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E UROP E : : GERMANY
Intr oduction :: GERM ANY
Ba c k g r o u n d :
A s Eur ope's lar ges t ec onomy and s ec ond mos t populous nation ( af ter Rus s ia) , Ger many is a key member
of the c ontinent's ec onomic , politic al, and def ens e or ganiz ations . Eur opean pow er s tr uggles immer s ed
Ger many in tw o dev as tating Wor ld War s in the f ir s t half of the 20th c entur y and lef t the c ountr y oc c upied
by the v ic tor ious A llied pow er s of the US, UK, Fr anc e, and the Sov iet Union in 1945. With the adv ent of the
Cold War , tw o Ger man s tates w er e f or med in 1949: the w es ter n Feder al Republic of Ger many ( FRG) and
the eas ter n Ger man Democ r atic Republic ( GDR) . The democ r atic FRG embedded its elf in key Wes ter n
ec onomic and s ec ur ity or ganiz ations , the EC, w hic h bec ame the EU, and NA TO, w hile the c ommunis t GDR
w as on the f r ont line of the Sov iet- led War s aw Pac t. The dec line of the USSR and the end of the Cold War
allow ed f or Ger man unif ic ation in 1990. Sinc e then, Ger many has ex pended c ons ider able f unds to br ing
Eas ter n pr oduc tiv ity and w ages up to Wes ter n s tandar ds . In Januar y 1999, Ger many and 10 other EU
c ountr ies intr oduc ed a c ommon Eur opean ex c hange c ur r enc y , the eur o.
Ge ogr aphy :: GERM ANY
Lo c a ti o n :
Centr al Eur ope, bor der ing the Baltic Sea and the Nor th Sea, betw een the Nether lands and Poland, s outh of
Denmar k
Ge o g r a p h i c c o o r d i n a te s :
51 00 N, 9 00 E
Ma p r e f e r e n c e s :
Eur ope
Area:
t o t al: 357,022 s q km
lan d : 348,672 s q km
w at e r : 8,350 s q km
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 63
A r e a - c o m p a r a ti v e :
thr ee times the s iz e of Penns y lv ania; s lightly s maller than Montana
La n d b o u n d a r i e s :
t o t al: 3,714 km
b o r d e r co u n t r ie s ( 9) : A us tr ia 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Cz ec h Republic 704 km, Denmar k 140 km, Fr anc e
418 km, Lux embour g 128 km, Nether lands 575 km, Poland 467 km, Sw itz er land 348 km
Co a s tl i n e :
2,389 km
Ma r i ti m e c l a i m s :
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t e r r it o r ial s e a: 12 nm
e xclu s ive e co n o m ic z o n e : 200 nm
co n t in e n t al s h e lf : 200 m depth or to the depth of ex ploitation
Cl i m a te :
temper ate and mar ine; c ool, c loudy , w et w inter s and s ummer s ; oc c as ional w ar m mountain ( f oehn) w ind
Te r r a in:
low lands in nor th, uplands in c enter , Bav ar ian A lps in s outh
E l e v a ti o n e x tr e m e s :
lo w e s t p o in t : Neuendor f bei Wils ter - 3.54 m
h ig h e s t p o in t : Z ugs pitz e 2,963 m
Na tu r a l r e s o u r c e s :
c oal, lignite, natur al gas , ir on or e, c opper , nic kel, ur anium, potas h, s alt, c ons tr uc tion mater ials , timber ,
ar able land
La n d u s e :
ag r icu lt u r al lan d : 48%
ar able land 34.1% ; per manent c r ops 0.6% ; per manent pas tur e 13.3%
f o r e s t : 31.8%
o t h e r : 20.2% ( 2011 es t.)
Ir r i g a te d l a n d :
5,157 s q km ( 2006)
T o ta l r e n e wa b l e wa te r r e s o u r c e s :
154 c u km ( 2011)
F r e s h wa te r wi th d r a wa l (d o m e s ti c / i n d u s tr i a l / a g r i c u l tu r a l ):
t o t al: 32.3 c u km/y r ( 16% /84% /0% )
p e r cap it a: 391.4 c u m/y r ( 2007)
Na tu r a l h a z a r d s :
f looding
Env ir onme nt - c ur r e nt issue s:
emis s ions f r om c oal- bur ning utilities and indus tr ies c ontr ibute to air pollution; ac id r ain, r es ulting f r om
s ulf ur diox ide emis s ions , is damaging f or es ts ; pollution in the Baltic Sea f r om r aw s ew age and indus tr ial
ef f luents f r om r iv er s in eas ter n Ger many ; haz ar dous w as te dis pos al; gov er nment es tablis hed a
mec hanis m f or ending the us e of nuc lear pow er ov er the nex t 15 y ear s ; gov er nment w or king to meet EU
c ommitment to identif y natur e pr es er v ation ar eas in line w ith the EU's Flor a, Fauna, and Habitat dir ec tiv e
E n v i r o n m e n t - i n te r n a ti o n a l a g r e e m e n ts :
p ar t y t o : A ir Pollution, A ir Pollution- Nitr ogen Ox ides , A ir Pollution- Per s is tent Or ganic Pollutants , A ir
Pollution- Sulf ur 85, A ir Pollution- Sulf ur 94, A ir Pollution- V olatile Or ganic Compounds , A ntar c tic Env ir onmental Pr otoc ol, A ntar c tic - Mar ine Liv ing Res our c es , A ntar c tic Seals , A ntar c tic Tr eaty , Biodiv er s ity ,
Climate Change, Climate Change- Ky oto Pr otoc ol, Des er tif ic ation, Endanger ed Spec ies , Env ir onmental
Modif ic ation, Haz ar dous Was tes , Law of the Sea, Mar ine Dumping, Oz one Lay er Pr otec tion, Ship Pollution,
Tr opic al Timber 83, Tr opic al Timber 94, Wetlands , Whaling
s ig n e d , b u t n o t r at if ie d : none of the s elec ted agr eements
Ge o g r a p h y - n o te :
s tr ategic loc ation on Nor th Eur opean Plain and along the entr anc e to the Baltic Sea
Pe ople and Socie ty :: GERM ANY
Na ti o n a l i ty :
n o u n : Ger man( s )
ad je ct ive : Ger man
E th n i c g r o u p s :
Ger man 91.5% , Tur kis h 2.4% , other 6.1% ( made up lar gely of Gr eek, Italian, Polis h, Rus s ian, Ser boCr oatian, Spanis h)
La n g u a g e s :
Ger man ( of f ic ial)
n o t e : Danis h, Fr is ian, Sor bian, and Romany ar e of f ic ial minor ity languages ; Low Ger man, Danis h, Nor th
Fr is ian, Sater Fr is ian, Low er Sor bian, Upper Sor bian, and Romany ar e r ec ogniz ed as r egional languages
under the Eur opean Char ter f or Regional or Minor ity Languages
Re l i g i o n s :
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Pr otes tant 34% , Roman Catholic 34% , Mus lim 3.7% , unaf f iliated or other 28.3%
Po p u l a ti o n :
80,996,685 ( July 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 18
A g e s tr u c tu r e :
0- 14 ye ar s : 13% ( male 5,386,525/f emale 5,107,336)
15- 24 ye ar s : 10.6% ( male 4,367,713/f emale 4,188,566)
25- 54 ye ar s : 41.7% ( male 17,116,346/f emale 16,664,995)
55- 64 ye ar s : 13.6% ( male 5,463,221/f emale 5,574,166)
65 ye ar s an d o ve r : 21.1% ( male 7,468,552/f emale 9,659,265) ( 2014 es t.)
De p e n d e n c y r a ti o s :
t o t al d e p e n d e n cy r at io : 52.1%
yo u t h d e p e n d e n cy r at io : 19.8%
e ld e r ly d e p e n d e n cy r at io : 32.3%
p o t e n t ial s u p p o r t r at io : 3.1% ( 2014 es t.)
Me d i a n a g e :
t o t al: 46.1 y ear s
m ale : 45.1 y ear s
f e m ale : 47.2 y ear s ( 2014 es t.)
Po p u l a ti o n g r o wth r a te :
- 0.18% ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 212
Bi r th r a te :
8.42 bir ths /1,000 population ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 219
De a th r a te :
11.29 deaths /1,000 population ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 31
Ne t m i g r a ti o n r a te :
1.06 migr ant( s ) /1,000 population ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 60
Ur b a n i z a ti o n :
u r b an p o p u lat io n : 75.1% of total population ( 2014)
r at e o f u r b an iz at io n : 0.16% annual r ate of c hange ( 2010- 15 es t.)
Ma j o r u r b a n a r e a s - p o p u l a ti o n :
BERLIN ( c apital) 3.547 million; Hambur g 1.822 million; Munic h 1.421 million; Cologne 1.032 million ( 2014)
S e x r a ti o :
at b ir t h : 1.06 male( s ) /f emale
0- 14 ye ar s : 1.06 male( s ) /f emale
15- 24 ye ar s : 1.04 male( s ) /f emale
25- 54 ye ar s : 1.03 male( s ) /f emale
55- 64 ye ar s : 0.97 male( s ) /f emale
65 ye ar s an d o ve r : 0.76 male( s ) /f emale
t o t al p o p u lat io n : 0.97 male( s ) /f emale ( 2014 es t.)
Mo th e r ' s m e a n a g e a t f i r s t b i r th :
29.2 ( 2012 es t.)
Ma te r n a l m o r ta l i ty r a te :
7 deaths /100,000 liv e bir ths ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 165
In f a n t m o r ta l i ty r a te :
t o t al: 3.46 deaths /1,000 liv e bir ths
m ale : 3.75 deaths /1,000 liv e bir ths
f e m ale : 3.14 deaths /1,000 liv e bir ths ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 209
Li f e e x p e c ta n c y a t b i r th :
t o t al p o p u lat io n : 80.44 y ear s
m ale : 78.15 y ear s
f e m ale : 82.86 y ear s ( 2014 es t.)
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co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 28
T o ta l f e r ti l i ty r a te :
1.43 c hildr en bor n/w oman ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 203
Co n tr a c e p ti v e p r e v a l e n c e r a te :
66.2%
n o t e : per c ent of w omen aged 18- 49 ( 2005)
He a l th e x p e n d i tu r e s :
11.3% of GDP ( 2013)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 13
Ph y s i c i a n s d e n s i ty :
3.89 phy s ic ians /1,000 population ( 2012)
Ho s p i ta l b e d d e n s i ty :
8.2 beds /1,000 population ( 2011)
Dr i n k i n g wa te r s o u r c e :
im p r o ve d :
ur ban: 100% of population
r ur al: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
u n im p r o ve d :
ur ban: 0% of population
r ur al: 0% of population
total: 0% of population ( 2012 es t.)
S a n i ta ti o n f a c i l i ty a c c e s s :
im p r o ve d :
ur ban: 100% of population
r ur al: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
u n im p r o ve d :
ur ban: 0% of population
r ur al: 0% of population
total: 0% of population ( 2012 es t.)
HIV/ A IDS - a d u l t p r e v a l e n c e r a te :
0.15% ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 102
HIV/ A IDS - p e o p l e l i v i n g wi th HIV/ A IDS :
77,500 ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 46
HIV/ A IDS - d e a th s :
400 ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 88
Ob e s i ty - a d u l t p r e v a l e n c e r a te :
22.7% ( 2014)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 59
Ch i l d r e n u n d e r th e a g e o f 5 y e a r s u n d e r we i g h t:
1.1% ( 2006)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 132
E d u c a ti o n e x p e n d i tu r e s :
5% of GDP ( 2011)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 74
S c h o o l l i f e e x p e c ta n c y (p r i m a r y to te r ti a r y e d u c a ti o n ):
t o t al: 16 y ear s
m ale : 17 y ear s
f e m ale : 16 y ear s ( 2012)
Un e m p l o y m e n t, y o u th a g e s 1 5 - 2 4 :
t o t al: 8.1%
m ale : 8.8%
f e m ale : 7.4% ( 2012 es t.)
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co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld :

112

Gove r nm e nt :: GERM ANY

Co u n tr y n a m e :
co n ve n t io n al lo n g f o r m : Feder al Republic of Ger many
co n ve n t io n al s h o r t f o r m : Ger many
lo cal lo n g f o r m : Bundes r epublik Deuts c hland
lo cal s h o r t f o r m : Deuts c hland
f o r m e r : Ger man Empir e, Ger man Republic , Ger man Reic h
Go v e r n m e n t ty p e :
f eder al r epublic
Ca p i ta l :
n am e : Ber lin
g e o g r ap h ic co o r d in at e s : 52 31 N, 13 24 E
t im e d if f e r e n ce : UTC+1 ( 6 hour s ahead of Was hington, DC, dur ing Standar d Time)
d aylig h t s avin g t im e : +1hr , begins las t Sunday in Mar c h; ends las t Sunday in Oc tober
A d m i n i s tr a ti v e d i v i s i o n s :
16 s tates ( Laender , s ingular - Land) ; Baden- Wuer ttember g, Bay er n ( Bav ar ia) , Ber lin, Br andenbur g,
Br emen, Hambur g, Hes s en ( Hes s e) , Mec klenbur g- V or pommer n ( Mec klenbur g- Wes ter n Pomer ania) ,
Nieder s ac hs en ( Low er Sax ony ) , Nor dr hein- Wes tf alen ( Nor th Rhine- Wes tphalia) , Rheinland- Pf alz
( Rhineland- Palatinate) , Saar land, Sac hs en ( Sax ony ) , Sac hs en- A nhalt ( Sax ony - A nhalt) , Sc hles w igHols tein, Thuer ingen ( Thur ingia) ; note - Bay er n, Sac hs en, and Thuer ingen r ef er to thems elv es as f r ee
s tates ( Fr eis taaten, s ingular - Fr eis taat) , w hile Hambur g pr ides its elf on being a Fr ee and Hans eatic City
( Fr eie und Hans es tadt)
In d e p e n d e n c e :
18 Januar y 1871 ( es tablis hment of the Ger man Empir e) ; div ided into f our z ones of oc c upation ( UK, US,
USSR, and Fr anc e) in 1945 f ollow ing Wor ld War II; Feder al Republic of Ger many ( FRG or Wes t Ger many )
pr oc laimed on 23 May 1949 and inc luded the f or mer UK, US, and Fr enc h z ones ; Ger man Democ r atic
Republic ( GDR or Eas t Ger many ) pr oc laimed on 7 Oc tober 1949 and inc luded the f or mer USSR z one; Wes t
Ger many and Eas t Ger many unif ied on 3 Oc tober 1990; all f our pow er s f or mally r elinquis hed r ights on 15
Mar c h 1991; notable ear lier dates : 10 A ugus t 843 ( Eas ter n Fr anc ia es tablis hed f r om the div is ion of the
Car olingian Empir e) ; 2 Febr uar y 962 ( c r ow ning of OTTO I, r ec ogniz ed as the f ir s t Holy Roman Emper or )
Na ti o n a l h o l i d a y :
Unity Day , 3 Oc tober ( 1990)
Co n s ti tu ti o n :
pr ev ious 1919 ( Weimar Cons titution) ; lates t dr af ted 10 to 23 A ugus t 1948, appr ov ed 12 May 1949,
pr omulgated 23 May 1949, enter ed into f or c e 24 May 1949; amended many times , las t in 2012 ( 2012)
Le g a l s y s te m :
c iv il law s y s tem
In te r n a ti o n a l l a w o r g a n i z a ti o n p a r ti c i p a ti o n :
ac c epts c ompuls or y ICJ jur is dic tion w ith r es er v ations ; ac c epts ICCt jur is dic tion
Suffr a ge :
18 y ear s of age; univ er s al
E x e c u ti v e b r a n c h :
ch ie f o f s t at e : Pr es ident Joac him GA UCK ( s inc e 23 Mar c h 2012)
h e ad o f g o ve r n m e n t : Chanc ellor A ngela MERKEL ( s inc e 22 Nov ember 2005)
cab in e t : Cabinet or Bundes minis ter ( Feder al Minis ter s ) appointed by the pr es ident on the r ec ommendation
of the c hanc ellor
e le ct io n s : pr es ident elec ted f or a f iv e- y ear ter m ( eligible f or a s ec ond ter m) by a Feder al Conv ention,
inc luding all member s of the Feder al Par liament ( Bundes tag) and an equal number of delegates elec ted by
the s tate par liaments ; elec tion las t held on 19 Febr uar y 2012 ( nex t to be held by June 2017) ; c hanc ellor
elec ted by an abs olute major ity of the Feder al Par liament f or a f our - y ear ter m; Feder al Par liament v ote f or
Chanc ellor las t held on 17 Dec ember 2013 ( nex t to be held af ter the September 2017 elec tions )
e le ct io n r e s u lt s : Joac him GA UCK elec ted pr es ident; r ec eiv ed 991 v otes of the Feder al Conv ention
agains t 126 f or Beate KLA RSFELD and 3 f or Olaf ROSE; A ngela MERKEL r eelec ted c hanc ellor ; v ote by
Feder al Par liament 462 to 150 w ith f our abs tentions
Le g i s l a ti v e b r a n c h :
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d e s cr ip t io n : bic amer al Par liament or Par lament c ons is ts of the Feder al Counc il or Bundes r at ( 69 s eats ;
member s appointed by eac h of the 16 s tate gov er nments or landtags ) and the Feder al Diet or Bundes tag
( 631 s eats - total s eats c an v ar y eac h elec tor al ter m; appr ox imately one- half of member s dir ec tly elec ted in
multi- s eat c ons tituenc ies by pr opor tional r epr es entation v ote and appr ox imately one- half dir ec tly elec ted in
s ingle- s eat c ons tituenc ies by s imple major ity v ote; member s s er v e 4- y ear ter ms )
e le ct io n s : Bundes tag - las t held on 22 September 2013 ( nex t to be held no later than autumn 2017) ; mos t
all pos tw ar Ger man gov er nments hav e been c oalitions ; note - ther e ar e no elec tions f or the Bundes r at;
c ompos ition is deter mined by the c ompos ition of the s tate- lev el gov er nments ; the c ompos ition of the
Bundes r at has the potential to c hange any time one of the 16 s tates holds an elec tion
e le ct io n r e s u lt s : Bundes tag - per c ent of v ote by par ty - CDU/CSU 41.5% , SPD 25.7% , Lef t 8.6% ,
Gr eens 8.4% , FDP 4.8% , other 10.9% ; s eats by par ty - CDU/CSU 311, SPD 193, Lef t 64, Gr eens 63
Ju d i c i a l b r a n c h :
h ig h e s t co u r t ( s ) : Feder al Cour t of Jus tic e ( c our t c ons is ts of 127 judges inc luding the c our t pr es ident,
v ic e- pr es idents , pr es iding judges , and other judges , and or ganiz ed into 25 Senates s ubdiv ided into 12 c iv il
panels , 5 c r iminal panels , and 8 s pec ial panels ; Feder al Cons titutional Cour t or Bundes v er f as s ungs ger ic ht
( c ons is ts of 2 Senates eac h s ubdiv ided into 3 c hamber s , eac h w ith a c hair man and 8 member s )
ju d g e s e le ct io n an d t e r m o f o f f ice : Feder al Cour t of Jus tic e judges s elec ted by the Judges Elec tion
Committee, w hic h c ons is ts of the Sec r etar ies of Jus tic e f r om eac h of the 16 f eder ated States and 16
member s appointed by the Feder al Par liament; judges appointed by the pr es ident of Ger many ; judges s er v e
until mandator y r etir ement at age 65; Feder al Cons titutional Cour t judges - one- half elec ted by the Hous e of
Repr es entativ es and one- half by the Senate; judges appointed f or 12- y ear ter ms w ith mandator y r etir ement
at age 68
s u b o r d in at e co u r t s : Feder al A dminis tr ativ e Cour t; Feder al Financ e Cour t; Feder al Labor Cour t; Feder al
Soc ial Cour t; eac h of the 16 Ger man s tates or Land has its ow n c ons titutional c our t and a hier ar c hy of
or dinar y ( c iv il, c r iminal, f amily ) and s pec ializ ed ( adminis tr ativ e, f inanc e, labor , s oc ial) c our ts
Po l i ti c a l p a r ti e s a n d l e a d e r s :
A llianc e '90/Gr eens [Cem OEZ DEMIR and Simone PETER]
A lter nativ e f or Ger many or A f D [Ber nd LUCKE];; Chr is tian Democ r atic Union or CDU [A ngela MERKEL]
Chr is tian Soc ial Union or CSU [Hor s t SEEHOFER]
Fr ee Democ r atic Par ty or FDP [Chr is tian LINDNER]
Lef t Par ty or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Ber nd RIEXINGER]
Soc ial Democ r atic Par ty or SPD [Sigmar GA BRIEL]
Po l i ti c a l p r e s s u r e g r o u p s a n d l e a d e r s :
o t h e r : bus ines s as s oc iations and employ er s ' or ganiz ations
tr ade unions ; r eligious , immigr ant, ex pellee, and v eter ans gr oups
In te r n a ti o n a l o r g a n i z a ti o n p a r ti c i p a ti o n :
A DB ( nonr egional member ) , A f DB ( nonr egional member ) , A r c tic Counc il ( obs er v er ) , A us tr alia Gr oup, BIS,
BSEC ( obs er v er ) , CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EA PC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI ( implementing c ountr y ) , EMU,
ESA , EU, FA O, FA TF, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G- 10, G- 20, IA DB, IA EA , IBRD, ICA O, ICC ( national c ommittees ) , ICCt,
ICRM, IDA , IEA , IFA D, IFC, IFRCS, IGA D ( par tner s ) , IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Inter pol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC ( NGOs ) , MIGA , MINURSO, MINUSMA , NA TO, NEA , NSG, OA S ( obs er v er ) , OECD, OPCW,
OSCE, Pac if ic A llianc e ( obs er v er ) , Par is Club, PCA , Sc hengen Conv ention, SELEC ( obs er v er ) , SICA
( obs er v er ) , UN, UNA MID, UNCTA D, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNRWA , UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, Z C
Di p l o m a ti c r e p r e s e n ta ti o n i n th e US :
ch ie f o f m is s io n : A mbas s ador Hans Peter WITTIG ( s inc e 21 May 2014)
ch an ce r y: 2300 M Str eet NW, Was hington, DC 20037
t e le p h o n e : [1] ( 202) 298- 4000
FAX: [1] ( 202) 298- 4249
co n s u lat e ( s ) g e n e r al: A tlanta, Bos ton, Chic ago, Hous ton, Los A ngeles , Miami, New Y or k, San Fr anc is c o
Di p l o m a ti c r e p r e s e n ta ti o n f r o m th e US :
ch ie f o f m is s io n : A mbas s ador John B. EMERSON ( s inc e 26 A ugus t 2013)
e m b as s y: Par is er Platz 2, 10117 Ber lin
m ailin g ad d r e s s : Unit 5090, Box 1000, DPO A E09265
t e le p h o n e : [49] ( 30) 48305- 0
FAX: [49] ( 30) 8305- 1215
co n s u lat e ( s ) g e n e r al: Dues s eldor f , Fr ankf ur t am Main, Hambur g, Leipz ig, Munic h
F l a g d e s c r i p ti o n :
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thr ee equal hor iz ontal bands of blac k ( top) , r ed, and gold; thes e c olor s hav e play ed an impor tant r ole in
Ger man his tor y and c an be tr ac ed bac k to the mediev al banner of the Holy Roman Emper or - a blac k eagle
w ith r ed c law s and beak on a gold f ield
Na ti o n a l s y m b o l (s ):
golden eagle; national c olor s : blac k, r ed, y ellow
Na ti o n a l a n th e m :
n am e : "Das Lied der Deuts c hen" ( Song of the Ger mans )
lyr ics /m u s ic: A ugus t Heinr ic h HOFFMA NN V ON FA LLERSLEBEN/Fr anz Jos eph HA Y DN
n o t e : adopted 1922; the anthem, als o know n as "Deuts c hlandlied" ( Song of Ger many ) , w as or iginally
adopted f or its c onnec tion to the Mar c h 1848 liber al r ev olution; f ollow ing appr opr iation by the Naz is of the
f ir s t v er s e, s pec if ic ally the phr as e, "Deuts c hland, Deuts c hland ueber alles " ( Ger many , Ger many abov e all)
to pr omote nationalis m, it w as banned af ter 1945; in 1952, its thir d v er s e w as adopted by Wes t Ger many as
its national anthem; in 1990, it bec ame the national anthem f or the r eunited Ger many
Econom y :: GERM ANY
E c o n o m y - o v e r v i e w:
The Ger man ec onomy - the f if th lar ges t ec onomy in the w or ld in PPP ter ms and Eur ope's lar ges t - is a
leading ex por ter of mac hiner y , v ehic les , c hemic als , and hous ehold equipment and benef its f r om a highly
s killed labor f or c e. Like its Wes ter n Eur opean neighbor s , Ger many f ac es s ignif ic ant demogr aphic
c hallenges to s us tained long- ter m gr ow th. Low f er tility r ates and dec lining net immigr ation ar e inc r eas ing
pr es s ur e on the c ountr y 's s oc ial w elf ar e s y s tem and nec es s itate s tr uc tur al r ef or ms . Ref or ms launc hed by
the gov er nment of Chanc ellor Ger har d SCHROEDER ( 1998- 2005) , deemed nec es s ar y to addr es s
c hr onic ally high unemploy ment and low av er age gr ow th, c ontr ibuted to s tr ong gr ow th and f alling
unemploy ment. Thes e adv anc es , as w ell as a gov er nment s ubs idiz ed, r educ ed w or king hour s c heme, help
ex plain the r elativ ely modes t inc r eas e in unemploy ment dur ing the 2008- 09 r ec es s ion - the deepes t s inc e
Wor ld War II - and its dec r eas e to 5.3% in 2014. The new Ger man gov er nment intr oduc ed a minimum w age
of about $11.60 ( 8.50 eur os ) per hour to take ef f ec t in 2015. Stimulus and s tabiliz ation ef f or ts initiated in
2008 and 2009 and tax c uts intr oduc ed in Chanc ellor A ngela MERKEL's s ec ond ter m inc r eas ed Ger many 's
total budget def ic it - inc luding f eder al, s tate, and munic ipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but s low er s pending and
higher tax r ev enues r educ ed the def ic it to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2012 Ger many r eac hed a budget s ur plus of
0.1% . The budget w as es s entially in balanc e in 2014. A c ons titutional amendment appr ov ed in 2009 limits
the f eder al gov er nment to s tr uc tur al def ic its of no mor e than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016 though
the tar get w as alr eady r eac hed in 2012. Follow ing the Mar c h 2011 Fukus hima nuc lear dis as ter , Chanc ellor
A ngela MERKEL announc ed in May 2011 that eight of the c ountr y 's 17 nuc lear r eac tor s w ould be s hut
dow n immediately and the r emaining plants w ould c los e by 2022. Ger many plans to r eplac e nuc lear pow er
w ith r enew able ener gy , w hic h ac c ounts f or 34% of total ener gy c ons umption, up f r om 9% in 2000. Bef or e
the s hutdow n of the eight r eac tor s , Ger many r elied on nuc lear pow er f or 23% of its elec tr ic ity gener ating
c apac ity and 46% of its bas e- load elec tr ic ity pr oduc tion.
GDP (p u r c h a s i n g p o we r p a r i ty ):
$3.621 tr illion ( 2014 es t.)
$3.572 tr illion ( 2013 es t.)
$3.553 tr illion ( 2012 es t.)
n o t e : data ar e in 2014 US dollar s
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 6
GDP (o f f i c i a l e x c h a n g e r a te ):
$3.82 tr illion ( 2014 es t.)
GDP - r e a l g r o wth r a te :
1.4% ( 2014 es t.)
0.5% ( 2013 es t.)
0.9% ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 165
GDP - p e r c a p i ta (PPP):
$44,700 ( 2014 es t.)
$44,200 ( 2013 es t.)
$44,100 ( 2012 es t.)
n o t e : data ar e in 2013 US dollar s
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 27
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Gr o s s n a ti o n a l s a v i n g :
23.9% of GDP ( 2014 es t.)
24% of GDP ( 2013 es t.)
24.6% of GDP ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 48
GDP - c o m p o s i ti o n , b y e n d u s e :
h o u s e h o ld co n s u m p t io n : 56.1%
g o ve r n m e n t co n s u m p t io n : 19.2%
in ve s t m e n t in f ixe d cap it al: 20.2%
in ve s t m e n t in in ve n t o r ie s : 0.1%
e xp o r t s o f g o o d s an d s e r vice s : 45.7%
im p o r t s o f g o o d s an d s e r vice s : - 41.3%
( 2014 es t.)
GDP - c o m p o s i ti o n , b y s e c to r o f o r i g i n :
ag r icu lt u r e : 0.9%
in d u s t r y: 30.8%
s e r vice s : 68.4%
( 2014 es t.)
A g r i c u l tu r e - p r o d u c ts :
potatoes , w heat, bar ley , s ugar beets , f r uit, c abbages ; milk pr oduc ts ; c attle, pigs , poultr y
In d u s tr i e s :
among the w or ld's lar ges t and mos t tec hnologic ally adv anc ed pr oduc er s of ir on, s teel, c oal, c ement,
c hemic als , mac hiner y , v ehic les , mac hine tools , elec tr onic s , automobiles , f ood and bev er ages , s hipbuilding,
tex tiles
In d u s tr i a l p r o d u c ti o n g r o wth r a te :
1.3% ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 145
La b o r f o r c e :
44.76 million ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 15
La b o r f o r c e - b y o c c u p a ti o n :
ag r icu lt u r e : 1.6%
in d u s t r y: 24.6%
s e r vice s : 73.8%
( 2011)
Un e m p l o y m e n t r a te :
5% ( 2014 es t.)
5.3% ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 49
Po p u l a ti o n b e l o w p o v e r ty l i n e :
15.5% ( 2010 es t.)
Ho u s e h o l d i n c o m e o r c o n s u m p ti o n b y p e r c e n ta g e s h a r e :
lo w e s t 10%: 3.6%
h ig h e s t 10%: 24% ( 2000)
Di s tr i b u ti o n o f f a m i l y i n c o m e - Gi n i i n d e x :
27 ( 2006)
30 ( 1994)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 129
Bu d g e t:
r e ve n u e s : $1.68 tr illion
e xp e n d it u r e s : $1.664 tr illion ( 2014 es t.)
T a x e s a n d o th e r r e v e n u e s :
44% of GDP ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 27
Bu d g e t s u r p l u s (+) o r d e f i c i t (- ):
0.4% of GDP ( 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 33
Pu b l i c d e b t:
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74.7% of GDP ( 2014 es t.)

76.3% of GDP ( 2013 es t.)
n o t e : gener al gov er nment gr os s debt is def ined in the Maas tr ic ht Tr eaty as c ons olidated gener al
gov er nment gr os s debt at nominal v alue, outs tanding at the end of the y ear in the f ollow ing c ategor ies of
gov er nment liabilities ( as def ined in ESA 95) : c ur r enc y and depos its ( A F.2) , s ec ur ities other than s har es
ex c luding f inanc ial der iv ativ es ( A F.3, ex c luding A F.34) , and loans ( A F.4) ; the gener al gov er nment s ec tor
c ompr is es the s ub- s ec tor s of c entr al gov er nment, s tate gov er nment, loc al gov er nment and s oc ial s ec ur ity
f unds ; the s er ies ar e pr es ented as a per c entage of GDP and in millions of eur o; GDP us ed as a denominator
is the gr os s domes tic pr oduc t at c ur r ent mar ket pr ic es ; data ex pr es s ed in national c ur r enc y ar e c onv er ted
into eur o us ing end- of - y ear ex c hange r ates pr ov ided by the Eur opean Centr al Bank
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 35
F isca l y e a r:
c alendar y ear
In f l a ti o n r a te (c o n s u m e r p r i c e s ):
0.9% ( 2014 es t.)
1.6% ( 2013 es t.)
Ce n tr a l b a n k d i s c o u n t r a te :
0.75% ( 31 Dec ember 2013)
1.5% ( 31 Dec ember 2010)
n o t e : this is the Eur opean Centr al Bank's r ate on the mar ginal lending f ac ility , w hic h of f er s ov er night
c r edit to banks in the eur o ar ea
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 128
Co m m e r c i a l b a n k p r i m e l e n d i n g r a te :
2.6% ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
2.76% ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 178
S to c k o f n a r r o w m o n e y :
$2.236 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
$2.244 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
n o t e : s ee entr y f or the Eur opean Union f or money s upply f or the entir e eur o ar ea; the Eur opean Centr al
Bank ( ECB) c ontr ols monetar y polic y f or the 18 member s of the Ec onomic and Monetar y Union ( EMU) ;
indiv idual member s of the EMU do not c ontr ol the quantity of money c ir c ulating w ithin their ow n bor der s
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 5
S to c k o f b r o a d m o n e y :
$4.347 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
$4.451 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 5
S to c k o f d o m e s ti c c r e d i t:
$4.209 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
$4.323 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 5
Ma r k e t v a l u e o f p u b l i c l y tr a d e d s h a r e s :
$1.486 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2012 es t.)
$1.184 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2011)
$1.43 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2010 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 9
Cu r r e n t a c c o u n t b a l a n c e :
$257.7 billion ( 2014 es t.)
$274 billion ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 1
E x p o r ts :
$1.547 tr illion ( 2014 es t.)
$1.506 tr illion ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 4
E x p o r ts - c o m m o d i ti e s :
motor v ehic les , mac hiner y , c hemic als , c omputer and elec tr onic pr oduc ts , elec tr ic al equipment,
phar mac eutic als , metals , tr ans por t equipment, f oods tuf f s , tex tiles , r ubber and plas tic pr oduc ts
E x p o r ts - p a r tn e r s :
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Fr anc e 9.8% , UK 7.4% , Nether lands 6.9% , US 6.4% , A us tr ia 5.5% , China 5.4% , Italy 5.2% , Sw itz er land
4.6% , Poland 4.1% , Belgium 4.1% ( 2013)
Im p o r ts :
$1.319 tr illion ( 2014 es t.)
$1.249 tr illion ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 4
Im p o r ts - c o m m o d i ti e s :
mac hiner y , data pr oc es s ing equipment, v ehic les , c hemic als , oil and gas , metals , elec tr ic equipment,
phar mac eutic als , f oods tuf f s , agr ic ultur al pr oduc ts
Im p o r ts - p a r tn e r s :
Nether lands 14.2% , Fr anc e 7.7% , Belgium 6.4% , China 6.4% , Italy 5.4% , UK 4.9% , A us tr ia 4.4% , Rus s ia
4.3% , Poland 4.3% , Sw itz er land 4.1% , Cz ec h Republic 4% ( 2013)
Re s e r v e s o f f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e a n d g o l d :
$198.2 billion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
$198.2 billion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 14
De b t - e x te r n a l :
$5.717 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2012 es t.)
$5.338 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2011)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 4
S to c k o f d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v e s tm e n t - a t h o m e :
$1.424 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
$1.384 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 4
S to c k o f d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v e s tm e n t - a b r o a d :
$2.048 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2014 es t.)
$1.971 tr illion ( 31 Dec ember 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 2
E x c h a n g e r a te s :
eur os ( EUR) per US dollar 0.7489 ( 2014 es t.)
0.7634 ( 2013 es t.)
0.78 ( 2012 es t.)
0.7185 ( 2011 es t.)
0.755 ( 2010 es t.)
Ene r gy :: GERM ANY
E l e c tr i c i ty - p r o d u c ti o n :
575.9 billion kWh ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 8
E l e c tr i c i ty - c o n s u m p ti o n :
582.5 billion kWh ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 7
E l e c tr i c i ty - e x p o r ts :
71.43 billion kWh ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 2
E l e c tr i c i ty - i m p o r ts :
39.16 billion kWh ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 5
E l e c tr i c i ty - i n s ta l l e d g e n e r a ti n g c a p a c i ty :
178.4 million kW ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 7
E l e c tr i c i ty - f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s :
51% of total ins talled c apac ity ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 151
E l e c tr i c i ty - f r o m n u c l e a r f u e l s :
7% of total ins talled c apac ity ( 2012 es t.)
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co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 22
E l e c tr i c i ty - f r o m h y d r o e l e c tr i c p l a n ts :
6% of total ins talled c apac ity ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 125
E l e c tr i c i ty - f r o m o th e r r e n e wa b l e s o u r c e s :
36% of total ins talled c apac ity ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 3
Cr u d e o i l - p r o d u c ti o n :
97,000 bbl/day ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 49
Cr u d e o i l - p r o v e d r e s e r v e s :
232.6 million bbl ( 1 Januar y 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 57
Re f i n e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c ts - p r o d u c ti o n :
2.206 million bbl/day ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 8
Re f i n e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c ts - c o n s u m p ti o n :
2.403 million bbl/day ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 9
Re f i n e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c ts - e x p o r ts :
376,600 bbl/day ( 2012 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 19
Re f i n e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c ts - i m p o r ts :
666,300 bbl/day ( 2010 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 10
Na tu r a l g a s - p r o d u c ti o n :
11.78 billion c u m ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 41
Na tu r a l g a s - c o n s u m p ti o n :
88.44 billion c u m ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 9
Na tu r a l g a s - e x p o r ts :
18.82 billion c u m ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 15
Na tu r a l g a s - i m p o r ts :
94.91 billion c u m ( 2013 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 3
Na tu r a l g a s - p r o v e d r e s e r v e s :
116 billion c u m ( 1 Januar y 2014 es t.)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 50
Ca r b o n d i o x i d e e m i s s i o n s f r o m c o n s u m p ti o n o f e n e r g y :
788.3 million Mt ( 2012 es t.)
Com m unications :: GERM ANY
Te le phone s - ma in line s in use :
50.7 million ( 2012)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 4
Te le phone s - mobile c e llula r :
107.7 million ( 2012)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 11
T e l e p h o n e s y s te m :
g e n e r al as s e s s m e n t : Ger many has one of the w or ld's mos t tec hnologic ally adv anc ed
telec ommunic ations s y s tems ; as a r es ult of intens iv e c apital ex penditur es s inc e r eunif ic ation, the f or mer ly
bac kw ar d s y s tem of the eas ter n par t of the c ountr y , dating bac k to Wor ld War II, has been moder niz ed and
integr ated w ith that of the w es ter n par t
d o m e s t ic: Ger many is s er v ed by an ex tens iv e s y s tem of automatic telephone ex c hanges c onnec ted by
moder n netw or ks of f iber - optic c able, c oax ial c able, mic r ow av e r adio r elay , and a domes tic s atellite s y s tem;
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c ellular telephone s er v ic e is w idely av ailable, ex panding r apidly , and inc ludes r oaming s er v ic e to many
f or eign c ountr ies
in t e r n at io n al: c ountr y c ode - 49; Ger many 's inter national s er v ic e is ex c ellent w or ldw ide, c ons is ting of
ex tens iv e land and under s ea c able f ac ilities as w ell as ear th s tations in the Inmar s at, Intels at, Eutels at, and
Inter s putnik s atellite s y s tems ( 2011)
Br o a d c a s t m e d i a :
a mix tur e of public ly oper ated and pr iv ately ow ned TV and r adio s tations ; national and r egional public
br oadc as ter s c ompete w ith near ly 400 pr iv ately ow ned national and r egional TV s tations ; mor e than 90%
of hous eholds hav e c able or s atellite TV ; hundr eds of r adio s tations inc luding multiple national r adio
netw or ks , r egional r adio netw or ks , and a lar ge number of loc al r adio s tations ( 2008)
Ra d i o b r o a d c a s t s ta ti o n s :
A M 51, FM 787, s hor tw av e 4 ( 1998)
T e l e v i s i o n b r o a d c a s t s ta ti o n s :
373 ( plus 8,042 r epeater s ) ( 1995)
In te r n e t c o u n tr y c o d e :
.de
In te r n e t h o s ts :
20.043 million ( 2012)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 6
In te r n e t u s e r s :
65.125 million ( 2009)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 5
Tr ans por tation :: GERM ANY
A i r p o r ts :
539 ( 2013)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 13
A i r p o r ts - wi th p a v e d r u n wa y s :
t o t al: 318
o ve r 3,047 m : 14
2,438 t o 3,047 m : 49
1,524 t o 2,437 m : 60
914 t o 1,523 m : 70
u n d e r 914 m : 125 ( 2013)
A i r p o r ts - wi th u n p a v e d r u n wa y s :
t o t al: 221
1,524 t o 2,437 m : 1
914 t o 1,523 m : 35
u n d e r 914 m :
185 ( 2013)
He l i p o r ts :
23 ( 2013)
Pi p e l i n e s :
c ondens ate 37 km; gas 26,985 km; oil 2,826 km; r ef ined pr oduc ts 4,479 km; w ater 8 km ( 2013)
Ra i l wa y s :
t o t al: 41,981 km
s t an d ar d g au g e : 41,722 km 1.435- m gauge ( 20,053 km elec tr if ied)
n ar r o w g au g e : 220 km 1.000- m gauge ( 75 km elec tr if ied) ; 39 km 0.750- m gauge ( 24 km elec tr if ied)
( 2008)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 6
Ro a d wa y s :
t o t al: 645,000 km
p ave d : 645,000 km ( inc ludes 12,800 km of ex pr es s w ay s )
n o t e : inc ludes loc al r oads ( 2010)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 12
Wa te r wa y s :
7,467 km ( Rhine Riv er c ar r ies mos t goods ; Main- Danube Canal links Nor th Sea and Blac k Sea) ( 2012)
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co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 18
Me r c h a n t m a r i n e :
t o t al: 427
b y t yp e : bar ge c ar r ier 2, bulk c ar r ier 6, c ar go 51, c ar r ier 1, c hemic al tanker 15, c ontainer 298, liquef ied
gas 6, pas s enger 4, pas s enger /c ar go 24, petr oleum tanker 10, r ef r iger ated c ar go 3, r oll on/r oll of f 6, v ehic le
c ar r ier 1
f o r e ig n - o w n e d : 6 ( Finland 3, Nether lands 1, Sw itz er land 2)
r e g is t e r e d in o t h e r co u n t r ie s : 3,420 ( A ntigua and Bar buda 1094, A us tr alia 2, Bahamas 30, Ber muda
14, Br az il 6, Bulgar ia 12, Bur ma 1, Cay man Is lands 3, Cook Is lands 1, Cur ac ao 25, Cy pr us 192, Denmar k 9,
Dominic a 5, Es tonia 1, Fr anc e 1, Gibr altar 123, Hong Kong 10, Is le of Man 56, Jamaic a 10, Liber ia 1185,
Lux embour g 9, Malta 135, Mar s hall Is lands 248, Mor oc c o 1, Nether lands 86, NZ 2, Panama 24, Papua New
Guinea 1, Philippines 2, Por tugal 14, Saint V inc ent and the Gr enadines 3, Singapor e 32, Slov akia 3, Spain 4,
Sr i Lanka 8, Sw eden 3, UK 59, US 5, V enez uela 1) ( 2010)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 24
Po r ts a n d te r m i n a l s :
m ajo r s e ap o r t ( s ) : Baltic Sea - Ros toc k; Nor th Sea - Wilhelms hav en
r ive r p o r t ( s ) : Br emen ( Wes er ) ; Br emer hav en ( Gees te) ; Duis bur g, Kar ls r uhe, Neus s - Dus s eldor f ( Rhine) ;
Br uns buttel, Hambur g ( Elbe) ; Lubec k ( Wakenitz )
o il/g as t e r m in al( s ) : Br uns buttel Canal ter minals
co n t ain e r p o r t ( s ) : Br emen/Br emer hav en ( 5,915,487) , Hambur g ( 9,014,165) ( 2011)
M ilitar y :: GERM ANY
Mi l i ta r y b r a n c h e s :
Feder al A r med For c es ( Bundes w ehr ) : A r my ( Heer ) ; Nav y ( Deuts c he Mar ine, inc ludes nav al air ar m) ; A ir
For c e ( Luf tw af f e) ; Joint Suppor t Ser v ic es ( Str eitkr aef tebas is , SKB) ; Centr al Medic al Ser v ic e ( Z entr aler
Sanitaets diens t, Z SanDs tBw ) ( 2013)
Mi l i ta r y s e r v i c e a g e a n d o b l i g a ti o n :
17- 23 y ear s of age f or male and f emale v oluntar y militar y s er v ic e; c ons c r iption ended 1 July 2011; s er v ic e
obligation 8- 23 months or 12 y ear s ; w omen hav e been eligible f or v oluntar y s er v ic e in all militar y br anc hes
and pos itions s inc e 2001 ( 2013)
Ma n p o we r a v a i l a b l e f o r m i l i ta r y s e r v i c e :
m ale s ag e 16- 49: 18,529,299
f e m ale s ag e 16- 49: 17,888,543 ( 2010 es t.)
Ma n p o we r f i t f o r m i l i ta r y s e r v i c e :
m ale s ag e 16- 49: 15,027,886
f e m ale s ag e 16- 49: 14,510,527 ( 2010 es t.)
Ma n p o we r r e a c h i n g m i l i ta r i l y s i g n i f i c a n t a g e a n n u a l l y :
m ale : 405,438
f e m ale : 384,930 ( 2010 es t.)
Mi l i ta r y e x p e n d i tu r e s :
1.35% of GDP ( 2012)
1.34% of GDP ( 2011)
1.35% of GDP ( 2010)
co u n t r y co m p ar is o n t o t h e w o r ld : 74
Tr ans national Is s ue s :: GERM ANY
Di s p u te s - i n te r n a ti o n a l :
none
Re f u g e e s a n d i n te r n a l l y d i s p l a c e d p e r s o n s :
r e f u g e e s ( co u n t r y o f o r ig in ) : 40,402 ( Ir aq) ; 28,823 ( Sy r ia) ; 25,963 ( A f ghanis tan) ; 23,478 ( Tur key ) ;
18,146 ( Ir an) ; 9,526 ( Ser bia) ( 2014)
s t at e le s s p e r s o n s : 11,709 ( 2013)
Il l i c i t d r u g s :
s our c e of pr ec ur s or c hemic als f or South A mer ic an c oc aine pr oc es s or s ; tr ans s hipment point f or and
c ons umer of Southw es t A s ian her oin, Latin A mer ic an c oc aine, and Eur opean- pr oduc ed s y nthetic dr ugs ;
major f inanc ial c enter
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