Καββαδάς - Σημειώσεις Θεμελιώσεων Τεχνικών Έργων

.
. .
2007

.

, . .
- :
http://www.civil.ntua.gr/~kavvadas/
:
kavvadas@central.ntua.gr
. .
3, 2007
1. /
2. , &
31
3. 7
53
4.
63
5.
93
6.
115
7.
133
8.
155
167
8. ,

189
9.
203
10. 7
213
11.
231
12.
243
13.
255
x

x .. x
.
, 2007
. .

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
15.05.2005

:
1. ()
2. (, ,
, , , )
3. (, , )
, :
1. , ,
2. (, )
3. ( )
E (MPa)
(MPa)
210.000
370 - 1600
30.000
25 - 40
5.000 - 20.000
5 - 40
( - )
2 - 50
0.01 - 0.08
( - )
5 - 50
1.
1.1
1.
1.2
1.
1.3
1.
1.4
1.1m
3.2m
2. ( )
:
1.
2. ( )
2.

2.

- 1 ( )
- 1 ( )
(CFA)

(CFA)
()

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
15.05.2005

( , L )
: Pi , Qi
Hi = Pi cos i
:
Vi = Pi sin i
Mi = Hi hi
V = Vi + Qi
M = H i hi + Qi ei
e=
M
V
H = Hi

1.
() :

()
- () :

(..
)
.
( )

1.

()
() q = P / (B L) :
z =
2q
2x
1
B
x
z

&

()
() q = P / (2/4) :
z =
q
2
1
2x
1
B
: :
- () , ()
() ,

2. (.. )
()
(q). ( )

()

:
, - ()
() ( )

( )
:
e=
M
V
V
BL
1. : 0 e B/6
e
e
min = 1 6 0
B
B
B
e=
min = 0 , max = 2
6
max = 1 + 6
:
,
2. : /6 e B/2
B = 3 e
2
e=
max = 2
B
B
B
B
B =
, max = 4
3
2

( )
M
e=
V
10
max / , min/ , /'
V
BL
max /
min /
/ '
0 e B/6
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
1/6 0.2
0.3 1/3
0.4
e/B
/6 e B/2
:
: e > B/3 e/B > 1/3
0.5

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
10.03.2007
()
Pu
Pu
Pu
s
-
()
-
( , NC )
-
( , C )
Pu ,
:
pu = Pu / A
()

Pu
Pu
()

() :
1. ( = Pu)
P << Pu P = Pu / FS,
FS = (>1)
2. ( )
( ) : P P
:
P min { Pu / FS , P }
, :
(1) : P Pu / FS
(2) : P P
Pu
Pu
()
Pu
(
) :
1.
2.
3.
4.

(-) (.. Coulomb)

( )
.
:
1. :

(..
Boussinesq)
:
2. (.. , ,
) :
:
3. (Limit Analysis) :

( )
() (Pu)
:
1. (lower bound) (statically
admissible) :
:

K (.. Coulomb)

( )
2. (upper bound)
(kinematically admissible) :
:
( )
(.. Coulomb)

( )

()
: (=0, c0)
1. :
pu 4c
2. :
:
pu R
R
( R c ) R
2
pu 2 c = 6.28 c
()
: (=0, c0)
2. :
:
pu
4c
sin 2
= 66.78o pu 5.52 c
:
4 c pu 5.52 c
pu = 5.14 c
()
:
(=0, c0)
3. Prandl :
3.1
( ) :
:
2c
(+2)c
pu (+2) c = 5.14 c
()
:
( = 0, c 0 )
3. Prandl (1921) :
3.2
( ) :
(
) .
( ) :
pu (+2) c = 5.14 c
, :
pu = (+2) c = 5.14 c
()
: (),
(c, ), () (q) :
4. Terzaghi (1943) ( )
90+
1
pu = c N c + q N q + B N
2
Terzaghi &
,
.
(c, ) (c, ) :
c = 23 c
= arctan ( 23 tan )
: (),
(c, ), () (q) :
4. Terzaghi (1943) :
1
2
Nc, Nq, N
()
Terzaghi ( x L, L>B),
( B) c , () (q) :
1
pu = c N c sc + q N q sq + B N s
2
: Nc , Nq , N Terzaghi ( )
:
1. :
sc = 1 + 0.3
B
L
2. :
sc = 1.3
sq = 1
sq = 1
s = 1 0.2
B
L
s = 0.6
()
: () (D) ,
c , () (q) :
5. Meyerhof (1963) :
Meyerhof

( D) :
1
pu = c N c + (q + D ) N q + B N
2
Nq =
1 + sin
exp( tan )
1 sin
N c = (N q 1)
1
tan
N = (N q 1) tan (1.4 )
()
: () (D) ,
c , () (q) :
Meyerhof (1963) :
1
pu = c N c + (q + D ) N q + B N
2
()
Meyerhof ( x L, L>B),
(D) ( ), c
, () (q) :
1
pu = c N c sc d c ic + (q + D ) N q sq d q iq + B N s d i
2
: Nc , Nq , N Meyerhof ( )
Nq =
1 + sin
exp( tan )
1 sin
N c = (N q 1)
1
tan
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
B
sq = s = 1 + 0.1 K p
L
sc = 1 + 0.2 K p
>10 :
=0 :
B
L
sq = s = 1
N = (N q 1) tan (1.4 )
()
Meyerhof (1963) ( x L, L>B),
(D) ( ),
c , () (q) :
1
pu = c N c sc d c ic + (q + D ) N q sq d q iq + B N s d i
2
(D) :
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
D
>10 : d q = d = 1 + 0.1 K p
B
D
d c = 1 + 0.2 K p
B
=0 :
d q = d = 1
() :
ic = iq = 1 o
90

>10 : i = 1

=0 : i
=0
()

Prandl :
c0
Terzaghi :
c0,0,q0,0
Meyerhof :
c0,0,q0,0,D0
pu = c N c
N c = 5.14
1
2
1
pu = c N c + (q + D ) N q + B N
2
q
()
6. EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
( x L, L>B), (D),
c , () (q). = .
( ) ( e
).
L (, L, eB, eL).

eB =
MB
V
eL =
ML
V
Pu
= pu
() :
A = LB
Vu
Vu = pu B L
B = B 2 eB
L = L 2 eL
, Hu Pu :
H u = Vu tan
Pu = Vu / cos
()
6. EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
Vu
Vu = pu B L
, Hu Pu :
H u = Vu tan
Pu = Vu / cos
:
(1) :
Y Vu : V Vu / FS
FS = .
(2) :
u : H Hu / FS
FS = .
Pu
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

(R) : B L
American Petroleum Institute (API, 1987) :
V =
2 = 2
e2 = 2 :
e2 =
M2
V
= (ABCD) :
e
A = R 2 2 e2 R 2 e22 + R 2 arcsin 2
R
2R
L =
( A)
: arcsin rad
R + e2
R e2
B = A L
: ( R) (e=0)
:
B = L = B = L = R
A = R 2
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
1. (=0, c = cu ) :
pu = ( + 2 ) cu bc sc ic + (q + D )
bc = .

bc = 1
2
( + 2)
sc = .
sc = 1 + 0.2
B
L
Vu
Vu = pu B L
H u = Vu tan
ic = .
( Vu)
ic =
1
V tan
1 + 1 u
2
B L cu
, Hu Pu :
Pu = Vu / cos
:
:
H u B L cu
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
1. (=0, c = cu ) :
: (=0) (e=0) ( = 0)
B x L
pu = ( + 2 ) 1 + 0.2 cu + (q + D )
L
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
2. (0) :
1
pu = c N c bc sc ic + (q + D ) N q bq sq iq + B N b s i
2
Nq =
1 + sin
exp( tan )
1 sin
N c = (N q 1)
1
tan
N = 2 (N q 1) tan
()
7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
2. (0) :
1
2
( Vesic, 1975) :
bq = b = (1 tan )
bc = bq
(1 b )
=0 : bc = 1
N c tan
Pu
2
( + 2 )
( Vesic, 1975) :
sq = 1 +
sc =
B
sin
sq N q 1
=0 : sc = 1 + 0.2
Nq 1
s = 1 0.3
B
L
B
L
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

2. (0) :
1
2
( ) EC-7 & Vesic, 1975):

: DIN 4017
tan
iq = 1
B
L
c
1+
Vu tan
0 :
:
m = mL =
(
(
i = iq = 1
m = mB =
tan
1 iq
i = 1
ic = iq
B
L
c
1+
Nq 1
Vu tan
1
V tan
: ic = 1 + 1 u
2
B L cu
2 + (B / L)
1 + (B / L)
2 + ( L / B )
1 + (L / B)
)
)
m = mL cos2 + mB sin 2

() L
m +1
EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

2. (0) :
1
2
( ) DIN 4017 :
tan
iq = 1 0.7
B
L
c
1+
Vu tan
ic = iq
tan
i = 1
B
L
c
1+
Vu tan
(1 i )
(N 1)
q
0 :
i = iq = 1
ic =
1
V tan
1 + 1 u
2
B L cu
()
7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
: (=0) (e=0) ( = 0)
B x L
1
pu = c N c sc + (q + D ) N q sq + B N s
2
:
1 + sin
exp( tan )
1 sin
1
N c = (N q 1)
tan
Nq =
N = 2 (N q 1) tan
:
sq = 1 +
B
sin
L
sc =
sq N q 1
Nq 1
s = 1 0.3
B
L
()
7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
: ()
(e)
1
2
: = 0 b = 1
: L = s = 1
: = 0 i = 1
(D=0), (q=0)
(e) :
B = B 2 e
1
pu ,e = c N c + (B 2e ) N
2
Vu ,e = pu ,e (B 2e )
()
7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
: ()
(e)
(e = 0) :
(e 0) :
c
1
Vu ,0 =
N c + N
2
B
Vu ,e
Vu ,0
2
B
1
c
e
N c + 1 2 N
e
2
B
B
=
1 2
1
c
B
N c + N
2
B
()
7 ( D) DIN 4017 :
:
(e)
Vu ,e
Vu ,0
c
e
1
N c + 1 2 N
e
B
B
2
=
1 2
c
1
B
N c + N
B
2
: = 35 Nc = 46.1 , N = 45.2
c/=0
c/=0.25
c/=0.5
e/B = 1/6
Vu,e / Vu,0
0.8
0.6
0.4
e/B = 1/3
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
e/B
0.3
0.4
0.5
()
(dgl) ( DIN 4017) :
Lf
dgl
dgl / b

,

()

(Lf)

,
(c, ) ()

(dgl)
()

Lf =
L =

1
pu = c N c bc sc ic g c + (q + D ) N q bq sq iq g q + B N b s i g
2
( gc , gq , q ) Hansen :
L Lf :
L < Lf :
gc = gq = g = 1
L 2
gc = 1 1
L + 2
f
L
tan
g q = g = 1 1
2 Lf
()
(d) ( NAVFAC DM-7.2) :
1
pu = c N c + (q + 1 D ) N q + 2 B N
2
1 = T
1 =
d>D
T d + sub (D d )
D
d<D
2 = sub + F ( T sub )
F

sub =
T =
(d) ( NAVFAC DM-7.2) :
1
pu = c N c + (q + 1 D ) N q + 2 B N
2
2 = sub + F ( T sub )
1 = T
1 =
d>D
T d + sub (D d )
D
d<D
d/B=0.3
do
d/do = 0.25
=38
sub =
T =
()
,
- (.. )
( ) Meyerhof & Hanna (1978)

( 2) ( 1)
pu2 =

2 ( cu)
1
pu 2 = ( + 2 ) ic cu + (q + 1D )
pu1 =

1 (
)
pu1 = (q + 1D ) N q iq + 0.5 1 B N i
pu = :
H
pu = min pu1 , pu 2 + 1H 1 + 2 cos K s is tan 1
H
B
: Vu = pu B L
: Pu = Vu / cos
()
,
- (.. )
( ) Meyerhof & Hanna (1978)
is =

( )
Ks =
.
(/)
= . 1
pu*2
( + 2) cu
=
pu*1 0.5 1 B N

, (.. )
(
)
Meyerhof & Hanna (1978)
Ks =
.
(/)
()

1. (=0) :
Terzaghi
Meyerhof
2. (M=0) (0) :
7 (EC-7)
DIN 4017
3. :
Meyerhof & Hanna
(FS) :
( FS ) V Vu
Vu
(FS )
Vu = :
Vu = pu B L
V = ( )
( Vesic, 1975):

3*
2.5 *
3.5 *
3*
4*
1.3
1.5
1.5
* , 25%, FS > 2

(FS) :
( FS ) H H u
Hu
(FS )
H u = min{Vu tan , V tan }

u =
= ( )
=
Vu =
V = ( )
= :
: = (2/3)
: = (1/2)

: FS = 1.5 2.0

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
3

7
18.10.2005

2. (partial factors) 7
:
(actions : F) : (.. ,
).
(G) :
(.. )
(action effects : E) : (..
, , )
(.. , , )
E = F + G
(X) : .. , , .
(Resistances : R) : . ..
, , ,
.

() :
(Fk) (Xk) :
(5% )
(Gk), (Ek)
(Rk) :
:
Ek = E ( Fk , X k )
Gk = G ( Fk , X k )
Rk = R ( Fk , X k )
T (Fd) :
(Fk)
(F 1) ( 1) :
Fd = F Fk
T (Xd) :
(Xk)
( 1) :
Xd = Xk M

() :
T (Gd) :
:
( )
Gd = F G k
Gd = G (Fd , X d )
( )
T (d) :
:
Ed = E
Ed
{ F + G }
= F + G
k
( )
( )
: = ( = F)
T (Rd) :
:
1
Rd =
R (Fk , X k )
Rd = R (Fd , X d )
( )
( )

2.1 ( Ed Rd ) :
1. :
2. :
Vd , H d =
H d Rh ,d + R p ,d
(design values) ()
Rv ,d , Rh ,d =
R p ,d =
Vd Rv ,d
( )

( )

2.2 ( 1) :
Vd = F Vk + Gv ,d
H d = F H k + Gh ,d
Gv ,d = F Gv (ck , tan k )
Gh ,d = F Gh (ck , tan k )
:
c tan k
Gv ,d = Gv k ,
M M
c tan k
Gh ,d = Gh k ,
M M
= (1)
Vk , Hk , ck , k =
Gv , Gh = / (. )
F =
=

2.2 ( 2) :
Hd = E
{ V + G }
{ H + G }
Gv ,k = Gv (ck , tan k )
Vd = E
v ,k
h ,k
Gh ,k = Gh (ck , tan k )
= (1)
Vk , Hk , ck , k =
Gv , Gh = / (. )
= ( = F)

2.3 R , i = p, v
Ri ,d =
R (ck , tan k , F Fk )
( )
c tan k
Ri ,d = R k ,
, F Fk
M M
( )
= (1)
ck , k =
Fk =
F =
=
R =

2.4 Rh,d :
2.4.1. :
Rh ,d =
Vd tan k
( )
Rh ,d = Vd tan d = Vd
2.4.2. :
( )
Rh ,d =
cu ,k B L
( I )
Rh ,d = cu ,d B L =
cu ,k
tan k
( )
B L
=
: Rh ,d 0.4Vd
R =
k = . ( -)
d =
cu,k , cu,d = /

F , , R :

(
i, Mi, Ri)
. 1
. 2
(1) + (1) + (R1)

(2) + (2) + (R1)
(1) + (1) + (R2)
2
3
+
[(1)* (2)** ] + (2) + (R3)

* ( )
** ( , .. )
:
1.
2. 1, 1 & 2

(partial
factors)
7
(F )
()
(partial factors) 7
(R)

:

:
=2.5m, D=1.5m, q=0 ( )

: = 0, (e=0), (=0).
: k = 20 kN/m3, ck = 10 kPa, k=25o
( )
, c,
:
1. ( FS=3)
pu 7 / DIN 4017 :
1
2
e=0 B = B = 2.5m
=25 c= 20.72 , Nq= 10.66 , N = 9.01

=0 bc = bq = b = 1
(/L=0) sc = sq = s = 1
=0 ic = iq = i = 1
:
1
pu = c N c + D N q + B N
2
, c,
pu = 10 x 20.72 + 20 x 1.5 x 10.66 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 9.01 = 752.2 kPa

:
Pu = pu B = 752.2 x 2.5 = 1880.5 kN/m Pu = 1880.5 kN/m
(FS=3) :
Vmax = Pu / FS = 1880.5 / 3 Vmax = 627 kN/m
()
2. ( 7)
Rp,d = 0
(permanent) (unfavourable)
2.1.1 1 / 1 :
A1 F = 1.35 ( - )
1 = 1.00 ( c)
R1 R = 1.00
pu :
c tan k
Rv ,d = R k ,
, F Fk
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, d=k=25, cd=ck=10 kPa
( ) : pu,d = pu,k = 752.2 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 752.2 x 2.5 Rv,d = 1880.5 kN/m
()
2. ( 7)
2.1.2. 1 / 2 :
A2 F = 1.0 ( - )
2 = 1.25 ( c)
R1 R = 1.00
pu :
c tan k
Rv ,d = R k ,
, F Fk
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, :
d = arctan (tank/M) = arctan (tan25/1.25) = 20.5o
cd = ck / M =10 / 1.25 = 8 kPa
=20.5 c= 15.30 , Nq= 6 , N = 4.35
:
1
2
pu,d = 8 x 15.30 + 20 x 1.5 x 6.75 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 4.35 = 433.6 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m

()
2. ( 7)
2.1.2. 1 () :
() ( Rv,d ) :
Rv,d = min ( 1 & 2) = min (1880.5, 1084) Rv,d = 1084 kN/m

()
( 7)
2.2. 2 :
A1 F = 1.35 ( - )
1 = 1.00 ( c)
R2 R = 1.40
pu :
Rv ,d =
R (ck , tan k , F Fk )
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, d=k=25, cd=ck=10 kPa
( ) : pu,d = 752.2 / R = 752.2 / 1.40 = 537.3 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 537.3 x 2.5 = 1343.2 kN/m Rv,d = 1343 kN/m
()
( 7)
2.3. 3 :
A1 F = 1.35 ( )
2 = 1.25 ( c)
R3 R = 1.00
pu :
c tan k
Rv ,d = R k ,
, F Fk
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, :
d = arctan (tank/M) = arctan (tan25/1.25) = 20.5o
cd = ck / M =10 / 1.25 = 8 kPa
=20.5 c= 15.30 , Nq= 6 , N = 4.35
:
1
2
pu,d = 8 x 15.30 + 20 x 1.5 x 6.75 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 4.35 = 433.6 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m

()
7 (EC-7)
:
Vk = Vd / F
Vd Rv ,d

(Rv,d)
(Vk)

Vk Rv,d / 1.40 *
1084 kN/m
774 kN/m
1343 kN/m
959 kN/m
1084 kN/m
774 kN/m
.
(FS=3)
1881 / 3 = 627 kN/m **
* : F=1.40
**
: 2
EC-7 FS.
:

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
11.9.2006
()
( )
() (u)

q
B,L
: B x L
: ,
:
(1) , (2) , (3) ( )
()
(v)

(v)
()
() (q)
:
z = 3B,
x = 2B :
: v = 0.1 q
: v = 0.02 q
:
:
zmax 6B
: zmax 2B
()
( ) ()

B
q
1
2
1
2
~ 2:1
z = v
x

(v=z)
()
() (q)
(z)
(x)

()
() (p)
DIN 4019,
(z) : v = 0.20 vo.
vo = () (z)
()

() ,

(v)
(p)
(z)

(B).
( )
1
( )
2 < 1.

:
1 / 2

1.
.
( )
x

() q = P / B :
z =
2q
2x
1
B
:
- () ()

2. (.. )

(q). .

( )
:
- () ()
()
:
1.
2. (
)
3.
:
:
, /

(.. ,
, , , )

1. () :
,
(.. , )
2. () (L):

(..
, )
/ L ( ) :
/ L

:
/ 3
/ 5
1 / 3333
1/ 2000
1 / 2500
1 / 1500
1 / 1000
1 / 1000

:
:
:
1 / 500
1 / 300
1 / 150
1 / 500
1 / 300
1 / 150
()
:
1. : ,
(.. ),
(-)
( ).
2. :

( ).
q
B,L
,
()
:
3. () :
( )
.
.
.
q
B,L
,
()
:
:
1. :
-
(, , ).
- .
(.. ,
, ) .
: .
2. ( ) ,
.
:
( ).
3. (..
).
: , (loess)
()

:
= i + c + s
i =
c =
s = ()
: ,
(.. : c = s = 0 = i )
, ()
( ),

, ,
.
()
= f (E , , q , B , L )
B,L
,
u
( ), :
(.. , ),
(.. q)
(.. B, L)
()
q
= f (E , , q, B, L )
B,L
(q)
,
(qo)
, :
q = q qo
:

(D) ,
(D) :
qo = D
(qo)
( q)
: ( q) ,
(D), q = q
, ( D).
()
= f (E , , q, B, L )
= i + c + s
i =
c =
s = ()
,
:
(1) (i), ( )
= u = 0.50 ( ).
(2) () ( )
= = ( ).
:

: ,
:
( )
( -)
()
(i ):
( ) : = i
(.. ) : = i
(i < ) () ( ).
,
(u) ,
(
)
V = 0

,
.

( )

(i ) :
- ()
(Pu)
- - ()

,
(, ).
(,) .
() - ()
() :
- , ()
(.. ,
, ). ,
( =).
()
.
- ()
() : ,
( = = ).
(i ) :
() :
(Pu),
.
(Pu),
.
,
, (, )
(- ) :
= u ( ) = u = 0.5.
Pu

( )
u :
3
Eu =
E
2(1 + )
: = 1/3 u = 1.125 E
Pu
(i )
1. :
(c = s = 0)
(E) (
),
.
.
,

( : = , = ).
2. :
(c = s = 0)
,

( = , = ).
, -
.
-
.
(i )
3. :
(i) .

,
(i)

( = u, =0.5 ).
,

()
( = , = ).
, (
)
. )

( )
u :
Eu =
3
E
2(1 + )
: = 1/3
u = 1.13 E
(, )
(u) :
Eu / cu :
u =

cu =
(=
)
Eu / cu ,
(h) -
Eu / cu - (OCR =
-), (h)
(cu) -
(OCR = -).
cu
0.78
= (0.2 0.3)(OCR )
vc
y=
cu
= 0.2 0.3
vc

() (Rp = qc)
(CPT)
( Sanglerat)
E = Rp
: = E ()
: = Eu ()
(qc)
(CPT) - ( Baldi)
E50 : . = 50% , E25 : . = 25%
50
25
1 bar = 0.1 MPa

( = )
()
( MPa) -
(SPT)
Tassios & Anagnostopoulos (1974) :
E = + C (N 6 )
(E MPa)
<15
>15
=0
= 40
3
3.5
4.5
7
10
12
Papadopoulos & Anagnostopoulos (1987) :

C1
C2
3.2
2.6
7.5
0.49
0.69
0.80
E = C1 + C2 N
(E MPa)

:
1. Steinbrenner :
() (.
= q), L ( B) D .
(, ).
1 2
1 2
= q B
F
F2 I D
+
1
1
E
: q = q qo (qo = )
D = .
(D=0) : D = 1
F1 , F2 = .
L/B H/B ( )
Steinbrenner :
1. ( + ) ,
: = = ( )
2. , : E = Eu
= 0.50

:
1. Steinbrenner :
1 2
1 2
= q B
F
+
F2 I D
1
1
E
F1 F2 :
1+ M 2 +1 M 2 + N 2
1
F1 = M ln
M 1+ M 2 + N 2 +1
F2 =
2
2
+ ln M + M + 1 1 + N
M + M 2 + N 2 +1
N
M
arctan
2
2
2
N M + N +1
M=
L
B
N=
H
B
:
1. Steinbrenner :
1 2
1 2
F2 I D
= q B
F1 +
1
E
F1 F2
=

:
1. Steinbrenner - i :
= :
1 2
1 2
= q B
F2 I D
F1 +
1
E
1. Steinbrenner (i) :
E = Eu = 0.50 :
i = q B
(1 + ) F I
0.75
F1 I D i = q B
1 D
Eu
E
2. Steinbrenner () :
1 2
1 2
F2 I D
= q B
F1 +
E
1
i 1
1
i :
=
2 (1 ) + (1 2 ) F2
= 1/3 :
3
i
=
4 + 2 F2
F1
F1
1 i 3
2 4
( : 0 < F2/F1 < 1 )
: Steinbrenner, 50-75% .
( >> i )
:
1. Steinbrenner = 0.30 ( ) :
q B
=
f ID
E
q = q - qo
=

:
f = 0.91 F1 + 0.52 F2

Steinbrenner
, :
= = =0.30
:
1. Steinbrenner :
D :
1 2
1 2
= q B
F2 I D
F1 +
1
E
q B
=
f ID
E
( : D = 1 D=0)
:
1. Steinbrenner :

:
=(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)
=(1)-(2)-(3)+(4)
:
1. Steinbrenner
:
Steinbrenner,

:
1 2
IS ID
= q B
E
s
D

:

Steinbrenner:
:
= =
:
E = Eu = 0.50
1 :
(c)
() :
2 3
a = c
3 4
=
c = (Steinbrenner)
(2/3 3/4) :
2 : Steinbrenner

. ,
( )
(D=0 ID=1) ()
(q). :
E=
(1 ) B I
2
: Is = 0.99 ( -) Is = 0.79 (
-)
:
: = 1/3 . : =
: = u = 0.5 . : E = Eu
Steinbrenner :
1 : 1, 1, 1
2 : 2, 2, 2
....
n : n, n, n
() :
= [n,n (n1),n ] + [(n1),(n1) (n2),(n1) ] + ... + [2,2 1,2 ] + 1,1

:
i , j = :
zi = (1+2+ .. Hi ) j , j
: = 2,2 1,2 + 1,1

:
2,2 = (1+2 )
2 , 2
1,2 = (1) 2 , 2
1,1 = (1 ) 1 , 1
:
1. Milovic (1970) :
() (r)
(. = q), R .
(, ).
= q
1. ()
,
:
2
3
3
4
a = c
(c)

.
2. ,

(Steinbrenner)
2
R I
E
:
2. Kany (DIN 4019) ()
(BxL) Poisson 0 :
xL,
C , :
= f
q B
Es
q = q qo = q D
L>B
Es =
Es =
(1 ) E
(1 + )(1 2 )
, =
,
:
Steinbrenner Kany
Kany
C
, :
(2)
(4)
1.1 Kany ( ) :
qB
f
Es
: L/=2 /=3 f = 0.85
(1)
(3)
qB
0.85
Es
1.2 Steinbrenner = 0.30 ( Es

) :
= qB
=0.30 :
(1 ) 1
Es
F1 + F2
1 2
qB
(1.225 F1 + 0.70 F2 )
Es
C L/=2 /=3,
:
:
Steinbrenner Kany
1 : L = 0.87 L = 1.74 B , B = 0.87 B L/B = 2 , H/B = 3.45
F1 = 0.44, F2 = 0.075 1.225 F1 + 0.70 F2 = 0.592
2 : L = 0.87 , B = 0.13 L = 0.26 B L/B = 3.35 , H/B = 11.5
F1 = 0.68, F2 = 0.05 1.225 F1 + 0.70 F2 = 0.868
3 : L = 0.87 L = 1.74 B , B = 0.13 B L/B = 13.4 , H/B = 23
F1 = 0.76, F2 = 0.12 1.225 F1 + 0.70 F2 = 1.015
4 : L = 0.13 L = 0.26 B , B = 0.13 B L/B = 2 , H/B = 23
F1 = 0.67, F2 = 0.03 1.225 F1 + 0.70 F2 = 0.842
:
= (q/Es) { (0.87 B) x 0.592 + (0.26 B) x 0.868 + (0.13 B) x 1.015 + (0.13 B) x 0.842 }
qB
0.982
Es
, = 0.30 :
Steinbrenner :
qB
=
0.982
Es
Kany :
qB
0.85
Es
:
Steinbrenner Kany
1.3 Steinbrenner = 0 ( Es
) :
= qB
(1 ) 1
= 0 :
Es
F1 + F2
1 2
qB
(F1 + F2 )
Es
C L=2B /=3,
:
1 : L = 0.87 L = 1.74 B , B = 0.87 B L/B = 2 , H/B = 3.45
F1 = 0.44, F2 = 0.075 F1 + F2 = 0.515
2 : L = 0.87 , B = 0.13 L = 0.26 B L/B = 3.35 , H/B = 11.5
F1 = 0.68, F2 = 0.05 F1 + F2 = 0.73
3 : L = 0.87 L = 1.74 B , B = 0.13 B L/B = 13.4 , H/B = 23
F1 = 0.76, F2 = 0.12 F1 + F2 = 0.88
4 : L = 0.13 L = 0.26 B , B = 0.13 B L/B = 2 , H/B = 23
F1 = 0.67, F2 = 0.03 F1 + F2 = 0.70
:
Steinbrenner Kany
1.3 Steinbrenner = 0 ( Es
) :
:
= (q/Es) { (0.87 B) x 0.515 + (0.26 B) x 0.73 + (0.13 B) x 0.88 + (0.13 B) x 0.70 }
qB
0.843
Es
, = 0 :
Steinbrenner :
qB
0.843
Es
Kany :
qB
0.85
Es
, Kany
= 0 .
= 0,
,

, (c1).
.
:
2. Leonhardt (DIN 4019) ()
= 2 R, Poisson 0 :
= 2R,
C , :
= f
q R
Es
q = q qo = q D
Es =
Es =
(1 ) E
(1 + )(1 2 )
0.845R
:
3. Janbu, Bjerrum & Kjaernsli (1959),
Christian & Carrier (1978),
L x B ( ) :
i = o 1
q B
Eu
:
i =
= (D)
1 = ()
u =
B =
L = ( L B )
q = q qo = q D
Christian
& Carrier (1978)
:
3. Janbu, Bjerrum & Kjaernsli
L x B ( ) :
q B
i = o 1
Eu
1 = ()
q = q qo = q D
1
Christian & Carrier
(1978)
:
Butler (1975) :
L x B (L>B) (
) :
uo =

(z)
:
Eu = Euo 1 + k
B
i =
q B
I
Euo
q = q qo = q D
( L / B)
:
Butler (1975) :
L x B (L>B) (
) :
Eu = Euo 1 + k
B
i =
q B
I
Euo
:
Butler (1975) :
L x B (L>B) (
) :
Eu = Euo 1 + k
B
i =
q B
I
Euo
:
(
Steinbrenner)

1. Steinbrenner
Milovic :
1 2
1 2
F2 I D
= q B
F1 +
E
1
= q
2
R I
E
(i) : = u = 0.50.
() : ( ) , .

2. Kany
Leonhardt :
= f
q B
Es
= f
q R
Es
Es =
(1 ) E
(1 + )(1 2 )
/ = 0 .

. s = .
3. Janbu
Butler :
i = o 1
q B
Eu
i =
q B
I
Euo
( ) /
(u = )
( API)
(B, L>)
: V, Hx , Hy , Mx , My ux , uy uz
x , y .
y
x
B
L

,
(

:
( Steinbrenner) :
KV =
1
V q B L
=
=
(1 2 ) I S I D E L
uz
(D=1) :
KV =
1
(1 2 ) E B
( x y) :
KH =
9(1 )
H
=
E BL
u (1 + )(7 8 )
( API)
(B, L>)
: V, Hx , Hy , Mx , My ux , uy uz
x , y .
y

,
x (
B

:
L
( x) :
Kx =
Mx
= 0.078
E
L
2
2
.
5
0
.
5
+
LB
2
(1 )
B
Kx =
Mx / L
= 0.194
E
B2
2
(1 )
( y) :
Ky =
My
= 0.233
E
L2.4 B 0.6
2
(1 )

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
5
:

02.11.2005

: = i + c + s
i =
c =
s = ()
() :
,

. ,
.
, ,
:
: Butler
: Steinbrenner,
Milovic, Janbu E = Eu u = 0.5.
,
- (
).
, ,
(..
)

.

(c ):

( ).
K () :
(
). ,
.

Terzaghi
K - () :
,
(
, ).
,
()

(c)
=
1 : > (34)
:
( h = 0)
(v) ,
v = q
: (c) (1-D)
c = c1
2 : < (34)
:
v (v < q)

( : h 0)
:
c = c1
( < 1)
1. (c1)
(1-D) :
1.1. :
v = Es v
Es =
E (1 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
Es =
= 1/3 : Es 1.5 E ( )
= 0 : Es = E ( )
:
( 6m)
q = 100 kPa.
: =10 MPa , =1/3
Es=1.5*E = 15 MPa
:
c1 = v H =
v
100
H =
600 = 4 cm
Es
15000
1. (c1) (1-D)

1. (c1) (1-D) :
1.2. (
) :
:
c1 = H v
v =
eo e
1 + eo
eo =
eo e
e =
(

)
:
=6m, =1900-140=1760 kPa
c1 = 6 x (0.312-0.26)/(1+0.312)=
= 6 x 0.0396 = 0.238m
= 23.8 cm
1. (c1) (1-D) :
1.3.

:
()
e e
av = o
v vo
Cc =
eo e
log(v vo )
Cc = 0.93
1.75
1.47
vo
1.75
v = 0.014 kPa-1
vo
1.47
20
40
1. (c1) (1-D) :
( )
:
c1 = H v
v =
e e
v = o
1 + eo
eo e 1.75 1.47
=
= 0.102 = 10.2%
1 + eo
1 + 1.75
v =
v =

Cc
log v
1 + eo
vo
0.93
40
log = 0.102 = 10.2%
1 + 1.75 20
Cc = 0.93
vo
vo
1. (c1) (1-D) :

Cc =
eo e
log(v vo )
Cr =
eo e
log(v vo )
Cc = (2.47-1.18)/log(80/7)=1.219
:
Cr = (1.40-1.18)/log(80/5)=0.183
1. (c1) (1-D) :

Es =
v vo
v
Es

Es = (40-20)/(0.32-0.23)=222 kPa
:
Es = (40-20)/(0.38-0.37)=2000 kPa
1. (c1) (1-D) :
(c1) ()
vo vo+v
p =
vo+v

35m .

OCR = p / vo

1. (c1) (1-D) :
(c1) ()
vo vo+v
1 :
1 :
c1 = H
Cr
2 :
Cc
vo+v < p
+ v
Cr
log vo
1 + eo
vo
2 :
p v
vo
+ v
Cc
c1 = H
log
1 + eo
vo
p =
1. (c1) (1-D) :
(c1) ()
vo vo+v
3 :
3 :
v < p< vo+v

Cr
Cc
p
Cr
c1,1 = H
log
1 + eo
vo
c1, 2
p =
vo
+ v
Cc
log
=H
1 + eo
c1 = c1,1 + c1, 2

(c) :

() ()
, .. > (34). , :
(v) ,
v = q
( h = 0)
( i),
:
c1 = c1, i = f (Cci , ei , vi = q )
i
< (34) :
1. v
2.

(
h 0)
2. (c) (3-D) :

:
c = c , i = f (Cci , ei , vi )
i
(v)
:
2.1 2:1 ( 60 )
v =
z :
v ( z = 0) = q
x L
v
z
q
L
2:1
v
(+z)(L+z)
q
z
z
1 + 1 +
B
L
q = Q/(BL)
2. (c) (3-D) :
(v)
:
2.2
:
:
1.
2.
- ( ) :
3.
4.
:
5.
:
1.
z =
3P z
2 R5
P 3r 2 z (1 2 )R
r =
2
3
R + z
2 R R
(, ).
,

:
1.

3P z 3
z =
2 R 5
3P 1
z =
2 z 2
:
2.
2.
(p)

(a)

2. (qo) (R)
z (x,z)
2. (qo)
() B x L (L > B)

z (z)
( Janbu et al, 1956)
=(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)
=(1)-(2)-(3)+(4)
- ( ) :
3.
2q
r2z
r =
(r 2 + z 2 )2
2q
z3
z =
(r 2 + z 2 )2
(r=0) :
2q 1
z =
z
- ( ) :
3.
xb
z
x+b
tan ( + ) =
z
tan =
z = p + sin cos(2 + )

x = p sin cos(2 + )

xz =
p
sin sin (2 + )
3.

2. (c) (3-D) :

< (34) :
1. v
2.

( : h 0)
: h > 0 (
), (u)

( u1 = v). ,
(c)

(c1).
:
c = c1
1
h = 0
h > 0
c =
c1 =
()
2. (c) (3-D) :

c = c1
()
- (OCR)
c1 =
()
2. (c) (3-D) :

()
- (OCR)
c = c1
c1 =
()
3. (c)
:
2Hd
2Hd
(ue) ( = 2 d)
(t) :
v
:
Tv =
cv t
H d2
Z=
z
Hd
uo = p =
(t=0)

u
U Z = 1 e
ue = (t)
uo
cv =
d =
uo = (t=0)
3. (c)
:
(t ) = t
c (t ) = U (t ) c (t = )
c (t = ) =
U (t ) =
(U) (v)
(cv) (LL)
10 3 cm 2 / sec = 3.15 m 2 / year
:
=6m Es = 10 MPa
cv = 4m2/.
. : d = H/2 = 3m
q=100 kPa.
Es
1. :
= q / Es = 600 x 100 / 10000 = 6 cm
2. :
(t=0) = U(t=0) = 0 x 6 = 0
3. :
Tv = cv t / (Hd)2 = 4 x 1 / (3)2 = 0.444
Tv = 0.444 U = 0.73 (t) = U(t) = 0.73 x 6 = 4.4 cm
3.

(c)
:
1.
(d),
,

( )
2. ()
Hd ,

,
(
)
4. () (s ) :
() :
( ).

.
- () :
.
/ ( )
() :

Ca
t
log
1 + ep
tp
C
t
s (t ) = H t = H a log
1 + ep
tp
et = e p Ca log
t
tp
t =
=
C =
tp = (.. U=90%)
ep =
C (%)
C = 0.004
w = 40%
-
=6m Es = 10 MPa,
cv = 4m2/
C =0.004. eo = 0.75.
.
: d = H/2 = 3m. q=100 kPa.

50 .
:
:
v = / Es = q / D = 100 / 10000 = 0.01
e = - v (1+eo) = - 0.01 x 1.75 = -0.0175 : ep = 0.75 0.0175 = 0.7325

U=90% Tv = 0.90 tp = Tv (Hd)2 / cv = 0.90 x (3)2 / 4 = 2
s (t ) = H t = H
Ca
t
0.004
50
log = 600
log = 1.94 cm
tp
1 + 0.7325
2
1 + ep
:
= q / D = 600 x 100 / 10000 = 6 cm
, 1.94 / 6 = 32%
()

1. :
,
(i)

( = u, =0.5 ).
1. (u ) :
Butler ( )
: 2/3 - 3/4

2. (u = )
Steinbrenner :
Milovic :
: 2/3 - 3/4
Janbu :

, -
.
.
-

2. (c) :
2.1. ( > 34 ) :
:
c = c1
,
(z) :
(1) (Es), .
Es .
, .
(2)
(3) Cc Cr (
)
c1, Kany Leonhardt
2.2. ( < 34 ) :
:
c = c1
<1
(c1) ,
(z) ( ).

7 . -. - . 2006 - 07
6
:

20.12.2006
= i + c + s
i =
c =
s = ()
K - () :
, :
(1) ,

( )
(2)

- ()

() - :

,
(
)
(
)
- ,

( ). ,
.
, -

(SPT, CPT, , ).
:
, ()
( )
1.

(SPT) :
-
1. (SPT) :
=
30 cm (
15cm)

75kg
3 x 15cm
: n = 6,8,9
N = 8+9 = 17
15cm
15cm
15cm
= 17
-
1. (SPT) :

,
.

-
1. (SPT) :
()
SPT 2
(= ).
-
1. (SPT) :
,
(Nm) :
1. SPT : 60 = CER Nm
2. : Nw = Cw Nm
3. (,
) : Nn = Cn Nm
, , (Dr)
, () :
= CER Cw Cn Nm
1. (SPT) :
m SPT :
1. m
( 60%
) :
N60 = CER Nm
, , ( CER = 1
N60 = Nm )
60% .
2. m :
SPT
Nm > 15,
,
( Nm) Terzaghi :
N = 15 + 0.5 ( Nm 15)
m < 15 ,
.
3. m , Terzaghi
BS 8002 : Cn = Nn () / Nm () = /
SPT
(
),

.

. Terzaghi,
: 135 kPa
Terzaghi
BS 8002
: (B=L=1.5m)
z=2B=3m. (z=B=1.5m),
1.5x20=30 kPa ( ).
0 2 = 3m N60= m= 10.
: Cn = 2.40 n = Cn Nm = 2.4 x 10 = 24 ( )
3. m : v=100 kPa
Cn ( Peck, Hanson & Thornburn, 1974) : Nn = Cn Nm
SPT
(
),

.
Peck, Hanson &

Thornburn (1974)

. Peck,
Hanson & Thornburn (1974),
: 100 kPa
Dr = 67%
Cn = 0.77 log
2000
vo
1
: (B=L=1.5m)
z=2B=3m. (z=B=1.5m),
1.5x20=30 kPa ( ).
0 2 = 3m N60= m= 10.
: Cn = 1.35 n = Cn Nm = 1.35 x 10 = 13.5 ( )
3. m Dr = 100 % ( Terzaghi & Peck) :
Dr = 67%
60
: (B=L=1.5m)
z=2B=3m. (z=B=1.5m),
1.5x20=30 kPa ( ).
0 2 = 3m N60= m= 10.
Dr = 67 %.
100%, = 31 ( ).
4. =m ( Peck & Bazaraa, 1967) :

vo < 71.8 kPa :
N =
vo > 71.8 kPa : N =
0.1
4N
1 + 0.0418 vo
4N
3.25 + 0.0104 vo
N' / N (Peck & Bazarra)

1
10
(kPa)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-
1. (SPT) :
1.1. Alpan :
L
i = 0.0254 o
B
0.39
2B
q
0.305 + B
i =
( cm)
B, L =
= 31 = 0.10
(B L)
q =
( kPa)
=

SPT,
Terzaghi &
Peck ( Dr=100%)
N = 31
m Alpan :
Dr = 100 % ( Terzaghi & Peck) :
Dr = 67%
60
: (B=L=1.5m)
z=2B=3m. (z=B=1.5m),
1.5x20=30 kPa ( ).
0 2 = 3m N60= m= 10.
Dr = 67 %.
100%, = 31 ( ).
-
1.1. Alpan :
Alpan :
(L=3m, =2m) D=1m.
q=300 kPa. =20 kN/m3
SPT N60 = 10.
Alpan :
: z = 2B = 4m
: v = (2+1) x 20 =60 kPa
v = 60 kPa 60 = 10 Dr = 60 %.
100%, = 25 ( ).
= 25 = 0.13
L
i = 0.0254 o
B
0.39
2B
3
q = 0.0254 0.13
0.305 + B
2
i = 0.94 cm = 9.4 mm
0.39
2 2
300 =
0
.
305
+
2
-
1. (SPT) :
1.2. Schultze & Sherif :
i = f
0.5521 B
q
D
0.87
(N ) 1 + 0.4
B
i = ( cm)
B, L =
(B L)
D =
( )
= min ( , 2B)
q =
( kPa)
N = SPT,
Terzaghi & Peck ( Dr=100%)
f =
Schultze & Sherif :
(L=3m, =2m) D=1m.
q=300 kPa. =20 kN/m3
SPT N60 = 10.
Schultze & Sherif :
= 2 = 4m H/B = 2 . H/B=2 L/B=1.5 f = 0.074
Terzaghi & Peck ( Dr=100%) :
: z = 2B = 4m .
: v = (2+1) x 20 =60 kPa
v = 60 kPa 60 = 10 Dr = 58 %.
100%, = 25 ( ).
= 25 :
i = f
0.5521 B
q
D
0.87
(N 60 ) 1 + 0.4
B
= 0.074
0.5521 2
300
1
0.87
(25) 1 + 0.4
2
i = 0.88 cm = 8.8 mm
-
1.3. Terzaghi & Peck (1967)
() (D=0) :
q = ( kPa)
N = SPT Terzaghi BS 8002
i = ( cm)
1. q1 ( kPa),
:
B + 0.305
q1 = 33 N
2
B
= ( )
2. ( cm) :
q
i = 0.3
N
:
:
i = 2.5
B
+
0
.
305
q
q1
= 2.5m = 8.2 , q = 300 kPa , N () = 24

: q1 = 250 kPa
: i = 2.5 x (300 / 250) = 3 cm
1.3. Terzaghi & Peck (1967)

() (D=0) :
: Terzaghi & Peck
, () ,
(b) b, o o (q) :
B b + 0.305m
B = b
b B + 0.305m
2
: , b
, b = 0.305m
(1),
B ( ) :
2
2B
B
+
m
0
.
305
B = 1
B / 1
B 0.305m + 0.305m
B = 1

0.305m B + 0.305m
2
1
0
: / 1 = 4
(m)
-
1.4. Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974)
:
B = (B = L)
D =
i = 2.5
Dw =
q = ( kPa)
N = SPT Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974)
i = ( cm)
q
q1 Cw
-
:
B = (B = L)
D =
Dw =
q = ( kPa)
N = SPT Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974).
2
i = ( cm)
i = 2.5
q
q1 Cw
Cw =
:
Cw = 0.5 + 0.5
Dw
1
D+B
Dw

:
Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974) :
(=L=2m) D=1m.
q=300 kPa. =20 kN/m3 SPT
N60 = 10. 1m
( : Dw = 2m)
:
:
: z = 2B = 4m
(2m ) :
v = 2 x 20 + 1 x 10 = 50 kPa. Peck, Hanson & Thornburn :
v = 50 kPa Cn = 1.15 Nn = Cn N60 = 1.234 x 10 =12.3
D/ = 1/2 = 0.5 , = 2 / 0.305 = 6.55 , = 12.3 ( ) q1 = 130 kPa
Cw = 0.5 + 0.5 x 2 / (1 + 2) =0.83
:
i = 2.5
q
300
= 2.5
= 7 cm
q1 Cw
130 0.83
-
1.5. Meyerhof
:
qa = (kPa)
(
m), 25mm.

N=60 SPT.
> 1.2m :
N B + 0.305
qa =
0.08
B
< 1.2m :
q a = 20 N

D ,
(i cm) :
i = 2.5
qa 1 +
3
B
-
1.5. Meyerhof :
(i cm)
(D=0),
:
i = 0.125
q
N
< 1.2 m
q
B
i = 0.2
N B + 0.305
q
i = 0.2
N
> 1.2 m
()
q = kPa
B =
= SPT
i = cm
: (D),
: [1+D/(3B)]
-
2.
(CPT) :
qc

()
-
2. (CPT) :
Schmertmann :
(j) , zj :
)
i = C1 Ct (q vD
I zj
j
z j
Ej
i = ( zj)
C1 = D ( = )
C1 = 1 0.5
vD
0. 5
q vD
= D
vD = (D) : vD
q =
zj = (j). : zj = 0.1 0.2
Ej = (j)
Ct = ( t )
Ct = 1 + 0.2 log(10 t )
(t=0.1 ) : Ct = 1
Izj = (j)
Schmertmann :
(Izp) Iz :
q vD
I zp = 0.5 + 0.1
vI
=/2
=
vI =
(z)

:
z = B ,
z = B/2 ,

L/B
:
z.
Iz Izp
Schmertmann :

Iz
:
qc =
L/B
E / qc
1
10
2.5
3.5

L/B
Schmertmann :
:
=2.6m, L=23m D=2m (
). q=178 kPa.
.
(qc) CPT .
Schmertmann :
1. L / B = 23 / 2.6 = 8.85. (Iz)
.
q vD
2. Iz : I zp = 0.5 + 0.1
q vD = 178 15.7 x 2 = 147 kPa
vI = 15.7 x 2 + (15.7 10) x 2.6 = 47.6 kPa
vI
: Izp = 0.68
3. z
( 4 = 4 x 2.6 = 10.4m). 11 .
(z) 2 .
4. Iz (
) 4
5. qc ( 5)
6. = 3.5 qc
7. C1 :
vD
C1 = 1 0.5 x (15.7 x 2) / 147 = 0.89
C1 = 1 0.5
q vD
0.5
8. : Ct = 1.
9. :
)
i = C1 Ct (q vD
I zj
j
z j
Ej
= 0.89 1 0.147 0.237 = 0.031 m = 31mm
Schmertmann :
() :
(qc)
SPT ( ) qc / N Robertson :
qc / N (qc MPa) Burland and Burbridge

(Dr)

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
20.12.2006
1.
2.
3.
4.

:
,
( )
(..
,
)
(..
)
,
:

(.. > 50%),
(
)

,
1.

(q)
:
:

:

1.
1.1

:
L
V = Vi + q( x ) dx
i
(x=0) :
L
M o = M i + Vi xi + q( x ) x dx
i
1. :
1
( o + L ) B L = V
2
o BL
L 1
2
+ ( L o ) BL L = M o
2 2
3
L =
2 3Mo
BL L
o =
2
3M o
2V
BL
L
1.
1.1
L =
2 3Mo
BL L
o =
2
3M o
2V
BL
L
2.
()
(L, o)
:
. ,
.
: (), (L),
:
: = 1.20m
: L = 12m
:

: V1 = V2 = 400 kN , V3 = 640 kN
V = Vi
= 1440 kN
x=0 :
M o = Vi xi
= 9600 kNm
max =
2 3Mo
V = 133 kN/m2
BL L
min =
2
3M o
2V
= 67 kN/m2
BL
L
x=0

400 kN
-400
400 kN
640 kN
-150
400 kN
400 kN
640 kN
-100
-300
-50
0
-100
0
10
0
length (m)
100
12
bending moment (kNm) .
shear force (kN) .
-200
4
length (m)
50
100
150
200
200
250
300
300
400
350
10
12
1.
1.2 Winkler
,

.

Winkler
Winkler :
p=k y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)

(y)
(p)

(p)
(y),
: p = k y
1.
1.2 Winkler
Winkler :
p=k y
: k
.
(
, Poisson )
( )
( )
(y)
(p)
k ks ( Winkler)
p
P
ks = =
1. (ks) :
A
ks =
ks =
k ( Winkler)
2. k :
2.1 - () :
k ( / m3) Terzaghi
( = 0.305m) :
(Dr)
< 50 %
50-75%
> 75%
k (MN/m3)
6.4 19.2
19.2 - 96
96 - 320
13 MN/m3
42 MN/m3
160 MN/m3
8 MN/m3
26 MN/m3
96 MN/m3
k ks ( Winkler)
2.2 () :
(D=0 D=1)
Steinbrenner :
: s = 0.79
: s 1
(L/B=) : s 2
1 2
IS
i = q B
E
q
1
E
ks =
=
i (1 2 ) I S B
ks =
()

() (=0.5, = u),
= 0.305m (1 ), ks :

cu (kPa)
Eu / cu
Eu (MPa)
ks (MN/m3)
< 12.5
400
<5
< 25
12.5 25
400
5 10
25 50
25 50
350
10 17.5
50 100
50 -100
300
17.5 30
100 - 165
100 200
200
30 40
165 220
> 200
150
> 35
> 200
k ks ( Winkler)
3. k , k :
3.1 () :

( Bo) ks = ko = qo / (
qo = , = ) ,
:
1
B
k = ko o
B
(L= > ):
Bo 2 1 B
+
B 3 3 L
0.6
k / ko
:

(
).
, k
.
k = ko
ko =
= 0.305m
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
(L=) :
4
5
6
(m)
k=
2 Bo
ko
3 B
10
k ( Winkler)
3.2 - () :
:
:
ks = q / i
2.1 Alpan :
L
i = 0.0254 o
B
:
9.84
B + 0.305m
k=
B
o (L B )0.39
0.39
2B
q
+
B
0
.
305
2.2
Terzaghi & Peck :
q
i = 0.3
N
N B + 0.305m
k=
0. 3
B
B
+
0
.
305
k ( Winkler)
3.2 - () () :
:
k :
( Bo = 0.305m)
ko = qo / (qo = , = ) ,
> Bo :
B
k = ko o
B
B + 0.305m
k 0.305m
= o 1 +
B
+
0
.
305
m
4
B
: ,
k L > B :
2
B B + 0.305m 2 1 B ko 0.305m 2 1 B
+
k = ko o
+
= 1 +
0
.
305
3
3
4
3
3
+
B
B
m
L
B
L
o

2
k (L=):
2 B
k = ko o
3 B
B + 0.305m
k 0.305m
= o 1 +
+
0
.
305
6
B
m
B
k ( Winkler)
(k) :
1

Terzaghi

0.8
ko =
= 0.305m
k / ko
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
(m)
B
: k = ko o
B
B + 0.305m
+
B
m
0
.
305
o
k = ko
Bo
B
k ( Winkler)
4. - :
Vesic :
0.65 Es B 4
k=
2
1 Eb I
1
12
Es
B
Es , = Poisson
b , , I = ,
:
: = 1.20m, H=0.60m, Eb = 25 GPa
: u = 15 MPa (u = 0.5)
= 3 / 12 = 0.0216 m4
0.65 15 1.24
k=
1 0.52 25000 0.0216
1
12
15
MN / m 3
1.2
= 8.5 MN/m3
: (L/B= Is 2)
:
k=
E
1
15
=
(1 2 ) I S B (1 0.52 ) 2 1.2
1
= 8.3 MN/m3
k ( Winkler)
(k)
( Bowles) :
k (MN/m3)

:
(Dr < 50%)
(Dr = 50-75%)
(Dr > 75%)
4.8 16
9.6 80
64 128
32 80
24 48
:
(qu = 25-50 kPa)
(qu = 50-100 kPa)
(qu = 100-200 kPa)
(qu = 200-400 kPa)
(qu > 800 kPa)
5 12
12 18
18 24
24 48
> 48
: (k)
(L, B, I,
b). , .
: 10 MN/m3 = 1 kg/cm3
1.
1.2 Winkler
Winkler :
p=k y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)
:
d4y
Eb I 4 = q p B
dx
d4y
Eb I 4 + k B y = q
dx
q = (kN/m)
= (m)
b , = (kN/m2) (m4)
(V, M,
q), (b , , ,L) ( k)
(.. )
1.
1.2 Winkler
:
d4y
Eb I 4 + k B y = q
dx
Eb =
= .
:
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)
= (m)
q = (kN/m)
p = (kPa) :
BH3
I=
12
p=ky
(
) :
kB 4
L
=
4 Eb I
, (Hetenyi, 1946) :
: < (/2)
: (/2) < < Winkler
: >
1.
1.2 Winkler
,
Meyerhof :
Eb I
Es B 3 L
Eb =
=
s =
= (m)
L = (m)
: > 0.5
( > 0.5),
. < 0.5,
Winkler
:

Winkler - ( )
:
= 1.20m, H=0.60m, L = 12m
: Eb = 25 GPa
: = 3 / 12 = 0.0216 m4
:
, u = 15 MPa (u = 0.5)
: V1 = V2 = 400 kN , V3 = 640 kN

Winkler
:

Winkler ( )
1
Vesic :
0.65 E B 4
k=
2
1 Eb I
0.65 15 1.24
k=
1 0.52 25000 0.0216
1
12
15
MN / m 3
1.2
12
E
B
= 8.5 MN/m3

:
1
kB 4
L
=
E
I
4
b
= 3.146

(y)

()
Winkler ( )
:

Winkler - ( )

( )

400 kN
-400
400 kN
640 kN
-150
400 kN
400 kN
640 kN
-100
-300
-50
0
-100
0
10
12
0
length (m)
100
200
shear force (kN) .
-200
10
12
0
length (m)
50
100
150
200
250
300
300
400
350
:

Winkler - ( )

( )

length (m)
length (m)
0
10
12
vertical settlement (m
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
400 kN
400 kN
640 kN
10
12
20
reaction soil pressure (kPa)
0.002
400 kN
400 kN
40
60
67 kPa
80
100
0.014
120
0.016
140
133 kPa
640 kN
:

Winkler
1
kB 4
L = 6.066 2
=
E
I
4
b
( )
=0.25m ( =0.60m)
( )

length (m)
0
-150
10
400 kN
640 kN
-50
400 kN
640 kN
vertical settlement (m) .
400 kN
-100
0.002
0.004
400 kN
12
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
10
12
length (m)
50
100
150
0.014
200
0.016
250
0.018
300
1.
1.2 Winkler
( : L )

:
kB 4
L >
=
4
E
I
b
(Hetenyi, 1946)
1. x=0 :
y=
P
2 B Lk
M=
PL
2
4
Q=
P
3
2
1 , 2 , 3 = ( )
()
2. x=0 :
M ( / L )
: y = o
4
Bk
3
M =
Q=
Mo
3
2
Mo
( / L ) 1
2
kB
/ L =
E
I
4
b
1 , 3 , 4 = ( )
3. :

, x=0

()
: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 x :
1
x kB 4
x
=
L 4 Eb I

1. :
Hetenyi
Meyerhof
kB 4
L
=
E
I
4
b
< (/2)
(/2) < <
>
( )
(Winkler)
(Winkler L=)
> 0.5
< 0.5
( )
(Winkler)
Eb I
Es B 3 L
2. (k) :
( ) ( )
ko (k)
Vesic
3. :
:
: Winkler :
(k)
() (B x L) (V) () :
B =
e < B/6
M
:
V
1. : 0 e B / 6
:
e
B
Winkler : ymax = max / k
tan =
V
BL
e
B
min = 1 6 0
max = 1 + 6
e=
, ymin = min / k
( ymax ymin ) = 12
B
M
B3 L k
K =
1 3
B Lk
12
(kNm / rad)
KV =
V
V
=
y k
KV = k B L
(kN / m)
(k)
() (B x L) (V) () :
B =
e > /6
V
M
: =
BL
V
2. : / 6 e B / 2
e=
max = 2
B
B
B = 3 e
2
Winkler : ymax = max / k
tan =
ymax
V
=2
B
(B)2 L k
K =
1
(B)2 L e k
2
(kNm / rad)
KV =
V
V
=
y k
KV = k B L
(kN / m)
(k)

( b ,
) V
.
( ).
Eb I
(k= ),
,
(V)

V (e=0).

S
M = V e, :
S = V e / H

(
k), V
e (0 < e < e).
, S
M = V (e e) :
S = V(e-e) / H
(k)

(e) :
()
(k) = V e :
Eb I
M
M
Ve
= 12 3
= 12 3
K
B Lk
B Lk
()
= V (e e)
,
:
M H V (e e ) H
=
3 Eb I
3 Eb I
( )
e :
e=
e
36 Eb I
1+
k H L B3
k = e = e
Eb I
: B = 2m L = 4m
: V = 2000 kN
: k = 10 MN/m3
Eb = 25 GPa ()
: b = 0.4m d = 0.6m
: = 4.5m
= b d3 /12 = 0.4 x 0.63 / 12 = 0.0072 m4
e = B/2 d/2 = 1 0.3 = 0.7m
e=
e
36 Eb I
1+
k H L B3
e = 0.13m < B/6
S = V(e-e) / H = 253.3 kN
: = S H = 1140 kN
( ) :
M
Ve
= 0.00975 rad = 0.56o
= 12 3
K
B Lk
2.

(c ) (Westergaard, 1939) :
Eb t 3
Bc = 2.5
2
12 k (1 b )
1/ 4
: Bc
= /2 Hetenyi (1946)
Eb , b = Poisson
t =
k = Bc .
.
,
.

( ).
.
,
Winkler. (k)
Bc.
2.
1 : (Eb = 25 GPa, b =
0.30) t = 0.80m ko = 75 MN/m3 (
= 0.305m)
:
Eb t 3
: Bc = 2.5
2
12 k (1 b )
B
k = ko o
B
1/ 3
Eb t 3
: Bc = 3.40
2
12
k
B
(
1
)
o o
b
1/ 3
25000 (0.8)3
= 3.40
2
12
75
0
.
305
(
1
0
.
3
)
, 10 m .
:
k = ko
Bo
0.305
= 75
=
B
10
1/ 4
2.3 MN/m3 = 0.23 kg/cm3
= 10m
2.
2 : (Eb = 25 GPa, b =
0.30) t = 0.80m ko = 50 MN/m3 (
= 0.305m)
k B
: k = o 1 + o
4
B
Eb t 3
: B = 2.5
12
k
(
1
)
b
Eb t 3
: B( B + Bo ) = 6.25
3 ko (1 b2 )
1/ 4
(+) = 60.5m B = 7.63 7.6 m
, 7.6 m .
:
2
k B 50 0.305
3
k = o 1 + o = 1 +
= 13.5 MN / m = 1.35 kg/cm3
4
7.6
4
B

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
8
:
20.05.2005

1.
1.1
( )
( )
1.2 ()
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3 7
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.

(
)
1.1
1.1.1
(Franki, Vibro, )
1.1.2
(.. )
1.1
1.1.1

() Diesel
()
1.1
1.1.1

Franki
( )
:

( )
:

( )
: ( )
Diesel
: ( )
: ( )
: ( )
: ( )
()

(
)

(

)
()
()

()

1.
1.1

,
1.2
,
. ( )
2.
* , ,

* -
3. ()
* ( )
* - ( ). ..

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
8
:

25.12.2005

1.
1.1 ( )
1.2 ( )
1.3 ()
2.
2.1 ( )
2.2 ()
2.3 7
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
5.
Qs
Qs
Qp
Qp
Q = Qs + Q p
Q = Qs + Q p
Qs
(
)
Qsn
Qs
Qp

(
)
Qs
Qsn
Qs
Qp
Q + Qsn = Qs + Q p
Q = Qs

Qs
Qp
Q =
Qs = (s = skin)
Qp
Qs
Qp = (p = point)
Q = Qs + Q p
Qu =
Qsu =
Qpu =
Qu = Qsu + Q pu
:
1.
2.
3. (
)
4.

Qs
Qp
Q = Qs + Q p
:
L
Qs = p f s dz = D f s dz = D f si zi
i
fsi
Qs
:
L
Qsu = p f su dz = D f su dz = D f sui zi
0
p =
fs =
fsu =
D =
fsi = i- ( zi)
fsui = i- ( zi)
Qp
Q p = Ap q p
Q pu = Ap q pu
qp =
qpu =
Ap =
Qs
qp
Qp
fsu
(fs)
,
()

= (0.4% - 1.2%) D = 4 15 mm
qpu
(qp)
, ()

= (4% - 10%) D = 30 - 100 mm
()
- ()

API (American Petroleum Institute)
Qp
Qp
Q = Qs + Q p
Qs
:
fs
. , fs
-.

: L=15m, B = 0.45m Ap = 0.159 m2
: Q = 1.9 MN
:
fsu = 150 kPa
o . . qpu = 4 MPa
:
Qsu = B L fsu = 3.14 x 0.45 x 15 x 0.150
= 3.18 MN
Qpu = Ap qpu = 0.159 x 4 = 0.64 MN
Qu = Qsu + Qpu = 3.18 + 0.64 = 3.82 MN
:
FS = Qu / Q = 3.82 / 1.9 = 2

: 3 mm
. : qp = 0.93 MPa
: Qp = 0.15 MN
:
= Qp / Ap = 0.15 / 0.159 = 0.93 MPa
= / b = 0.93 / 30000 = 0.000031
:
Qm = 0.5 x (1.9 + 0.15) = 1.025 MN
:
m = Qm / Ap = 1.025 / 0.159 = 6.45 MPa
:
= m / Eb = 6.45 / 30000 = 0.00021
:
= L = 0.00021 x 1500 cm = 3.2 mm
: 3 + 3.2 = 6.2 mm
:
= Q / Ap = 11.9 MPa
= / b = 11.9 / 30000 = 0.0004
2.1
( )
:
1. ( )
2. (SPT, CPT, PMT)
3. ( )
3.1 (Dynamic Formulae)
3.2 (Wave equation analysis)
4.
Qu = Qsu + Q pu
Qsu = p f su dz = D f su dz = D f sui zi
i
Q pu = Ap q pu
qpu =
fsu =
:
1. ,
,
(ageing).
,
( ).
2. ( ),

( ).
, ( ).
,
( : = 0, c = cu )

1. (qpu)
Q pu = Ap q pu
qpu =
Ap =
1
q pu = c N c sc + v N q sq + B N s
2
v =
c , q ,
: sc , sq , s
(0.5 s ) ,
() .
(.. Franki),

1. (qpu)
q pu = 1.3 c2 N c + v N q + 0.3 2 B N
1.1 Terzaghi :
Q

Terzaghi :
v = 1 z

.
()
2 c2 2
Q pu = Ap q pu
1. (qpu)
1.1 Terzaghi :
Nq =
q pu = 1.3 c N c + v N q + 0.3 B N
1 + sin
exp( tan )
1 sin

()
(=0) :
q pu = 6.68 cu + v
:
cu =

v =

: ,

. ,

() .
N c = (N q 1)
1
tan
N = 2 (N q 1) tan
1. (qpu)
1.2 Meyerhof (1976) :
1. 0, :
()
() ( )
q pu = c N c + v N q
: (0.5 s )

2. () :
=0 c = 6 9 , Nq = 1
qpu = (6 9) cu + v
(69) : (Lb) .
6 : Lb / B = 0 , 9 : Lb / B > 4 , .
.
cu =
Lb
v =

Meyerhof :
Q pu = Ap q pu
1. (qpu)
: ,
. , ()
, ( 0).
1.2 Meyerhof ( 0) :
Nc , Nq =
()
(Lb) .

.

( Lc ), qpu
.
v =
Lc ( ), Lb
: v
= min { L , Lc }
Lb
B
1.2 Meyerhof :
Nc , Nq =
Lb =
Lc =
Lb
-
1.2 Meyerhof 0 :
Nc ,
Nq :
1. Lb / B = 0 ( ) : Nc , Nq
( c Nq).
2. Lb / B 4 : Nc , Nq
( c Nq). > 30, Nc , Nq
Lb / B ( 4,8,12,16 ).
3. 0 < Lb / B < 4 : Nc , Nq
() ().
Lb =
=
: ( = 0) :
Lb / B = 0 c = 6
Lb / B 4 c = 9
0 < Lb / B < 4 c = 6 9
:
Lb
1.2 Meyerhof 0 :
(qpu)
1. qpu
(Lb) (Lc), :

Lc
Lb > Lc Lb > 10
q pu = v N q ( Lc ) N q qLc

(v) Lc
Lb
1.2 Meyerhof 0 :
(qpu)
2. qpu
(Lb) (Lc), 10 ,
: 10 < Lb < Lc :
q pu = v N q (0.05 N q ) tan q10 B
q pu (0.05 N q ) tan
( MPa)
: = 35 q=140
max qpu = q10B = 0.05 x 140 x tan35o
q10B = 4.9 MPa
1.2 Meyerhof 0 :
(qpu)
3. qpu
(Lb) (Lc), 10 ,
: Lb < Lc Lb < 10 :
q pu
Lb
q10 B qLb
10 B
q pu
Lb
(0.005 N q ) tan
B
( MPa)
,
qpu,
qpu = qo
( )
:
q pu qo +
Lb
(q10 B qo )
10 B
q pu
Lb
q10 B qLb
10 B
1.2 Meyerhof :
qpu :
1. Nc , Nq ,
() ( )
(Lb) .
2. (qpu ) :
( 0)
q pu = cu N c + v
( = 0)
3. :
(qpu ) :
qpu { qLc , q10B , qLb }
:
(1) ( = 0),
qpu.
(2) ( 0),
qpu ,
( c Nc ) . ..
(Lc) :
q pu = c N c + v N q c N c + ( Lc ) N q qLc
1.2 Meyerhof :
:
,
= 0.46m (18 in) L=15m =35.
= 35 Lc / B = 10 Lc = 10 x 0.46 = 4.6m max v = 4.6 x 20 = 92 kPa
L = Lb = 15m Lb / B = 15 / 0.46 = 32.6 > 16, Nc ,
Nq ( Nc , Nq ) :
Nc = 180 , Nq = 140.
:
q pu = c N c + v N q = 0 180 + 92 140 = 12880 kPa = 12.9 MPa
, qpu ( MPa) :
max qpu qLc = ( Lc) x q = 0.020 x 4.6 x 140 = 12.9 Ma
: qpu = 12.9 MPa
: z = 1.76m, qpu
4.9 MPa. z = 1.76m 4.6m qpu = 4.9 12.9 Ma
2 : ( ) c = 100 kPa =20.
= 20 Lc / B = 4.1 Lc = 4.1 x 0.46 = 1.9m max v = 1.9 x 20 = 38 kPa
Lb = 15m Lb / B = 15 / 0.46 = 32.6 > 16. : c = 32, q = 14
: qpu = 100 x 32 + 38 x 14 = 3732 kPa = 3.7 MPa
1. (qpu)
1.3 American Petroleum Institute (API) :
:
q pu = v N q q pu ,max

qpu,max (MPa)
1.9
12
2.9
20
4.8
40
9.6
50
12
v =
1. (qpu)
1.4 Berezantsev
:
v =
pu
v
q

q = N

Nq
Berezantsev

2. (fsu) Tomlinson
( =0) :
f su = cu
cu = fsu
: , .
, () ( =0).

(
Tomlinson).
L =
.

.

2. (fsu) Tomlinson
( =0) :
f su = cu
cu = fsu
Tomlinson

2. (fsu) Tomlinson
( =0) :
f su = cu
cu = fsu
Tomlinson

2. (fsu) (=0)
API (American Petroleum Institute) :
2.1 ( ) :
f su = cu
cu = fsu
c
: u 1

vo
:
cu
> 1
vo
c 0.50
, 1 .0
= min 0.5
vo
c 0.25
, 1.0
= min0.5 u

vo
1
cu
0.78
= (0.2 0.3)(OCR )
vo
: ,

. ,
() (=0).
""
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
cu / 'vo 1.5
(cu)
(vo) - (OCR = -)

cu
0.78
= (0.2 0.3)(OCR )
vc
y=
cu
= 0.2 0.3
vc
2. (fsu) (0)
( 0) :
f su = v
= 0.25 0.40
- (OCR>1):
= (0.25 0.40) OCR

v =
fsu
f su = h tan = (K v ) tan
f su = (K tan ) v = v
2. (fsu)
2.2 - ()
() :
f = K tan
su
v = fsu
= -.
= .
: = 1.5 = 1.5 (1-sin) (OCR) 0.5 ( = . )
: = 0.5 0.8.
:
=0.8 (.. )
=1 ( )
: = 1.2 1.75
(Broms, 1975) :

Dr < 35%

Dr > 65%
()
(.. )
= 1.0
= 0.5
= 2.0
= 1.0
2. (fsu)
2.2 - ()
() :
f su = K v tan
= .
: = 15 - 20
:
()

fsu,max (kPa)
15
47.8
20
67.0
25
81.3
30
95.7
35
114.8
2. (fsu)
2.3 (
0 ) :
Tomlinson :
f su = c + K v tan
=
: =1
: = 0.75
: = 0.50
c = (
)
=
: =0.50
: = 0.75
: = 1.00
v = fsu
= .
( = ) :
: = 20o (), = 15-20o (),
: = 0.5

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
8

:

20.05.2005
2.1 ()
:
1. ( )
2. (SPT, CPT, PMT)
3. ( )
4.

()
1. (SPT)
2. (CPT)
3. (PMT)
1. (qpu)
Meyerhof (1976):
() :
q pu = (0.04 N )
Lb
0.4 N
B
( Pa)
- :
q pu = (0.03 N )
Lb
0.3 N
B
( Pa)
= SPT 7 ( 4
3 )
= ()
Lb = .
Lb 10 ,
.

(SPT)
2. (qpu) Decourt (1982):
q pu = k1 N 50 k1
( Pa)
: >50, =50
k1 :
, - : k1 = 0.20
: k1 = 0.12
- : k1 = 0.25 , : k1 = 0.40
3. (fsu) Decourt (1982):
f su = 10 + 3.3 N 175 kPa
( kPa)
: >50, =50

(SPT)
4. ( fsu )
Meyerhof (1976):
f su = m N
( kPa)
= SPT fsu
m = 2 ( )
m = 1 ( .. )
: >50, =50

1. (SPT)
2. (CPT)
3. (PMT)
1. (qpu)
Meyerhof (1976) :
qc =
pu
c
CPT 7
( 4
3 )
q =q
qpu
(Lb)
Lb < 10 B :
4
q pu = qc
Lb
10 B
:
:
FS = 3

(CPT)
1. (qpu)
Schmertmann ( FHWA-1978) :
q pu =
1
(qc1 + qc 2 )
2
qc1 , qc2 =
CPT

:

:
FS = 2

(CPT)
1. (qpu)
(AFNOR 1993) :
q pu = kc (qc v )
qc =
CPT 7 (
4 3
)
v =

ND =
()
D =
()
:
( ) :
: FS = 1.5
: FS = 2

(CPT)
2. ( fsu ) ,
Meyerhof (1976) :
f su = 0.005 qc
f su = f c
qc = CPT
fsu
fc = CPT
fsu
= 1.5 - 2 :
= 1 : ..

(CPT)
2. ( fsu )
(AFNOR 1993) :
f su =
qc
qs ,max
:
:
FS = 1.5

1. (SPT)
2. (CPT)
3. (PMT)

(PMT)

(PMT) AFNOR, 1993
1. (qpu) :
q pu = k p p le*
p*le =
( 7, 4 3
)
kp = .
pl =
ND =
()
D =
()
:

(

) :
: FS = 1.5
: FS = 2

(PMT) AFNOR, 1993
2. ( fsu ) :

(fsu)

(p*le)
Q1Q7 (

)
:

: FS = 1.5

Q1 Q7
( )

(PMT) AFNOR, 1993
2. ( fsu ) : Q1 Q7
2.1 ()
:
1. ( )
2.
3. ( )
4.
Diesel

Hiley :
W + e2 P
f Eo
Ru =
s + 0.5 (C p + Cq + Cc ) W + P
W =
P =
(cap-block)
s =

Ru =

Hiley :
1. :
:
En
En = f Eo
2. :
Ru s
Ru s

1 e P
3.
En
:
W
+
P
W , P
(cap-block) e : e =
0.32 0.80 ( e = 0.50)
4. (p),
(q)
(c = cap-block) :
1
Ru (C p + Cq + Cc )
2
Cp = , Cq =
(quake), Cc =

Hiley :
:
(1 e2 )P 1
+ Ru (C p + Cq + Cc )
f Eo = Ru s + En
+
W
P
W + e2 P
f Eo
Ru =
s + 0.5 (C p + Cq + Cc ) W + P
:
Diesel HERA 7500 : Eo = 210 kNm ( ), f = 0.70
W = 7500 kg , : c = 750 kg
: e = 0.50
: L=35m, p = 35m x 250 kg/m = 8750 kg
P = Mc + Mp = 750 + 8750 = 9500 kg
, 25cm 125 .
s = 250 mm / 125 = 2mm = 0.002m
C : Cp = 0.03m , Cq = 0.004m, Cc = 0.004m
7500 + 0.502 9500

0.7 210
Ru =
0.002 + 0.5 (0.03 + 0.004 + 0.004 )
7500 + 9500
= 4066 kN
2.1 ()
:
1. ( )
2. ( )
3.
2.1 ()
:
1. ( )
2. ( )
3.
Qs
Qp
:

( D = 1200mm)
(kN)
(mm)

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
21.12.2005
2.
2.2 ()
:
1. ( )
1.1 DIN 4014
1.2 AASHTO
1.3
2.
DIN 4014 :
:
Qu = Qsu + Q pu
:
:
Qsu = D f su z
fsu =
Q pu = Ap q pu
qpu =
1. (qpu ) :
1.1 - (qc = CPT) :
qc (MPa)
qpu (MPa)
10
0 ()
10
15
20
3.5
25
:

3D

1. (qpu ) :
1.1 - (qc = CPT) :
qc ( SPT)
qc / N
(qc MPa) DIN 4014
qc / N (qc MPa)
Burland and Burbridge
qc / N
0.3 0.4
0.5 0.6
0.5 1.0
0.8 1.0
1. (qpu ) :
1.2. (cu = ) :
cu (kPa)
qpu (MPa)
100
0.8
200
1.5
:

3D

*
2. ( fsu ) :
2.1. - (qc = CPT) :
qc (MPa)
fsu (kPa)
40
10
80
15
120
*
2. ( fsu ) :
2.2. (cu = ) :
cu (kPa)
fsu (kPa)
25
25
100
40
200
60
*
3. (qpu )
( fsu ) (qu = ) :
qu (MPa)
< 0.5
fsu
(kPa)
qpu
(MPa)
0.5
80
1.5
500
20
500
10
:

D
DIN 4014 :
: : , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45
:
: fsu = 45 kPa
: qc = 0.5 N = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 MPa
fsu = 120 kPa qpu = 3.75 MPa
Qsu = D f su z
Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 = 2261 kN

:
Q pu = Ap q pu
Ap = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Qpu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN
: Qu = Qsu + Qpu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN
2.
2.2 ()
:
1. ( )
1.1 DIN 4014
1.2 AASHTO (2002)
2.
AASHTO (2002) :
1. (qpu ) :
1.1 - :
q pu = 0.0586 N 4.4 MPa
qpu : MPa
N = SPT
1.2 :
q pu = N c cu 3.9 MPa
cu =
L =
= ( )
N c = 6 1 + 0.2 9
B
AASHTO (2002) :
2. ( fsu ) :
2.1 :
f su = 0.55 cu 270 kPa

cu =
2.2 - & :
v =
fsu
f su = v 200 kPa
z (m)
1.20
1.5 26m
1.5 0.245 z
26m
0.25
z ( m)
0 1.5m
0.2

0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AASHTO (2002) :
3. (qpu )
( fsu ) (qu = ) :
O ( fsu )
(qu)
O
(qpu) :
qpu = 3 qu
qu =
ci
GSI
exp
50
25
.
5
ci =
GSI =

RMR
: ci = 20 MPa, GSI = 40 qu = 1.92 MPa fsu = 317 kPa

qpu = 3 qu = 3 x 1.92 qpu = 5.76 MPa
AASHTO :
: : , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45
:
: fsu = 0.55 cu = 69 kPa
: f su =
v = 1.5 0.245 z z
f su = 1.5 0.245 13.5 (18 12 + 20 1.5)
= 0.60 246 = 147.6 kPa

qpu = 58.6 N = 58.6 x 45 =2637 kPa
:
Qsu = D f su z
Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (69 x 12 + 147.6 x 3) = 2080 + 1112 = 3192 kN

:
Q pu = Ap q pu
Ap = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Qpu = 0.5024 x 2637 = 1325 kN
: Qu = Qsu + Qpu = 3192 + 1325 = 4517 kN
2.2
:
1. :
1.1. (fsu) Touma & Reese (1974) :
f su = K v tan
: = 0.7 =
( )
,
( = )
1.2. (fsu) Meyerhof (1976) :

fsu ( ) = ( 0.33 0.50 ) fsu ( )

1.3. (qpu) Meyerhof (1976) :

qpu ( ) = ( 0.33 0.50 ) qpu ( )

2.2
:
2. () :
2.1. (qpu) Meyerhof (1976) :
(
),
,
.
:
= 0 :
q pu = (6 9 ) cu + v
0 :
2.2
:
2. () :
2.2. / (
0) Meyerhof (1976) :
f su = K v tan
:
K = 0.75 Ko = 0.75 (1 sin ) OCR

=
OCR = -
= 15 - 20
2.2
:
2. () :
2.3. (
= 0) Weltman & Healy (1978) :
su
u
c =
f =c
20%
:
1. (..

:
Qu = (Qsu + Q pu ) Qsnu
(Q)

( )
2.
( ) :
Qu = (Qsu + Q pu )
Qsn
Qs
: ,
(Q)
(
)
Qp
Q + Qsn = Qs + Q p
(FS)

Qu =

(Qmax)
Qu :
1.

2.

Qs
Qp
3.
(..
,

)
4.
Qmax =
Qu
FS
FS =
(> 1)
(FS)

Qmax =
:
1. Tomlinson :
E :
Q
Q
Qmax = min su + pu
3
1.5
Q
Q
Qmax = min su + pu
3
1
Qu
2.5
Qu
Qu
FS
2. :
( ) : FS = 2
( ) : FS = 1.5
,
(.. ) : FS = 1.0
3. FS AASHTO :

2.25 3.50 *
2.00
2.50
2.00

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
10
:
7
21.12.2005

1.
2.
2.1 ( )
2.2 ()
2.3 7
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.
7

( )
:
(actions : F) : (..
, ).
(G) : (..
)
(action effects : E) : (..
) (.. )
E = F + G
(X) : .. , , .
(Resistances : R) : (..
, , ).
7

() :
(Fk) (Xk) :
(5% )
(Gk), (Ek)
(Rk) :
:
Gk = G ( X k )
Ek = E ( Fk , Gk , X k )
Rk = R ( X k )
T (Fd) :
(Fk)
(F 1) ( 1) :
Fd = F Fk
T (Xd) :
(Xk)
( 1) :
Xd = Xk M
7

() :
T (Gd) :
:
( )
Gd = F Gk
Gd = G ( X d )
( )
T (d) :
:
Ed = E
Ed
{ F + G }
= F + G
k
( )
( )
: = ( = F)
T (Rd) :
:
Rd =
R( X k )
( )
Rd = R ( X d )
( )
7

:
Fd =
Rs
Vd Rsd
(design value)

.
(V) /
(G), ..
.
Fd Ru ,d
V
G
Ru ,d =

(
) .
(Rs)
(Rb) (
).
Rs
Rb
:
Vd + Gd Rsd + Rbd
7

1. ( 1) :
Fd = F Vk + Gd
:
Gd = F G (ck , tan k )
( )
c tan k
Gd = G k ,
M M
( )
Vk =
G = (.. )
= (1)
F =
ck , k =
=
7

1. ( 2) :
Fd = E
:
{ V + G }
k
Gk = G (ck , tan k )
Vk =
= (1)
F =
ck , k =
Gk = (..
)
= ( = F)
7

2. ( Ru,k ) :
7
, ()
(n)
(n) (.
).
Ru,k :
1. (n) (..
)
2. (n)
3. (n)
4.

: (4) ().
, (m) (4)
.
7

1 : ( Ru,k )
(n) * (.. ).

(.. cu qc )
(fsu) (qbu).
Ru. (n) Ru .
* =
i (i = 1,2, n) :
(fsu , qbu )
Rsu = D f su z
Rbu = Ab qbu
Ru = Rsu + Rbu
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :
Ru ,mean
1 n
= Ru
n i =1
Ru ,min = min{Ru }
7

1 : ( Ru,k )
Ru ,k
Ru ,mean Ru ,min
= min
,
4
3
, 3 4
n :
7

1 : ( Ru,k )
() :
i (i = 1,2, n) :
( fsu , qbu )
Rsu = D f su z
Rbu = Ab qbu
(
) :
1 n
Rsu ,mean = Rsu
n i =1
1 n
Rbu ,mean = Rbu
n i =1
Rsu ,min = min{Rsu }

Rbu ,min = min{Rbu }
Rsu ,k
R
R
= min su ,mean , su ,min

4
3
:
Rbu ,k
Rbu ,mean Rbu ,min

,
= min
3
4
Ru ,k = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k
2 : ( Ru,k )
.
n Ru :
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :
Ru ,mean
1 n
= Ru
n i =1
Ru ,min = min{Ru }
R
R
Ru ,k = min u ,mean , u ,min
2
1
, 1 2
n :

,

10% ( 1)
7

3 : ( Ru,k )

(.. wave equation
Hiley formula).
n Ru, :
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :
Ru ,mean
1 n
= Ru
n i =1
Ru ,min = min{Ru }
Ru ,k
Ru ,mean Ru ,min
= min
,
6
5
, 5 6
n :
7

3 : ( Ru,k )
5 , 6 : - n
7

4 : ( Ru,k )
:
(.. SPT, CPT, PMT) / (.. UU, CU, DS)

(. cu , qc , N)
( fsu,k ) ( qbu,k ).
:
Ru ,k = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k
:
Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z
Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
7

4 : ( Ru,k )
1, 2, 3 (Rsu,k
Rbu,k) ()
( , ).
, 4 Rsu,k Rpu,k
(fsu,k qpu,k)
().
, Rsu,k Rpu,k 4
30% ()
1, 2, 3. , Rsu,k Rpu,k
4
(model factor) m = 1.30, :
Rsu ,k =
D f su ,k z
Rbu ,k =
Ab qbu ,k
,
4 ( 7)
( FS=2).
7

3. (Ru,d) :
Ru ,d =
(1)
Ru ,d =
(2)
(3)
Ru ,d =
(5) Ru ,d =
sR
[R
Ru ,k
su ,k
1, 4, 2, 3
+ Rbu ,k ]
[Rsu ( X d ) + Rbu ( X d )] =
Ru ,d =
(4)
sR
Rsu ( X d ) +
Rbu ,k +
1
bR
bR
1, 4
[R
su ,d
+ Rbu ,d ]
Rbu ,k
Rbu ( X d ) =
sR
4
1, 4
Rsu ,d +
bR
Rbu ,d
7

3. (Ru,d) :
Xd = : X d =
Xk
ck , k =
=
Rsu , Rbu =
Rsu,k , Rbu,k =

Rsu,d , Rbu,d =

R =
sR =
bR =
7

: F , , : , R: R , sR , bR
(..)

( i, Mi, Ri)

( F , )
( F , )
( R , sR , bR )
(T)
1 . 1
1 . 2
(1)
(2)
(1) + (1)
(2) + (2)
(1) + (R1)
(1) + (R4)
,
,
(1,2 T4)
(1,2 T4)
(1)
(M1) + (A1)
(1) + (R2)
(1,2 T4)
(1)
(M2) + (A2)
(2) + (R3)
(3 T5)
:
1. .
2.
2. 1 2 ()
3. .. 1, 1 & 2
4. .. 3 4 (R)
(F )

()
7

(R)

()

()
bR
sR
R
sR
7

(R)
bR
()
sR

()
R
sR
7

(R)
(Continuous Flight Auger CFA)
bR
()
sR

()
R
sR
7

( 8) :
, :
1. (Operational Basis Earthquake OBE)
: F = = 1.0
:
R :
2. ( ) (Safe Shutdown Earthquake SSE)

: F = = 1.0
: = R = 1.0
7

:
. D=0.8m, L=15m.

(Vk)
.
80% (permanent) 20%
(transient).
: , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45
7,
fsu qpu. DIN 4014.
4
: m= 1.30
7

:
DIN 4014 :
: fsu = 45 kPa
: qc = 0.5 N = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 MPa.
: fsu = 120 kPa qbu = 3.75 MPa
4
,
m=1.30. :
:
fsu,k = fsu / m = 45 / 1.30 = 34.6 kPa
:
fsu,k = fsu / m = 120 / 1.30 = 92.3 kPa
qbu,k = qbu / m = 3.75 / 1.30 = 2.88 MPa
7

:
1. (FS=2) :
:
Qsu = D f su z
Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 = 2261 kN

:
Qbu = Ab qbu
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Qbu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN
: Qu = Qsu + Qbu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN

: FS=2
: Qall / FS = 4145 / 2 = 2072 kN
7

: 7
1 1 :
:
Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

:
:
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN
Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN
( R1, 4):
Ru ,d =
sR
Rsu ,k +
bR
Rbu ,k =
1
1
1739 +
1449 Ru ,d = 2898 kN
1 .0
1.25
Fd Ru ,d
1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN
7

:
1 2 :
:
Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.0 (0.8Vk ) + 1.3 (0.2Vk ) = 1.06 Vk

:
:
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN

:
Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN
( R4, 4):
Ru ,d =
sR
Rsu ,k +
bR
Rbu ,k =
1
1
1739 +
1449
1 .3
1 .6
Fd Ru ,d
Ru ,d = 2243 kN
1.06 Vk 2243 Vk 2116 kN
7

:
, 1 :
Vk = min (2100, 2116) = 2100 kN

: 1
7

:
2 :
:
Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

:
:
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN

:
Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN
( R2, 4):
Ru ,d =
sR
Rsu ,k +
bR
Rbu ,k =
1
1
1739 + 1449
1 .1
1 .1
Fd Ru ,d
Ru ,d = 2898 kN
1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN
7

:
3 :
:
Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

( 5) :
Ru ,d =
sR
c tan k
Rsu k ,
M M
1
c tan k
+
Rbu k ,
bR
M M
(2) :
: fsu,k = 45 / 1.3 = 34.6 kPa
f su ,d =
f su ,k
34.6
= 24.7 kPa
1.40
1.40 fsu
(cu). 1.3
(m)
7

:
3 :
f su ,d =
: fsu,k = 120 / 1.3 = 92.3 kPa

qpu,k = 3.75 / 1.3 = 2.88 MPa
q pu ,d =
f su ,k
M
q pu ,k
92.3
= 73.8 kPa
1.25
2.88
= 2.3 MPa
1.25
1.25 fsu qpu

( ). 1.3
(m)
:
Rsu ,d = D f su ,d z
Rsu,d = 3.14 x 0.80 x (24.7 x 12 + 73.8 x 3) = 744.6 + 556.2 = 1300.7 kN

:
Rbu ,d = Ab qbu ,d
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2
Rbu,d = 0.5024 x 2300 = 1155.5 kN
7

:
3 :
( R3, 5) :
Ru ,d =
:
Ru ,d =
sR
1
sR
c tan k
Rsu k ,
M M
Rsu ,d +
bR
1
c tan k
+
Rbu k ,
bR
M M
Rbu ,d =
Fd Ru ,d
1
1
1300.7 +
1155.5 =
1 .0
1 .0
2456 kN
1.38 Vk 2456 Vk 1780 kN

Vk (kN)
EC-7 : 1
EC-7 : 2
EC-7 : 3
2100
2100
1780

(FS=2)
2072

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
12
:
21.05.2005
1.
2.
2.1 ( )
2.2 ()
2.3 7
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.
4.
4.1
1. ( ) :

,

.

- .
,
,

(

).
4.
4.1
2. ( ) :

Qsu , g = f Qsu
:
Qu , g = N (Q pu + f Qsu )
(Qpu)

(
,
).
(Qsu)

.

(Qsu)
ConverseLabarre (Qsu,g=
,
= m x n , D,
s ) :
f = 1
1 1
2
90
m n
= arctan
D
s
4.
4.1
2. ( ) :
Converse-Labarre :
1 1
2
90
m n
D
= arctan
s
f = 1
Qsu,g=
,
m x n
= m x n =
D =
s =
Qsu , g = f Qsu
:
Qu , g = N (Q pu + f Qsu )
:
.. f

(

)
4.
4.1
2. ( ) :

,

Bg x Lg x D
(Qu,b)
:
1.
Bg x Lg
(D)
2.
(D).
,

:
Qu ,b > n (Q pu + f Qsu )
4.
4.1
: n

, : Q > n Q
u,g
u

.

.
4.
4.2
R =
ex =
M x = R ex
:
1.
2. (n)
:
1. R
(
= R / n)
2. (x)
(Pi)
(xi)
()
x-
x-
4.
4.2
R =
ex =
M x = R ex
(i) :
Pi =
1 e x
Pi = R + n x i
n xi2
i =1
R
+ Pi
n
Pi = c xi
:
i =1
i =1
M x = Pi xi = c xi2
Pi = c xi =
Mx
n
x
i =1
2
i
xi =
R ex xi
n
x
i =1
2
i
4.
4.2
:
R =
ex = (x)
ey = (y)
K =
xi, yi = (i) ( )
(i) :
1 e x
e y yi
x i
+ n
Pi = R + n
n
2
2
xi yi
i =1
i =1
4.
4.2
: (6) . R = 10000 kN
n = 6 , ex = -2m , ey = 1m
x1 = 6m , y1 = -1.5m
x2 = 0m , y2 = -1.5m
x3 = -6m , y3 = -1.5m
x4 = 6m , y4 = 1.5m
x5 = 0m , y5 = 1.5m
x6 = -6m , y6 = 1.5m
2
x
i=
144 m2
2
y
i=
13.5 m2
i =1
n
i =1
(i) :
1 e x
e y yi
x i
+ n
Pi = R + n
xi2 yi2
i =1
i =1
P1 = - 278 kN
P2 = 556 kN
P3 = 1389 kN
P4 = 1944 kN
P5 = 2778 kN
P6 = 3611 kN
: Pi = R
4.
4.3

,
(
).
g = (1 + )
g = n
Pg =
= = Pg / n
4.3.1
Ep =
Poulos (1971)

(n=2)
(Ep = )
4.
4.3
4.3.1
Poulos (1971)
Ep

(n=2).
g = (1 + )
Ep =
E =
d =
s =
:
Ep s
K =
E d
4.3
4.3.2 Poulos (1971)
g = Rs
g = n ( )
Pg =
= = Pg / n
p =
=
()
L/d
s/d
=2x2
=3x3
=4x4
K=
=5x5
Ep
E
4.3
4.3.2 Poulos (1971)
g = Rs
g = n ( )
Pg =
= = Pg / n
p =
=
K=
()
=2x2
L/d
=3x3
=4x4
=5x5
s/d
4.3
4.3.2 Poulos (1971)
g = Rs
g = n
Pg =
= = Pg / n
Rs(n) ( )
n n = 4, 9, 16, 25 :
Rs (n ) = Rs (25) + [Rs (25) Rs (16 )]
n 5
Rs
n
Ep
E
4.
4.3
4.3.3 Terzaghi

B x L = 2/3 D
(D =
)
2/3 D
60
4.
4.3
4.3.3 Terzaghi

B x L = 2/3 D

2/3 D
D =
)
( 1.5 )
( i), , . :
= i H i =
i
zi
H i
Esi
4.3
4.3.3 Terzaghi

Janbu, Bjerrum & Kjaersli (
) :
i =
= (D)
1 = ()
i = o 1
u =
q B
Eu
q = q qo = q D
L , = ( L B )
: D 2/3
4.3
4.3.3 Terzaghi

Janbu, Bjerrum & Kjaersli (
) :
1 = ()
i = o 1
q B
Eu
q = q qo = q D
:
D 2/3

4.3.3 Terzaghi

4.3.3 Terzaghi

7 . -. - . 2005 - 06
13
:

21.05.2005
1.
2.
2.1 ( )
2.2 ()
2.3 7
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
5.

, , ,
, , .

,
:
(1)

(
)
(2)

(3)

( ) :
Broms ( ) :
1. ,
-

Broms ( ) :
1. :
, , L , = , , ,

( ) :

:

15
14
EI
L < 2
n
h
EI
L < 2
K
B
14
EI
2
K
B
15
14
15
14
EI
L > 4
n
h
EI
L > 3.5
K
B
K = 0.67 k
15
EI
EI
< L < 4
2
n
n
h
h
EI
< L < 3.5

K
B
(kN/m3)
z =
=
z
K = nh
B
k = (Winkler)
0.305m
nh =

Broms ( ) :
ko
( 0.305m)
:
cu (kPa) :
100 - 200
200 - 400
400 - 800
ko (MN/m3)
18 - 36
36 - 72
72 144
ko (MN/m3)
27
54
108
nh ( / m3)
(Dr)
< 50 %
50-75%
75-100%
nh (MN/m3)
2.5
7.5
20
nh (MN/m3)
1.4 5.3
5 16.3
12 - 34
nh : 0.35 0.70 / m3
Broms ( ) :
1. :
1
B
H u = K p L3
2
e+L
(z) :
z=
2 Hu
3 B Kp
1
M = H u (e + z ) K p B z 3
2
= (Hu)
=
=
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
Broms ( ) :
1. :
3
H u = K p L2 B
2
M max = K p L3 B
= (Hu)
=
=
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
Broms ( ) :
2. :
f = H (9 cu B )
M max = H (e + 1.5B + 0.5 f )
u = ()
cu = ()
Broms ( ) :
2. :
H u = 9 cu B (L 1.5B )
M max = 4.5 cu B (L2 2.25B 2 )

u = ()
cu = ()

Broms ( ) :
,
3. : (u ),

. ,
:
Hu =
Mu
(e + 1.5B + 0.5 f )
f = H (9 cu B )
M max = H (e + 1.5B + 0.5 f )

Broms ( ) :
,
3. : (u ),

. ,
:
Hu =
f = H (9 cu B )
2 Mu
(1.5B + 0.5 f )

Broms ( ) :
,
4. : (u ),

. ,
:
Hu =
Mu
e + 0.54
Hu
BK p
K p = tan 2 45 +
2
f = 0.82
H
BK p
M max = H (e + 0.67 f )

Broms ( ) :
,
4. : (u ),

. ,
:
Hu =
2 Mu
e + 0.54
Hu
BK p
K p = tan 2 45 +
2

2. Winkler :
Winkler :
p = kh y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
kh = Winkler (kN/m3)

Winkler :
Winkler :
p = kh y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
kh = Winkler (kN/m3)
:
d4y
E I 4 = pB
dx
d4y
E I 4 + kh B y = 0
dx
= (m)
E = (kN/m2)
I =

( x H) :
BH3
I=
12

(D) :
I=
D4
64

Winkler :

(z=0) :
Lo :
1. :
kh = 0.67 k (kN/m3) k =
(Winkler) 0.305m
EI
Lo =
k
B
h
2.
kh (kN/m3),
:
EI
Lo =
n
h
kh = nh
z
B
14
15
z =
nh =

Winkler :

(z=0) :
(y)
(z) :
Lo = , Lp =
H L3o
y = F
EI

Winkler :

(z=0) :
()
(z) :
M = Fm H Lo
Lo = , Lp =

Winkler :
kh
Winkler
p-y ( kh).
, p-y
(pu =
). (y > yu),

().

- p-y
(..
).
- p-y
American Petroleum Institute (API)

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Καββαδάς - Σημειώσεις Θεμελιώσεων Τεχνικών Έργων

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.

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

( ) EC-7 & Vesic, 1975):

EC-7 ( D) DIN 4017 :

(d) ( NAVFAC DM-7.2) :

H u = min{Vu tan , V tan }

(1) + (1) + (R1)

(1) + (1) + (R2)

[(1)* (2)** ] + (2) + (R3)

=2.5m, D=1.5m, q=0 ( )

=25 c= 20.72 , Nq= 10.66 , N = 9.01

pu = 10 x 20.72 + 20 x 1.5 x 10.66 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 9.01 = 752.2 kPa

: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m

: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m

1881 / 3 = 627 kN/m **

1 bar = 0.1 MPa

Tassios & Anagnostopoulos (1974) :

Papadopoulos & Anagnostopoulos (1987) :

( : 0 < F2/F1 < 1 )

= [n,n (n1),n ] + [(n1),(n1) (n2),(n1) ] + ... + [2,2 1,2 ] + 1,1

: = 2,2 1,2 + 1,1

: L/=2 /=3 f = 0.85

1.2 Steinbrenner = 0.30 ( Es

v < p< vo+v

10 3 cm 2 / sec = 3.15 m 2 / year

v = / Es = q / D = 100 / 10000 = 0.01

e = - v (1+eo) = - 0.01 x 1.75 = -0.0175 : ep = 0.75 0.0175 = 0.7325

Peck, Hanson &

3. m Dr = 100 % ( Terzaghi & Peck) :

4. =m ( Peck & Bazaraa, 1967) :

vo > 71.8 kPa : N =

N' / N (Peck & Bazarra)

= 2.5m = 8.2 , q = 300 kPa , N () = 24

1.3. Terzaghi & Peck (1967)

1.4. Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974)

= 0.89 1 0.147 0.237 = 0.031 m = 31mm

qc / N (qc MPa) Burland and Burbridge

bending moment (kNm) .

shear force (kN) .

bending moment (kNm) .

shear force (kN) .

vertical settlement (m) .

Winkler : ymax = max / k

Winkler : ymax = max / k

e = 0.13m < B/6

2.3 MN/m3 = 0.23 kg/cm3

(+) = 60.5m B = 7.63 7.6 m

= (4% - 10%) D = 30 - 100 mm

q pu = v N q (0.05 N q ) tan q10 B

qpu { qLc , q10B , qLb }

q pu = c N c + v N q = 0 180 + 92 140 = 12880 kPa = 12.9 MPa

= (0.25 0.40) OCR

3. (fsu) Decourt (1982):

f su = 10 + 3.3 N 175 kPa

7500 + 0.502 9500

Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 = 2261 kN

Ap = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2

Qpu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN

: Qu = Qsu + Qpu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN

q pu = 0.0586 N 4.4 MPa