Index

Page numbers in italics refer to information boxes

and hint boxes.

A
Abel, Niels Henrik 121
absolute (global) maximum/minimum values 602,
603
absolute value
expressions 1367
function 70, 81, 824
inequalities 13942
absolute values 1012
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 26
AC circuits 429
acceleration 6069,829, 8334
acute angles 350, 3514
addition, vectors 4035, 4067, 62931
addition rule (probabilities) 527, 528, 538, 540, 546
additive identities 12
additive inverses 12
algebraic expressions 2634
algebraic fractions (rational expressions) 314,
1334
algebraic functions 90, 91, 126, 736, 739
amplitude 305, 306, 307, 308
analytical solutions, trigonometric equations 31921
angle between
axis and vector 632
line and plane 6823
plane and plane 681
vector and vector 421, 637
angles 28084
notation 350
vectors 42122
angles of depression 354
angles of elevation 354, 355, 356
angles of incidence/refraction 759
anti-derivatives 7714
apparent sizes 343
arc length 2845
areas

graphs 7957, 81118

triangles 2623, 3646, 389, 390, 639, 648
arguments (complex numbers) 443
arithmetic 952
arithmetic means 156, 481
arithmetic sequences 1556, 194
arithmetic series 1667, 1945
associative property 12, 407, 432
asymptotes 53, 55, 812, 127, 128, 12930, 209
augmented matrices 26973
average values, functions 800, 801
average velocities 571, 604, 605
averages (see means, medians, modes)
axioms 955, 956, 958, 960
axis of symmetry, parabolas 99, 100, 101, 110, 111

B
Babylonians 281
bar charts 466
barber paradox 954
base vectors 631
Bayes theorem 5527
bearings (direction) 387, 414
Bernoulli, Daniel 217
Bernoulli, Jakob 217
Bernoulli, Johann 91, 217
Bernoulli distribution 8701
Bernoulli trials 870
biconditional statements 114
bimodal distributions 501
binomial coefficients 185, 872, 873
binomial distribution 8718, 8823
cumulative distribution function 8778
binomial experiments 8723
binomial theorem 1878
proof 1979
binomials 26, 183
Black Death 9312
Bolyai, Janos 959
bounded intervals 9, 10
box plots 4912, 4956
1035

Index

Briggs, Henry 225

Buffon, Count 518

C
calculus 571, 588
carbon14 212
Cardano, Girolamo 121
Cartesian coordinate system 478
Cartesian equations
lines 379, 6578
planes 6712, 673, 676, 677, 679, 683, 684
Cartesian products 6, 7
categorical (qualitative) data 466
Cayley, Arthur 247
chain reasoning 956
chain rule 7016, 712, 719, 745, 775, 776
change of base formula (logarithms) 23031
Chebyshevs rule497
circles 285
circular functions (see trigonometric functions)
classes (data) 468
closed intervals 9, 10
cofunction identities 322, 333
coefficients, polynomial functions 91
collinear points 263, 264, 631
column vectors 248
combinations 17980
common denominators 32
common factors (algebraic expressions) 32
common logarithmic function 227, 222
commutative property 12, 2523, 403, 420, 432
complementary angles 350, 354
complements (probabilities) 527, 528, 531
complements (sets) 6, 7
completeness, axioms 960
completing the square 1002, 103
complex numbers 3, 4, 6, 12, 108, 118, 429, 4314
conjugates 4348, 446
division 4334, 4478
Eulers formula 4458
multiplication 4323, 4456
powers 431, 436, 44952
roots 4525
trigonometric form 4435
complex plane 4403
components, vectors 4012, 406, 420, 423, 628
1036

composite functions 5760, 61, 62, 81

derivatives 7016
compound angle identities 3269, 333, 341, 343
compound fractions 33
compound interest 15962, 1712, 213, 219, 220,
221, 234, 235, 2367
concave graphs 609, 610
conditional probabilities 54150, 554, 555
conjectures 956
conjugates 27, 29, 4348, 446
consistency, axioms 960
constant functions 70, 91, 600
constant multiple rule, derivatives 588
constant rule, derivatives 586, 588
constants of integration 773
construction, triangles 36970, 3723
constructivism 955
continuous data 466
continuous functions 600, 797
continuous random variables 8556, 88998, 902
convergence (see infinite series, limits)
coplanar vectors 649, 650, 675, 678
coordinate planes 37, 627
coordinates 3
cosecant/cosine/cotangent function (see
trigonometric functions)
cosine rule (see law of cosines)
counterexamples 331
critical points, functions 5600, 601, 602, 603, 605,
608
cube roots 15, 453, 455
cubes (shape) 4950
cubic equations 121
cubic expressions 26
cubic functions 91, 118, 11920
cubing function 70
cumulative distribution functions 858, 8778, 8856,
893
cumulative frequency graphs 47072, 500
curve fitting 2734

D
data sets 465
de Moivre, A. 44950
de Moivres theorem 45051, 452, 457
de Morgans laws 521

decay factor 212, 214

decimal representations 4
decreasing functions 64, 600
definite integrals 7979, 8013, 828, 830
degrees (angles) 280, 282
degrees (polynomial functions) 26, 91, 97, 119
del Ferro, Scipione 121
dependent variables 47, 49, 51
derivatives 583-96, 599612
chain rule 7016
exponential functions 7237
higher derivatives 714
implicit differentiation 72934
inverse trigonometric functions 73942
logarithmic functions 7359
product rule 70710
quotient rule 71113
second derivatives 606, 60812, 71314
stationary points 6005
trigonometric functions 596, 71821
Descartes, Ren 48, 91, 616
descriptive statistics 465
determinants 2601, 2623, 264, 645
diagonal matrices 248
difference of two squares 27
differential equations 83645
differentiation (see derivatives)
dihedral angles 393
Diogenes Laertius 351
Diophantus 35
Dirac, Paul 9612
directed line segments 399
direction angles/cosines (vectors) 41012, 63941
discrete data 466
discrete random variables 8556, 85766, 870
discriminant, quadratic equations 1067, 139
disjoint sets 6
displacement 400, 604, 607, 654, 72021, 827, 828,
829, 830, 831
distance 607, 827, 830, 831
distance between...
line and line 6667, 680
line and plane 674, 67980
line and point 4223, 6646
origin and plane 673
plane and plane 674, 680
plane and point 699

point and point 3940, 409

distancetime graphs 572
distributions, data 483
distributions, random variables (see probability
distributions)
distributive property 12, 27, 407, 420, 432
diverging series 169
division 12
complex numbers 4334, 4478
domains (functions) 48, 512, 53, 545
composite functions 57, 5960
exponential functions 209
inverse functions 62, 63, 65, 66, 678, 225
inverse trigonometric functions 336
logarithmic functions 225
one-to-one functions 64
polynomial functions 93
rational functions 127, 128
trigonometric functions 2923, 308
dominoes 190
domino effect 190
double angle identities 33032, 333, 342
double inequalities 8

E
e (number) 2178, 21920, 2213
eclipses 343
Einstein 961
elementary operations 90
elementary row operations (matrices) 270
elements, sets 2
elimination method, simultaneous equations 423
ellipses (singular ellipsis) 2
elliptical geometry 959, 960
empirical rule (standard deviation) 4979, 865, 903,
909
empty set 6, 7
end behaviour (functions) 93, 97, 129
equally likely outcomes 529, 53033
equally likely outcomes theory 5256
equations 359
etymologies
algebra 26
algorithm 26
quadratic 99
secant 583
trigonometry 279
1037

Index

Euclid 4
Euclids axioms/postulates 958, 959, 960
Euclidean geometry 959
Euler, Leonhard 91, 220, 429
Eulers formula, complex numbers 455-8
evaluation theorem 804
even functions 93, 303
events (probabilities) 520
evolution 956
exact solutions, trigonometric equations 31417
expanding, polynomial expressions 27, 28
expected values (means) 8613, 864, 893, 395
Bernoulli distribution 871
binomial distribution 8756, 877
normal distribution 903, 904
Poisson distribution 8834, 885, 887
explicit definitions 152, 729
exponential decay model 212, 214, 2212
exponential equations 226, 2345
exponential functions 20611, 21618
applications 21114, 220
derivatives 7237
natural exponential function 2212
exponential growth model 212, 221, 236
exponential inequalities 240, 241
exponents (see powers)
extraneous solutions 131, 1323, 33940
extreme values (extrema) 601, 606, 753

F
factor theorem 11621
factorial notation 177
factorization (algebra) 278, 3031
quadratic functions 103, 108, 110
Fermat, Pierre 35, 753
Fermats last theorem 35
Fermats principle (optics) 459
Ferrari, Lodovico 121
Fibonacci 153
Fibonacci sequences 153, 969
finite sets 2
first fundamental theorems of integral calculus 804
first-order differential equations 836
five-number summaries 491
Fontana, Niccolo 121
forces 41214
1038

formalism 955, 967

formulae 36
fractals 428
frequency distributions 468, 856
frequency tables 4689, 483
function notation (derivatives) 703, 704
functions 4755
antiderivatives 7714
average values 799, 800
composite functions 5760, 61
derivatives 5834, 599612
graphs 7084
integrals 77480
inverse functions 618
limits 57379
fundamental principle of counting 1756
fundamental theorem of algebra 121
fundamental theorems of calculus 798, 8015

G
Galileo 961
Galois, Evariste 121
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 429, 431
GaussJordan elimination 26973, 679
GDC (see graphical display calculator)
general form, quadratic functions 100, 109
general solutions 315
geometric probability distribution 870
geometric sequences 15862
geometric series 16872, 547
geometry 952
Gibbs, William 399
Gdel, Kurt 960
golden ration 9679
grade-point averages 860
gradients (see slopes)
graphical display calculator (GDC)
data 470, 4889, 493
derivatives 58992
equation solver 136
functions 51, 545
inequalities 141
integrals 813
limitations 316
limits 573, 575, 5789
logarithms 227

random variables 864, 866, 8734, 907, 910, 911

simultaneous equations 412
trigonometric functions 290, 298, 342
graphical method
simultaneous equations 412
trigonometric equations 31819
graphs
equations 369
functions 7084
gravity 47, 832
Greek letters 326
grouped data 4945
groups 957
growth factor 212

H
half-angle identities 335
half-lives 212
half-open intervals 9, 10
haphazard events 517
health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) 463, 483
Hersch, Robert 9657
higher derivatives 714
Hilbert, David 960
histograms 46970, 482, 483, 890
horizontal asymptotes 53, 812, 127, 128, 130, 209,
211, 573
horizontal shrinking 778, 79, 80, 84, 306, 310, 311
horizontal stretching 789, 80, 84, 308
horizontal translations 72, 73, 84, 306, 307, 308, 309,
311
hyperbolic geometry 959, 960
hypotenuses 18, 350

I
identities 35, 314
proof 314, 332
identity function 62, 70
identity matrices 252
images (functions) 48, 53
imaginary numbers 3, 29, 106, 119, 429
imaginary parts 431, 444, 457
imaginary unit 430
implicit definitions 729
implicit differentiation 73034, 740, 746, 747, 748,
749, 750

incompleteness theorem (Gdel) 960

increasing functions 64, 65, 600
indefinite integrals (see also integrals) 773
independent events 539, 540, 5458
independent variables 47, 49, 51
indeterminate forms 575
India 4
indices (singular index) 15, 20
induction (see mathematical induction)
inequalities 79, 13843
quadratic inequalities 138-9
inferential statistics 516
infinite series 16970, 572
infinite sets 2
inflexion points 61112, 737
initial conditions 836
instantaneous velocities 571, 581, 604, 605
integers 3
integrals 774801
areas in graphs 7957, 80915
definite integrals 7979, 8013, 825, 827
first fundamental theorem 8034
parts method 7816
second fundamental theorem 8045
substitution method 77680, 8067
trigonometric functions 78793
volumes 81925
integrands 773, 797
integration (by partial fractions) 80911
interquartile ranges (IQRs) 491, 492, 493, 496, 896,
911
intersections (geometry)
line and line 3845, 65960, 661
line and plane 695
plane and plane 6836
intersections (probabilities) 537, 546
intersections (sets) 6, 7, 8
intervals (data) 4689
intervals (real numbers) 910
intuition 9634
invariants 952
inverse functions 618, 225
graph 656
inverse matrices 25862, 2679
inverse normal distribution 90912
inverse operations (see also additive inverses,
multiplicative inverses) 62
1039

Index

inverse square function 70

inverse trigonometric functions 335
derivatives 73941
irrational exponents 208
irrational numbers 3, 4, 16

J
Jorgensen, Palle 962

K
kinematics 826

L
Laplace, Pierre-Simon 225
law of cosines 37880, 390, 421, 637, 682
law of sines 37072, 3736, 387, 388
laws of exponents 20, 207, 208, 228
leading coefficient, polynomial functions 91
Leibniz, Gottfried 91, 588, 707
Leibniz notation (derivatives) 588, 599, 606, 703
lie detectors 556
light year 24
like terms 26
limited growth 843
limits 5729
trigonometric functions 595
limits of integration 797
line segments 350, 656
linear equations 379, 2567, 26973
simultaneous equations 414
linear expressions 26
linear functions 91
lines of sight 354
Lobachevsky, Nicolai 959
logarithmic equations 226, 23840
logarithmic functions 22530
common 227
derivatives 73539
natural logarithmic function 227, 231
logarithmic inequalities 24041
logical statements 520
long division (polynomial functions) 11315, 116
long-term relative frequencies 519
lower bounds, functions 211
lower fence (data) 492, 501
1040

M
Maclaurin, Colin 299
magnitude, vectors 399, 409, 416, 423, 628, 631, 632
major arcs 281
many-to-one functions 645
mapping notation 53, 953
mathematical induction 1919, 450
mathematical truth 956
matrices 24653
applications 258, 2624, 269-74
inverse matrices 25862, 2679
multiplication 25053
matrix methods, simultaneous equations 258, 269
73
maximum area 7534, 7567
maximum values 99, 600, 6012, 605, 61112
mean value theorem 773
means, random variables (see expected values)
medians
data 480, 481, 484, 490, 498, 500501
random variables 896
midpoints (lines) 40
minimum length 7556
minimum time 7578
minimum values 99, 600, 6012, 61112
minor arcs 281
modes 480, 483, 484, 501, 894
moduli (complex numbers) 4412, 443
monomials 26
monotone functions 64
Monty Hall game 9645
Moon 343
multiplication
complex numbers 4323, 4456
matrices 25053
multiplication rule (probabilities) 531, 532, 53840,
542, 541, 545
multiplicative identities 12, 433
multiplicative inverses 12, 71
matrices 25860
mutually exclusive (disjoint) events 527, 528, 531,
538, 539, 540, 553, 555, 556

N
Napier, John 225
natural exponential function 22122

natural logarithmic function 227, 736

natural numbers 3
negative binomial distribution 870
negatively skewed distributions 483
nested function notation 703
Newton, Isaac 20, 299, 588, 700
Newton notation (derivatives) 599, 606
Newtons Law of Cooling 727, 838
non-Euclidean geometry 959
normal distribution 902913
normal lines 61519
normal vectors 67071
numerical analysis 121
numerical (quantitative) data 466

O
oblique asymptotes 130
odd functions 303, 323
ogives 470, 494
one-to-one correspondences 3
one-to-one functions 634, 65
open intervals 9, 10
optimization 75359
order relations 78
ordered pairs 6, 37, 48
oscilloscopes 279
Oughtred, William 225
outcomes (probabilities) 517, 520
outliers 482, 487, 492, 493

P
parabolas 99100, 1012, 107, 5845, 802, 910
parallel lines 39, 659
parallel vectors 676
parallelograms 404, 405, 6478, 676
parameters (algebra) 36, 257
parameters (data) 480, 481
parametric equations 2567
lines 654, 6557, 658
planes 6756, 677, 684
partial fractions 1448, 80911
partial sums 164
parts method, integration 7816
Pascals rule 186
Pascals triangle 1847, 196
Pearson, Karl 518

pendulums 467
percentiles 490, 896, 897, 909
periodic functions 289, 293
periods 46, 47, 289, 301
permutations 1769
perpendicular lines 38, 617, 660
perpendicular vectors 420, 638
phase shifts 307, 308, 309
(pi) (number) 220
pie charts 466
planes 67086
Plato 954, 955
Platonist view 954, 955, 967
Poisson distribution 8815
cumulative distribution function 8857
polynomial equations 3, 91, 1224, 4378
polynomial expressions 2631
polynomial functions 917, 11221
complex zeros 108, 119, 121, 4378
derivatives 7023, 709
factor theorem 104, 11621, 122
graphs 924
long division 11315
remainder theorem 11516
synthetic substitution 947, 116
point-slope form, linear equations 37
population growth 162, 727, 838, 841
populations (statistics) 4645, 480
position 827, 828
position functions 831, 832
position vectors 401, 414, 41516, 628, 664
positively skewed distributions 483
power functions 207
power rule, derivatives 5867, 588, 712, 723
power series 2989
powers (exponents) 203, 24
complex numbers 431, 436, 44952
primitive concepts 953
Principia Mathematica 700, 953, 960
Principle of Least Time 753
principal square roots 15, 431
probabilities 517, 519, 52533, 5378
Bayes theorem 5528
conditional probabilities 54044
independent events 5458
probability density functions 89092, 902
probability distribution functions 857, 858, 897
1041

Index

probability distributions 85661, 890

probability models 519
probability tables 522
product rule, derivatives 70710, 713, 781
projections 420
proof 9568
proof by contradiction 4
proof by induction 1919, 450
proper classes 954
proper subsets 5, 7
pure imaginary numbers 430
Pythagoras 4
Pythagoras theorem 16, 35, 39, 40, 378
Pythagorean identities 3235, 333

Q
Q.E.D. 324
quadratic equations 37, 103, 4289
quadratic expressions 26
quadratic form 1346
exponential equations 2378
quadratic formula 103, 1068, 42930
quadratic functions 91, 99103, 10610
completing the square 1002
curve fitting 2734
graph 99100, 10810
zeros 1024, 1068
quadratic inequalities 1389
qualitative data (see categorical data)
quantitative data (see numerical data)
quartic equations 121, 122, 135
quartic expressions 26
quartiles 491, 4945, 896, 897, 910
quintic equations 121
quintic expressions 26
quotient rule, derivatives 71113, 718

R
radians 2824, 298, 314
radical expressions 1323
radicals (roots) 1619
radioactive materials 212, 237, 727, 859
radon 859
random events 517, 518
random experiments 519
random variables 8456
expected value 8613, 864
1042

standard deviation 863, 865

variance 863, 864, 866
ranges (data) 487, 4912
ranges (functions) 48, 51, 52, 53, 545
composite functions 5960
exponential functions 209
inverse functions 62, 63, 65, 66, 678, 225
inverse trigonometric functions 336, 338, 339, 340
logarithmic functions 225
rational functions 128, 129
trigonometric functions 293, 308
rates of change (see also derivatives) 21718, 5923,
701, 74551
rational exponents 213, 207
rational expressions (see algebraic fractions)
rational functions 12630
rational inequalities 1423
rational numbers 3, 4, 5, 16
rationalizing a denominator 1718
algebraic fractions 334
rationalizing a numerator 1819
real numbers 3, 4, 6, 12, 15
real parts 431, 444, 457
reciprocal function 70, 81
reciprocals (see multiplicative inverses)
recursive definitions 152, 153
reduced row echelon form (matrices) 273
reductio ad absurdum 4
reflections 745, 84, 210, 446
relations 49, 731
relative cumulative frequency distributions 470
relative frequency distributions 525, 526, 861
relative maximum/minimum values 601, 603, 604,
61112
remainder theorem 11516
resolving (vectors) 412
resultant forces 412, 414, 415
right triangles 35052, 3547, 386, 388, 389
right-hand rule 646
rigid transformations 76
roots (equations) (see solutions)
roots (numbers) 1415, 16, 21
complex numbers 4525
rotational symmetry 3023, 310
row vectors 248
Russell, Bertrand 953, 954
Russells paradox 954

S
sample spaces (probabilities) 519, 520, 521, 526
samples (statistics) 464, 48081
scalar multiplication (ku) 4023
scalar product (uv) 41923, 6379
scalar triple product (u?(vw)) 64850
scalars 250, 399
scale factors 76, 77, 78, 79
scientific notation 245
secant function (see trigonometric functions)
secant lines 5823, 592
second derivatives 606, 60812, 71314
second fundamental theorems of integral
calculus 8045
sectors (circles) 2856, 366
segments (circles) 365
semantic method 957
separable differential equations 83845
separation of variables 840
sequences 1514
arithmetic sequences 1556
geometric sequences 15862
sums (see series)
series 16472
arithmetic series 1667
geometric series 16872
sets 27, 520, 953, 954
sexagesimal number system 281
sigma notation 1646
significant figures 24
similar triangles 351
simple events 520
simultaneous equations (systems of equations) 40
4, 2578, 26973
sine function (see trigonometric functions)
sine rule (see law of sines)
singular matrices 260
skew lines 65961, 6667
skewed distributions 4834, 501, 896
slide rules 225
slope-intercept form, linear equations 37, 580
slopes (gradients) (see also derivatives, rates of
change) 37, 38, 383, 58081
Snells law 759
socially constructed facts 9656
solids of revolution 82021
solution sets 35, 36, 48, 256

solutions (roots), equations 35, 92

something has to happen rule 526, 527
speed 399, 41516, 423, 607, 662, 663, 828
spheres 8212
square matrices 247
square root function 70
square roots 1415, 16, 21, 103, 431, 455
squaring function 70
squeeze theorem 5945
standard deviation
data 48090, 496, 497, 4989
random variables 863, 865, 887, 897, 898, 903,
909, 912
standard form (see scientific notation)
standard normal distribution 904, 9056
standard position, angles 280
standardization, random variables 904, 905, 908
stationary points 600605, 608, 610
statistics 480, 481,
stem-and-leaf diagrams 467
Stewart, Ian 969
strep throat 236
subsets 5, 7
substitution method 41
integration 77680, 8067
simultaneous equations 434
subtraction 12
sum rule, derivatives 587, 588
Sun 343
supplementary angles 363
surds (see radicals)
symmetric
distributions 483
matrices 249
symmetry 483, 961
syntactic method 957
synthetic
division 116, 117
substitution 947, 116
systems of equations (see simultaneous equations)

T
tangent function (see trigonometric functions)
tangent lines 58084, 615, 716
Taylor, Brook 299, 782
terminal velocities 832
Thales of Miletus 351
1043

Index

theorems 956
three-dimensional structures 38890
total change 804
transcendental
functions 736
numbers 736
transformations, graphs of functions 70, 7184,
20911
transitive property 8
translations 714, 99
tree diagrams 522, 8712
triangles
area 2623, 3646
construction 361, 366, 36970
law of cosines 37680
law of sines 36976
similar triangles 351
right triangles 280, 350, 3547
triangular matrices 249
trigonometric equations 31421
trigonometric form (complex numbers) 432, 4436
trigonometric functions 28899, 3514, 3616
derivatives 594, 719, 73943
graphs 301311
integration 78793
inverse 335344, 73943
limits 594
trigonometric identities 32233, 787
trinomials 26
two-point equation, lines 264

U
unbounded intervals 9, 10
uniformly accelerated motion 8324
unions (probabilities) 537, 546
unions (sets) 6, 7, 9
unit circle 2824, 28899
unit vectors 405, 40916, 6313
universal quantifier 197
universal sets 5, 6, 7, 96
upper bounds, functions 211
upper fence (data) 492, 501

V
variables 465
classification 4668
1044

random 85466
variance 4878, 8636, 871, 8978
vector equations
lines 633, 6546, 660, 661
planes 672, 673
vectors 398425, 62688
addition 398, 4035, 406
applications 408, 41012
direction angles/cosines 40912, 63941
products (uv) 644-50
scalar multiplication (ku) 4023
scalar product (uv) 41923, 445, 6714
scalar triple product (u?(vw)) 64850
unit vectors 405, 40916, 6313
velocity 399, 41216, 5712, 5812, 6049, 828, 829,
832
velocitytime graphs 829
Venn diagrams 6, 520, 526, 546
vertex form, quadratic functions 100
vertical asymptotes 53, 55, 812, 127, 575
vertical shrinking 77, 305
vertical stretching 77, 305
vertical translations 71, 73, 81, 84, 303, 587
vertices (singular vertex), graphs 99, 100, 101, 108,
109, 583
volumes 649, 81925

W
washers 8235
water molecules 24
wheat and chessboard problem 25
Whitehead, A.N. 953
Wiles, Andrew 35
work (forces) 424
World Health Organization (WHO) 4634
wrapping functions 2889

Z
zscores 905, 910, 91113
zero
matrices 248
vector 401, 628
zeros
polynomial functions 92, 96, 99, 1023, 106, 112
21, 4378
complex 108, 4323
multiplicity 106, 107