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© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Exponents and Powers
© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Exponents and Powers
AND
POWERS
193
12
CHAPTER
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12.1 Introduction
Do you know?
25 = 2 2 2 2 2
102 = 10 10 = 100
101 = 10 =
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100 = 1 =
10 1 = ?
Exponent is a
negative integer.
100
10
10
10
1
10
10 2 =
1
1
1
1
1
10 =
=
= 2
10
10 10 100 10
10 3 =
1
1
1
1
1
10 =
=
= 3
100
100 10 1000 10
194
MATHEMATICS
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1
3
1
1
1
3 =
= 2
3
33 3
1
1
1
1
3 3 = 2 3 = 2 = 3
3
3
3
3
You can now find the value of 2 2 in a similar manner.
1
1
We have,
10 2 = 2
or
102 = 2
10
10
1
1
10 3 = 3
or
103 = 3
10
10
1
1
3 2 = 2
or
32 = 2 etc.
3
3
1
In general, we can say that for any non-zero integer a, a m = m , where m is a
a
positive integer. am is the multiplicative inverse of am.
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3 2 =
TRY THESE
(v) 10 100
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We learnt how to write numbers like 1425 in expanded form using exponents as
1 103 + 4 102 + 2 101 + 5 10.
Let us see how to express 1425.36 in expanded form in a similar way.
3
6
+
10 100
3
2
= 1 10 + 4 10 + 2 10 + 5 1 + 3 10 1 + 6 10 2
10 1 =
TRY THESE
Expand the following numbers using exponents.
(i) 1025.63
(ii) 1256.249
1
10
10 2 =
1
1
=
2
100
10
EXPONENTS
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Therefore, 2 3 2 2 =
am =
1 1
1
1
2 = 3
= 3+ 2 = 2 5
3
2
2 2
2 2
2
5 is the sum of two exponents 3 and 2
4
( 3)
( 3)3
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(3) 4 (3)3 =
( 4) + (3) = 7
1
1
=
= (3)7
4
3
( 3) ( 3)
( 3) 4 + 3
(2) + 4 = 2
1
54
4
5
=
= 54 2 = 5(2)
5 5 = 2
2
5
5
4
(iv) Now consider (5) (5)2
2
1
for any non-zero integer a.
am
ed
am
mn
non-zero integer a, n = a
, where
a
1
( 5) 2
1
2
5)
=
=
(5) (5) =
4
4
4
( 5)
( 5)
( 5) ( 5) 2
4
1
= (5) (2)
( 5) 4 2
( 4) + 2 = 2
TRY THESE
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(iii) 32 35 36
no
On the same lines you can verify the following laws of exponents, where a and b are non
zero integers and m, n are any integers.
am
= amn
(i)
n
a
am a
=
(iv)
bm b
(iii) am bm = (ab)m
(v) a0 = 1
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MATHEMATICS
1 1
=
23 8
(ii)
1
= 32 = 3 3 = 9
32
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Example 2: Simplify
(i) ( 4)5 ( 4)10 (ii) 25 2 6
Solution:
1
1
m
(am an = am + n, a = m )
5
a
( 4)
5
6
5 ( 6)
11
m
n
mn
(ii) 2 2 = 2
=2
(a a = a )
3
Example 3: Express 4 as a power with the base 2.
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Solution: We have, 4 = 2 2 = 22
Therefore, (4) 3 = (2 2) 3 = (22) 3 = 22 ( 3) = 2 6
[(am)n = amn]
Example 4: Simplify and write the answer in the exponential form.
(i) (25 28)5 2 5
(ii) ( 4) 3 (5) 3 (5) 3
5
4
(iv) ( 3)
3
1
(3) 3
(iii)
8
Solution:
1
220
1
1003
1
1
1
(3) 3 = 3 (3) 3 = 2 3 33 = (2 3) 3 = 6 3 = 3
8
2
6
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(iii)
1
]
am
no
54
54
5
4
(iv) ( 3) = ( 1 3) 4 = (1)4 34 4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
= (1) 5 = 5
[(1) = 1]
Example 5: Find m so that (3)m + 1 (3)5 = (3)7
Solution: (3)m + 1 (3)5 = (3)7
(3)m + 1+ 5 = (3)7
(3)m + 6 = (3)7
On both the sides powers have the same base different from 1 and 1, so their exponents
must be equal.
4
EXPONENTS
m+6=7
m=76 =1
2
2 2 32 9
=
=
32 22 4
1
Example 7: Simplify (i)
3
1
(i)
3
5
(ii)
8
2 2 32 3
=
=
32 22 2
a
In general,
b
b
=
a
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Solution:
2
3
3
2
1 1
2 4
5 8
(ii)
8 5
3
2
12 13 12
1 1
= 2 3 2
2 4
2 4
3
7
5
8 = 5
5
8 7
32 23 42
1
= 2 3 2 = {9 8} 16 =
16
1 1
1
85 57 85
5 = 5 7 = 5( 7) ( 5) 8( 5) ( 7)
5
5
8
2
2
= 5 8 =
82 64
=
52 25
EXERCISE 12.1
1. Evaluate.
(iii) 1
2
2. Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent.
(ii) ( 4) 2
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(i) 32
(i) ( 4) ( 4)
5
(iii) ( 3)
3
1
(ii) 3
2
(iv) (3 7 3 10) 3 5
(v) 2 3 (7) 3
(ii) (2 4 ) 2
1
(iii)
2
(i) (3 + 4 ) 2
197
2
Example 6: Find the value of .
3
2
Solution:
3
POWERS
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Therefore,
or
AND
1
+
3
1
+
4
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MATHEMATICS
2 2
(v)
3
(iv) (3 1 + 4 1 + 5 1)0
81 53
4. Evaluate (i)
(ii) (51 21) 61
2 4
5. Find the value of m for which 5m 5 3 = 55.
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7
4
1 1 1 1
6. Evaluate (i) (ii) 5 8
4
8
5
3
7. Simplify.
25 t 4
35 10 5 125
(i) 3
(ii)
(
t
0)
5 10 t 8
5 7 6 5
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EXPONENTS
7
7
= 6 = 7 10 6
1000000 10
0.000007 m = 7 10 6 m
Similarly, consider the thickness of a piece of paper
which is 0.0016 cm.
16
1.6 10
=
= 1.6 10 10 4
0.0016 =
10000
10 4
= 1.6 10 3
Therefore, we can say thickness of paper is 1.6 10 3 cm.
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0.000007 =
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TRY THESE
1. Write the following numbers in standard form.
(i) 0.000000564 (ii) 0.0000021 (iii) 21600000
2. Write all the facts given in the standard form.
(iv) 15240000
1.4 109
1.4 1097 1.4 100
Therefore
=
=
which is approximately 100
1.2756 107
1.2756
1.2756
So, the diameter of the Sun is about 100 times the diameter of the earth.
Let us compare the size of a Red Blood cell which is 0.000007 m to that of a plant cell which
is 0.00001275 m.
Size of Red Blood cell = 0.000007 m = 7 10 6 m
Size of plant cell = 0.00001275 = 1.275 10 5 m
0.7 0.7 1
7 10 6
7 10 6 (5) 7 10 1
=
= (approx.)
=
=
=
5
1.275 10
1.275
1.275 1.275 1.3 2
So a red blood cell is half of plant cell in size.
Mass of earth is 5.97 1024 kg and mass of moon is 7.35 1022 kg. What is the
total mass?
Total mass = 5.97 1024 kg + 7.35 1022 kg.
When we have to add numbers in
= 5.97 100 1022 + 7.35 1022
standard form, we convert them into
= 597 1022 + 7.35 1022
numbers with the same exponents.
= (597 + 7.35) 1022
= 604.35 1022 kg.
The distance between Sun and Earth is 1.496 1011m and the distance between
Earth and Moon is 3.84 108m.
During solar eclipse moon comes in between Earth and Sun.
At that time what is the distance between Moon and Sun.
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Therefore,
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EXERCISE 12.2
no
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am a
=
(d) a b = (ab)
(e) a = 1
(f)
bm b
2. Very small numbers can be expressed in standard form using negative exponents.
m