8:

..

 2004
(CEN) TO
T
(EuroNorm - EN) 8 - 1 & 5:
, ,

, ,

(Es) EK8:
(preNorms
- ENVs) 1o
90.


CEN (SC8).

& - :
,
() .

&
/ :
( , , ,
, , ..),

&
(& ),

,
, , .

 - -V

~60 (Es)
: 1998
:

, , :

:
. (CEN)
& :
CEN/TC250
:
(SCs) TC250 ( )
EN:
CEN,
:
, -
E MH:
- .

( ):
ENV & :
2-3 .
-
, :
1,5 .
. (EN),
:
2 .
& :
3 .
(EN)
: 2009-10

-

.
( )
:
1.

, ,
2.

,
3.
( )
.
1 2:
()
:

( -)

-
( ,
& ),
(.. ).
1 2, (
) .
. -
( ).
: /
.

CEN

,
,

. 01

. 02

04

06

. 03

.03

. 05

. 07

3: EN1998-3

&

. 03

.03

. 04

. 06

4: EN1998-4

, ,

. 04

04

. 05

. 07

5: EN1998-5

,
,

No.01 . 02

04

6: EN1998-6

, ,

. 03

. 05

EK8

1: EN1998-1
2: EN1998-2

04

06

. 07


-EN
(, , .)
.
E0 ( ), E1 (), E7
( ) & E8:
,
.

:
5 . CEN
-EN
.

2/1
3/1
4/1 ()
5/1
6
7
2/2
3/2
4/2
5/2
2/3
3/3 , ,

3/4
3/5
3/6 ,

E8
1 2 3 4 5 6

. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 10
. 10

. 10
. 10
. 10

 1 8 (EN1998-1:2003)
, ,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

&

&



(-)

10

:
:
475 . ( ).
:
& .

:
95 . ( ).
: .
.

(>>
475 .).
:
.

 &
5 ,

30m:
: ,
: ,
C: & ,
D: ,
: 5m -20m C D .
:

( )

( ):
()
:
1 s>5.5,
2 s<5.5

 1 & 2
( 5%, = 1 g)
5

4
E

E
C
B

3
A

Se/ag

Se/ag

0
0

T (s)

T(s)

-
& -
:
( q=1.5)
( q >1.5)
( )

()
.

( )

:
() (
5%, q. T>Tc: 1/).
,
- .

, ,
(T<4Tc, T<2 sec):

() , :

T ,
15% >2 & T<2Tc

, (
), ( ),
. au/a1 E
()
q,
.

( - 475 ):

( ), :
,


(
20% q )

:

(, , ):
( ).
K & m :
, .
:
< 10%
( ).
( ):
< 30%
.
15% :
< 50% .
( )

( ).


(
q
. au/a1)
:
1. K & m ~ & . .
2. .
3. , .
4.

5.

4; : <
5% .
, :
r ( . ) ls ( )
T > .
eo ( .. - ...) 0.3 r:

( ).
1+ 3+ 4
10m:
, : r2 ls2+ eo2


1.

&
( DCL - Low )

2.

q1.5 .
EC2 - EC7
: () (: : .
0.08g) & () .

& (q >1.5)
:

, ,
(MRc>1.3MRb), ).
&
.

:

,
-
.

& :
.
: &

.
,

&
15%

(DC)

& (q >1.5)
- DC H (High): q > 4.
- DC M (Medium): 1.5 <q <4,
.

:
: 10%/10 .,
95 . ~ 50% (475 .).

& ( )
50%
.
:
<0.005, -
,
<0.075, -
,
<0.01, -
(.. ).

, ,
.


q K

DC DC H

1.5

4au/a1

3au/a1

4.5au/a1

r ( . ) < ls (. )

-
(>65% : > 50% : )

au/a1 : ,
1 .
au/a1 : .
:
:
au/a1 = 1.1 ,
au/a1 = 1.3 ,
- , au/a1 = (1+ ) / 2

- : q 20% q 1.5

 (
) , ,
q

=2qo-1
=1+2(qo-1)Tc/T1

T1Tc
T1<Tc

T1: ,
Tc: T ,
qo : , -
( , MEd/MRd).
:
1. & Lpl/Ls (Lpl: , Ls: ) &
(: )
,
:
=1+3(-1)Lpl/Ls(1-0.5Lpl/Ls).
2. q--T (Vindic-Fajfar-Fischinger):
= 1+(q-1)Tc/T1 T1<Tc.
= q T1Tc,
3. Lpl & Ls , , :
( EC2:
*cu=0.0035+0.1w): 2-1

B (u: 5-7.5%, ft/fy: 1.08-1.15) 50%


, ( )
& =
(, ):

(: )
() :

wd =30(d+)ydbc/bo-0.035

d=Nd/bchfcd, yd=fyd/Es,
bc: , bo: ,
: = fyd,v/fcd

(MRc>1.3MRb),
.
(DC H)
(MRc>1.3MRb)
2/3
.

& ,
():

:
+0.0018/ yd


&
. (DC) M & H

( ,
o ).

:
/ .
, &

( ) .

( .
M - DC M):
( lw 4m),
:
&
& ( ),
(
) &
( ).

, ,
, ..,

.

 ( )

 &

,
q - :
-
( ),
V :
1.5 DC M
[(1.2 MRd/MEd)2+0.1(qSe(Tc)/Se(T1))2]1/2 <q DC H

MEd: ,
MRd: ,
Se(T): ,
T1 : ,
Tc: T .

()
wd=30(d+)ydbc/bo-0.035
: xu=(d+) hc bc/bo
:
cu=0.0035
*cu=0.0035+0.1wd &

 1:
/ 2000 EC2/EC8 2003
( / 2000 .
EC8 - - . EC2, . DC L)
EAK 2000
EC8 DCH
EC8 DCM
EC8 DCL
.
2hw
1.5hw
hw
(L):
0.13%(0),
0.5fctm/fyk
0.5fctm/fyd
min
0.26fctm/fyk(0)
(1)
4%(0)
max, 0.65(fcd/fyd)/+0.0015<7/fyd
+0.0018fcd/(sy,dfyd)
As,min, &
212 (226mm2)
214 (308mm2)
As,min, -
0.25As,-
0.25As,-
As,min, . .
0.5As,
0.5As,(2)
As,min,
0.25As,-(0)
6.25(1 + 0.8 d ) f ctm
7.5(1 + 0.8 d ) f ctm
dbL/hc -

'
'
f
f

(1 + 0.75
) yd
(1 + 0.5
) yd
(3)

max
max
dbL/hc -
f
f
6.25(1 + 0.8 d ) ctm
7.5(1 + 0.8 d ) ctm

f yd
f yd
(3)
(w):
.
Vd<VRd2/5: sw0.8d, 0.3m
VRd2/5<Vd<2VRd2/3:
sw
0.75d(0)
sw0.6d, 0.3m
2VRd2/3<Vd: sw0.3d, 0.2m
0.0011 (S500, C25-C35)
0.08(fyk(MPa))1/2/fyk(MPa)(0)
w
.
8mm
6mm
dbw
h
h
h
10dbL, w , 20dbw, 200mm 6dbL, w , 24dbw, 75mm 8dbL, w , 24dbw, 225mm
sw
4
4
3

(4)
(4)
M Rb
M Rb
M Rb

1 .2
Vo, g + 2 q
Vo, g +2q
1.2
Vo, g +2q
VEd, :

lc
lc
lc

VRd

VRd=0.9bwdwfywd+Vcd (=45o)
Vcd=VRd1

VRd . :

VRd=0.9bwdwfywd+Vcd (=45o)
Vcd=0.3VRd1(5)

EC2: VRd=0.9bwdwfywdcot, 22o45o

VRd=0.9bwdwfywd
(=45o) Vcd=0

Vcd=0

EC2:
VRd=0.9bwdwfywdcot 22o45o
Vcd=0

(6)
VEmin/VEmax<-0.5 (i)
(6)
. 2.25>VEmax/(2+)fctdbwd>1.125
VEmax/(2+)fctdbwd> 1:
As= 0.5VEmax/fydcos

& 0.5VEmax. As= 0.5VEmax/fydcos,

, (ii) VEmax/(2+)fctdbwd>2.25 0.5VEmax
As/:
As= VEmax/fydcos
(0)
EC 8: EC2. .
(1)
EC 8: = qo
(2)
EC 8: .
(3)
dbL= , hc= , d= .
(4)
EC 8: MRb>MRc, MRb MRb(MRc/MRb)
(5)
2000: VRd1=Rd max(1, 1.6-d(m))min(2, 1.2+40L)bwd, Rd=0.25fctd=0.25fctk,0.05/c
(6)
VEmax, VE,min= VEd .
VEmax= , . VEmin
VEmax.

 2:
/ 2000 EC2/EC8
( / 2000 .
EC8 - - .
EC2, . L - DC L).
EAK 2000
EC8 DCH
EC8 DCM
EC8 DCL
250mm;
250mm
, hc, bc
hv/10(1) P/Vh>0.1
max(1.5hc, 1.5bc, 0.6m,
max(hc, bc,
(1)
max(hc, bc, 0.6m, lc/5)
lc/5)
0.6m, lc/5)
(L):
1% (0.8%
0.1Nd/Acfyd
1%
min
75%
0.2%(0)
)
4%
4%
4% (0)
max
14mm
8mm
dbh
2
3
2


200mm
150mm
200mm


150mm

(w):
:
6mm, dbL/4
6mm, dbL/4
dbw
(0)
,
h
,
b
,
300mm
min(20d
12d
sw
bL
c
c
bL, hc, bc, 400mm)
0.6min(20dbL, hc, bc, 400mm)(0)
6dbL
sw
(2)
:
6mm, 0.4(fyd/fywd)1/2dbL
6mm, dbL/4
8mm, (fyd/fywd))1/2dbL/3
dbw (3)
8dbL, 0.5min(hc, bc), 100mm
6dbL, bo/3, 125mm
8dbL, bo/2, 175mm
sw (3),(4)
(5),(6)
0.10
0.08
wd
0.85d(0.15+0.35Ac/Ao)-0.035 30*dsy,dbc/bo-0.035
wd (4),(5),(6),(7),(8)
. . :
0.10
0.12
0.08
wd (5),(6)
0.85d(0.15+0.35Ac/Ao)-0.035
wd (4),(5),(6),(7),(9)
30dsy,d bc/bo-0.035
1.4MRbMRc
1.3MRbMRc



(10),(11)
. :
(10)
(11)
,
Mx-My-N:

(Mz/0.7, N), (My/0.7, N)

0.65
. d=NEd/Acfcd
0.55
0.65
:
M Rc
M Rc (12)
M Rc (12)

1.3
1.1
1.4
VEd, :

lc
lc
lc

VRd ,

VRd ,
:

VRd=0.9bwdwfywd+Vcd
(=45o)
Vcd=VRd1(13)
VRd=0.9bwdwfywd+Vcd
(=45o)
- d0.1:
Vcd=0.3VRd1(13)
- d>0.1:
Vcd=0.9VRd1(13)

EC2:
VRd=0.9bwdwfywdcot 22o45o, Vcd=0

EC2:
VRd=0.9bwdwfywdcot 22o45o, Vcd=0

(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
(10)
(11)

(12)
(13)

EC 8: EC2. .
hv= . lc= .
EC 8 - M (DC M): O
L (DC L), d0.2 q2.
EC 8 - H (DC H): , dbw sw
1.5 x .
c , o . bo=
.
wd= fyd/fcd.
2000: wd
75% .
( ) = sn. s=(1-s/2bo)(1-s/2ho) , s=(1-s/2bo) . n=1
, n= 1-{bo/[(nh-1)ho]+ho/[(nb-1)bo]}/3 nb bo
nh ho.
EC 8: *=
2/3 , qo,
(. ), qo,
(11) . sy,d= fyd/s
EC 8: =
qo
2000: : () , ()
, () 60%
.
C8: : () , ()
d0.3, () 50%
, () 1 4
.
EC 8: MRb<MRc, MRc MRc(MRb/MRc).
2000: VRd1=[Rdmax(1, 1.6-d(m))min(2, 1.2+40L)+0.15NEd/Ac]bwd, Rd=0.25fctd=0.25fctk,0.05/c

 3:
/ 2000 EC2/EC8
( / 2000 .
EC8 - - ,
, .
EC2, . L).
EAK 2000
EC8 DCH
EC8 DCM EC8 DCL
max(150mm, h/20)
max(150mm, h/20)
, bwo
max(lw, Hw/6)
(1)
max(lw, Hw/6, h)
min(2lw, h) 6-
min(2lw, 2h) >6-

(i) :

lc 0.15lw, 1.5bw, c>0.2% 0.15lw, 1.5bw, c> 0.35%

L>2%
max(200mm, hst/15) lcmax(2bw, lw/5)
250mm
lc
max(200mm, hst/10) lc>max(2bw, lw/5)
(L):
1%
0.5%
0.2% (0)
min Ac=lcbw
(0)
4%
4%
max Ac=lcbw
14mm
dbL
2
2


200mm

(w):(2)
6mm,
L
8mm
8mm, (fyd/fywd))1/2dbL/3
dbw
Ac=lcbw>2%, dbL/4
(20dbL, bwo
8dbL, 0.5min(hc, bc), 100mm
min(25dbh, 250mm)
sw (3)
(0)
DCL & L>2%400mm)
0.10
0.12
0.08
wd (3)
b
0.85d(0.15+0.35Ac/Ao)-0.035,
30(d+d)sy,d w -0.035 (4)
wd (3),(4)
bo
d=(NEd/2+Ed/(lw-lc))/(1.5lcbwfcd)
v0.2%.

(ii) .
v0.5%
, wd, wd

50%
c>0.2%
(iii)
v0.2%.

(L):

c>0.2% v0.5%
(w):
6mm, dbL/4
dbw
12dbL, min(hc, bc), 300mm
sw (3)

(i) :
(v):
0.25%
0.2%
0.2%(0)
v,min
4%(0)
v,max
10mm
8mm
db
bwo/8
bwo/10
db
min(3bwo, 400mm)
200mm
min(25dbv, 250mm)
sv
(h):
0.25%
0.2%
h,min
max(0.1%, 0.25v)(0)
8mm
8mm
dbh
bwo/8
bwo/10
dbh
400mm
200mm
min(25dbh, 250mm)
sh

(ii) E
(v):
v,min
db
db
sv
(h):
h,min
dbh
dbh
sh
: (5)
. d=NEd/Acfcd

VEd
: (5)
T

Hw/lw>2,
z Hw/3 Hw: (8)
VRd

0.15%
10mm
bwo/10
300mm

0.15%
8mm

bwo/10
300mm
1.4MRd/MEd q MEd Hw/lw2:

MEd ,
, MRd/3,

al
al (5)
0.35
0.40
:
(i) Hw/lw>2 = :(7)
2

= 1.4MRd/MEd q

(6)

M Rdo
Se (TC )
1.2

M + 0.1 q S (T ) q
Edo

e 1

= 1.5

= 1.0

(ii) Hw/lw2 :
= 1.2MRd/MEdq
0.75z 1

1.5z
VEd
VEd (0) + 1.5
VEd (z) =
4
H
H

w
w

VRd=0.8bwolwhfyhd+Vcd (=45o)
Vcd=VRd1(9)

EC2: VRd=0.8bwolwh fywdcot 22o45o

Vcd=0

VRd . - . &
. , h, :
VRd=0.8bwolwhfyhd+Vcd (=45o)
(i) s=MEd/VEdlw2 :
EC2: VRd=0.8bwolwh fywdcot 22o45o
=v,min, h VRd: - d0.1:
Vcd=0.25VRd1(9)
Vcd=0
- d>0.1:
Vcd=0.7VRd1(9)
VRd EC2:
VRd
VRd=VRd,c+0.75bwoslwhfyhd
(ii) s<2 : h VRd (10)
VRd=0.8bwolwhfywdcot
v : (11)
- 2>s>1.3 :
o
o
fyvdhfyhd-NEd/(0.8bwolw) fyvd hfyhd-NEd/(0.8bwolw) 22 45 , Vcd=0
=v,min
- s1.3 : fyvd=hfyhd
EC2:
VRd,max . VRd,2=0.4(0.7-fck(MPa)/200)bwolwfcd VRd,max=0.24(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwolwfcdsin2
22o45o
VRd,max

40% EC2
EC2:

VRd,s =Asifydcos+
,
Asvmin(0.25fyd,

,
1.3(fydfcd)1/2)
+0.3(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwoxfcd
Asi (12)

min,
(11),(13)

2.8 f ctd
0.25%,

0.7 N Ed
Ac

f yd

1.3 f ctd
0.25%,

N Ed
Ac

f yd + 1.5 f cd f yd

(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

EC 8: EC2. .
lw= , Hw= ,
h = .
EC 8 - M (DC M): O
L (DC
L), d0.15, d0.2 q 15%.
(4), (5), (7) 4.2
.
=
qo MEd/MRd (. (5)), sy,d= fyd/s, d =
.
MEd= , MRd=
Nd
.
2000: T VEd VEd/3.
EC 8: Se(T1)= ; Se(Tc)=
( Tc).
EC 8: 35% 65%
. z = .
2000: VRd1=[Rdmax(1, 1.6-d(m))min(2, 1.2+40L)+0.15NEd/Ac]bwd, Rd=0.25fctd=0.25fct,0.05/c
EC 8: bw, d m, fck MPa, L= , VRd,c Nd kN:

180

N
(100 L )1/ 3 , 35 1 + 0.2 f ck1/ 6 1 + 0.2 f ck1/ 3 + 0.15 Ed bw d
VRd ,c = min
d
d
Ac
c

(11)
(12)
(13)

NEd= ( ) , >0.
EC 8: Asv=
, x =
.
fctd=fct,0.05/c: ( ) .

=
. :
1. > 65% .
2. 2 lw4m 20% .
3.

. , q=2 q=3.
(: / & ).
T1<0.5s
(: --. ).

:
(DC M): q=3,
& .

:
,

,
.

,
- ,
.

1+2+3,
(I lw4m) .

 &

M & N

(.. )
.

V x (1+q)/2
< ( )
:
N ( ) .
:
&
,
,

( ,
2), ,
.

: / - 8
:
8 :
:
q ~ 3.90 . (DC M),
q ~ 5.85 . (DC H).
- :
q ~ 2.75 . (DC M),
q ~ 4.15 . (DC H).
2000: q=3.5.

:
1/ 8,
1/2/3 2000.

:
15% 8.

/ :

() 8 & ,
.

8.


1 8


()

2010:
,

,
.

 3 8 (prEN1998-3:2004):
&

&
/:

: &
& , (
).
:

.
(
:
).

, .

 3 8:
&
&
( )

& ( ):

( )

( )

(225 .)

( )

(475 .)

( )

(2475)

-, , :

1.
2.
3.
4.

4
, ()
5% :
()
()
( )
( ).
1 3: ,
.
, :

( ,
, ..),
,
&

q
1 8 (q=1.5
),
&


& :

( ) < ( ).

(
):

<
%
(: 100%-200%, : 100%).

(& ) ()
()
1 ( ).

 &
& ()
1.

2.

,
1.35
-
( , ).

3.

,
1.2
- (
, ).

()

() ()

1.

:
, ,
, .

2.

. 1 // .
( &
). ~20% / .

& :
& ~20% / ,
& >50% / ,
.

:
& 1 / / ,
2 / / .

3.

& :
& >20% / ,
& >80% / .

:
& 1 / / ,

3 / / .

 &

( ..: & ,
):

( ..: , , ):

(
)

E, VE :
y :
VRd, VRm :
um :

E y

E 0.5um

E um/1.5

E y

E 0.75 um

E um

VE VRd

VE VRd

VE VRd

VE VRm

VE VRm

VE VRm

& ,
,
, m ,
( ).

% um : ..
8:
. . ,
.

LV + z
h
+ 0.0013 1 + 1.5
, : y = y
3
LV

LV + z
LV

y = y
+ 0.0021 0.125
:
3
h

y :

LV=M/V:
z~0.9d:
h:
fy, fc:
db:

db f y

+ 0.13 y
fc

db f y

+ 0.13 y
fc

( ),
(~L/2),

(= 0
, My/LV),
,
MPa,
.

 , EI
( )
: 1 8:
EI = ,
. : EI = 50% .
50% :
- (

),
- (
).

, E y:
EI = MyLs/3y :
.

um

3awall max (0 . 01, ' ) f

= st 1
(0.3 )
c
(
)

max
0
.
01
,
8

st:
wall:
, ':
:
LV/h :
:
sx:
d:

0 . 225

LV

0 . 35

25

sx yw
fc

(1 .25

0.016 tempcore,
0.01 ,
1
&
N / bhfc (b: ; N>0 );
M/Vh: ,

s h
bi2
s h

1
1
. : = 1
6b h
2
b
2
h

c
c
c c
Ash/bwsh: // (x),

/ :
,
,

FRP.

100 d



,
( Vc & Vw pl=(-y) /y )
VR =

hx

L
min(N , 0.55 Ac f c ) + (1 0.05 min(5, pl ))0.16 max(0.5, 100 tot )1 0.16 min 5, V f c Ac + Vw
2 LV
h

Vw
tot:
h:
x:
Ac

= wbwzfyw



= bwd

.
, (pl = 0, pl > 0):

N
L

(1 + 0.25 max(1.75, 100tot ) )1 0.2 min(2, V f c bw z

VR,max = 0.85(1 0.06 min(5, pl ))1 + 1.8 min(0.15,
Ac f c
h

(LV/h 2) (pl > 0):

N
(1 + 0.45(100 tot )) f c bw z sin 2
VR,max = 4 (1 0.02 min(5, pl ))1 + 1.35
7
Ac f c

: (tan=h/2LV)

 3 8

To M 3 8

M 1:

M 3

, ,
.

, ,
3 ,
-
.