Heat Treatment process

> What is heat treatment process

> What are it effects

> Why

Toughness

Hardness
Ductility
Machineability
Refine Grain Structure
Residual Stresses
Wear Resistance

> Application
Aircraft Industry
Automobile
Manufacturing
Defense Sector
Forging
Foundry
Heavy Machinery
Manufacturing
Powder Metal
Industries

Commonly Heat Treated Metals

> Ferrous Metals
Steel
Cast Iron
Alloys
Stainless Steel
Tool Steel
> Non-ferrous Metals
Aluminum
Copper
Brass
Titanium

Types of heat treatment processes

Austempering
Martempering
Ausforming

Time-TemperatureTransformation(TTT)Curve
TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the
logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite
composition.
It is used to determine when transformations begin
and end for an isothermal heat treatment of a
previously austenitized alloy
TTT diagram indicates when a specific
transformation starts and ends and it also shows
what percentage of transformation of austenite at a
particular temperature is achieved.

Time-Temperature-Transformation
(TTT)Curve

Continuous-coolingtranformation(CCT)Curve
CCT diagram depends on composition of steel,
nature of cooling, austenite grain size, extent of
austenite homogenising, as well as austenitising
temperature and time.
continuous cooling occurs through a series of
isothermal steps and the time spent at each of these
steps depends on the rate of cooling. The difference
between successive isothermal steps can be
considered to approach zero.
The transformation at a temperature is not
independent to cooling above it.

 CCT diagram depends on composition of steel,

nature of cooling, austenite grain size, extent of
austenite homogenising, as well as austenitising
temperature and time.
continuous cooling occurs through a series of
isothermal steps and the time spent at each of these
steps depends on the rate of cooling. The difference
between successive isothermal steps can be
considered to approach zero.
The transformation at a temperature is not
independent to cooling above it.

Continuous-CoolingTransformation(CCT)Curve

Critical-Cooling-Rate-(CCR)Curve
When cooling curve is tangent to the nose of TTTcurve, it is
called as critical cooling rate. It can be defined as in
two ways:
1) Slowest cooling rate at which unstable austenite
can be
converted into martensite.
OR
2) fastest cooling rate at which unstable austenite
can be
converted into pearlite.
CCR is a dividing line between martensite and
pearlite transformation.
Factors affecting on CCR:
1) carbon content
2) Austenitic temperature

Critical-Cooling-Rate-(CCR)Curve

> Ausforming
It is a hardening process that produces very high
strength steel.
This process converts metastable austensite to
martensite by quenching, and increase in strength
upto 50% without any loss in ductility. due to this fine
structure will also changes.
Strengthening is directly proportional to deformation.
1) Process:
Steel is heated to austenitic region.Temperature is
maintained so that uniform structure from surfece
to core.cooling is done between the temperature Ms
And nose.At this temperature- forging/rolling then
cooled at room teperature.
2) Properties:
Gives better combination of tensile strength of 3000
N/m^2.
3) Application:

> Ausforming

> Austempering

 Austempering is an isothermal heat treatment that,

when applied to ferrous materials, produces a
structure that is stronger and tougher than
comparable structures produced with conventional
heat treatments.
Conventional heat treaters heat the parts to "red
heat" in a controlled atmosphere and then quench
them in a bath of oil or water that is near room
temperature. (Maybe even as high as a few hundred
degrees Fahrenheit).
This produces a crystalline structure known as
Martensite, a hard, brittle phase. The parts are then
tempered in another furnace at 350F (177C) to
1100F (593C) to decrease the "brittleness.
During the process of quenching to Martensite, the

> Martempering

 Quenching from the austenitizing temperature into a

hot fluid medium (hot oil, molten salt, molten metal,
or a fluidized particle bed) at a temperature usually
above the martensite range (Ms point)
Holding in the quenching medium until the
temperature throughout the steel is substantially
uniform
Cooling (usually in air) at a moderate rate to prevent
large differences in temperature between the outside
and the center of the section

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