Timemotionstudy 130411002131 Phpapp01

4/11/2013
Time & Motion Study

Frederick W. Taylor and his followers developed and
refined the Time Study
A method created to determine the correct time it
takes to complete a certain task
Frank B. Gilbreth and his wife Lillian developed and
refined the Motion Study
A method to establish the one best way to perform a
task
Historically the two studies are discussed individually,
today they generally are discussed as one
Time & Motion Study

Presented By:
Anupam Kumar
Reader
SMS Varanasi.
Email: anupamkr@gmail.com
Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar
Time Study
It is the science of eliminating wastefulness

resulting from using
for recording the times and rates of working

for the elements of a specified jobs,
carried out under specific conditions
for analyzing the data
so as to obtain the time necessary
for carrying out the job
at an defined level of performance.
unnecessary,
ill-directed and
inefficient motion.
The aim of the study is to find and perpetuate the

scheme of least waste methods of labour.
Workers do not enjoy making unnecessary or wasted
motions, as they result in needless fatigue.
Motion study thus helps in reducing fatigue & waste
motions.
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Use of Time & Motion Study

T&M Studies were used in the manufacturing industry to
evolve pay scales with the thought that money was the
only motivation for work.
Today:
T&M Studies can be effective for performance evaluations
T&M Studies can be used for planning purposes in order to
predict the level of output that may be achieved
T&M Studies can be used to uncover problems and create
solutions
T&M Studies can be used for time cost analysis
Objectives of Time & Motion Study
Historically:
Motion Study
It is a work measurement technique
Estimation of realistic manpower

requirement.
Comparison of alternative methods of
working.
Establishment of incentive schemes
Improved control over operations.
Proper work distribution.
Future manpower and cost forecasting.
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Steps Involved in T&M Study
Job Element
Should be as short as possible and should be
conveniently timed.
Should be unified and should have logical sequence
of basic motions.
Constant and variable elements should be separated
for generation of data for subsequent studies.
Regular and Irregular elements should be separated
so as to provide for time allowances.
Elements involving heavy and fatigue work should be
separated to allow for proper allowances.
Selection
Obtain all necessary information
Divide the job into job-elements
Time each element
Number of cycles to be timed
Rate the operator
The rating of the operator to be objective
Make provisions for allowances.
Determination of Times
Performance Rating
It is the time required

by an operator of average skill
who expends an average amount of effort and
is working under average conditions.
It is the pace of the actual work being done as a

percentage of the standard pace of doing the same work.
Level of Performance
It is the rate of output achieved by a qualified worker as an
average for the day.
Use of Standard Time
Standard Time
To establish minimum performance requirements

Control of labour cost
Planning wage incentive schemes
Product line balancing.
Normal Time
It is the productive time needed to perform a task, utilizing
appropriate work methods, work area layout and
performing at a pace the firm defines as normal.
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Actual Time
Allowance
It is the time actually taken in completing the desired

task.
If the operator works at 100% efficiency then the
actual time would be equal to the normal time.
Standard times for elements or jobs are necessary to

provide for allowances for compensating fatigue, personal
needs, contingencies, etc.
These are generally given as a percentage of the standards
time or normal time.
If allowance is given as a percentage of normal time
Use of Actual Time

In method study
In plant layout planning
In setting realistic starting and finishing times for
operator.
Standard Time = Normal Time (1+Allowance)
If allowance is given as a percentage of standard time

Normal Time = Standard Time (1 Allowance)
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Allowances or Time Allowances

Relaxation Allowance
For fatigue and personal
needs
Contingency Allowance
For duties of periodic
nature
Tools and Machinery

Allowance
For adjusting machines,
sharpening tools, etc.
Illustration 1
Reject Allowance
How many working minutes do you expect

would take a worker to produce a part for
which
Time used up in
producing items which
turn out to be defective
Interference Allowance
the time standard is 10 minutes,

if the allowance for this work is 25% of the normal
time and
the worker is rated at 80%?
Stoppage of 2 or
machines
Excessive Work
Allowance
Due to unforeseen
temporary changes
Click for Solutions
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Solution to Illustration No. 1

Standard time = 10 Min
Allowance = 25% of N.T.
ST = NT (1+All.)
NT = ST / (1 + All.)
NT = 10/(1+25%)
NT = 8 Min
Performance Rating = (Normal
time) / (Observed time)
OT = NT / (Per. Rating)
OT = 8/(80%)
OT = 10 Min.
Calculate the standard production per shift of

8 hours duration, with the following data.
Observed time per unit = 5 minutes
Rating factor = 120%
Total Allowance = 33.33% of normal time.
Click for Solutions
15
Solution to Illustration No. 2

OT = 5 Min
Per. Ratg. = 120%
All. = 33.33% of NT
NT = OT * Per. Ratg.
NT = 5 X 120/100
NT = 6 Min.
ST = NT (1+ All.)
ST = 6 (1+33.33%)
ST = 6X4/3
ST = 8 Min.
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Illustration 2
Standard time = 10 Min

Performance Rating = 80%
Actual time = ST/Per. Ratg
AT = 10/(80%)
AT = 12.5 Min.
Actual time = Observed time
*(1+All.)
OT = AT / (1+ All.)
OT = 12.5 / (1+25%)
OT = 12.5 X 4/5
OT = 10 Min.
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Methods of Time Estimation
8 Min. is needed for 1 Unit
Study of Past Production Records
1 Min. is needed for 1/8 unit

8 Hrs. is needed for 8 X 60/8
Units
8 Hrs. is needed for 60 units.
It is an invaluable source of information regarding

the time taken to perform a particular task.
It is however assumed that the nature of activities
performed in the process does not change over
the period of time.
The standard production

per shift is 60 Units.
Estimation Method
It involves the analysis based on the experience &
judgment of the observer.
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Work Measurement Techniques
Illustration 3
Direct Time Study Methods
Calculate the standard time per article produced

from the following data obtained by a work sampling
study.
Analytical Estimation
Work Sampling
It is based on statistical estimation of work during various time
samples.
Indirect Time Study Methods

Synthetic Timing Data
It is based on the previous data available with the establishment
which helps in synthesizing the overall data
Predetermined Motion Time Studies (PMTS)

It is based on the standard data available based on the various
micro motion studies.
Total No. of observations = 2500

No. of working observations = 2100
No. of units produced in 100 hours duration = 6000
Proportion of manual labour = 2/3
Proportion of machine time = 1/3
Observed rating factor = 115%
Total allowance = 12% of normal time.
Hint
19
Hint for Illustration 3
Illustration 4
After application of work simplification techniques and a

direct time study of elements the following time elements in
minutes were obtained as in table below.
Actual Working time in 100 hours = 100*2100/2500 = 84

Time taken per article = 84*60/6000 = 0.84 Min.
Observed Manual time = (2/3) * 0.84 = 0.56 Min.
Observed Machine time = (1/3) * 0.84 = 0.28 Min.
Normal Labour time = Observed Manual time * Rating Factor
= 0.56 * 1.15
Standard Labour Time = (0.56*1.15) * (1+ 12/100)
= 0.56*1.15*1.12
Standard time per unit = Standard Labour Time + Observed Machine Time
Job
Element
0.16
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.24
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.33
0.50
0.35
0.37
0.35
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.25
Cycle
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Illustration 4 (Contd.)
Job Element 2 & 4 are machine controlled and cannot be speeded up
by the operator
There were 2 irregular occurrences while timing.
The operator was rated at 110% when working.
Personal allowance 30 min/day; Unavoidable delays 20 min/day &
Fatigue 10% of the operators actual physical time.
Shift is 8 hour long.
Calculate standard time per unit & shift output standard.
Identify the Irregular occurrences.

Calculate the average time for each job element.
Calculate Normal Time and then Standard Time by using the
data given for allowances.
Job
Element
Cycle
3
Ave.
Time
0.16
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.24
0.14
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.33
0.50
0.35
0.37
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.25
Hint
22
Hint for Illustration 4
The following information was also determined about the job.
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Solution
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4/11/2013
Solution for Illustration No. 4

OTJE1 = 0.14
NTJE1 = OTJE1 X Per. Rat.
NTJE1 = 1.4 X 110/100
NTJE1 = 1.54
Similarly,
NTJE3 = 0.385
NTJE5 = 0.275
NTmanual = 0.814
Tmanual = 0.814 * 1.10 = 0.8954
NTtotal = Tmanual + Tmachine
Illustration No. 5
NTtotal =0.8954+0.50+0.60 =
1.9954
ST = NTtotal / (1 AllowanceST)
Allowance = (30 + 20) / (8 * 60)
Allowance = 0.104167
ST = 1.9954 / (1- 0.1042)
ST = 1.9954 / 0.8958 = 2.227
min
Standard Time = 2.23 minute
Shift Output = 8 * 60 / 2.23
Shift Output = 215.25 Units.
An operator manufactures 50 jobs in 6 hours

and 30 minutes. If this time includes the time
for setting the machine. Calculate the
operators efficiency. Standard time allowed
for the job is as follows.
Sr. No.
Job Element
1.
Setting Time
Details
35 minutes
2.
Production time per piece
8 minutes
Solution
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Illustration 5
Time data taken for a bulk filling activity in Bangalore were recorded on a
continuous basis as shown below.
The firms labour contract requires a 15% allowance based on total time
for all workers on the bulk filling line
Compute the standard time for this activity.
50 Jobs in 6 hours and 30 minutes

50 Job in (6*60 +30) minutes = 390 minutes
Standard Time = Setting time+Production time
Cycle Time (in Sec.)
Rating
Factor
S.T. = 35 + 8*50 = 35 + 400 = 435 minutes
Per. Rating = Standard Time / Actual time

Per. Rat. = (435 / 390)*100 = 111.5%
37
74
105
338
120
Locate for fill
16
51
84
117
352
120
Machine Fill
26
61
94
127
362
Set on Conveyor
34
68
102 334
369
27

2
37
74
105
338
120
120
Locate for fill
16
51
84
117
352
Machine Fill
26
61
94
127
362
Set on Conveyor
34
68
102 334
369

1
120
Locate for fill
12
14
10
12
14
120
Machine Fill
10
10
10
10
10
Set on Conveyor
207
110
Solution
Average
5
Grasp Bag
Locate for fill
12
14
10
12
14
12.4
Machine Fill
10
10
10
10
10
10
Set on Conveyor
207
7.5
110
Grasp Bag
Hint
28
Rating
Factor
110
Hint for Illustration No. 6
Grasp Bag
1
Grasp Bag
29
Allowance = 15% on total time = 15% of Standard Time

Normal Time = (OT1 XPer.Rat.1 + OT2 XPer.Rat.2 +OT3 + OT4 XPer.Rat.4)
Normal Time = 4*1.2 + 12.4*1.2+10+7.5*1.1 = 4.8 + 14.88 + 10 + 8.25
Normal Time = 37.93 sec.
Standard Time = NT / (1 All.) = 37.93 / (1 0.15) = 37.93/0.85
Standard Time = 44.62 sec.
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4/11/2013
Further Numericals
Assuming that the total observed time for an operation of
assembling an electric switch is 1 minute. If the rating is 125%,
find normal time. If an allowance of 20% is allowed for the
operation for employee fatigue, determine the standard time.
Find out the standard time using the following data:
Sr. No. Job Element
Contact:
Details
1.
Average time for machine element
7 min.
2.
Average time for manual element
5 min.
3.
Performance Rating
120%
4.
Allowance (as a percentage of S.T.)
15%
For further details,

Anupam Kumar
Reader,
SMS Varanasi.
Email: anupamkr@gmail.com
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Bibliography
Buffa, E.S. and Sarin, R.K., Modern Production/Operations Management, Eighth Edition. Singapore: John Wiley &
Sons (Asia). 1994.
Martinich, J.S., Production and Operations Management: An Applied Approach, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons
(Asia), 2003.
Badi, R.V. and Badi, N.V., Production and Operations Management, Second Edition, New Delhi: Vrinda
Publication, 2008.
Chary, S.N., Productions and Operations Management, Third Edition, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2004
Kumar Anil, S. and Suresh, N.. Production and Operations Management, New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers Second Edition, 2008.
Goel, B.S., Production Operations Management, Twenty Second Edition, Meerut, U.P.: Pragati Prakashan, 2010.
Kachru, U. Production and Operations Management: Text and Cases, New Delhi: Excel Books, 2007.
Rama Murthy, P., Production and Operations Management, New Delhi: New Age International, 2012.
Chunawalla, S.A., and Patel, D.R., Production and Operations Management, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing
House, 2006.
Jauhari, V. and Dutta, K., Services: Marketing Operations and Management, New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2010.
Verma, H.V., Services Marketing: Text and Cases, New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley, Pearson Education, 2009.
33

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4/11/2013

Time & Motion Study

Time & Motion Study

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

It is the science of eliminating wastefulness

for recording the times and rates of working

The aim of the study is to find and perpetuate the

Use of Time & Motion Study

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Objectives of Time & Motion Study

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

It is a work measurement technique

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Estimation of realistic manpower

Steps Involved in T&M Study

It is the time required

It is the pace of the actual work being done as a

Use of Standard Time

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

To establish minimum performance requirements

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

It is the time actually taken in completing the desired

Standard times for elements or jobs are necessary to

Use of Actual Time

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Standard Time = Normal Time (1+Allowance)

If allowance is given as a percentage of standard time

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Allowances or Time Allowances

Tools and Machinery

How many working minutes do you expect

the time standard is 10 minutes,

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Click for Solutions

Solution to Illustration No. 1

Calculate the standard production per shift of

Click for Solutions

Solution to Illustration No. 2

Standard time = 10 Min

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Methods of Time Estimation

8 Min. is needed for 1 Unit

Study of Past Production Records

1 Min. is needed for 1/8 unit

It is an invaluable source of information regarding

The standard production

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Work Measurement Techniques

Direct Time Study Methods

Calculate the standard time per article produced

Indirect Time Study Methods

Predetermined Motion Time Studies (PMTS)

Total No. of observations = 2500

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar

Hint for Illustration 3

After application of work simplification techniques and a