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Contents
Section
1
INTRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
How to Set up the Equipment
~I
TORSION TESTING
General Notes on Experimental Work
Detailed Procedure
7
7
7
EXPERIMENTATION
Notes on Laboratory Sheets
Object
Apparatus
Theory
Experimental Procedure
Results
Suggested Increments of Strain
Notes on the Content of the Laboratory Report
Items to be Included
Discussion of Results
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
5
~'
~t
11
11
11
11
12
A-1
A-2
A-2
A-2
A-2
A-2
A-2
I,.
r
'1:-
~-
11
DeftectkJn
81m
3/16" Whitworth
sized sockets)
12 mm AF - these can be used for cast iron
Lk18ar
potentiometer
SECTION 2 ASSEMBLY
s.
6.
pins provided.
7:
r
r
IMPORTANT
Always reduce the load to zero if it is required to
remove a specimen before failure (for exampIle,
for heat treatment). DO NOT ATTEMPT TO
REMOVE A SPECIMEN WHEN UNDER
LOAD.
Detailed
Procedure
for Checking
the Calibration
Deflection
arm "
5.
Procedure
2.
#_.
1"'3
3.
4.
Calibfation
arm
/
Dial
gauge
I.
Levelling
handwheel
..,.
S.
SECTION 5 EXPERIMENTATION
T
J
Ge
=-
't
r
where:
T= Applied torqueNm or lbfin
J = Polar secondmomentof areamm or in
G = Modulusof rigidity N/mm2of Ibf/in2
e = Angle of twist (over length)radians
I = Gaugelengthmm or in
t = Shearstressat radiusr N/mm2or 1bf/in2
r = Radiusmm or in
Experimental Procedure
I. Measurethe overall length and diameterof the test
sectionof the specimen.
2. Draw a line down the length of the test sectionof
the specimenwith a pencil; this servesas a visual
aid to the degreeof twist being put on the specimen
during loading.
3. Mount the specimenfinnly in the Torsion Testing
Machine. For each increment of strain record the
following:
(a) Angle of twist of the specimenin degrees
(b) Applied torque
(c) Angle of twist over the 50 mm gaugelength in
radians,asrecordedby the dial gaugeindicator
(d) When the elastic limit has been passed
continue to test to destruction with ever
increasingincrementsof strain, recording for
eachstrain increment:
Notes
Report
As in the caseof the LaboratorySheetthe contentof the
report will dependlargely on the type of test carrie<1
our
and the detailed investigatedrequired, but for a test
similar to that describedabovethe abovethe follo'wing
suggestionsare offered:
Items to be Included
Include in the report a dimensioneddrawing of the
specimen.Using the tabulated results plot a graph of
applied torque, T, againstangle of twist a as a basefor
the elastic region. Use the slope of this graph to
determine the value of the modules of rigidity. Also
from this graphdeterminethe torque,and then calculate
the shear stressat the limit of proportionality. Plot a
graph of applied torque against angle of twist of the
specimenasa base,for the completetest to destruction.
Discussion of Results
1. State,and commentupon, the valuesobtainedfrom
the test.
2. Commentupon the overall result obtainedfrom the
test.
3. Commentuponthe apparatusandprocedures.
4. Discuss the errors involved in determining the
modulus of rigidity using the angle of twist from
the machinedial, and comparethe results obtained
with the value found by usingthe Torsiometer.
Mild StEtel
Figure5 Reversetorsiontests
Reversetorsion testsare possibleon the Torsion Testing
Machine, allowing residual stress phenomenato be
readily demonstrated,as shownin Figure 5. In the initial
load cycle the specimen yields at A, is plastically
defoTDledto B, then unloadedand plastically deformed
in the reversedirection to point C. It is then loaded in
the positive direction to point 0, unloadedand given a
low temperatureheat treatment, and then reloaded. It
now yields at F ratherthan O. Thus the harmful effects
of the textural stresses,which were removedby the heat
treatment,were equal to OF. The vertical distanceof
point F representsthe beneficial effect of the body
stresses.
If the material is now strainedto point E and then
strained in the reversedirection to point K (i.e. sight
negativeplastic strain). On reloading it arrives back at
the strainrepresentedby point E at a lower torque value
G. Thus, during the strain cycle the strengthrange has
moved in the negativedirection that is the torque at F is
Relationship
Stress
During both the elastic and plastic range of torsional
strain, the relationship betweenapplied torque, 7: and
the maximum shearstress,which occursat the surface
'tmax,is proportional to 1/d', the actual relationship
dependingupon the stressstrain characteristicsof the
material being tested. In the elastic range the precise
relationshipis:
't=
16T
-r
Jtd
r
~
Construction
Use
The Torsiometershould be used where more accurate
measurementof strain over a precise gauge length is
desired.Strain can be measuredaccuratelyin both the
elasticand plasticregions,thus allowing the Modulus of
Rigidity to the determinedin the elastic region and also
providing very accuratemeansof measuringthe work
hardening properties of the specimen. To continue
readingon the dial indicator over theseregionsit will be
found necessaryto adjust the assemblyas describedat
the end of this section.
Operation
Placethe Torsiometeron the specimen.This is done in
three stages,referringto Figure A2.
I.
Rod
I~"
End
cap'"
,I
End
,clamp
-1$1-
r ,
\
-'1~
1t"-T- ,/
End
.-" cap
.~
/
Cap
screw
End
clamp Centre
\
Knurled
of the Torsiometer
'Cap
screw
nut
spacer
Figure A2 Layout of the torsiometer
PageA-2
r:
r
r
3.