clc;

% Generating ramp image:

a=0;
colormap(gray)
for m=1:100
for n=1:100
c(n,m)=a;
end
a=a+1;
end
x=c
image(x);
figure(1);
OUTPUT:

%Generating a circle generate image of circle

N = 256;
I =zeros(N,N);
r1= 80;
K=0;
for r=1:N
for c=1:N
if (r-N/2)^2 + (c-N/2)^2 < r1^2;
I(r,c)=K;
K=K+256/(256*r1);
end

end
end
figure();
imshow(I,[0 255])
OUTPUT:

% Transpose of an image:
load mandrill
X2=X';
figure()
image(X);
colormap(map)
figure()
image(X2)
colormap(map)

% Vertical flipping of an image:

I = imread('cameraman.tif');
imshow(I),figure
I3 = flipdim(I ,1);
%# vertical flip
imshow(I3)
output

% Histogram of image:
x=imread('coins.png');
imshow(x),figure;
hist(x(:),0:1:255)
output

% sample mean variance sd of image.question 6

clear all;
close all;
a=imread('F:\M.Tech doc\image processing\doll.jpg');
imshow(a);
[m,n]=size(a);
b=mean(a(:));
display('sample mean of the image ');
display (b);
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
mx(i,j)=(abs(a(i,j)-b))^2;
end
end
c=mean(mx(:));
sd=(c)^(1/2);
display('Standard Deviation of the Image');
display(sd);
variance=sd^2;
display('Variance of the Image');
display(variance);

sample mean of the image

b = 196.8172
Standard Deviation of the Image
sd = 12.5145
Variance of the Image
variance =156.6138

% Gray and binary scaling of image:

figure(7);
g4=imread('board.tif');
subplot(3,1,1);
imshow(g4);
title('Given image');
g3=rgb2gray(g4);
subplot(3,1,2);
imshow(g3);
title('Gray scaled image');
g5=dither(g3);
subplot(3,1,3);
imshow(g5);
title('Binary image');
output:

% Gray level reduction:

I=imread('tire.tif')
figure()
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(I),title('original image');
i2=round(I/.2)
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(i2),title('fig of 128 gray levels');
i3=round(I/.4);
subplot(2,2,3);
imshow(i3),title('fig of 64 gray level');
i4=round(I/.8);
subplot(2,2,4);
imshow(i3),title('fig of 32 gray levels');

output:

% Arithmatic operations:
v1=imread('ddd.jpg');
v2=imread('aaa.jpg');
v3=imabsdiff(v1,v2);
figure(9);
subplot(3,3,1);
imshow(v1);title('First image');
subplot(3,3,2);
imshow(v2);title('Second image');
subplot(3,3,3);
imshow(v3);title('Absolute subtraction');
v4=imadd(v1,v2);
subplot(3,3,4);
imshow(v4);title('Addition');
v5=imcomplement(v1);
subplot(3,3,5);
imshow(v5);title('Complement of first image');
v6=imdivide(v1,v2);
subplot(3,3,6);
imshow(v6);title('Division: First/Second');
v7=imlincomb(3,v1,2,v2);
subplot(3,3,7);
imshow(v7);title('Linear combination');
v8=immultiply(v1,v2);
subplot(3,3,8);
imshow(v8);title('Multiplication');
v9=imsubtract(v1,v2);
subplot(3,3,9);
imshow(v9);title('Subtraction of First and Second');

output:

% Histogram equalisation;
I = imread('tire.tif');
J = histeq(I);
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(I)
subplot(2,2,2), imshow(J)
subplot(2,2,3); imhist(I,125)
subplot(2,2,4); imhist(J,125)
output:

%12.Enhancement using Spatial filteringclc;

clear;
x=imread('tire.tif');
[m n]=size(x);
% --------filter coeff.-----------%
f1=[1 1 1;1 1 1;1 1 1];
f2=[1 0 -1;1 0 -1;1 0 -1];
f3=[1 1 1;0 0 0;-1 -1 -1];
% -------filtering-----------%
x1=x(1:m,1:n);
y1=conv2(double(x1),double(f1));
y2=conv2(double(x1),double(f2));
y3=conv2(double(x1),double(f3));
figure()
subplot(2,2,1);imshow(x);title('IMAGE ')
subplot(2,2,2);imshow(uint8((y1)));title('f1- IMAGE ')
subplot(2,2,3);imshow(uint8((y2)));title('f2- IMAGE ')
subplot(2,2,4);imshow(uint8((y3)));title('f3-IMAGE ')
output:

Gaussian noise:
figure(11);
l1=imread('ddd.jpg');
l1=rgb2gray(l1);
subplot(3,3,1);
imshow(l1);title('Original image');
l3=imnoise(l1,'gaussian',0,0.01);
subplot(3,3,2);
imshow(l3);title('m=0, v=0.01');
la3=filter2(fspecial('average',3),l3)/255;
subplot(3,3,3);
imshow(la3);title('Average filtered');

l4=imnoise(l1,'gaussian',0,0.02);
subplot(3,3,4);
imshow(l4);title('m=0, v=0.02');
la4=filter2(fspecial('average',3),l4)/255;
subplot(3,3,5);
imshow(la4);title('Average filtered');
l5=imnoise(l1,'gaussian',0,0.05);
subplot(3,3,6);
imshow(l5);title('m=0, v=0.05');
la5=filter2(fspecial('average',3),l5)/255;
subplot(3,3,7);
imshow(la5);title('Average filtered');
l6=imnoise(l1,'gaussian',0,0.1);
subplot(3,3,8);
imshow(l6);title('m=0, v=0.1');
la6=filter2(fspecial('average',3),l6)/255;
subplot(3,3,9);
imshow(la6);title('Average filtered');

%adding salt n papper noise and filtered it by median and average filter
I = imread('eight.tif');
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.05);
K = filter2(fspecial('average',3),J)/255;
L = medfilt2(J,[3 3]);
subplot(2,2,1), imshow(I),title('original image');
subplot(2,2,2), imshow(J),title('adding salt and papper');
subplot(2,2,3), imshow(K),title('averaging filter');
subplot(2,2,4), imshow(L),title('median filter');

output: