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PCI 6th Edition - Connection Design
PCI 6th Edition - Connection Design
th
Connection Design
PresentationOutline
Structural Steel Design
Limit State Weld Analysis
Strut Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
Anchor Bolts
Connection Examples
Changes
New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete
Anchors - HCA)
Revised welding section
Stainless Materials
Limit State procedure presented
StructuralSteelDesign
Focus on AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
Flexural Strength
Shear Strength
Torsional Strength
Combined Interaction
StructuralSteelDetails
Built-up Members
Torsional Strength
Beam Seats
SteelStrengthDesign
Flexure
Mp = FyZs
Where:
Mp
= Flexural Design Strength
Fy =
Yield Strength of Material
Zs =
Plastic Section Modulus
SteelStrengthDesign
Shear
Vn
= (0.6Fy)Aw
Where:
Vp = Shear Design Strength
Aw =
SteelStrengthDesign
Torsion (Solid Sections)
Tn
= (0.6Fy)ht2
Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength
= Torsional constant
h = Height of section
t = Thickness
TorsionalProperties
Torsional Constant,
Rectangular Sections
SteelStrengthDesign
Torsion (Hollow Sections)
Tn
= 2(0.6Fy)t
Where:
Tp = Torsional Design Strength
Wall thickness
TorsionalProperties
Hollow Sections
= wd
CombinedLoadingStress
Normal Stress
P Mc M
fn ,
,
A I S
VQ V
,
It A
fv
Tc T
T
,
,
2
J ht 2At
bending
CombinedLoading
Stresses are added based on direction
Stress Limits based on Mohrs circle analysis
Normal Stress Limits
fun fy
0.90
0.90
BuiltUpSectionExample
Example
TC0
AtF y AcFy 0
At Ac
DetermineNeutralAxisLocation,y
Tension Area
At 4in y
Compression Area
Tension = Compression
Ac 2 3 in1in 3 in y 4in
8
8
Ac 2.25 4 y
4 y 2.25 4 y
y
2.25
0.281 in
8
DefinePlasticSectionModulus,Zp
Zp At H yt yc
DetermineCentroidLocations
Tension
y 0.281
yt
0.14 in
2
2
Compression
yc
__
Ay
0.683 in
A
CalculateZp
Z 4 yH y y
4 0.2811.375 0.14 0.683
Zp At H yt yc
Zp
Zp 0.62 in3
BeamSeats
Stiffened Bearing
Triangular
Non-Triangular
TriangularStiffeners
Design Strength
Vn=Fyzbt
Where:
Vn = Stiffener design strength
=Strength reduction factor =
0.9
b = Stiffener projection
t
= Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor
StiffenerShapeFactor
b
0.75
2.0
a
b
b
z 1.39 2.2 1.27
a
a
b
0.25
a
ThicknessLimitation
b 250
t
Fy
TriangularStiffenerExample
Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, ts = 3/8 in.
Fy = 36 ksi
Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.
ShapeFactor
b 8
b
0.25
a
ThicknessLimitation
b 250
t
Fy
8
21.3
0.375
250
36
21.3 41.7
41.7
DesignStrength
Vn Fy z b t
WeldAnalysis
Elastic Procedure
Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
Comparison of in-plane C shape
Elastic Vector Method - EVM
Instantaneous Center Method ICM
ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)
Stress at each point
calculated by mechanics of
materials principals
fx
fy
fz
fr
Px
Aw
Py
Aw
Pz
Aw
Mzy
Ip
Mzx
Ip
Mx y
I xx
Myx
I yy
ElasticVectorMethod(EVM)
Weld Area ( Aw ) based on effective throat
For a fillet weld:
Aw
a
2
lw
Where:
a = Weld Size
lw = Total length of weld
InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)
Deformation Compatibility Solution
Rotation about an Instantaneous Center
InstantaneousCenterMethod(ICM)
Increased capacity
More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
Utilizes element vs. load orientation
ICMNominalStrength
An elements capacity within the weld group is based
on the product of 3 functions.
Strength
Angular Orientation
Deformation Compatibility
Rn
j
f g h
Strength,f
f 0.6 FEXX Aw
AngularOrientation,g
Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force
and weld axis approach 90o
Rj R g
g 1.0 0.5sin
3
2
DeformationCompatibility,h
u
h
rcritical
0.209 2
0.32
1.9 0.9
0.3
r
rcritical
0.32
0.209 2
a
u 1.087 6
0.64
a 0.17a
ElementForce
3
2
r
r
u
u
rcritical
rcritical
1.9 0.9
0.32
0.32
0.209 2
a
0.209 2
a
0.3
EquationsofStatics
F
IC
Number of
Elements
Rn Pn 0
yj
j1
Number of
Elements
j1
Rn rj Pn e r0 0
j
TabulatedSolution
AISC LRFD 3rd Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12
Vn = CC1 Dl
Where:
D =
C =
C1 =
l =
ComparisonofMethods
Page 6-47:
CorbelDesign
Cantilever Beam Method
Strut Tie Design Method
Design comparison
Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut Tie Method
CantileverBeamMethodSteps
Step 1 Determine maximum allowable shear
Step 2 Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 Compare results against minimum
Step 6 Calculate shear steel requirements
CantileverBeamMethod
Primary Tension Reinforcement
Greater of Equation A or B
a
h
Vu Nu
d
d
1 2Vu
Eq. B As
Nu
fy 3 e
1
Eq. A As
fy
CantileverBeamMethod
Shear Steel
Ah 0.5 As An
Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d
CantileverBeamMethodSteps
Step 1 Determine bearing area of plate
Step 2 Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 Calculate truss forces
Step 4 Design tension ties
Step 5 Design Critical nodes
Step 6 Design compression struts
Step 7 Detail Accordingly
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 1 Determine of bearing area of
plate
Apl
Vu
0.85 f`c
0.75
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 2 Select statically determinate
truss
AC I provides
guidelines for
truss angles,
struts, etc.
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 3 Determine of forces in the truss
members
Method of
Joints or
Method of
Sections
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 4 Design of tension ties
As
Fnt
fy
0.75
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 5 Design of critical nodal zone
fcu 0.85 nf`c
where:
n = 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring
one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring
two or more ties
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
Step 6 Check compressive strut limits
based on Strut Shape
The design compressive
strength of a strut
without compressive
reinforcement
Fns = fcuAc
where:
= 0.75
Ac = width of
corbel
width
of strut
StrutTieAnalysisStepsCompression
StrutStrength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:
StrutTieAnalysisSteps
CorbelExample
Given:
Vu = 80 kips
Nu = 15 kips
fy = Grade 60
fc = 5000 psi
Bearing area 12 x 6 in.
Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut Tie methods
Step1CBMCantileverBeamMethod(CBM)
h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = lp = 6 in.
From Table 4.3.6.1
Vumax 1000 A cr
2
1000 12 14 14
1000
Step2CBMTensionSteel
Cantilever Action
1
As
fy
a
h
1
Vu Nu
d
d
.75 60
1.18 in2
6
14
15
80
13
13
Step3CBMEffectiveShearFrictionCoefficient
Vu
80
3.43 3.4
Use e 3.4
Step4CBMTensionSteel
Shear Friction
15
1 2Vu
1
As
u
fy 3 e
0.75 60
0.68 in2
2 80
3 3.4
Step5CBMAsminimum
As,min
f`c
5
0.4 b d
0.4 14 13
fy
60
0.61 in2
Step6CBMShearSteel
15
0.75 60
0.42 in
Step1STStrutTieSolution(ST)
Determination of bearing plate size and protection
for the corner against spalling
Required plate area:
Abearing
Vu
0.85f`c
80
0.75 0.85f`c
25.1 in2
Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in2 > 25.1 in2
Step2STTrussGeometry
tan R=Nu / Vu = (15)/(80) = 0.19
l1 = (h - d) tanR + aw + (hc - cc)
= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.
l2 = (hc - cc) ws/2
= (14 - 2.25) - ws/2
= 11.75 - ws/2
Step2STTrussGeometry
Find ws
Determine compressive force,
Nc, at Node p:
Mm = 0
Vul1+Nud Ncl2=0 [Eq. 1]
Step2STTrussGeometry
Maximum compressive stress at the nodal
zone p (anchors one tie, n = 0.8)
fcu = 0.85nf`c = 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi
An = area of the nodal zone
= bws = 14ws
Step2STDeterminews,l2
From Eq. 2 and 3
0.014Nc2 - 11.75Nc - 1630 = 0
Nc = 175 kips
ws = 0.28Nc = (0.28)(175) = 4.9in
l2 = 11.75 - 0.5 ws
= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3
Step3STSolveforStrutandTieForces
Solving the truss mnop by
statics, the member forces
are:
Strut op
Tie no
Strut np
Tie mp
Tie mn
=
=
=
=
=
Step4STCriticalTensionRequirements
As
Fnt
fy
62
0.75 60
1.52in2
Provide 2 #8 = 1.58 in2 at the top
Step5STNodalZones
The width `ws of the nodal zone p has been chosen in
Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
The stress at nodal zone o must be checked against the
compressive force in strut op and the applied reaction, Vu
From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone p is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force Nc.
Nc is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.
Step6STCriticalCompressionRequirements
Step6STStrutWidth
Width of strut np
Strut Width
ws
o
sin(54.4 )
6.03 in
4.9
sin(54.4o )
Step6STCompressionStrutStrength
From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:
OK
Step7STSurfaceReinforcement
ExampleConclusion
Strut-and-Tie Method
EmbeddedSteelSections
ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths
Concrete Capacity
Vc
0.85 f`c b l e
1 3.6e
le
ConcreteandRebarNominalDesignStrengths
Vr
6e
1
4.8s
le
le
CorbelCapacity
Reinforced Concrete
Vn Vc VR
0.75
SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths
Flexure - Based on maximum moment in section;
occurs when shear in steel section = 0.0
Vn
Where:
Zs fy
a
0.5 Vu
0.85 f`c b
SteelSectionNominalDesignStrengths
Shear
Vs 0.6fy h t
where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web
= 0.9
AnchorBoltDesign
StrengthReductionFactor
HeadedAnchorBolts
No = CbsANCcrbed,N
Where:
Ccrb = Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
AN = Projected surface area for a stud or group
ed,N =Modification for edge distance
Cbs = Breakout strength coefficient
Cbs 2.22
f 'c
3
hef
HookedAnchorBolts
No = 126f`cehdoCcrp
Where:
eh = hook projection 3do
do = bolt diameter
Ccrp = cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)
ColumnBasePlateDesign
Column Structural Integrity
requirements 200Ag
CompletedConnectionExamples
Examples Based
Applied Loads
Component Capacity
CompletedConnectionExamples
Cladding Push / Pull
Wall to Wall Shear
Wall Tension
Diaphragm to Wall Shear
Questions?