasonable limits. Accordingly,
the performed analyses constitute only a
first step toward the understanding of the
structural behaviour of the Basilica, as
the adopted constitutive law cannot fully
explain the surveyed crack pattern, which
is influenced by the brittleness and the
anisotropy of the constituent materials. It is
shown, however, that the self-weight alone
is largely responsible for the current state
of damage in the Basilica. The numerically
predicted seasonal change in displacements
match the measurements of a monitoring
network taken every six months, which
proves the reliability of the finite element
model.
E Pauprio
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering

Construction Institute, Porto, Portugal
pauperio@fe.up.pt
Keywords: Stone masonry, vaults,

churches, load tests
This paper presents the structural
intervention on the upper-choir of the
Ppulo Church in Braga carried out by
DREMN Regional Directorate for
Northern Buildings and Monuments of
Portugal, under the technical consultancy
of NCREP Nucleus for the Conservation
and Rehabilitation of Buildings and Built
Heritage of the Faculty of Engineering
of Porto University (FEUP). Besides
describing the intervention, it also shows
that renovation works to be carried out in
old structures, although previously planned
and projected according to the available
data, may suffer relevant modifications
during the preparation and implementation
process, which must be regarded as part
of the intervention process. In particular,
this work involved the in situ testing of the
upper-choir structure to evaluate its vertical
loading capacity.
191
LAYING A FOUNDATION OF THE

ORTHODOX CHURCH AFTER 120
YEARS EXISTENCE
Prof. S Kisin
STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF A
VILLAGE CHURCH
Dr L Klusek, Z Baant
Brno University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Masonry and Concrete
Structures
Veve 95, 662 37 Brno
Czech Republic
klusacek.l@fce.vutbr.cz
bazant.z@fce.vutbr.cz

Sciences, Civil Engineering Dept, Trg Dositeja
Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and
Montenegro
N Ravic, O Kisin
Konstruktor konsaltind d.o.o., Kolonija 33

11222 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
www.kkonsalting.com
Keywords: Structural strengthening, posttensioned footing frame, post-tensioning of

vaults, transversal and vertical cables
Keywords: Foundament, waterproofing

system, phase realization
Load-bearing structures of the historic

religious buildings such as churches,
cathedrals and minsters are frequently
disrupted with cracks in the arches and
in the vertical load-bearing parts. For
structural repairs of these types of buildings
The Department of Concrete and Masonry
Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Brno University of Technology has
developed a method of complex
strengthening with prestressing cables.
The method application is presented on
the structural repair of a village church.
The orthodox church at Janja place was

built in 1885. on stones partially connected
with lime mortar. Foundament setting on
floodable terrain caused serious damages
of church structures. The additional
exploitation problem was shortage of
waterproofing system of brick walls
situated under the terrain level.
It is designed and already realised
reconstruction of foundaments based on
using prefabricated reinforced concrete
elements with inbuilt waterproofing sheets.
After putting down digging of ground and
stones is organized under protection of
those elements. The reinforcement was
installed and concreting was done in
separate phases. Using this technology the
whole reinforced concrete foundament was
established, including waterproofing system
on terrain level. The further repairation of
structure is in progress.
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND

RESTORATION OF THE LEANING
MINARET OF EL-EMARY IN OLD
CAIRO
Prof MAN Abdel-Mooty
The American University in Cairo, Dept of

Construction Engineering, Egypt
mamooty@aucegypt.edu
Prof AA Abdel-Gawad
Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering,

Egypt
egec@egec-houseofexpertise.com
Keywords: Seismic upgrading, stone

masonry repair, minaret, historic building
Located in the heart of old Cairo, still
standing with some tilts the ancient stone
masonry minaret of El-Emary Mosque.
192
THE SAINT VITUS CATHEDRAL

TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE
ON THE DEFORMATIONS OF THE
COLUMNS OF THE NAVE
P Beran
Like similar historic buildings in old Cairo,

El-Emary Minaret is the subject of historic
and architectural documentation as well as
structural repair and restoration. This paper
presents the evaluation study for the stability
and structural integrity of the tilting minaret.
Detailed three dimensional finite element
models of the minaret considering the various
structural elements and their connectivity
conditions are constructed. Such models
are used for studying the performance of the
minaret under static gravity loads as well as
lateral wind and seismic loads. The dynamic
response of the minaret to earthquake actions
is analyzed according to the recently
developed seismic code for Egypt. The
repair strategies included strengthening the
foundation using micro-piles, restoring the
verticality of the old minaret and using added
dampers and base isolations. The effect of
the various restoration techniques on the
structural performance of the ancient minaret
is evaluated. During the course of structural
analysis and evaluation, the minaret was
exposed to a real earthquake that resulted
in favorable changes in the degree of tilt of
the minaret. This effect was analyzed and
presented in this paper.
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical

University in Prague, Thkurova 7, 166 29,
Praha 6 Dejvice, Czech Republic
pavel.beran@fsv.cvut.cz
J Mca
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical

University in Prague, Thkurova 7, 166 29,
Praha 6 Dejvice, Czech Republic
maca@fsv.cvut.cz
Keywords: Numerical model, temperature

extensibility, geodetic measurement,
comparing
The Saint Vitus Cathedral is the dominant
of the Prague castle, which falls within the
UNESCO reservation. For preservation
the cathedral is important the geodetic
measurement of the displacements
of the main parts of the load bearing
structure. It was necessary to realize the
numerical analysis of the structure and
subsequence confrontation between the
theoretical deformations and the geodetic
measurement for correct interpretation and
detection of the reasons of the measured
displacements. This analysis proved that
the temperature is the main cause of the
measured deformations.
STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF ST.

BARBORA CATHEDRAL IN KUTNA
HORA
Dr P Fajman
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty

of Civil Engineering, Dept of Mechanics,
Prague, Czech Republic
Fajman@fsv.cvut.cz
Keywords: Cathedral, temperature loading,

fault, cracks
If we look for reasons for rising deflects in
historical buildings we have to know their
history with the past rebuilding. After this
we can draw localization cracks and we can
start to find out causes.
193
194

Civil Structures
Day 3:
Bell Towers
195
196
THE BELL TOWER OF SANTA

MARIA DEL CARMINE IN NAPLES:
HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTONIC
AND STRUCTURAL
INVESTIGATIONS
F Ceroni, M Pecce
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE

BELL TOWER OF SANTA MARIA
DEL CARMINE
F Ceroni, M Pecce
Department of Engineering, University of

Sannio, P.zza Roma, 21, 82100 Benevento,
Italy
ceroni@unisannio.it, pecce@unisannio.it
Dept of Engineering, University of Sannio, P.zza

Roma, 21, 82100 Benevento, Italy
ceroni@unisannio.it; pecce@unisannio.it
G Manfredi
Department of Structural Analysis and Design,

University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio,
21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
gamanfre@unina.it
S Voto
Dept of Structural Analysis and Design,

University of Naples, Federico II, via Claudio,
21, 80125 Napoli - Italy
simvoto@unina.it
F Palmaccio
Department of Structural Analysis and Design,

University of Naples, Federico II, via Claudio,
21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
f.palmaccio@unina.it
Keywords: Masonry, tuff, clay

bricks, architectonic survey, damage,
non-destructive testing, dynamic
characterization
Keywords: Masonry, FEM analysis, static

load, dynamic behaviour, modal analysis
Detailed historical and architectonical

investigations were made on the Bell
Tower of Santa Maria del Carmine sited
in Naples: these inquires are preliminary
to the structural analysis of the structure.
Geometrical and material surveys,
destructive and non destructive tests were
performed in situ to evaluate the actual
damage state, the sequence of changes in
the structures and the stress distribution due
to the static loads. An experimental dynamic
characterization of the bell tower was also
realized considering the environment
vibrations due to wind, traffic and bells.
Detailed historical, architectonical and

structural inquires have been developed
about the bell Tower of Santa Maria del
Carmine sited in Naples. These inquires
have been preliminary to the study of
the Tower by a finite element model
for static and dynamic loads. Results of
experimental tests in situ are compared
with the first analytical outcomes of the
model in terms of stress distribution and
dynamic characterization.
197
198

Civil Structures
Day 3:
NDT of Structures
199
200
NON-DESTRUCTIVE DEFECT
LOCATION AND SIZING IN
CONCRETE COLUMNS AND
MASONRY PILLARS FROM
IMPACT-ECHO TESTING
Dr C Colla, Prof G Pascale
COMBINATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL
INVESTIGATIONS OF ANCIENT
ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
Dr F Weise, B Redmer
Bologna University, DISTART Dept,

Engineering Faculty, viale Risorgimento 2
40136 Bologna, Italy
camilla.colla@mail.ing.unibo.it
giovanni.pascale@mail.ing.unibo.it
Federal Institute for Material Research and

Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Frank.Weise@bam.de
Bernhard.Redmer@bam.de
M Hbner
Society for Geophysical Investigations mbH

(GGU), 76 133 Karlsruhe, Germany
ggukarlsruhe@aol.com
Keywords: NDT, impact echo, concrete,

masonry, defect, column, pier
In order to proceed with the safety
evaluation of a building, regulations of new
generation introduce in Italy a performance
formulation, which includes the requirement
to acquire data about and from the building
(OPCM 3274, 2003); (OPCM 3274, 2005);
(Ursella, 2005). That is information about
the building foundations, the dimensions of
structural members, possible local defects,
decay areas in the material and repairings.
This information has to be kept into account
in the structural calculation models aimed
to the safety check. The procedure is valid
both for correctly preparing the retrofitting
design or the improvement upgrade of a
building in seismic areas, and for the
rehabilitation of existing buildings and
infrastructures.
Keywords: Ancient monuments,

reinforcement detection, radar, videoscopy,
stereoradiography
In this paper the possibilities of the
combined application of non-destructive
testing methods for the structural
investigation of ancient architectural
monuments are presented by the example
of the columnar portal of the holy hall at
the market gate of Priene. Due to missing
construction documents in the context
of a structural condition assessment
there was the task to determine on the
one hand the rearward anchorage of the
entablature and to verify on the other hand
the structural bond of the stone substitute
to the original part within the range of the
architrave. The combined use of radar
and videoscopy proved very efficient in
conjunction with the determination of the
type and position of the metallic section of
the rearward anchorage of the entablature.
The structural investigation in the
architrave was accomplished by radar and
radiography. The radar method was utilized
for determination of the global position of
the metallic special fittings. Additional
investigations by radiography using a new
generation of digital imaging plates in the
transient area between original stone and
stone substitute showed an air gap, which is
201
not visible from the outside. Further it was

observed that two dowels from the marble
project into this gap, which are bent up
and have therfore no static function. That
permits the important conclusion that the
load bearing capacity of the architrave and
thus of the whole entablature is ensured
exclusively by a continuous T-metallic
section.
more detailed information about structural

integrity and shapes and location of the
voids placed inside the tested specimens
relatively to 2D imaging originally used
for potential target identification.
VIBRATION BASED DAMAGE
DETECTION USING ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL NETWORK WITH
CONSIDERATION OF
UNCERTAINTIES
N Bakhary, H Hao, AJ Deeks
RADAR INVESTIGATION ON
CIVIL STRUCTURES USING 3D
DATA RECONSTRUCTION AND
TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
L Topczewski, F Fernandes, PJS Cruz,
P B Loureno, LF Ramos
School of Civil and Resource Engineering,

The University of Western Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009,
Australia
bakhary@civil.uwa.edu.au
University of Minho, Dept of Civil Engineering,

4800-058 Guimares, Portugal
lukasz@civil.uminho.pt
Keywords: Vibration based damage

detection, artificial neural network,
uncertainties
Keywords: NDT, GPR, 3D reconstruction,

tomography, concrete, masonry
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have

been widely applied for detecting damages
in structures based on structural vibration
modal parameters. However, uncertainties
that inevitably exist in finite element
modelling and measured vibration data
might lead to false or unreliable prediction
of structural damage. In this study, a
statistical approach is proposed to include
the effect of uncertainties in an ANN model
for damage prediction. The ANN is used to
predict the stiffness parameters of structures
from frequencies and mode shapes. The
statistics of the identified parameters are
determined using Rossenblueths point
estimation method and verified by Monte
Carlo simulation. The results show that by
including those uncertainties in the ANN
model, damage can be detected with a
higher confidence level.
Non-destructive investigation using

Ground Penetrating Radar is becoming
more popular during the inspection of
civil structures. Currently, traditional 2D
imaging is also used as a preliminary
tool to find possible areas of interest for
more detailed inspection, which can be
accomplished by 3D image reconstruction
or tomography techniques. In this paper,
a general overview of the work done
at University of Minho regarding these
techniques is presented. Data acquisition
was performed on two masonry walls
and on one large concrete specimen. In
case of masonry specimens traditional
2D imaging was supplemented by the
use of transmission tomography. Data
acquisition on the concrete specimen was
done in reflection mode and results were
further processed using 3D reconstruction
software.
Results from these specimens are very
promising. Radar tomography and 3D image
reconstruction techniques provided much
202
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION
OF CHLORINE AND SULPHUR
CONTENT IN BUILDING
MATERIALS BY LASER-INDUCED
BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY
D Schaurich, A Taffe, F Weritz,
G Wilsch
ASSESSMENT OF WATER
SATURATION IN A REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES: NON
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF
TARBES PRECAST DUCT
S Naar, C Sirieix, D Breysse

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,
chloride ingress, sulphate ingress, depth
profile, concrete, reinforcement, rebars,
heterogeneity
X Drobert
Universit Bordeaux 1, Centre de

Dveloppement des Gosciences Appliques,
Avenue des facults, btiment B18, 33405
Talence cedex, France
s.naar@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr
Bundesanstalt fr Materialforschung undprfung, Unter den Eichen 87, D-12000 Berlin

Germany
Gerd.Wilsch@bam.de
LCPC, route de Bouaye, BP 4129, 44341

Bouguenais cedex, France
xavier.derobert@lcpc.fr

saturation rate, assessment, infrared
thermography, electrical resistivity,
capacitor technique, pipe
Concrete structures are endangered by

chloride ingress, leading to corrosion
of reinforcement and by sulphates
leading to deterioration of concrete.
The performance of the Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the
quantitative determination of chlorine
and sulphur content in building materials
is demonstrated. Additionally information
about the element content directly related to
the cement content can be obtained.
For condition assessment detailed
depth profiles with mm-resolution can be
determined on concrete cores as well as
spatial resolved element maps on surfaces.
For quality assurance measurements can
be performed onsite for supervision of
concrete removal. The measurements are
performed directly on the sample surface
without any preparation and the results are
obtained directly after the measurement.
Measurements on reference samples for
calibration purposes are demonstrated and
compared with standard chemical tests.
The investigations were carried out on

a precast duct in Tarbes (France), which
presents cover concrete damages such as
cracks resulting of mechanical stresses. The
aim of this study is to rank 55 similar pipe
sections, regarding damage assessment.
The methods used were the electrical
resistivity measurements, the passive
infrared thermography and the capacitor
method. The first contribution of the on site
measurements was to clarify some limits
of techniques in a real situation. Indeed all
methods allow water content rate variations
to be distinguished at the surface of cover
concrete.
203
DEVELOPING FIELD PROTOCOLS

FOR USING ROBOTS TO
SUPPLEMENT FORENSIC
INVESTIGATION
WC Bracken
Bracken Engineering, Inc, 4899 W. Waters Ave,

Suite A, Tampa FL 33634, USA
wcb@brackenengineering.com
M Micire
American Standard Robotics, Inc, 625 11th Ave

North East, St Petersburg FL 33701, USA
www.asrobotics.com
Keywords:
investigations
Robots,
forensic,
When conducting forensic investigations

or structural condition surveys, robots have
proven invaluable where physical access
to interior voids cannot be accomplished.
While global protocols exist for conducting
general forensic investigations as well
as structural condition surveys, only
rudimentary protocols exist for the
operation of robots within this domain.
Therefore, application protocols and site
specific field protocols must be developed
on a case-by-case basis when using robots.
Specifically, robots can effectively identify
and quantify the existence and extent
of damage when properly equipped and
operated. Robots can also provide realtime photogrametry as well as a means of
recording pre-deconstructive conditions.
This paper serves to identify state-of-the
art use of robots within forensic engineering
by discussing proper outfitting, operating,
and field use of robots to supplement
forensic investigations as well as structural
condition surveys.
204

Civil Structures
Day 3:
Radar NDT
205
206
CONCRETE INSPECTION WITH

GPR ADVANCES IN ANALYSIS
AP Annan, JD Redman, T De Souza
AIRBORNE & GROUND

PENETRATING RADAR SYSTEMS
FOR CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF
CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURES
Prof O Bykztrk, T-Y Yu
Sensors & Software Inc, 1040 Stacey Court,

Mississauga, ON, Canada L4W 2X8
apa@sensoft.ca, dr@sensoft.ca
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept

of Civil & Envl Engineering, Room 1-280, 77
Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139,
USA
obuyuk@mit.edu, youngyu@mit.edu
tds@sensoft.ca
Keywords: GPR, concrete, analysis
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is now a

well established method for non-destructive
examination of concrete structures. In some
jurisdictions in the USA and Canada, GPR
has replaced the use of X-ray imaging for
most routine inspections.
Although powerful for locating and
imaging major structures, quantitative
assessment of GPR information is still
evolving. Use of signal intensity, polarity
and frequency dispersion can provide
additional information about concrete
character and material composition as well
as reinforcing and post tension cable depth
and integrity.
The results of our on-going research in
these areas are presented. Discriminating
between metallic, air and water-filled
embedded elements are highlighted. While
complex, steady progress is being made.
We will illustrate how these advances are
moving into practical use with our recently
introduced next generation Conquest
system.
Dr A Giannopoulos, Prof MC Forde
University of Edinburgh, School of Engng &

Electronics, William Rankine Building, Kings
Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
a.giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk, m.forde@ed.ac.uk
Prof IJ Padaratz
Federal University of Sanata Catarina, Dept of

Civil Engng, PO Box 476, Florianopolis-SC
Brazil
ecv1ijp@ecv.ufsc.br
Keywords: Radar, airborne radar, ground

penetrating radar, GPR, frequency,
accuracy, depth, concrete, moisture
Two types of radar for civil engineering
applications are discussed in this paper;
airborne and ground penetrating radars
(GPR) which are distinguished by the
transmitting medium (airborne: air, GPR:
soil/rock). Basics of radar systems are
introduced, followed by an overview of
radar applications in civil engineering.
The performance of radar systems is also
defined and discussed, with emphasis on
the resolution calculation.
It is shown that airborne radar systems
provide an opportunity for remote
investigation of concrete materials. The
signal processing algorithm of Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) enables very high
frequency airborne radar systems to be
frequency turned. A parametric analysis
was undertaken using the generalized
equation for velocity and has shown
that lower frequency GPR systems are
more vulnerable to velocity reduction
207
due to lower frequencies as conductivity

increases compared to high frequency
airborne systems. It was concluded that
the simplified velocity equation may be
valid for high frequency airborne radar,
but may not be stable for the lower
frequency GPR systems subject to
the conductivity of the medium under
investigation. A further parametric study
has demonstrated the relationship between
antenna centre frequency, corrected for
ground coupling frequency reduction, and
target resolution.
A case study has demonstrated the
effectiveness of GPR in detecting voids
in grouted plastic tendon ducts in posttensioned bridge beams. The importance
of bow-tie antenna orientation was
demonstrated.
208

Civil Structures
Day 3:
Acoustic Emission NDT
209
210
FIELD EXPERIENCES IN THE

USE OF AN ACOUSTIC EMISSION
BRIDGE MONITORING SYSTEM
Dr T Holroyd, H Meisuria
AE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE
WITH LOW-TREATED RECYCLED
AGGREGATE IN COMPRESSION
TEST
T Watanabe, S Nishibata, C Hashimoto
Holroyd Instruments Ltd, Via Gellia Mills,

Bonsall, Matlock DE4 2AJ, UK
trevor@holroyd-instruments.com
harish@holroyd-instruments.com
The University of Tokushima, Dept of Civil

Engineering, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima
770-8506, Japan
watanabe@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Keywords: Acoustic emission (AE),

bridges, structural integrity monitoring,
non-destructive testing (NDT)
M Ohtsu
Graduate School of Kumamoto University, 2-391 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan

ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
At Structural Faults & Repair 2003

we discussed the advantages and the
disadvantages of Acoustic Emission (AE)
for structural monitoring. In particular, we
highlighted its high sensitivity to faults and
its ability to localise source positions but
that these had to be balanced against its
sensitivity to background noise processes
and the complexity of the required analysis
and instrumentation.
Using the multi-channel AE based
bridge monitoring system (whose
development was described in our 2003
paper) the present paper describes our
experiences in applying it to various bridge
structures with reference to the advantages
and disadvantages of AE. Application
examples include further measurements
on a bascule lifting bridge, monitoring of
a reinforced concrete bridge and bridge
deck monitoring from within a steel box
section.
The present results include the detection
and location of structural degradation and
hot-spot indications from long-term field
measurements with the pre-processed data
being remotely accessed via GSM. These
illustrate the type of information that AE
can readily provide without requiring
specialist interpretative skills or research
instrumentation.
Keywords: Recycled aggregate, oscillation

of mixture, acoustic emission, Ib value
For recycling concrete, it is studied to use
recycled aggregate for new concrete in
Japan. We study utilizing of low-treated
recycled aggregate. Physical properties
of the low-treated recycled aggregate are
lower than normal aggregate. It is widely
recognized that compressive strength
of concrete with low-treated recycled
aggregate is weaker than normal concrete in
equal of water-cement ratio. It is expected
that cracking due to fracture process
of concrete with low-treated recycled
aggregate is not similar to normal concrete.
It was obtained that compressive strength
of concrete with low-quality recycled
aggregate could be improved by oscillation
of mixture inserting vibrators.
Therefore, to evaluate properties of
cracking in recycled aggregate concrete
with the oscillation, compression test in
concrete of recycled aggregate is conducted
by applying Acoustic Emission (AE)
measurement. As the results, compressive
strength of recycled aggregate concrete with
the oscillation could be increased more than
10% with comparing to the concrete mixed
by non-oscillation of mixture. As a result, it
is clarified that trend of cracking in concrete
with low-treated recycled aggregate differ
from normal concrete by acoustic emission.
211
In addition, Kaiser Effect is not clearly

observed in concrete with low-treated
recycled aggregate. However, cracking
of recycled aggregate concrete with the
oscillation is similar as normal concrete.
By applying Ib-value, it is recognized that
scale of macro-cracking and failure in
recycled aggregate concrete is larger than
normal concrete, and recycled aggregate
concrete is recovered by the oscillation.
212

Extending The Life of Bridges

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Extending The Life of Bridges

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STRUCTURAL FAULTS +

Extending the Life of Bridges

Dr SL Matthews, BRE, Garston, UK

Prof SL Bakoss, Univ of Tech, Sydney, Australia

Prof DM McCann, Univ of Edinburgh, UK

Prof PAM Basheer, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK

Prof U Meier, EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland

Dr R Betti, Columbia Univ, New York, NY, USA

Dr J Mirza, Hydro-Quebec, Varennes, Canada

Prof L Binda, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Dr AS Mosallam, Univ of California, Irvine CA,

Prof JH Bungey, Univ of Liverpool, UK

Dr A Nanni, Univ of Missouri-Rolla, MO, USA

Prof O Buyukozturk, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA

Dr HH Nassif, Rutgers Univ, NJ, USA

Prof JR Casas, UPC, Barcelona, Spain

Prof M Ohtsu, Kumamoto Univ, Japan

Prof MYL Chew, National Univ of Singapore

Dr SP Pessiki, Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Dr AG Davis, CTL, Skokie, IL, USA (deceased)

CG Petersen, Germann Inst, Copenhagen,

J Elliott, Pure Technologies Ltd, Calgary, Canada

Prof M Raupach, TU Aachen, Germany

C Flohrer, Hochtief AG, Frankfurt, Germany

Prof PC Robery, Halcrow, Birmingham, UK

Prof MC Forde, Univ of Edinburgh, UK

Prof M Shigeishi, Kumamoto Univ, Japan

Prof D Frangopol, Univ of Colorado, Boulder,

Dr T Shiotani, Tobishima Corp, Chiba, Japan

Prof D v. Gemert, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium

Prof B Taljsten, Lulea Univ of Tech, Sweden

Prof PC Hewlett, BBA, Garston, UK

Prof J-G Teng, Hong Kong Poly Univ, Hong Kong

Prof LC Hollaway, Univ of Surrey, UK

Dr G Washer, University of Missouri Columbia, USA

Dr KC Hover, Cornell Univ, Ithica, NY, USA

Prof E Watanabe, Kyoto Univ, Japan

R Johnstone, Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, UK

Prof T Watanabe, Univ of Tokushima, Japan

I Kennnedy-Reid, Atkins, Epsom, UK

Dr H Wiggenhauser, BAM, Berlin, Germany

Dr FW Klaiber, Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA, USA

A Wingrove, Highways Agency, Birmingham, UK

Prof Q Leiper, Carillion plc, Wolverhampton, UK

Dr JGM Wood, SS&D Ltd, Chiddingfold, UK

Prof CK Leung, Hong Kong Univ of Sci & Tech,

Dr R Woodward, TRL Ltd, Crowthorne, UK

Prof AE Long, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK

Bridge Management & Assessment ....................................................11

Masonry Arch Bridges ........................................................................37

Bridge Repair using Advanced Composites........................................51

Concrete & Advanced Composites

NDT of Concrete + Advanced Composites.........................................77

Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair........................................99

Concrete Repair & Durability ...........................................................115

Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures

Civil Structures .................................................................................137

Car Parking Structures ......................................................................185

nondeteructive testings (NDT) have been

Bridge Technology Consulting, 295 Madison

Keywords: Suspension cables, degradation

Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555

Keywords: NDT of concrete, acoustic