Whats a body plan?

Its the animals shape, symmetry and internal

organization.
We thought the animal only had primitive body plans but
then e discovered that they developed into complex ones
having true tissue and bilateral symmetry.
Tissues are groups of cells that have the same structure
and work together to perform a specific function
(ex:muscle tissue for producing movement due to
contraction of the muscles) (ex:nerve tissue for
conducting signals)
Different tissues work together and are organized into
structure called organs
(sponges arent organized into tissues just cell)
(coral are organized into tissues but not in organs)
Function of both tissue and organ=help you do the things
that you want such as moving around

We have primitive animals and complex animal

Primitive animals perform radial symmetry because you
can cut them from every direction ass long as it passes
the central axis but still get the same result; they all do
the same function. Radial symmetry animals central axis
plane can be divided equally into halves(ex:jellyfish)
Animals that dont move or depend on water current for
transport have radial symmetry.
Complex animals have bilateral symmetry can only be cut
book half. Bilateral symmetry optimizes the animal from
moving fast and quickly in a very specific direction.
Animals that move have a bilateral symmetry.(more
specialized like having an interior sensory structure and
nerves called cephalization) Cephalization allow the
animals to get food and escape predators.
Asymmetry is for animals that cant be divided into
smaller pieces (ex:sponges)
Bilateral symmetry is a symmetry for complex
animals with complex body plan. The plane passes
down the middle of the animal from head to
tail(vertically) into book halves or mirror image
halves (ex:human or butterfly)
Radial symmetry is a for primitive animals with
primitive body plan,The plane passes the central axis
and divides the organism into equal
halves(ex:jellyfish and sea star)

Early embryonic development(sexual reproduction)

Stage 1 is the zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg
produced by the union of a sperm and an egg cell
Stage 2 is called cleavage. During cleavage the zygote
undergoes cell division by mitosis . 3 divisions= 8 cells
(Meaning: the series of cell division by mitosis occurring
immediately after an egg is fertilized)
1 division= 2 cells 2 division=4 cells
cells

3 division=8

Stage 3 is called the blastula. When cleavage ends,

blastula is the result where as a hollow ball is formed due
to growing mass of dividing cells( Meaning: the stage of
an embryo before gastrulation)The blastula has a fluid
interior called the blastocoels.
Stage 4 is gastrulation. The hollow ball or the blastula
begins to collapse inward and form a cup shaped pocket
or pouch; this pouch is called the blastopore.
Differentiation
When the gastrula keeps increasing in cells, The cells
start to become increasingly different than each other .So
they are separated in 3 types of cells that would form
primary tissue layers:

Ectoderm:The outer layer of the body,sense organs,and

the nervous system
Endoderm: forms the gut, the respiratory system, and
many glands
Mesoderm: form the most of the skeleton, the muscle, the
circulatory system, and the organs of reproduction and
excretion
Patterns of development
The gastrula as you know form a pouch near the
blastopore this puch keeps going inward until it breaks in
a passage. The passage is then lined with endoderm (the
gut formation)
If the blastopore develops a mouth then its a protostome
(ex:flat worm, spiders,clam)
If the blastopore develops an anus then its a
deuterostome (ex:vertebrates, sea star)
Body Cavity
Bilateral symmetry animals have internal body plans(3
kinds of body plans )
Function of a fluid filled coelom is that it protects internal
organs from movement of surrounding muscles/allows an
animal to move without damaging its organ or interfering
with the organs functions.
A coelom is a fluid filled cavity surrounded by mesoderm.

 Aceolmates body plan: means without a body

cavity= no coelom(the space between the gut and
the aceolomate wall is filled with tissue)(primitive)
(Ex:flatworm)
Pseudocoelomate body plan : false coelom where as
the it is filled with a liquid that acts like a skeleton for
support. A cavity with 1 lining of mesoderm.
(complex body system formation)(Ex:roundworm)
Coelomate body plan: true coelom with 2 lining of
mesoderm(most complex;advanced body system
formation) (Ex:segmented worm)
Two evolutionary trend are the body segmentation and
the jointed appendages
Body segmentation
Body segmentation has to do ceolmate animals where as
they are composed of series of repeating, similar units
called segments.
Segment can either be seen easily like lobsters, spiders,
and insects and either cannot be seen except during early
developments. For example, the muscles of the
vertebrates that develop segments of tissues called
somites. Function of segmentation is great mobility and
flexibility
A small change in a segment can produce another new
segment with a different function
Jointed appendages
Arthropods were the first to have jointed appendages.

Joints function=permit powerful movement and aid in

locomotion
Joint appendages function=allow animals to perform
complex movement such as defensive display of mantis.