1.

Giao thc FTP (File Transfer Protocol) : l giao thc dng trao i tp tin
qua mng li truyn thng dng giao thc TCP/IP. Hot ng ca FTP cn c hai
my tnh, mt my ch v mt my khch. FTP thng chy trn hai cng, 20 v
21, v ch chy ring trn nn ca TCP. FTP s dng 2 kt ni TCP song song. Mt
kt ni kim sot thng tin (chng hn nh 1 yu cu chuyn giao 1 tp tin) v
mt kt ni khc dng chuyn giao cc tp tin . Bi v cc thng tin kim sot
khng c gi qua cng 1 kt ni vi tp tin nn c th ni rng FTP gi thng
tin iu khin "out-of-band".
2.Giao thc HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol) l giao thc thc truyn ti siu
vn bn, c dng lin h thng tin gia My cung cp dch v (Web server)
v My s dng dch v (Web client) l giao thc Client/Server dng cho World
Wide Web. HTTP l mt giao thc ng dng ca b giao thc TCP/IP.Cch hot
ng : + HTTP client/trnh duyt khi to kt ni TCP n HTTP/Web server
+ Server chp nhn kt ni TCP ca client
+ Cc thng bo HTTP c trao i gia trnh duyt v server
+ Kt ni TCP c ng.
Gm 2 loi l HTTP lin tc v HTTP khng lin tc :
*Lin tc : Nhiu i tng c th c gi trong mt kt ni TCP.
*Khng lin tc: Nhiu nht mt i tng c gi trong mt kt ni TCP
3. Ethernet : l 1 cng ngh mng cc b (LAN) nhm chuyn thng tin gia cc
my tnh vi tc t 10 n 100 triu bt mt giy (Mbps). Tn hiu Ethernet
c gi theo chui , tng bit mt , qua ng trung gian ti tt c cc trm thnh
vin. gi d liu trc tin trm cn lng nghe xem knh c ri khng , nu ri
th mi gi i cc gi ( d liu).C hi tham gia vo truyn l bng nhau i vi
mi trm .S thm nhp vo knh chung c quyt dnh bi nhm iu khin truy
nhp trung gian ( Medium Access Control-MAC) c t trong mi trm . MAC
thc thi da trn c s s pht hin va chm sng mang ( CSMA/CD). Nu c c
hn 1 trm cng gi thng tin cng lc th tn hiu c ni rng ang va chm ,
Cc trm s nhn ra bin c ny v dng vic truyn bng thut ton backoff . Sau
mi trm s chn 1 thi gian ngu nhin sau truyn tip .Thng thng
khong thi gian tr ny l rt ngn ch khong phn nghn hoc phn triu ca
giy . Nu nh sau li c va chm th li phi truyn li . Nu sau mt s ln

lin tip no va chm th h thng s thi truyn gi tin ny na , thng

Ethernet chn 16 ln hy b truyn gi tin.
4. Post Office Protocol phin bn 3 (POP3) l mt giao thc tng ng dng, dng
ly th in t t server mail, thng qua kt ni TCP/IP. mun kim tra th, bn
phi connect vo mail server, phi download ton b ni dung ca email xung
my ca mnh v t t coi (khi ny mail c lu trn my ca bn). POP3
server thung i kt ni cng mc nh l 110.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) l giao thc giao thc truyn ti th
tn n gin, Trc khi mt thng ip c gi, ngi ta c th nh v mt hoc
nhiu a ch nhn cho thng ip. SMTP dng cng 25 ca giao thc TCP. SMTP
nh ngha tt c nhng g lm vi email. N xc nh cu trc ca cc a ch,
yu cu tn min v bt c iu g lin quan n email. SMTP cng xc nh cc
yu cu POP)v IMAP do email c gi ng cch. SMTP s dng kt ni
bn vng v yu cu th (header & body) dng 7-bit ASCII. SMTP l mt giao
thc "y" thng ip v khng cho php ai "rt" thng ip t my ch xa, theo
yu cu ca mnh, mt cch ty tin. ly c thng ip, mt client phi dng
giao thc POP3 hoc IMAP.
6. c ch cookies : Cookie l 1 on d liu c ghi vo a cng hoc b nh
ca my ngi s dng. N c trnh duyt gi ngc ln li server mi khi
browser ti 1 trang web t server.
Nhng thng tin c lu tr trong cookie hon ton ph thuc vo website trn
server. Mi website c th lu tr nhng thng tin khc nhau trong cookie, v d
thi im ln cui ta gh thm website, nh du ta login hay cha, v.v...
Cookie c to ra bi website v gi ti browser, do vy 2 website khc nhau
(cho d cng host trn 1 server) s c 2 cookie khc nhau gi ti browser. Ngoi
ra, mi browser qun l v lu tr cookie theo cch ring ca mnh, cho nn 2
browser cng truy cp vo 1 website s nhn c 2 cookie khc nhau.
7. phn tng giao thc Ci n th khng bit
8. M t ng i gi tin 20 bc trong v ghi trn lp. Di qu khng g li u
9. c im ca TCP (Tranmission Control Protocol) l giao thc hng
lin kt(connection-oriented) , tc l trc khi cc gi d liu c gi i t thc
th TCP pht n TCP thu chng phi thng lng thit lp mt lin kt logic

tm thi, tn ti trong qu trnh truyn d liu.TCP chia d liu thnh cc gi nh

v gi i sau ghp li ch. n v d liu trong giao thc TCP gi l segment
c im ca TCP :
+ Hai thc th mun trao i thong tin vi nhau hi trao i hi thoi vi nhau v
cc tham s.Hi thoi, m phn nhm ngn chn s trn ngp v mt d liu
trong khi truyn
+Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, h thng nhn phi gi thng ip xc nhn cho
h thng pht bit rng n nhn c gi d liu
+Cc gi tin Datagram IP c th n ch khng ng theo th t ban u bn
pht, v cc gi tin chuyn c lp trn nhiu tuyn khc nhau hng ch. V vy
th t ng cc gi tin phi c m bo sp xp, khi phc ti TCP nhn
+Khi pht hin gi tin b li,TCP pht ch pht li nhng gi tin b li nhm trnh
loi b ton b dng d liu
Cu trc gi tin segment gm cc trng:
+Source Port : di 16 bit cha s hiu cng chun tng ng vi giao thc ng
dng trn h thng pht
+Destination Port: di 16 bit cha s hiu cng chun ca trm ch
+Sequence Number: 32 bit, cha s hiu cu byte u tin ca segment pht i.
+ACK: 32 bit, s th t ca byte d liu tip theo Host nhn.
+Offset (4bit): quy nh di TCP header
+Reserver (6bit) : Dnh cho tng lai
+Checksum(16bit): Kim sot li
+window(16bit): quy nh s byte cc i h my nhn c th chp nhn c
+urgent pointer(16bit):s dng cho cc thc th trung gian
+Options v Padding( di thay i) :
(Thch chem. G na th ty v n cn di lm)
10. RDT (reliable data transfer) : l giao thc truyn d liu tin cy c th l RDT
3.0 l giao thc c kh nng chu li v mt mt d liu trn ng truyn. Khi c
li hoc mt mt d liu
+Ta s bn gi ch gi tin xc nhn ACK trong khong thi gian c th chp
nhn c. Lc ny giao thc rdt c h tr b m ngc(countdown timer)
tnh khong thi gian ti a m bn gi cn phi ch c th nhn gi ACK.

+Nu vic truyn d liu khng gp s c th bn gi s gi d liu v trong

khong thi gian quy nh, bn nhn s gi gi ACK tr v v qu trnh din ra lin
tc
+Sau mt khong thi gian quy inh, nu cha nhn c gi ACK th c kh
nng l gi d liu b tht thot hoc gi ACK b tht thot. Lc ny bn gi s t
ng gi li gi d liu ri ch bn nhn xc nhn li
+ Nu gi ACK ti tr hn thi gian quy nh , gi s ta truyn li gi d liu th
s gy trng v lc ny gi d liu c bn nhn xc thc, do nh vo s
th t ca mi gi d liu ta c th gii quyt trng hp ny v bn nhn cn phi
bit s th t ca gi d liu m n va gi ACK kh gi tin c trng s th t
ti th ta s gi li gi ACK ng vi gi tin km theo thng bo nhn ri.
11. Dijstra, Belman Ford -> t c v 2 ci ny d
12.a ch MAC (Media Access Control) c s dng chuyn datagram t
mt interface ny n mt interface khc c kt ni vt l vi nhau (cng mng).
a ch MAC c di 48 bit c ghi cng trong adapter ROM.Gm cc loi
+ Unicast: Bit I/G l bit c trng s ln nht trong octet c trng s ln nht c
gn bng 0
+ Broadcast: L mt a ch tng trng cho tt c cc thit b trong mng LAN
segment mt thI im. a ch ny c dng 0xFFFF.FFFF.FFFF.
+ Multicast: Bit I/G c gn bng 1.

Khun dng :
13. a ch IP (Internet protocol) l 1 a ch n nht m cc thit b in t hin
nay ang s dng nhn din v lin lc vi nhau. a ch IP c di 32 bit v

c tch thnh 4 vng (IPv4) gm 2 thnh phn:

+Networdk ID: nh dng tt c cc h thng trn mt mng vt l c gii hn
bi router.a ch mng phi duy nht trong lin mng.
+Host ID: nh dng cc trm lm vic, my ch, b nh tuyn hay cc thnh
phn khc trong mt mng s dng giao thc TCP/IP.
a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp: A, B, C, D, E
A: c phn phi cho cc mng c s lng my rt ln trong mng.Bit cao nht
= 0, 7 bit cn li ca byte u tin s to a ch mng cho lp A. 24 bit khc th
c s dng m t cc a ch cc Host trong mng
B:dng cho cc mng ln trung bnh.S dng 2 bytes cho a ch mng trong bt
u tin ca 16 bit lun c gn gi tr 1 v 0(theo ng th t).14 bit cn li m
t cc a ch mang lp B.16 bit ca 2 byte cn li dng nh danh a ch cc
my trong mang lp B
C:s dng cho mng nh.Lp C s dng 24 bit lm a ch mang trong 3 bit u
tin lun c gi tr 1,1, 0 theo ng th t.21 bit cn li ca 3 byte u s m t a
ch mang lp C. 8 bit ca byte th 4 dng nh du a ch mng lp C
D: dng gi IP datagram ti nhm cc Host trn mt mng. 4 bit u tin lun
mang gi tr 1,1,1,0 (theo ng th t) Cc bit cn li dnh cho a ch Host
E:C 4 bit u tin 1111, a ch ny c gi tr ca byte u tin nm trong khong
240 n 255
- IP tnh :IP c nh dnh ring cho mt ngi, hoc nhm ngi s dng m thit
b kt ni n Internet ca h lun lun c t mt a ch IP. Thng thng IP
tnh c cp cho mt my ch vi mt mc ch ring (my ch web, mail)
nhiu ngi c th truy cp m khng lm gin on cc qu trnh .
IP ng: Nu khng s dng cc dch v c bit cn dng IP tnh, khch hng
thng thng ch c ISP gn cho cc IP khc nhau sau mi ln kt ni hoc
trong mt phin kt ni c i thnh cc IP khc. Hnh ng cp IP ng ca
cc ISP nhm tit kim ngun a ch IP ang cn kit hin nay. Khi mt my tnh
khng c kt ni vo mng Internet th nh cung cp s s dng IP cp
cho mt ngi s dng khc.
14. NAT(Network Address Translation) NAT hot ng trn thit b kt ni LAN
vi mng Internet nh ADSL, Router, Firewall.. trng s hiu cng di 16 bit

->60000 kt ni ng thi vi 1 a ch. Tt c gi ri mng cc b c cng mt

a ch ngun l NAT IP . Li ch :
-- Khng cn cp pht c di a ch t ISP: - mt a ch IP dng cho tt
c thit b
C th thay i cc a ch ca cc thit b bn trong mng cc b m
khng cn phi bo cho bn ngoi
C th thay i ISP m khng phi thay i a ch cc thit b bn
trong mng cc b
Cc thit b bn trong mng cc b khng l a ch ra bn ngoi (tng
an ninh).
Ch cn mua mt IP Internet (kinh t)
15. Cc thit b Access Point l 1 node c bit trong mng WLANs. AP hot
ng nh 1 trung tm truyn v nhn tn hiu sng v tuyn ca WLAN, hon ton
trong sut vi user(ngha l khng can thip g n packet)
16.Switch l thit b lp DataLink, l Bridge nhiu port chia network thnh nhiu
segment v da vo mng MAC address forward packet. Cc cng hot ng
vi bng thng ti a
17.Hub l 1 reapeater c nhiu cng, Tn hiu i vo 1 cng c khuch i v i
ra tt c cc cng. Cc cng ca hub hot ng vi bng thng ti thiu
18. Router dng nh tuyn gi tin trn mng cho ti khi chng n ch cui
cng
19. my ch tn min : ni chung l phn gii tn min t k t ch thnh a ch
IP di dng s
20. modem ADSL Chuyn tn hiu t analog sang digital v nh tuyn ng
truyn p dng cho cc kt ni n nh khch hang hoc vn phng nh
21.ALOHA : c d liu l truyn .Nu c xung t th ch 1 khong thi gian
ngu nhin ri mi truyn li -> S ln truyn khng xc nh . H = 18%
22.Slotted ALOHA = ALOHA + cc my s ng b v thi gian. H = 37%

23. CSMA(carrier sense multiple access): lng nghe knh truyn, nu thy
knh truyn ri th bt u truyn khung, nu thy ng truyn bn th tr hon li
vic gi khung. C 3 gii php cho vic tr hon truyn

Theo di khng kin tr (Non-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, i

trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri tip tc nghe li ng truyn.

Theo di kin tr (persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc nghe

n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng 1.

Theo di kin tr vi xc sut p (P-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn

bn, tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng
p.
Khng c c ch pht hin v gii quyt ng
24. CSMA/CD( collision detection) tng t CSMA lng nghe trc khi truyn.
Tuy nhin CSMA/CD c hai ci tin quan trng l: pht hin ng v lm li
sau ng . , Cc trm s nhn ra bin c ny v dng vic truyn bng thut ton
backoff . Sau mi trm s chn 1 thi gian ngu nhin sau truyn tip
.Thng thng khong thi gian tr ny l rt ngn ch khong phn nghn hoc
phn triu ca giy . Nu nh sau li c va chm th li phi truyn li . Nu sau
mt s ln lin tip no va chm th h thng s thi truyn gi tin ny na ,
thng chn 16 l s ln ln nht sau hy b truyn gi tin. H = 40-60%
25 Token Ring : Giao thc ny s dng mng kiu hnh vng, dng th bi cp
quyn s dng ng truyn,quyt nh ai c quyn truyn ti mt thi im.
Hot ng ca Token ring.
- Token ring bao gm mt s lng cc repeater, mi repeater c kt ni vi 2
repeater khc theo mt chiu truyn d liu duy nht to thnh mt vng khp kn.
- mt ring c th hot ng c th cn phi c 3 chc nng l: chc nng
a d liu vo ring, ly d liu t ring v g b gi tin, cc chc nng ny c
thc hin bi cc repeater.
- Trong ring cc d liu c ng gi thnh cc frame. trong c mt trng a
ch ch. khi gi tin i qua cc repeatert th trng a ch s c copy xung. v
so snh vi i ch ca trm, nu ging nhau th phn cn li ca frame s c
copy v gi tin tip tc c gi i.
- Vic g b mt gi tin trong ring th phc tp hn so vi dng bus. g b cc
gi tin ta c hai cch la chn.
Cch th nht l s dng mt repeater chuyn lm nhim v g b cc gi tin
n c xc nh r a ch.
Cch th hai cc gi tin c g b bng chnh trm gi gi tin .

Thng thng vn thng dng cch th hai v c hai u im l to ra mt c

ch tr li t ng hai l c th truyn mt gi tin n nhiu trm ch.
Bi tp th xem trong ci file PDF trn bbc . My trm bi c t t thng thc
- Cam oan l bi tp ch c th trong m ra.