Computer Applications in theAutomation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design, V

ComputerApplicatioltsin Shipping
andShipbuilding

_AMSTERDAM. NEWYORK. OXFORD

NORTH-HOLLAND

CompfierApplicatiolr in theAutomntionof
ShipyardOperationandShipDesign,V
lFlP/IFAC
FifthInternational
Conference
Trieste,ltaly,
16-20September,1985

Edited by

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Ic+r5,t*s.
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P.BANDA
Fincantieri
Trieste,ltaly
1l

C .K U O
Universityof Strathclyde
Glasgow,UnitedKingdom
G .D I F I L I P P O
Fincantieri
Trieste,ltaly

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ri)IEl

{tllllilillillllllilililtilililililtil

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1985

-AMSTERDAM. NEWYORK. OXFORD

NORTH-HOLLAND

@t F t P1, 9 8 5

All rights reserved.No part of thispubtication may be reproduced,stored in a retrievalsystem, ortransmitted,

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D u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e t r a d e e d i t i o n o f t h i s v o l u m e i t w a s d e c i d e d t o a d d G . D i F i l i p p o , sn a m e a s
co-editor
in recognition of his work as Chairman of the Local OrganisingCommittee.

\o
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PRINTED
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FOREWORD

The seriesof intemational conferenceson Computer Applications in the Automatbn of ShipyardOperationand Ship
Design,known as ICCAS Conferences,beganin 1973 in Tokyo. ICCAS 73 was followed by thee equally succesful
Btherings in GothenburS,Sweden,in 1976, Glasgow,Scotland,in 1979andat Annapolis,U.S.A.,in 1982. This yearwe
to Trieste,Italy, for ICCAS85.
hadgreatpleasurein welcomingdelegates
The past twelve yearshavesenmany changesin shipbuildingand shippingantl thesehavehad a profound impacton the
two industries. Ffustthere wasthe shift in shipbuildingactivitiesfrom Europeto the Far East,with Japanandnow Korea
dominating the order books. Secondlythere hasbeena seriesofirises - notably the oil crisisof 1973, anclthe severe
worldwide economicrecesion of the past four years. The effects of all this make it very difficult to predic the futue
with any degreeof conlidence. Whatis certain,however,is that everyonassociated
with shipbuildingandshippingneeds
to be very flexible and extremelyefficient, and the ffectiveuseof the computeris one of the factorsthat will help us
to face the future with mnJidence. It is, therefore, not surprisingtlnt the organisingcommitteesof all tlre previous
ICCASconferenceshaveenjoyedsuchexcellentsupport,sincethe basicaim of all four hasbeento encourage
the practical
applicationof computingto all aspectsof ship technology.
In the conteK of ICCASconferencesthe IntemationalProgramme
Committeefor ICCAS85 achievedoneor two "records".
The ffust n'as that, regardlessof locatbn, its committeemeetingsattncted the largestattendanceso far. A secondwas
that it receivedthe laqest evernumberof abstractsand it was a very difficult task for the membersto limit their choice
to a maximumofjust over fifty papenfor tlle technicalsessions.Weshouldlike to apologiseto thosewhosepaperswere
not successful.
The programmecontainedfifteen technicalsessions
and three panel discussionsand offered a broadrangeof subjectsfor
tlre interest of the participants. One new sessiontopic was "ship operationsand how theseaffect design". It is hoped
that the papersPresentedin this sssionwill lead to evengreaterco{peration betweenshipdesignenanit ship operators.
Other qpecialfeatures included the exposureof participantsto recent advancesin the use of expert systemsin ship
designandpracticalapplicationsof flexible manufacturingtechniquesandrobots.
Whatof future trends? Wehaveto accepttlat the situationwill continueto be difficult and is Ukelyto becomeevenmore
tlemanding. Thb meansthat tho computerwill be requiredto make an evenbiggercontntution to advancedproductbn
techliques andin facilitating the constructionof specialdesigns.
The conferencewassponsoredby IFIP - The InternationalFederationfor Information Processing,
and IFAC - The Inter.
natbnal Federatbn of Automatic Control, to both of which the lnternational OrganisrtgCommitteewould like to expressits gratitude. The Committeewould alsolike to thankFincantiei (CantieriNava.liltalitni 5.P.,4./ ?liesr?for showing
its sensitivity to the need for technologicalimprovmentin shipbuildingand shippurgactivitiesby making expertsand
meansavailableto help toward the succss
of the conference.
Our own grateful thanks 8o to the membersof the InternationalOryanisingCommitteewho devotedtime and effort to
provide leadershipfor the conference,and to the membersof the Iocal OrganisingCommitteewho worked so hard to
ensurethat everyaspectof ICCAS85 reflectedits profesional natureandwould be worthy of its participants.
Finally, we should like to expressour thanksto the AutonomousRegionof Friuli VeneziaGiulia, the Provinceof Trieste,
the Chamberof Commerceof Trieste, the Municipality of Trieste, the Public Tourist Oryanisatbn of Trieste and its
CoastalRegion, and the SavingsBank of Trieste, all of which contntuted generouslytorvardsthe high organisational
exPenses,
thus makingPossiblethe padicipatbn of a wide rangeof technicalexpedsfrom all overthe world.
P. Banda
Chairman of
ICCAS85, IP.C.

\r/

^\f I

ua/
I

C.Kuo
Chairmanof the
IFIP WorkingGroupfor MarineIndustry

c. Di Fitippo
Chairmanof the
LocalOrganising
Committee

FOREWORD

The seriesof intematbnal conferenceson Computer Applications in the Automatbn of ShipyardOperationand Ship
Design,known as ICCAS Conferences,beganin 1973 in Tokyo. ICCAS 73 was followed by three equally succesful
gBtheringsin Gothenburg,Sweden,in 19?6, Glasgow,Scotland,in 1979andat Annapolis,U.S.A.,in 1982. This yearwe
to Trieste,Italy, for ICCAS85.
had greatpleasurein welcomingdelegates
The past twelve yearshaveseenmany changesin shipbuildingand shippingandthesehavehad a profound impacton the
two industries. First there wasthe shift in shipbuildingactivitiesfrom Europeto the Far East,with Japanandnow Korea
dominatingthe order book. Secondlytherehasbeena sriesof crises- notablythe oil crisisof 1973,and the severe
worldwide economicrecessionof the past four yean. The effects of all this make it very difficult to predic tle futue
with any degreeof confidence. Whatis certain,however,is that everyoneassociated
with slripbuildingandshippingneeds
to be very flexible and extremlyefficient, and the effectiveuseof the computeris one of the factorsthat $/ill help us
to face the future with conJidence. It is, therefore, not surprisingtlat the organisingcommitteesof all the previous
ICCASconferenceshaveenjoyedsuchexcellentsupport,sincethe basicaim of all four basbeento encouragethe practical
applicdion of computingto all aspectsof ship technology.
In tJrecontext of ICCASconferencesthe Intematbnal PmgrammeCommitteefor ICCAS85 achievedoneor two "records".
The ffust was that, regaillessof location, its committeemeetingsattmctedttre largestattendanceso far. A secondwas
that it receivedthe largestevernumberof abstractsand it was a very difficult task for the membersto lirnit their choice
to a maximumofjust over fifty papersfor the technicalsessions.Weshouldlike to apologiseto thosewhospape$were
not successful.
The programmemntained fifteen technicalsessions
and three paneldiscussionsand offered a broadrangeof subjectsfor
t}re interest of the participants. One new sssiontopic was "ship opemtionsand how thesaffect design". It is hoped
that the paperspresentedin this sssionwill lead to evengreaterco-operationbetweenshipdesignersanalslfp operators.
Other specialfeatures included the exposureof padicipant$to recent advancesin the use of expert systemsin ship
designandpracticalapplicationsof flexible manufacturingtechniquesandrobots.
Whatof future trends? Wehaveto acceptthat the situationwill continueto be difficult and is likely to becomeevenmore
demanding. This meansthat the computerwill be requiredto make an evenbiggercontntution to advancedprcductbn
techniquesandin facilitating the constructionof specialdesigns.
The conferencewassponsoredby IFIP - The Intematbnal Federationfor Information Processing,
and IFAC - The International Federatbn of Automatic Control, to both of which the lntemational OrganisngCommitteewould like to expressits gratitude. The Committeewould alsolike to thankFincantieri(CantieriNavaliltaliani S.P.A.) Triestefor show:fflg
its sensitivity to the need for technologicalimprovementin shipbuildingand shippurgactivitiesby making expertsand
meansavailableto help toward the success
of the conference.
Our own grateful thalks go to the membersof the Interiationsl OrganisingCornmitteewho devotetltime and effort to
provide leadershipfor the conferenc,and to the membersof the Local OrganisingCommitteewho worked so hard to
ensurethat everyaspectof ICCAS85 reflectedits profesional natureandwould be worthy of its participants.
Finally, we should like to expressour thanksto the AutonomousRegionof Friuli VeneziaGiulia, the Provinceof Trieste,
the Chamberof Commerceof Trieste, the Municipality of Trieste, the Public Tourist Organisationof Trieste and its
CoastalRegion, and the SavingsBank of Trieste, all of which cortributed generouslytowards the high organisational
exPenses,
thus makingPossiblethe participationof a wide rangeof technicalexpertsfrom all overthe world.
P. Banda
Chairmanof
ICCAS85,IP.C.

N /
^\l I

u oI /

C.Kuo
Chairmanof the
IFIP WorkingGroupfor MarineIndustry

c. Di Filippo
Chairmanof the
LocalOrganising
Committee

vll

COMMITTEES

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

V. Fanfani, Chairman(Italy)
J.A. Belda(Spain)
E. Bocchini (Italy)
J. Chirila (Germany)
Y. Fujita (Japan)
A. Jacobsson(Sweden)
J. Nachtsheim(U.S.A.)
H. Johansen(Nonvay)
S. Marsich (Italy)
G. Massac(France)
M. Meek(U.K.)
M.C. Ramacciotti(ltaly)
J. Vlietstra (The Netherlands)

INTERNAT IONAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

P. Banda, Chairman(Italy)
J.F. Baillot (France)
J.W. Brasher(U.S.A.)
B.T. Cheok (Singapore)
W.A. Clark (Canada)
L. Garcfa(Spain)
Y. Hattori (Japan)
J.M. Hee (Denmark)
R. Hestenes(Nonvay)
Y. Horiba (Japan)
N. Kaube (Germany)
J. King (U.K.)
A. Koops (The Netherlands)
C. Kuo (U.K.)
K.W. Kim (Korea)

K.J. MacCallum(U.K.)
K.M. Mole (U.S.A.)
R.C. Moore (U.S.A.)
B.C. Nehrling (U.S.A.)
H. Nowacki (Germany)
A. Pittaluga (Italy)
D.F. Rogers(U.S.A.)
c. Sani (Italy)
S.Q.Wan (China)
F. Spincic (Yugoslavia)
L.B. Vieira (Brazil)
Z.D. Wang(China)
E. Wiklund (Fintand)
A. Williams(U.K.)

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

G. Di Filippo, Chairman(Fincantieri)
A. Cardo (University of Trieste)
G. Cominardi (Fincantieri)
S. Crevatin (Fincantieri)
R. Diluca (Fincantieri)
F. Flamingo (Fincantieri)
M. Maestro(University of Trieste)
A. Minniti (Fincantieri)
B. Tamaro (Fincantieri)
I. Zotti(University of Trieste)

1X

CONTENTS

Foreword
Committees
Summing-Up
C. Kuo

v
vii

x11l

The challengeof changein shipbuilding Today: Keynote Speech

J. Parker
PanelDiscussion:Changesin Computer Technology
R.C. Moore (Moderator)

PanelDscusion: Arc Robotic DevicesNecessary?

C.Kuo (Moderator)
PanelDiscussion:Influenceof Computerson ShipyardOrganization
G. Saru(Modemtor)
Expert SystemsTutorial
K.J. MacCallum

xxll

xxv

xxvji

xxix

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

StructuralProducibility Considerationson a Microcomputer
R.A. Shenoiand A. Emmerson
/

A GeneralMethod for Computer Aided Optimum Structural Designof OceanStructures

O. Hughes

t3

The orthogonal Method for Ship Form and PerformanceEvaluation

ShanqinWu, Yongming Qiu, and ZhehangChen

27

HSDP- A Hull Structure Data ProcessingSystem

Xing Li-Fan and Xu Gang

35

IntegratedComputer-AidedDesignof Fast Patrol Boats

O. Jons, R. Sheldon,and T. Sauer

43

,' The Benefit of Color Graphics in CAD

E. Deetman,P.G.A.Nieuwendiik,J.G.F.M.Holtackers,and A. versluis

57

COMPUTER AIDED MANI.JFACTURING

A Contribution to Computer Simulation Methods- Application in Ship Production Process
AS. Karpowicz andV. Simone

69

IntensiveApplications of Microprocessors/Microcomputersto Measuringand Recording Tasksin Shipbuilding

R. Sasano,M. Fukuchi, H. Kuroda, and K. Takahashi

81

TheUseof the SCHIFFKO CAD-Systemat Boehverf

R. Verhasselt

87

Contents

ACCT.JRACYCONTROL
-{

Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuilding

R.L. Storch

99

ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS
o'

\/
I

Mechan2ation and Automation Developmentsin Shipbuilding

I. Ohno and K. Nishiura

r29

CIM ( Comput er-Int egrated M anufacturing) in Shipbuilding

Y. Fujita, Y. Sunagawa,T. Mizutani, and y. Morita

139

ComputerAiled Manufacturingfor Arc WeldingRobotsin Shipbuilding

D. MarsandH. Gallard

U9

ApplicatbnExperienc
of RoboticWeldingin Shipbuilding
A.J.Marsh,C. Kuo, S.E.Duffy, andJ.M.Kalogerakis

153

SHIPOPEMTION

7,

CANSY,A ComputerSystemfor SafeandEconomicalSailingandManagement

M. Fukuda,M. Sudolr,R. Fujimoto, O. Yanumoto, M. Inoue,andy. tlinkawa

167

ComputerAided on BoardContainerMamgement
o.P.Sha

n7

Computer-Aidfor FloatingDock Operation

S.A.Matosin

lE9

ComputerControl Systemfor HeavyUft Monitoringandhediction

A.K. Kippo andJ..P.Riihelii

Dg

ComputerAids for Risk Analysisof Ship Operation

U. Rabien

2@

H(PERT SYSTEMS
v/' Approimate Calculationsin PreliminaryDesign
,/ K.J. MacCallum
andA. Duffy
MarineDes8nTheory andthe Application of Expert Systemsin MarineDesign
B.A. Bremdal

Zg

ZZ7

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
A" Engineering/Manufacturing
Enterprise
Integrated
InformationControlSystem
fr
'"
J.S.MalloniandS.E.I.Nusinow
I
Z-

TowardsIntegratedComputing in Shipyards
L. Garciaand F. Alonso
lntegrated SteelStructureProduction Information Systemfor Shipbuilding
S. Gitz
An Approach of IntegratedDBMS for CAD/CAM and MIS
DaozhongXia

239

247

2s7

265

Content!

APPLICATIONOF ADVANCESIN COMPUTTNG

,,/'

ModemHull StructureDesignSystem"COSMOS"
Y. Okumoto,Y. Takeda,andK. Iliyoku

275

TheIntegrationof CAD/CAMSystemsat Wiirtsilii Shipyards

J. Ikonen

285

New IntegratedEngineeringSystemsfor Hull Structureandpiping

H. Kawaguch!R. Matsuda,H. Kakuno, anil M. Shigematsu

293

Useof ComputerGraphicsfor MarineEngineering

E.A. WilliamsandP.D. Forrest

303

GBIERAL ARRANGHT'ENTS
J/ Fuzzy SetTheory andGeneralArrangementDesign
B.C.Nehrling

319

Methodfor OptimizationEngineRoom Machinerylayout Arrangement

'/.
K. Dutlid and M. Senjanovi6

329

7 InteractiveDesignof ShipCompartmentation
U. Schumann-Hindenberg

343

,
/

Desin of ComplicatedMedunical EquipmentAreasv,rithCAD Techniques

A.Elo

353

HI,'LL FORMGENERATION
A BSpline SurfaceSystemfor Ship Hull Design
N. Gjers{eFog

359

Applicatiom of an AdvanccdHull SurfaceDelinition Systemin ShipDesign

D. Catley,C. Whittle, andP. Thornton

367

. *. TheUseof B6zierSurfacein the Designof a ShipHull Surface

Zhou Chaojunand Liu Dingyuan

37g

TheNumericalTreatmentof GeneralConesin the Designof DevelopableShip Hulls

P. SkafteHansen

387

Fairingof Ship Linesand Ship Surfaces

D. Reese

395

/ RatOnulCubi" Splinesfor Ship Hull Representation

J.-S.Kouh ard H. Siiding
SIJRFIT- InteractiveProgramfor DefiningFreeForms
B. Rosovii
./ ComPuterAided GeometricalDesignof Hull Linesand Lifting Surfacesof High SpeedMarineVehicles
P.A.Bogdanov
andS.LKovachev

4O1

413

4Zl

rIYI)RODYNAMICS
A hocedure for the Predictionof ShipManoeuvringResponse
for Initial Design
N.E. Mikelis

437

XU

Contents

Evaluationof Seakeeping
Performancein Ship DesignBasedon the MissionEffectiveness
Concept
R. Hosodaand Y. Kunitake

477

LATE PAPERS*
Hull Form Definition and Computer Aided Designl
A. Koops
A Proposalof Computer Aided Inspectionin ShipbuildingBasedon Laser
DimensionalControl System2
A.M. Wozniak
computer Applications to Accuracy control in Hull construction2
M. Ijichi, S. Kohtake, and H. Kashima

4s9
467
47s

PracticalApplication of Singlecurved Hull Definition Background,Application,

Softwareand Experience3
O. Ndrskov-Iauritsen
485
Advanceduse of Blzier Surfacesfor computer Aided Hull Definition3
M. Pommellet
Preliminaryship Designby utilization of ExperimentalData Banks4
L. Grossi,C. Camporese,
and De Stefano
List of Participants
Author Index

493

503
515
521

*Thesepapersarrived too late to be

included under their appropriatesessionhead.ings.
Their correctpositionis givenby
the supsrscript
numberingat the endof their titles: l) comp;te; AidedDesign;2)Accuracy
Control;i) iull Form Generation;4) Hydrodynamics.

xlll

SI]MMING-UP

Dr

Banda,

Ladies

and Gentlemen

When the participants

in ICCAS 85 return
home after
pleasant
this
week in Trieste
it wiII
be
very easy to tell
our friends
what a splendid
conference
it
has been.
We shall
have no dif"
S
o
n
flculty
ln describing
the excellent
organisation,
the memorable
et LumlBre" evening at
Mlramare castle,
Lhe buffet
at the Bottega del Vlno (san Giusto castle),
the quallty
of the
banquet, the social
progranme - and of course the glorious
sunshine.
What about the conference
itself?
What message will
you give about its
achlevements?
ls a more difficult
question
to answer as there
is so much one could say.
For myself,
highlights
can be considered under four headings.
The Role

of

That
the

ICCAS 85

To appreciate
the role
of rCcAS 85 lt
is lmportant
to place it
in context
in relatlon
to
previous
rccAs conferences.
The L973 conference
lntroduced
the shipbuilding
industry
to the
potential
of the computer and provided
many exarnples of how it was belng used for a variety
of
shipbuilding
tasks.
rccAs 76 specialised
in computer alded deslgn and ihe conrribution
of CAD
to shlp deslgn work.
when rccAS 79 came to Glasgow it was the turn of computer alded
manufacturlng
to receive
attention,
and at that
tlme cAD/cAM was offertng
solutions
to a number of
practlcal
problems.
computer systems and experience of their
use constltuted
the main theme of
ICCAS 82' together with the benefits
of computer graphics for shlp designers.
ICCAS 85 has been an extremely
important
conference
because we are at a crossroads
in relation
to computer appllcations
in shipbuilding.
on the one hand the existing
computer programs and
'systems
have not really
provided
whaE they promised in the early
y..r"
while
on the other we
are being offered
advanced developments where techniques
such as artificlal
intelligence
and
"
a
n
s
w
e
r
s
expert systems are sald to be able to provide
to all our problems".
However, ln order
to avoid mistakes like
those of the past we need clear-cut,
profeislonal
guldance.
r believe
that rCCAS 85 has been a forum ln which to consider this confllct
on a sound basls.

Advanced

Technl

The conference
has given
us ample opportunlty
to examine developments
ln various
areas of
technology
and thus acquire
a more reallstic
understanding
of thei;
potentlal
and their
llmltations.
r refer
in parEicular
to Computer rntegrated
Manufacturlng
icn',r), the use of robotlc
devices
in shipbuilding
and the economic justificatlon
of computer systems for
design,
productlon
and management.
There have been around three hundred participants
in the conference
and the presence of so many experts
has made possible
a high level
of exchange of vLew.
The
exchanges were frank
and friendly
but all
new d.evelopments were carefully
studied
and closely
ques tioned.
New Initiatives
rccAs 85 has introduced
two fresh features
to rccAs conferences.
The flrst
is thag a slgnificant
part
of the progranme was devoted to appllcations
of the computer Eo ship operations.
The airn of the rnternaEional
Programme committee here was to encourage closer
links
between the
users and the designers of ships.
rt is too early to evaluate how well thls objective
has been
achieved but a beginning
has been made in an area that offers
much for the future.
The second new feature
was Ehe special
tutorial
session held this
morning on Expert systems.
we have all heard about the vast potentlal
for increased efficiency,
savings in cost, and so on
"
e
x
p
e
r
t
offered by recent advances in
systems'r and "artificial
intelligence,,.
If,
hor"ru.,,"
are to benefit
from these advances and not to repeat
the rnistakes
of the early
seventles,
we
"
e
x
p
e
r
t
have urgent
need of a realistic
appreciatlon
of what, an
systemrr is and what it can do
for
us.
r am grateful
to my friend
and colleague,
Dr Ken Maccarrum, for his tutorlal
and r
feel sure all of us have benefitted
frorn lt.
r hope that lt means that those who attended are
now safe from the danger of ever having to echo the words of
this mornlngrs
sesslon
chairman :
"I
am the most fnon-expertr
ever Eo chair an session on expert systems,,!
The ICCAS People
The partlcipants
ln rccAS conference are in many ways very speclal
people.
rt is
"special"
cribe
thelr
quality
preclsely
but I shall
use two factors
to illustraEe

hard to despolnt.
this

xiv

C. Kuo

First
of all,
I have found at this
conference and its
three
the participants
have attended
a previous
ICCAS conference:
This means that
circle.
at each conference
new friendships
established
relationshps
are being malntained.

predecessors
that only about half
the others
are newcomers to the
are made while
at the same time

The second factor

is that even in the worst period of recession
facing
the marlne industry
we
people from every sector
find
of the industry
coming to take part,
seeking ways of putting
advanced technlques
practice
into
and exchanging
their
experience
unreservedly.
\^le are all
competitors
but we are also friends.
Before

finish

should

llke

to

express

thanks

to

a number of

people.

First,
on behalf
of all
the partlcipants,
and particularly
those who have come from outslde
Italy
I should llke
to thank our hosts in Trieste
for
their
warm hospitality
and for making
ICCAS 85 a technically
rewarding and socially
enjoyable
conference.
r should
like
to acknowledge
our gratitude
to everyone,
but my Italian
is not up to the
"rf
necessary
standard.
so r would say to our rtallan
friends,
you do not hear your name
mentioned
it
is
not
because we have forgotten
your
but
because you cannot
understand
my
Italian ! tt
First
of all,
our thanks are due to the City
of Trieste
and the Lord Mayor of Trieste,
Dr
Richetti.
The luncheon at your castle
was so good that
we almost decided to transfer
the
afternoon
programme to that venue!
technical
On behalf
of the northern
European partlcipants
I should
like
to ask how you managed to arranged
such good weaLher.
We have had more sunny
days in Trieste
during
this
conference
than we have had during
the whole sunmer in Scotland.
Perhaps you can provide
me with a computer link
to someone above.
The International
Federation
(IFIP)
for Information
Processing
is the body that initiated
the
ICCAS conference and we are very grateful
to Fincantleri
for Eheir support for ICCAS 85.
Withgenerosity
out their
the conference
would not have been what it is and I should like
to ask Dr
Banda to convey our thanks to the President,
Mr Bocchini,
and hls colleagues
at Fincantieri.
As many of you will
know, ICCAS conferences
are served by three committees.
The International
Organising
Committee provides
direction
for
the conference
and generates
help
in the host
country.
The task of chairlng
this
committee fell
on Mr Fanfani,
the President
of LloydTriestino.
We are grateful
to him for his role in ICCAS 85 and for arranging
such an enjoyable
reception
on Monday evening.
It was a wonderful way to start
a conference.
The
the
be
you

Local Organising
Committee is responsible
for
implementing
policies
and actually
technical
and social
programme of the conference.
I'1r Di Filippo
and his colleagues
job they have done
congratulated
for
the rnarvellous
and whaE a great
choice of
have provided.

running
are to
outings

The key commiEtee is,

of course,
the International
Programme Committee which,
amongst other
things,
selected
the venue, planned the technical
programme, determlned
the social
programme
and attracted
participants.
The challenge
particular
facing
this
committee before each ICCAS
conference
ls to maintain
the high standard
predecessors.
set by its
ICCAS 82 was extremely
well
organised
but I am sure thaL even its
organisers,
Dave Rogers and Bruce Nerling,
will
agree that the Ehe Chalrman of ICCAS 85 has not only maintained
that standard
but carried
it to
new heights.
It
is an lndication
of the achievement
of Dr Banda and his colleagues
that the
conference
has attracted
three
hundred delegaEes from all
parts
of
the world.
We are
particularly
appreciative
of the work of Dr Banda and of his warm friendship.
For many partlcipants
this
has been a first
visit
to Trieste.
To the average foreigner
Italy
means "Rome Venice, Florence,
Plsa...tt
and one or two other places and few of them would know
where to find
Trieste
on the map.
ICCAS 85 has changed all
that for our participants,
and a
large number of new ambassadors will
put Trieste
firrnly
on the world map.
Thank you all

Chengi

Kuo

for

supporting

ICCAS 85,

and may I

wish

you a safe

journey

home.

Friday

20th

Septernber 1985

THE CHALLENGE
OF CHANGEI N S H I P B U I L D ITNOGD A Y
KEYNOTE
SP EE C H
JohnPanker
. l o wa s a n a n n u a l o r d e r in q o f 1 0 m i l l i o n C G R T
w ' i t h w o r l d w i d e o u t p u t o i a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 4
million.

T h e c o n t i n u i n g d e p r e s s e ds t a t e o f t h e w o r l d s h i p b u i l d i n g m a r k e th a s b r o u g h tu n p r e c e d e n t eddi f f i c u l t y t o s h i p y a r d sw h i c h c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n
e n v ' i s a g e tde n o r s o y e a r s a g o .
I t i s r i g h t t h a t w e s h o u l d r e m i n do u r s e l v e so f
t h e d e p t h a n d p e r s ' i s t e n c eo f t h e c r i s i s t h a t h a s
a c c o m p a n i etdh o s e o f u s w h o h a v e p e r s e v e r e di n
w e a t h e r i n gt h e s t o r m s i n c e t h e o n s e t o f t h e
cris'is in 1974.
D e c l ' i n ' i no
g r d e r l e v e ls a n d s h ' i p p r i c e s h a v e
b r o u g h t t o t h e m a r k e ta n i n t e n s i v e c o n t e s t f o r
t h e f e w n e wo r d e r s a v a i l a b l e - a n d I w i l l r e t u r n
t o t h i s a g a i n- b u t l i k e a l l i n d u s t r i a l b a t t l e s ,
i t 'is technoo
l g y w h ' i c hh a s t o b e a d v a n c e dr a p i d 1 y t o e n a b l e n e t ^a/ n d m o r e e f f i c i e n t p r o d u c t s t o
b e b r o u g h t t o t h e m a r k e tw ' i t h ' i n c r e a s e de f f i c i e n c y
i n t h e p r o d u c e r ' sf a c t o r i e s - i n t h i s c a s e t h e
s hi p y a r d s.

o
(,
5

l
t

A d v a n c e dd e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g ya r e t h e
key ingredientsI believe in a survival strategy.
I t i s a g a i n s t t h i s b a c k g r o u n tdh a t w e m u s t a d d r e s s
o u r t h o u g h t sb e c a u s ey o u t h e ' y o u n g ,' d a r e I s a y
S o , t e c h n o l o g i s t sa r e t h e f r o n t l i n e t r o o p s j n
t h e b a t t l e f o r t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c eo f a s h i p b u i l d 'ing industry in
a n u m b eo
r f the countriesthat
you represent.
F o r m y p a r t , I w a n t t o o f f e r s o m et h o u g h t s a s t o
t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e w o r l d m a r k e ts i t u a t i o n
a n d s o m e' i s s u e st h a t s t e m f r o m t h i s f o r u s E u r o p e a n sa n d f o r t h e o t h e r m a j o r p r o d u c e r s , p a r t i c u 1 a r 1 y i n t h e F a r E a s t . I w i l l t h e n c l o s e w ' i t ha
b r i e f c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f s o m eo f t h e c h a n g e sw e
a r e i n t r o d u c i n g ' i nm y n a t i v e y a r d ' i n B e l f a s t , t o
w h i c h I r e t u r n e d s o m e2 y e a r s a g o , a s o n e y a r d ' s
'interpretation
o f t h e c h a n g e sa n d n e w t e c h n o l o g y
r e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e m a r k e tc h a l l e n g e .
W O R LM
DA R K ESTI T U A T I O N
I b e l i e v e i t ' i s v e r y i m p o r t a n tf o r t e c h n o l o g i s t s
t o u n d e r s t a n dt h e m a r k e t p l a c e- f o r e x a m p ' l e :
- W h a th a s b e e n h a p p e n ' i n sgt r u c t u r a l ' l y t o t h e
industry over the past 10 years?
- W h e r e' i s i t I i k e l y t o g o ' i n t h e s h o r t a n d m e d i u m
t er m ?
- W h a ta r e t h e m o s t I i k e ' l y i n g r e d i e n t sf o r s u r vival and success?
I n 9 1 o b a 1t e r m s t h e n e a r f u t u r e o f f e r s a b l e a k
p i c t u r e f o r m e r c h a n st h ' i p b u i l d i n g .I n m y v i e w
b o t h 1 9 8 5a n d 1 9 8 6w i l l b e v e r y l o w d e m a n d
years
- e v e n l o w e r t h a n w e h a v e s e e nh ' i s t o r i c a l ' l y .
C e r t a ' i n 1 yo u r o w n i n t e r n a l f o r e c a s t s a n d t h o s e o f
AWES
s u g g e s tt h a t 1 9 8 5 / 8 6w i l l p r o b a b l yb e l o w e r
t han we ha v e s e e n b e fo re a n d ma y b e e ven dow nas

f i g . 1. W o r d
l N e w b u 'di 1
i n g D e v eol p m e n:t p r o j e c tions to 1995.
S o w e a r e g o i n g t o s e e f u r t h e r d e c li n e 9 1 o b a 1 1 y
over the next two years.
F r o m1 9 8 6t o t h e e n d o f t h e d e c a d e ,I b e l i e v e
w e w ' i l l s e e a g r a d u a l l i f t i n t h e d e m a n fdo r m e r c h a n t s h i p s a s t h e r e p l a c e m e nfta c t o r b e g i n s t o
b e c o m em o r e d o m ' i n a n t I. b e l i e v e t o o t h a t o n e c a n not be wisely optimistic aboutthe rate of that
u p l i f t u n t i l w e s e e a l o t m o r eo f t h e l a i d u p t o n .
a g e b e ' i n gd e a l t w i t h . W es t i l l h a v eg / 9 %o f t h e
w o r l d ' s m e r c h a nftl e e t l a i d u p , a n d t h a t i s a
t r e m e n d o up
s s y c h o l o g i c a lo v e r h a n gi n t h e m a r k e t p l a c e . E v e ni f t h o s e s h i p s , t h a t a r e s i t t . i n g i n
l a y _ u pa r e n o t t e c h n i c a l l y f i t t o s a i l , i t i s
s t i l l p s y c h o l o g i c a ' l ldya m a g i n ign t h a t i t
d e p r e s s e s h i p o w n e r sd, e p r e s s e sf r e i g h t r a t e s ,
d e p r e s s e st h e p r i c e o f s e c o n d - h a n tdo n n a g e ,
a n d i n t u r n d e p r e s s e st h e p r - i c e o n n e w b ; . i i d lngs.
M y o w nv i e w t h e r e f o r e ' i s t h a t w e w i l l o n l y b e o n
a n u p w a r dl i f t i n d e m a n d
after the next two
l e a n y e a r s ' i n t h e m e r c h a n f T i T pm a r k e t . I t w i l l
s t a r t v e r y c a u t i o u s l ya n d t h e n g r a d u a l l yg a i n
m o m e n t uam
s s c r a p p i n g ,h o p e f u l l y , r u n s a t h i g h e r
l e v e l s t h a n a t p r e s e n ta n d i f r e a s o n a b l el e v ; l s
o f e c o n o m i ca c t i v i t y i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s
c o n t in u e s .
If as I pred'ict that over the next 2 years the
demand
c o n t i n u e st o d r o p t h e n c l e a r l y t h e d o w n w a r d a d j u s t m e n to f c a p a c ' i t yi n t h e F a r E a s t a n d
'in Europe
w ' i 'tl h a v e t o c o n t i n u e .

xvi

J. Parker

the majority of its naval architects, marine

e n g i n e e r so r o t h e r k e y s k i 1 1 g r o u p sh a v e t o b e
d ' i s m i s s e bd e c a u s eo f l a c k o f w o r k . A n e q u i p m e n t s u p p l i e r m r r s ta 1 s o , f o r e x a m p l e ,a m o n g
o t h e r t h i n g s , c o v e r t h e e x p e n s e so f a n a f t e r s a l e s s e r v i c e v v o r l dw i d e . I n t u r n t h e m a r i n e
supplyindustrywithin a countrycan only
s u r v i v e w h i l s t t h e r e r e m a i n sa m ' i n i m uomr
' C r i t i c a l M a s s 'i n d ' i g e n o u s
sh'ipbuilding
capacity. Thehealth of both sectors is currently
u n d e r c o n s i d e r a b l ee c o n o m i ca n d d i s t o r t e d
m a r k e tp r e s s u r e s .T o b e i n a c o m p e t i t ' i v ep o s i t i o n w h e nn e w s h i p d e m a n dr e t u r n s t o m o r e n o r m a l l e v e l s , b o t h i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r s n e e dt o b e
s u s t a i n e da n d n u t u r e da t o r a b o v e ' C r i t i c a l
M a s s 'I e v e ls .

L e t u s n o wl o o k a t s o m eo f t h e m a j o r s h i p b u i l d ' i n g
a r e a s o f t h e w o r l d a n d t r y t o a s s e s st h e p o s s i b l e
i m p a c to f t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s o n s t r u c t u r e s , e t c .
E U R O PAEN DT H EE E C
I w i l I t a k e E u r o p ef i r s t s i n c e ' i t i s c l o s e r t o
h o m ea n d t h e r e f o r e I s h o u l d k n o w' i t b e s t .
T h e w o r l d ' s s h ' i p p i n gc r i s i s h a s t a k e n a m a s s ' i v e
t o l I o n t h e E E Cs h i p b u ' idl i n g i n d u s t r y . B e t w e e n
1 9 7 6a n d 1 9 8 3o u t p u t d r o p p e df r o m 7 . 7 MG R Tt o 2 , 9
G R T .T h e w o r l d s h a r e o f n e w o r d e r s h a s d r o p p e d
f r o m 1 7 . 2 %t o 1 0 . 9 %a n d t h e c a p a c i t y ' i n C G R T
has
b e e n r e d u c e db y 4 8 % . F u r t h e r r e s t r u c t u r i n g s i n c e
'
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
1 9 8 3h a s
t h e a b o v es t a t ' i s t i c s o f
decl'ine.

T h e c o m m u n ' i t' yi t s e l f a c c o u n t sf o r 3 0 %o f w o r l d
' i m p o r t sa n d 1 0 %
of world exports. Its trade
w ' i t h t h ' i r d w o r l d c o u n t r i e s r e p r e s e n t s2 0 %o f
w o r l d t r a d e , c o m p a r ew
d i t h J a p a n ' sB %a n d t h e
U n ' i t e dS t a t e s a n d C a n a d aj o ' i n t 1 y w i t h 1 5 % .S o m e
85/90%of communi tytrade w i th non-m em ber s
states'is carried by seaandapprox'imately
h a l f o f t h a t ' i s c a r r i e d b y s h i p s o w n e db y
c o m m u n ' i tsyh ' i p o w n e r sA. n e t c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m
c o m m u n i t yf l a g s h i p s t o t h e b a l a n c eo f p a y m e n t s
'in the community
a m o u n t st o a m a s s ' i v es u r p lu s
o f 9 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n 1 9 8 1 .T o n n a g oe f m e m b e r
s t a t e ( s ) f l a g s i n D e c e m b e1r9 8 3w a s a l m o s t o n e
quarter of the world fleet and it is bel'ieved
that a further 10-11%
w e r e o p e r a t e db y c o m m u n i t y
s h i p o w n e ru
s n d e r f l a g s o f c o n v e n ' i e n c eS.h i p p ' i n g t h e r e f o r e w i t h i n t h e c o m m u n i t yi s n o t
o n l y a b ' i g a n d i m p o r t a n tb u s i n e s s ,b u t i t i s
also of significant strategic importanceR
. eg r e t t a b l y , h o w e v e ra
, d e c l i n e o f 2 4 %1 n t h e
s i z e o f t h e c o m m u n i t ys h a r e o f t h e w o r l d f l e e t
has takenplace over the past 7 years and this
d r o p i s m o d e s tc o m p a r e dt o t h e m a s s i v ec o n t r a c t i o n o f a l m o s t 5 0 %o f t h e s ' i z e o f t h e U K s h i p p i n g f l e e t o v e r t h e s a m ep e r i o d

B e h i n dt h e s e g r i m s t a t " i s t i c s a r e t h e e q u a ll y
g r i m r e d u c t i o n s i n e m pol y m e n t .F u r t h e r p o t e n t ' i a 1
r e s t r u c t u r i n g i s n o wp r o v ' i n ge v e n m o r ed i f f i c u l t
s ' i n c em a n yE E Cs h i p y a r d s a n d t h e i r s u p p li e r s
are locatedin areasof very high local unemployment.
T h e l o s s o f d i r e c t s h i p y a r dj o b s b e t w e e n1 9 7 6a n d
1 9 8 3i s n o w i n e x c e s so f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 .T h e u n e m p l o y m e n t c o n s e q u e n c ef so r t h e E E Cm a r i n e e q u ' i p m e n t
s u p p l y i n d u s t r y m a ya l s o h a v e b e e na s h ' i g ho r
e v e n m o r es e v e r et h a n t h e j o b l o s s e s f r o m t h e
s h i p y a r d s t h e m s evl e s .
E m p l o y m e nptr e s s u r e sc r e a t e p o f i t i c a l i s s u e s f o r
e a c h c o m m u n i t yg o v e r n m e n t I. t c a n n o t b e o v e r l o o k e d t h a t t h e h e a v ys o c i a l p r i c e t h a t i s b e i n g
p a ' i d b y t h e c o m m u n i t ys h ' i p y a r d sh a s r e s u lt e d n o t
o n l y f r o m t h e s h i p p i n gc r i s i s i t s e l f , b u t a l s o
f r o m t h e e x p a n s i o n i s tp o ii c ' i e s o f p a r t s o f t h e
A si a n s hi p b ui 1d i n g i n d u s t r y . T h e ' i n c r e a s eo f t h e
A s ' i a nm a r k e t s h a r e h a s o f t e n b e e n a c h i e v e dv i a
p r e d a t o r yp r i c i n g p o l j c i e s w h i c h h a v e l e d t o
s e v e r ef i n a n c i a l l o s s e s ' i n t h e i r o w ns h i p y a r d s .
S u c hs h i p p r i c e s t o o o f t e n r e p r e s e n tl e s s t h a n
E u r o p e a cn o s t s o f m a t e r i a l s a n d t o t a l l y d ' i s t o r t
t h e m a r k e tf o r s h i p b u i l d e r sa n d s h i p o w n e rasl i k e .
A s a r e s u l t , t h e w o r l d m a r k e tc o m m e r c i asl t r u c ture 'is nowin total d'isarray. As a result of
s u c h I o w p r i c i n g t h e v a l u a t ' i o n o f o w n e r s'
f leet s hav e s u ffe re d fa r to o ma n yd o w n ward
r e v ' i s j o n so r d e v a l u a t i o n sb e c a u s eo f s u c h a g g r e s sive pricing to buy an expanded
s h a r ew h i c h
i n f l i c t s b a l a n c es h e e t d a m a g oe n t h e c u s t o m e r .
S u c hp o l i c i e s a l s o n o wt h r e a t e n t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f m a n yo f t h e r e m a ' i n i n gE u r o p e a na n d
' in d e e dF a r E a s t
s h i p b u i1d e r s a n d t h e i r s u p p li e r s .
F o r e c o n o m i c s, o c i a l a n d s t r a t e g i c r e a s o n s ,
t h r o u g h o u tt h e E E C ,t h e r e a p p e a r st o b e a g r o w ing r eluc t anc e a mo n ga n u m b e ro f me mb erstates
t o l e t t h e i r i n d ' i g e n o u ss h i p b u i l d i n gc a p a c i t y
f a l l b e l o ww h a t m i g h t b e r e g a r d e da s a ' C r i t i c a l M a s s ' . T h e ' C r i t i c a l M a s s 's i z e f o r m a n y
national shipbu'i'lding
industries has probably
nowbeenreached.
I n c r i t i c a l m a s st e r m s s h i p b u ' i 1 d ' i n' igs a n a m a l j n i s t r a t i v e , t e c h n i c a l, i n d u s t r i a ' l
g a mo f a d m
,
f i n a n c i a l s k ' i lI s a n d f a c i I i t a t e s f o r m ' i n ga w e lI
i n t e g r a t e d h u m a na n d ' i n d u s t r i a l i n f r a - s t r u c t u r e .
I n d i v i d u a l s h i p y a r d sa n d t h e ' i r s u p p '' il e r s h a v ea
m i n ' i m u tmh r e s h o l d l e v e l b e l o ww h i c h t h e y c a n n o t ,
f o r b o t h t e c h n i c a l a n d e c o n o m i cr e a s o n s ,m a i n t a i n t h e i r o p e r a t ' i o n a li n f r a - s t r u c t u r e . F o r
ex am pl
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F i g . 2 . E E CF l e e t a s % o f W o r l dF l e e t .
T h e r e a r e d a n g e r o u st r e n d s ' i n t h e v i t a l a n d
strateg'ic area of transportatjon. In exam.in.ing
t h e n e ws h i p s u p p
' l l ys i d e , t h e l e v e l o f t o d a y ' s
commun
i ty sh' ipbui di ng capaci ty i s no w only
c a p a b l eo f r e p l a c i n g a b o u t 2 5 %o f t h e c o m m u n i t y ' s o w ns h i p r e q u j r e m e n t n
s e e d e df o r i t s
o w nt r a d e .
L e t u s h o p en o wt h a t a g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n od f
t h e m a s s i v ea n d p a i n f u l r e s t r u c t u r i n g w h ' i c hh a s

The Challenge of Change in Shipbuilding Today

t a k e n p l a c e , a n d t h e ' C r i t ' i c a l M a s s 'i s s u e t h a r

n o v lf a c e s m o s t o f t h e c o m m u n i tsyh i p b u i l d i n g
a n d m a r i n ee q u i p m e nst u p p l y ' i n d u s t r i e s ,t h a t t h e
o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e l o pp o 1i c ' i e s w h ' i c hw i l l l i n k
t h e f u t u r e o f t h e E E Cy a r d s m o r ec l o s e l y t o t h e
E E Cs hi p o w n e r sw i I I b e t a c k l e d w i t h ' i n t h e c o m munity.
M a n yc o m m u n i t ys h i p o w n e r sc o u l d i n t h e n e x t d e c a d e f a c e t h e s a n e d e g r e eo f d e c l i n e a s t h e s h i p y a r d s h a v e i n t h e p a s t d e c a d ei f t h e ' i r f u t u r e i s
n o t f u l l y t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t' i n d e v e l o p i n ga n
' i n t e g r a t e dm a r i n e i n d u s t r i a l p o l
icy for the
c om m un'
t y i.
J A P A NA NDK O R EA
T u r n i n gn o w t o t h e F a r E a s t :
J a p a nw i t h a b o u t 5 0 %o f w o r l d m a r k e t s h a r e a n d
S o u t h K o r e an o ww i t h a b o u t 1 8 %i n 1 9 8 4f r o m
a b o u t 5 %f r o n 5 y e a r s e a r l i e r a r e u n d o u b t e d l y
t h e d o m i n a n ts h i p b u i ' l d i n gc o u n t r i e s o f t h e
w o r ld .

XVII

s c h e d uel d w e l ' l i n t o 1 9 8 6 / 8 7b u t r e p o r t e d d e fe r g i t h n e wo r d e r s m u s t b e o f
m e n t s' i n p r o c e e d ' i nw
g r e a f ,c 0 n c e r n .
B u t n e wo r d e r s h a v e d r i e d u p d r a m a t i c a l l y . T h e
ra te at w h' i chthe fac' iI ' it' i es of D aewoo
, Hyunda. i
a n d o t h e r K o r e a ny e a r s h a v e h j t h e r t o b e e n f e d
j u s t c a n n o tb e s u s t a i n e d .C h e a pp r i c e s a r e
'irrel evant
w h e nt h e r e s ' i m p 1 ya r e s o f e w c o n tracts to bid for.
M e a n w h i l e ,t h e K o r e a ny a r d s a r e h a v i n g t o ' l i v e
with the low level of prices being re-eivedfor
w o r k a l r e a d y o n t h e o r d e r b o o k . T h e ya r e a l s o
h a v i n gt o l i v e w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t p r o g r e s s i o n
u p - m a r k e ti n t o m o r ec o m p l e xt y p e s o f s h . i p s
and offshore structure - has beenvery rapid.
M a n a g e m ecnht a n g e sa n d s i d e w a y sm o v e sa t s o m e
o f t h e K o r e a ny a r d s s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t t h a t , f o r
t h e i m m e d i a t ef u t u r e , t h e e m p h a s i si s n o t g o . i n g
to be on getting ordersat any price. tt will
b e o n c o n s o l i d a t ' i o ng
, e t t i n g y a r d s m a n a g em
d ore
e f f e c t i v e l y , a n d i n c r e a s ' i n gp r o d u c t i v i t y .
T h e r a t e a t w h i c h S o u t h K o r e am o v e sw i t h i n t h e
n e x t d e c a d et o r e a c t i v a t e e x p a n s i o np l a n s o f a
f e w y e a r s b a c kw i l l , I b e l i e v e , a l s o b e m u c h
1 n f l u e n c e db y t h e s u c c e s so f C h i n a i n p e n e trating further in their export drive.
T H ES U R V I V O R S
C 1 e a r 1 y ,t h e r e f o r e , a n y m e r c h a nyt a r d i n E u r o p e
or indeed'in any other part of the world that
is relying for its orders on the international
m a r k e t , i s g o i n g t o h a v ea r o u g h t i m e o v e r t h e
next 2/3 years.

F i g . 3 . l 4 a r k e tS h a r e s1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 4 .
A g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n od f t h e g l o b a i f o r e c a s t s
t h e n , w h i l s t t h e r e s t i l l n e e d st o b e m o r er e t r e n c h m e n itn E u r o p e ,t h e r e m u s t s t ' i l l I b e l i e v e
be v er y m u c hm o re re tre n c h m e n ti n th e next 2
y e a r s ' i n t h e F a r E a s t s h ' i p y a r d sb e c a u s et h o s e
w h oh a v e t a k e n a c o m b i n e d
6 5 - 7 0 %o f t h e w o r l d ' s
o r d e r b o o k t o d a y - J a p a na n d S o u t h K o r e a - m u s t
accept that this market share has beenga'ined
over the past few years on the back of some
v e r y l o w p r i c e s i n d e e d . I n d e e d ,w e a r e i n f o r m e d
t h a t t h e m a' ljaorrgi tey o f S o u t h K o r e a ny a r d s a r e m a k i ng fa i 11y
I o s s e s. I c a n n o t t h e r e fo r e s e e
t h a t J a p a na n d K o r e aw i l l c o n t i n u e t o ' b u y ' t h e
v o l u m eo f o r d e r s t o s a t i s f y c u r r e n t c a p a c i t y
a t s u c h 1 o wp r i c e s - i t w o u l d b e c o m m e r c i a l
s u i c ' i d ef o r u s a l l .

I do not believe onecan hide that fact from

l o o k i n g a t t h e 9 1 o b a 1f o r e c a s t s - i t s b e t t e r t o
k n o wj t n o wa n d g e a r o u r s e l v e sa c c o r d i n g l yt o
f a c e i t . H o w e v etrh e r e a r e a l w a y sp a r t j i u i a r
m a r k e t n ' i c h e sw h i c h y a r d s c a n b e s t e e r e d t o w a r d s a n d t h o s e w ' i t h t h e ' i n h e r e n tt e c h ni c a l
f l e x i b i l i t y a n d s t r e n g t ht o t a c k l e a w i d e p r o d u c t r a n g ew i l l b e i n a s t r o n g e r p o s i t i o n t o
s u r v ' i v eb u t ' i t w i I I b e m a r k e t f o r c e s , c o u p le d
w i t h g o v e r n m e npt o ii c i e s , w h i c h w . i lI d i c t ' a t e
w h i c h y a r d s g o t o t h e w a lI ' i n t h e n e x t f e w
y e a r sb u t t h e s u r v i v o r sw i l l , I b e l i e v e ,
e m e r g el e a n e r a n d f i t t e r a n d w i t h a h i g h - t e c h
base.
Y a r d sa n d s u p p l i e r st h a t w i l l s u r v i v e m u s t n o w
h o w e v e rb e s e e k i n g i m p r o v e dc o m p e t i t i v e n e s s
t h r o u g ht h e a p p l i c a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e natn d a d v a n c e dt e c h n o o
l g y ' i n t h e d e si g n a n d p r o d u c t . i o n
p r o c e s s e,s w h e t h e rf o r s o - c a lI e d I o w o r h . i q h ' i mportant
requ.ireme nt, I b; !9.h shi ps. The
l i e v e , i s t o h a v g _ ah i g h t e c h n o l o g yd e s i g na n d
p r o d u c t i o nc a p a b i l i t y t h a t c a n b e - a p p l i e dt o
a w ' i d er a n g e o f s h i p t y p e s .

M y v i e w ' i s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t J a p a nw i I I h a v e t o
r e t r e n c h m u c hf u r t h e r t h a n c u r r e n t l y a n n o u n c e d
p l a n s s u g g e s ta n d t h a t t h e K o r e a ne x p a n s ' i o n i s t
p l a n s w i l l h a v e t o b e a b a n d o n eadc c o m p a n i ebdy
c u t b a c k si n t h e n e x t c o u p l e o f y e a r s .

A s t h e i n d u s t r y b e c o m essm a l l e r , c o n s i d e r a b l e
s c o p ea l s o e x i s t s t o p r o m o t ej o i n t r e s e a r c ha n d
developmentprogrammes
on an r-nternat i onal
S c ae
l .

T h i s m e s s a g es e e m st o b e g e t t i n g t h r o u g h - r e ' i n f o r c e db y m a r k e t f a c t o r s
that haveseenthe
t h r u s t i n g K o r e a ny a r d s f a c e h u n g e r .N o w i 1 d 1 y
s e v e r e p a n g sy e t : b a c k lo g 1i s t s a r e s t ' i l I
n u m e r i c a l l yi m p r e s s i v ew i t h s o m ed e l i v e r i e s

S c o p ea l s o e x i s t s t o s h a r e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
e f f o r t a n d c o s t s o f b r i n g i n g o n s t r e a mm o r e a d v a n c e dC A D / C AsMy s t e m s . I n o u r o w ny a r d w e
h a v e r e c e n t l y r e a c h e ds u c h c o - o p e r a t i v eu n d e r s t a n d in g w ' ti h W ar t s i I a i n F i n l a n d a n d K o c k u m isn

XVIlI

J. Parker

S w e d e nw, h i l s t c o n t ' i n u i n go u r c o - o p e r a t i o nwj t h

IHI in Japan.
I b e l i e v e s c o p ea l s o e x i s t s , a s i n t h e ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r c r a f t b u s ' i n e s s f, o r m u tl ' i n a t ' i o n a l
c o - o p e r a t i o ni n t h e b u ' i l d ' i n go f c o m p l e xs h i p s
a n d o f f s h o r e s t r u c t u r e s . M o d e r nc o m m u n ' i c a t i o n
d ' i th ' i n te rc h a n g eo n CA D /C A M
t ec hnology c omb ' i n e w
r a s e dp l a n n i n gs y s t e m sd a t a w i l l
a n d c o m p u t eb
a l I a i d s u c h ' i n t e r n a t i o n a lc o - o p e r a t i o n .

DIRECT
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T NS H I PP R O D U C T ICOONS T S
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NR G A N I S A T I O N
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F i g . 4 . D i r e c t I m p a c to n S h i p P r o d u c t i o nC o s t s .

I N G R E D I E NFTOSRS U R V I V A- LT H EH A R L A NADN D
W O L FEFX P E R I E N C E
I t ' i s a g a i n s t t h i s b a c k g r o u ntdh a t w e a t H a r l a n d
a n d l , l o l f f h a v e s e t o u t t o b e c o m ea n a d v a n c e dt e c h n o l o g y s h ' i p y a r d .0 u r c o r p o r a t eo b j e c t ' i v e ' i s t o
b e o n e o f t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s ' i v ey a r d s ' i n E u r o p e .
To achievethat status we haveand are investi n g h e a v i l y i n t h e m o s t m o d e r ns h i p d e s i g n , p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n t r o l t e c h n ' i q u e sw e c a n i d e n t i f y .
L i n k e d w i t h t h e s e t e c h n i q u e sh a s c o m ea n e w
n th i c h m o v e sb o t h r e s p o n s t y l e o f m a n a g e m ew
s i b ' i l ' i t y a n d a c c o u n t a b i l ' i t yf u r t h e r d o w nt h e
c o m p a n sy t r u c t u r e a n d i n t r o d u c e s ' i n f u l l a
d e d i c a t e dP r o j e c t M a n a g e m eTn et a ma p p r o a c ho n
a l I m aj o r p r o j e c t s . T h e s ec h a n g e sa r e a ' i m e dn o t
o n l y a t i m p r o v e da n d m o r ee f f i c i e n t s h i p b u i l d i n g a n d d e s i g n i n g ,b u t a l s o a t a m o r eh ' i g h ' l y
c o n t r o l ' l e do r g a n i s a t i o nt o p r o v i d e u s w i t h a
g r e a t e r d e g r e eo f m a r k e t f l e x i b ' i f i t y w h i c h
w i l l a l l o w u s t o t a c k l e a w i d e r a n d m o r es o p h is t ' i c a t e d p r o d u c t b a s e .

T NS H I PP R O D U C T C
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F ' i g . 5 . I n d i r e c t I m p a c to n S h i p P r o d u c t ' i o n
Costs.

I t h a s b e e n s t r e s s e dt h a t w e a r e a n i n d i v i d u a l
y a r d a n d t h e o n l y r e m a i n i n go n e i n t h e U K w h ' i c h
can claim to be a fuliy'integrated sh'ipbuildi ng, r epa' ri i n g a n d e n g 'ni e e ri n g c o m p a n. y
-!tr.t.fi'

t w n e d ,w e a re not a
A lt hough we are g o v e rn m e n o
s u b s ' i dai r y c o m p a n o
y f t h e n a t i o n a li s e d y a r d s i n
B r i t i s h s h i p b u i1d e r s . W eo p e r a t eq u it e i n d e p e n d e n t l y f r o m B S b u t e n d e a v o utro m i n i m i s ep r o d u c t
o v e r l a p a l t h o u g ho n o c c a s i o n sa d e g r e eo f c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s m a ya r i s e .
f i h ' i l e o u r r e o r g a n j s a t i o na n d d e v e l o p m e nptl a n s
f o r t h e s h i p y a r da n d i t s e n g i n e e r i n gf a c i l i t i e s
h a v e b e e n p u t i n t o m o t i o n , v v eh a v e h a d t o s u r v i v e a n d a g a i n s t t h e p r e s e n t g l o o m ys h i p p ' i n g
m a r k e t b a c k g r o u n dw e h a v e w o na n o r d e r b o o k
w h i c h t o d a y t o t a l s i n e x c e s so f 1 2 0 0m i l l i o n
( U S$ 2 6 2m i l l ' i o n ) w h i c hw ' i l l s e e s h i p s c o n t i n u i n g t o b e d e l ' i v e r e dt h r o u g ht o 1 9 8 i . T h i s d e g r e e o f r e l a t ' i v e m a r k e t s u c c e s sh a s b e e n b u ' i l t
a r o u n d t h e m e r c h a n t ,n a v a l a n d o f f s h o r e m a r k e t
s e c t o r s a n d t h u s c r e a t e s c o n s i d e r a b l et e c h n i c a l
c h a lI e n g e s . I t a l s o p r o v ' i d e st h e c r u cj a l b a s e l o a d t o t e s t o u r n e ws h i p b u i l d i n gt e c h n ' i q u e s
and m anagem e ns ty s te msn o w c o m ' i n go n s tre am.
T h e k e y t e c h n o l o g ya n d m a n a g e m eonft c h a n g e
' i n g r e d i e n t sw e h a v e i d e n t ' i f i e d a r e s h o w ni n
Figs. 4 and5.
I n a d o p t i n g a n a d v a n c e dt e c h n o l o g ya p p r o a c ht h e
o r g a n i s a t i o no f t h e c o m p a nhy a s a l s o t o b e
a d a p t e dt o ' i n c l u d ea s t r u c t u r e m o r ec o m p a t i b l e
w i t h t h e n e wt e c h n o l o g i e sa n d i n c r e a s e d
a c c o u n t a b i 'tly . T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e ,t h e o l d S h i p
P r o d u c t i o no u t f i t a n d S t e e l d e p a r t m e n t sh a v e
b e e n r e p l a c e d b y a s h o p m a n u f a c t u r i n go r g a n i s a t i o n a n d a s h i p c o n s t r u c t i o no r g a n ' i s a t i o n ,
c o u p le d w i t h a z o n e m a n a g e m e rnet s p o n sbi ' i 1 it y
( s e eF i g . 6 ) .

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F ' i g .6 .
I n t h e t e c h n ' i c a lo f f i c e s t o o s i m i l a r z o n e g r o u p i n g s h a v e b e e n ' i n t r o d u c e di n p l a c e o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s y s t e mb y s y s t e mr e s p o n s i b ' i tl y ( s e e
Fig.7).
T h i s h a s e s t a b l i s h e dt e c h n i c a l a n d p r o d u c t i o n
s t r u c t u r e s c o m p a t i b l ew i t h e a c h o t h e r a n d t h e
i n f o r m a t ' i o nf I o w , n e wm e t h o d so f c o n s t r u c t ' i o n
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0 f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c eh a s b e e nt h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a d e d i c a t e d P r o j e c t M a n a g e m eT
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a p p r o a c ho n e a c h m a i n c o n t r a c t ( s e e F i g . B ) .
T h e p r o j e c t m a n a g e ar n d h ' i s t e a m h a v e o v e r a l l
c o n t r a c t u a l r e s p o n s ' i b ijlt y f o r e a c h m a ' i nc o n t r a c t
a c r o s s a l I c o m p a nfyu n c t i o n s , f r o m t h e s i g n ' i n g
o f t h e c o n t r a c t t o v e s s e l d e l i v e r y . T h e ya r e
r e s p o n s i b l ef o r t h e c u s t o m e r i n t e r f a c e a n d t o
t h e E x e c u t i v eB o a r df o r b r i n g i n g e a c h c o n t r a c t
w j t h i n t i m e s c a l ea n d b u d g e t .T h i s o r g a n ' i s a t i o n a l a p p r o a c hi n a s t r o n g l y f u n c t io n a l ' l y
o r i e n t a t e d o r g a n i s a t i o n , s u c ha s a s h i p y a r d ,
i n e v i t a b l y b r i n g s o n o c c a s i o n sa c o n f r o n t a t ' i o n a l s t y l e o f m a n a g e m e nH
t .o w e v e r a, s a c o m p a n y ,
w e a r e c o n v i n c e dt h a t t h i s f o r m o f p r o j e c t
m a n a g e m e n t 'ai sv i t a l i n g r e d i e n ti n i n c r e a s i n g
c o n t r o l w h e r ea r a n g e o f c o m p l e xp r o j e c t s a r e
b e i n g p r o d u c e d .I n t o d a y ' s m a r k e t i t i s p a r t o f
t h e m a n a g e m e knet y t o ' i n c r e a s ef l e x j b i l i t y ' i n

the productbase.
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t o p r o v ' i d er e s o u r c ea n d k e y d a t e p l a n n . i n ga c r o s s
a l l c o m p a nfyu n c t i o n s . I t a l s o p r o v i d e sa b u i l d
s t r a t e g y f o r e a c h v e s s e l a n d p r o v . i d e sp r o j e c t
s e r v i c e s t o e a c h p r o j e c t m a n a g e m e tnet a m , c o u p l e d
w i t h c o m p u t e rb a s e dn e t w o r ka n a l y s . i s . W eh a v e
r e c e n t l y a d o p t e dt h e I B MA S S y s t e m .
T h e s ea r e k e y e l e m e n t st o i n c r e a s e c o s t c o n t r o l
a n d w o r k p l a n n i n gt h r o u g h o u t h e l i f e c y c l e o f
the contract including the project period before
t h e c o n t r a c t ' i s s ' i g n e d .T h e b u . i ld s t r a t e g y
governs the approachmadeby a11 depar t m ent st o
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o no f e a c h s h i p a n d i s n o wa p p l . i e d
to all contracts.
I n a s s o c i a t i o nw i t h e a c h p r o j e c t m a n a g e m etneta m ,
t h e S t r a t e g i c P l a n n i n gD e p a r t m e nht a s d e v e ' l o p e d

J. Parker

a d e t a ' i l e d " F r o n t E n d P l a n n i n ga n d C o n t r o "l

s y s t e mt o b r i n g t o g e t h e r a l 1 k e y d e p a r t m e n t s
a t c r i t ' i c a l s t a g e sd u r i n g a c o n t r a c t , i n c l u d i n g
t h e i n i t i a l d e v e l o p m e notf t h e B u i l d S t r a t e g y
w h ' i c hi n v o lv e s a l I k e y s e ni o r m a n a g e r so f
d e p a r t m e n t as n d p r o d u c t i o n .O n c et h e d e f i n ' i t i v e
b u i l d s t r a t e g y i s d e t e r m ' i n eadn d a g r e e d , n o
f u r t h e r c h a n g ei s p e r m ' i t t e dw i t h o u t s ' i g n e d
a p p r o v a la t d i r e c t o r l e v e l . T h i s g i v e s T e c h n ' i c a l
a n d P l a n n i n gd e p a r t m e n t sc o n f i d e n c 'elteot p r o c e e d
wi th det ai I ed wo rk d ra w in g s a n d p a 1
I ' is ts
and thenceto work instruct'ionsand detailed
p l a n n ' i n gs c h e d u l e sw o r k e do u t b y t h e S h ' i pP r o d u c t i o n S c h e d uifn g a n d W o r kP r e p a r a t i o nD e p a r t ment.
As a Com pany
we a re c o m m ' i tte dto th e a p p l ' i c at' i on
o f t h e m o s t a d v a n c e dc o m p u t e rb a s e dt e c h n o l o g y
we can identify. In part'icular, we are nraking
s i g n i f i c a n t i n v e s t m e n t s' i n C A D / C AgMr a p h sa n d
r e l a t e d c o m p u t i n gs y s t e m s .D i a g r a m m a t i c a l ' l y ,
o u r c o m p u t ' i nsgy s t e mi s s h o w ni n F i g . 9 .
Th e CA D/ CAsMy s t e msa re b a s e d o n th e Ko c k unrs
d e v e l o p e ds t e e r b e a r s y s t e m sa n d w ' i t h i t s s t r o n g
manufacturing
b i a s , c o m p l e m e n ot su r a d o p t i o no f
n e wa n d a d v a n c epi jr o d u c t ' i o nm e t h o d s .T h e s y s t e m
c o v e r s o n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s i d e f r o m s c a n t li n g
d e s ' i g nt h r o u g h w o r k i n g d r a w i n g s , m a t e r i a l t a k e o f f a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g' i n f o r m a t i o nf o r s h o p
f l o o r i n c l u d i n g b u r n ' i n gm a c h i n ec o n t r o l i n f o r m a t ' i o n ,v v e i g h t sa n d Q C D i m e n s ' i o n aclh e c k i n f o r m a t i o n ,e t c .

t i o n s a t a l I I e v e ls . C A D / C Ai M
s a l s o e n a b il n q
t h e i n c r e a s e da p p fi c a t i o n o f m o d u l ea n d p i p e
b a n k d e s i g n sa n d e x t e n d e do u t f i t t i n g t e c h n i q u e s
a t u n it a n d b l o c k s t a g e , c o u p el d w i t h u n d e r
c o v e r c o a t i n g ' i n o u r g i a n t p a i n t h a lI s , p r . i o r
t o d e l i v e r y f r o m t h e s h o p o r g a n ' i s a t i o nt o t h e
s hi p c o n s t r u c t io n o r g a n 'si a t ' i o n a t t h e d o c k . T h u s
t h e s h o p o r g a n i s a t i o ni s r e g a r d e da s a s u p p l i e r
o f o u t f i t t e d a n d p a i n t e db l o c k s i n a c c o r d a n c w
e ith
t h e b ui I d s t r a t e g y t o t h e s hi p c o n s t r u c t . i o n
o r g a n i s a t i o na t t h e d o c k . T o a c h i e v et h i s i n t h e
m o s t e c o n o m i c awl a y r e q u ' i r e sd e t a i l e d s h o p s c h e d u 1i n g , c o u p l e dw i t h d e t a i l e d w o r k p a c k a g e
definit i o n o f m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s e sa n d m a n h o u i b
sased
o n e s t i m a t e so f w o r k c o n t e n t m e a s u r e m e n
a tq a i n
b y c o m p u t e ar s s i s t e d m e t h o d s .
W ' i t ht h e t ' i g h t m a r k e tc o n d i tj o n s a l r e a d y o u t I ined, th'is advanced
t e c h n o l o g ys h i p b u i i a i n g
a p p r o a c hp r o v i d e su s w ' i t h t h e u t m o s tf l e x - i b i l i t y
'in our market
a p p r o a c ha n d h e n c e' i n o u r a b i 1 i t y
t o r e s p o n dt o p o t e n t ' i a l b u s ' i n e s so f a s o p h si t i c a t e d n a t u r e f r o m e i t h e r t h e m e r c h a n t ,n a v a l
or offshore sectors.
A l l t h e i n g r e d i e n t so f t h e n e wt e c h n o l o g ya n d
a d v a n c e ds h ' i p b u i l d i n gm e t h o d sa n d c o n t r o l , e t c .
are com'ing
t o g e t h e r i n t h e d e s ' i g n i n ga n d b u i l d i n g o f t h e B P S W O PvSe s s e l d e s c r i b e da s t h e
w o r ld ' s m o s t t e c h n ool g i c a l ' l y s o p h si t . i c a t e d
s h i p ( s e eF i g . 1 0 ) .

k e s ' i g na n d r o u t ' i n g
0n the outfit side, p'ipeword
p ' l u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g' i n f o r m a t i o nt o t h e c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l 1e d p ' i p e b e n d e r si n t h e n e w p i p e s h o p
c r e a t e s a t r u l y C A D / C AeMn v i r o n m e n t .T h e M e d u s a
s y s t e mt o i n c r e a s ea p p li c a t i o n o f g r a p h i c s y s temsto general d
'l raughting (general arrangeme nt, m ac h' iner y a y o u t, e tc . ) h as a l s o re c ent1 y b e e na d o p t e d .
T h e s en e wm e t h o d sw h ' i c hr e l y h e a v i l y o n t h e u s e
o f adv anc edCA D /C AM
s y s te m sI e a d to c o s t re ductl

--11

B' ,.
Fig. 10
ADI|I||STRATIVE SVSTETS

OATA COLLECTNX SVSTEIS

EXGIIEERTIC SYSTEIS

r8I a3El

ICDUSA

oEc vAI rt/760

STEERSEAR

2OO TERIIIALS

AIIO DATA COLLECTIOX DEYICES

F i g . 9 . H a r l a n da n d | , J o l f fC o m p u t eSr y s t e m s .

tj

The Challenge of Change in Shipbuitding Today

For example:
- A d e d i c a t e dp r o j e c t m a n a g e m e n t
t e a mh a s b e e n
s e t u p o n a j o i n t v e n t u r eb a s i s w . i t h t h e c u s _
t o m e r , t h a t i s b e t w e e nH & Wa n d B p , a n d t h e i r
e n g i n e e r i n gc o n s u l t a n t sM a t t h e wH a l l , a n d n o w
c o m p r i s e ss o m e2 5 p e r s o n n e l ;
- N e t w o r ka n a ' l y s i s s e t u p o n a 3
tier system
a n d c o m p r i s i n g3 , 5 0 0 e v e n t s ;
- D e f i n i t i v e b u i l d s t r a t e g yi n d e n t i f y i n g
160
m o d u l e sa n d p ' i p e b a n kasn d s e v e r a l e l e c t r i c a l
c a b le f r a m e s , e t c . ;
- F u l l C A Dg r a p h i c s i n s t r u c t u r a l d e s i q n
and
m anuf ac tu rin g i n fo rma tio n;
in p'ipework
- F u lI C A D / C A'M
designand manufacture;
- F u l l C A Dl a y o u t o f s y s t e md r a w i n g s ;
- C o m p u t ebr a s e dc o n t r o l o f r E t e r i a l
s and prod u c t j o n s c h e d u l e s ,j o b c a r d s , w o r k c o n t e n t
d a t a , v i a 2 0 0 t e r m i n a l s a r o u n dt h e w c r k s t o
I B Mc o m m odna t a b a s e s ;
- Electronicjob time recording.
T h e H & WE n g i n e e r i n g
D i v i s i o nw i l l a l s o m a k e
h e a v y u s e o f t h e C A D / C AsMy s t e m s. i n c o n t r i b u t -

XX1

i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e c c n s t r u c t . i o no f t h i s
v e s s e l t h r o u g ht h e p r o v i s i o n o f g e n e r a t i n g
e n g i n e s , t h r u s t e r s , c o n s o l e sa n d - t h em o d u i a r
i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s w ' i t c h b o a r d so,t h e r p r i m e
m o v e r sa n d c o n t r o l r o o m s .T h e d i v i s i o n w i l l a l s o
b e r e s p o n s j b l ef o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e o n b o a r d p r o c e s s i n gp l a n t f a c i l i t y . T h i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c a l a n d m a r j n ee n g i n e e r i n gi s u n
'important
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s u c h a c o m p ' l e x " s ph i
a n d c o u ld o n l y b e c a r r - i e do u t w i t h f u l I e f f e c t
i n a _ f u 11 y ' i n t e g r a t e ds h i p b u i l d i n g / e n g i n e e r i n g
c o m p l e xs u c h a s w e h a v e a t H & Wi n - B e l i a s t .
Theplacing of this contract at the yard is seen
b y u : n o t o n l y a s a m e a n so f d e m o n s t r a t i n go u r
t o t a l N e wT e c h n o l o gcya p a b i l i t y , b u t a l s o a s a n
e n t f y i n t o m o r es o p h i s t i c a t e ds h i p d e s . i g na n d
building for the oil and gas induitry in th.
f u t u r e . T h e r e ' i s e v e r y - i n d i c a t i o nt h i t m o r e - o f
t h e s e c o m p l e xv e s s e l so r t h e i r d e r i v a t i v e s w i i l
b e r e q u ' i r e di n t h e c o m i n gy e a r s a n d w e i n t e n d t o
r e m a i n' i n a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n t o s e c u r es u c h
orders.
I a m c o n v i n c e dt h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e k e y i n g r e d - i e n t s
t o s u r v i v e a n d " i n d u e c o u r s ef r o u r i s h w i i r r i l r e
other survivorsof the current shipbuilding
c r i s ' i s a r e n e wt e c h n o ' l o g yc, o u p l e dw i t h a n a d _
v a n c e ds h i p b u i l d i n go r g a n . i s a t . i o nc,o n t r o l s a n d
methods.

xxlll

PANED
L I S C U S S I OCNH: A N G E
I NS C O M P U TTEERC H N O L O G Y
M o d e r a t o r :R .C . M o o r e- N e w p o r tN e w sS hi p b ui ' l d i n g

T h e n e e d f o r d a t a i n t e r c h a n g es t a n d a r d s ,a ncl
T h e i m p a c to f i n t e l l i g e n t g r a p h i c sw o r k s t a t i o n s o n C A D / C A M
in the Marine industry
T h e p a n e l s e s s i o nc o n s i s t e do f t w o l e c t u r e s o n
t h e s t a t e d t o p i c s f o l l o w e d b y a n o p e nd i s c u s s i o n .
T h e I e c t u r e s a r e s u m m a r i z eads f o l I o w s :

" W o r kS t a t i o n s T r e n d sa n d p e r s p e c t i v e si n
H a r d w a r ea n d S o f t w a r e " b y K . E u s t a c e .S t r u c t u r a l
D y n a m i cR
s e s e a r c hC o r p o r a t i o n .

" T h eM a r i n e
I n d u s t r y ' s N e e df o r C a n o n i c a D
l ata
T r a n s f e r " b y R . C . M o o r e- N e w p o r tN e w sS h i p b u i1d i n g .

M r . E u s t a c ec o v e r e dt h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s . i n t h i s
pre senta t'i on:

T h i s l e c t u r e d e s c r i b e dt h e a c t i v i t i e s o f c u s t o m e r , d e s i g na g e n t , b u i l d e r , v e n d o r ,o p e r a t o r ,
'l
a n d m a i n t a ' i n e ri n t h e i f e c y c l e o f a M a r . i n e
V e h i c l e . T h e u s e o f c o m p u t e ra i d s i n t h e s e
a c t i v i t i e s p r o v i d e s s p e c ' i f . i cb e n e f . i t st o e a c h
a r e a . C u r r e n t ' l y , s h a r e db e n e fi t s b y a ' l1 a c t i v i t i e s f r o m d a t a w i t h i n t h e c o m p u t e rs y s t e ma r e
not available.
A s t a n d a r d z' i e d s e t o f r e c o g ni z e d r u 1e s , d e s c r ip .
t i o n , a n d f o r m a t , i . e . a c a n o n i c a lf o r m , w o u ' l d
a l I o w d i f f e r e n t c o m p u t e rs y s t e m st o s h a r e . i n f o r m a t i o n . C a n o n ' i c af lo r m s a r e p r o d u c t s e n s i t . i v e ,
t h e r e f o r e , t h e M a r i n eI n d u s t r y m u s te s t a b l i s h
a s e t o f p r o d u c td e f i n i t i o n s f o r . i t e m s s u c ha s
pipe, ventilation, plates, stiffeners, and
m a c h i n e r yc o m p o n e n t sP. r o d u c td e f i n . i t i o n sm u s t
s e r v e t h e n e e d so f e a c h a c t i v . i t y . D o c u m e n t s
r e q u i r e d f o r t h e p r o d u c t sm u s t a l s o h a v e a c a n o n ical form.
R e q uri e m e n t sf o r d a t a e x c h a n g ea r e m o r e . i m p o r t a n t f o r n a v a l s h i p s a n d s p e c i a ' l t ys t r u c t u r e s
p e r h a p st h a n c o m m e r c i avl e s s e l s . N a t i o n a l a n d
i n t e r n a t j o n a l e f f o r t s a r e i n p r o g r e s st o e s t a b l i s h a n d d o c u m e nrte q u i r e d c a n o n i c a lf o r m s f o r
C A D / C AdMa t a . I G E S( t n i t i a l G r a p h i c sE x c h a n g e
S p e c i fi c a t i o n s ) , P D E S( P r o d u c tD e f- i n i t i o n
E x c h a n gS
e p e c i f i c a t i o n ) , p D D i ( p r o d u c tD e f i n i t ' i o n D a t a I n t e r f a c e ) , a n d I S 0 s t a n d a r dr e p r e s e n t
suchefforts. The MarineIndustry shouldestabI i s h s p e c i fi c w o r k g r o u p s ' i n t h e s e e f f o r t s t o
a d d r e s sM a r i n eP r o d u c tR e q u i r e m e n t .

- I m p o r t a n tc o n s i d e r a t i o n si n
selecting a work
stat'ion;
- W o r ks t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t . i c s ;
- N e e d e di m p r o v e m e n t s ;
- C u r r e n ta n d 1 9 8 7w o r k s t a t i o n
trends;
- G r a p h i c cs a p a b i l i t i e s ;
- M a j o r v e n d o rs t r a t e g y .
I n s u m m a r yw, o r k s t a t ' i o n s b y 1 9 8 7w i l l b e m o r e
i n t e l l i g e n t a n d c a p a b l e .T h e yw i l l r u n a w i d e
rangg_
o f c o m pel x a p p fi c a t i o n s i n c l u d in g s o 1i d
m o d e l l i n g . a ngdr e a t l y i n c r e a s et h e a U i i i t y o f a
s i n g l e m a ' i n f r a mceo m p u t e rt o s e r v i c e l a r g e n u m _
bers of users.
C o m m u n i c a t i oannsd c o n t r o l w i l l m a t u r ea n d p r o v i d e t e c h n o l o g yr e q u i r e d f o r d i s t r i b u t e d n e i w o r r
p r o c e s s i n g .B o t h I B Ma n d D E Cw i l l b e m a j o r s u p _
I
pliers of these typesof work stations.
T h e d i s c u s s i o nt h a t f o l l o w e d f o c u s e do n m a n y
q u e s t i o n sa b o u t w o r k s t a t . i o n t e c h n o l o g ya n d
a p p li c a t ' i o n .

PANEL DISCUSSION:

ARE RoBoTIc DEVICES NECESSARY?

Moderator:

Summary of

The audience,
addressed the

l.

What are

with the
following

aid of a small
questions :

Shipbuilding

CHENGI KUO

the

panel

Dlscussion

consisting

of

professor

Fujita

and Mr Maccoy,

Robots ?

A number of suggestions
were made, ranging from "a numerically
controlled
machine,, to ,ra
device with artificial
intelligence"
but there was sorne difficulty
in reaching a single,
comprehensive definition
of a robot.
After
discussion,
however,
it was agreed that as
precise
definition
was not too important
provided it was accepted that a robot would
be
able to perform repetitive
operations
with an acceptable
degree of accuracy.

Why Use Robots?

A number of

3.

tasks

were identified,

a)

To do dangerous

tasks

b)

To do unsociable

work

c)

To adopt

d)

To achieve

e)

To reach

f )

To irnprove

What are

their

The following

flexible

manufacturing

consistency

for

the

more cost

key ones incruding:

technlques

and high

precision

effectiveness

and econornlc performance

des igns .

Areas of
range

of

Application
applications

in

Shipbuilding?

was o u t l l n e d :

Welding

Bending

Handling

Ins pection
-

Assenbling

Non-des tructive

Painting

Shot-blas rlng

Trans portation

Cleaning

Cut ting

Preparing

Inproved production
eff iciency

Improved
output

Greater

Savings

in

Greater

safety

Tes ting

pipes

4.

accuracy

Decreasing
Improved

losses

environment

quality

Improvements

of

work

labour

in

design

C. Kuo

xxvl

5.

What are

Problems?

the

A number of

practical

very

high

problems

special

tooling

Integration

with

black

What Will

be the

computer-lntegrated

box to

link

with

Features

Robotic

technlques

of

the

the

attitudes

manufacture
to

the

rellability

"real"
of

world

devlces

as the

degrees

of

Future?

included:

Those suggested

Robots wlth

intelligence

More degrees
Better

Better

of

of

wlth
lead

with

production

time

ln

which wlll

sensing,

Llnklng
Better

fredom

of

lntegration

Reductlon

7.

problems

soclal
ro.ttot."

Increasing
dlfflculties
freedom increase.

6.

workforce

skllled

including:

sensing

costs

need of

Need of

were discussed,

productlon

increase

fifth-generatl-on

and simpler

the

level

of

accuracy

computers

progranmlng

Do We Need Robots?
The result

of

a vote

T::

was as follows:

"nolo".,50

play a major
deflnltely
The clear message is that robots wlll
greaE care must be taken to ensure that their
use is justified
reasons.
as for purely technical

role in the future

but that
on economic grounds as well

xxvii

PANED
L I S C U S S I OINN:F L U E N C
OE
F C O M P U T EORNSS H I P Y A RODR G A N I Z A T I O N
M o d e r a t o rG
: . S a n i - C E N T E NSA. ,p . A . , I t a l y

T h e u s e o f c o m p u t e r sh a s s p r e a dt o p r a c t i c a l ' l y
a l I t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f s h . i p y a r d si n t h e I a s t
d g g g A g a, i m ' i n gt o o b t a i n a f i n a l p r o d u c t ( s f r i p ;
w i t h h i g h e rq u a l i t y ' l e v e l s a n d l o w e rc o s t s . H o w e v e r , a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t , b e y o n dt h e t e c h _
n ' i c a l o n e , h a s m a r k e dt h i s e v e n t b y c h a n g . i n g
the traditional wayof managing
shipyardi, ies o u r c e si n t e r m s o f m e na n d m a c h i n e s .
T h e p r e s e n t p a n e l d e a lt , i n e f f e c t , w . i t h s o m e
o r g a n i z a t i o n a la s p e c t se n t a i l e d b y t h e . i n c r e a s e d
r e s o r t t o t h e c o m p u t e ri n t h e d a i l y a c t i v i t j e s
of the shipyard.
T h e p a n e i w a s b a s e do n t h e d i s c u s s i o no f t h e
e x p e r i e n c eo f f o u r q u a 'jlf i e d i n v i t e d p e r s o n s
f r o m s hi p y a r d s i n d ' i ff e r e n t c o u n t r ie s :
- M r . E d o a r d oC o b ' i a n c o
F i n c a n t i e r j S h i p y a r d s( I t a ' l y ) ;
- Mr. Arttu Suonnlainen
V i c e P r e s i d e n to f W d r t s i l a H e l s i n k i
S h i p y a r d( F i n l a n d ) ;
- M r . R o g e rV e r h a s s e l t
B o e l w e r fS h i p y a r d( B e lg i u m );
- M r . Y u h z o hY a m a g u c h i
O p p g mS
ahipyard,SumitomH
o e a v yI n d u s t r . i e s
(Japan).
I n a l l t h e , r e p r e s e n t e ds h i p y a r d s c o m p u t e ra p p '.l i c a t i o n s h a d a d v a n c e d' i n s u c h a v v a ya s t o c a u s e
a strong impacton the organizationof the respective companies.
S e v e r a l a s p e c t s w e r e p r e s e n t e da n d d i s c u s s e d
a n d w i l l b e b r i e f l y s u m m a r i z eidn t h e f o l l o w i n g :
- D o e st h e d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o no f c o m p u t e r e s o u r c e s
c a u s ea n y @ t h e
wayof working
within the shipyard?
T h e a n s w e ro f t h e B e lg i a n a n d I t a l . i a n s h i p y a r d s w a s a f f i r m a t i v e : i n t h e i r o w ne x p e r i e n c e ,
resorting to local hardware/software
in small
s e c t i o n s o f t h e s h i p y a r di n p l a c e o f u s i n g a
c ent r al s y s te m h a s p ro v e d to b e v e ry effei t i v e i n a l l t h e a r e a s i n v o l v e d ,b o t h i n t h e
t e c h n i c a l o f f i c e s a n d i n t h e s h o p sa n d a l s o
whenapp' ie
l d to th e m a n a g e m e notf m e nand
material resources.
T h i s i s b a s ' i c a l l y d u e t o m o r ef l e x i b l e m a n /
computerinteraction and to a consequenily
m o r ef a v o u r a b l ea t t i t u d e o n t h e p a r t o f t i r e
p e r s o n n e lw h o f e e l m o r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o duction process.
T h e r ea r e a l s o f e e l i n g s t h a t t h . i s p a t t e r n

c o u l d b e f r u i t f u l l y e x t r a p o l a t e dt o t h e u s e o f
P C ' si n s ' i n g 1 o
effices.
- D o e st h e u s e o f t h e c o m p u t e rh a v e a n y i m p a c t
on !!e sequenco
e f t h e s h i p y a r d ' sa c t i v i t j e s ,
t r a d i t i o n a l ' l y v i e w e du n d e r t h e d o m i n a n ct o n c e p t o f ' o p e r a t ' i o nt y p e' ?
An ongo'ing
project aimsat using the
Japanese
a l t e r n a t i v e c o n c e p to f , . i n t e g r a t i o n,' w h i c h
meansthat every shi p zon6-i TTuT[ bu. i1t ,
t . i . h u l l , o u t fi t t i n g a n d r e l a t e d a c t i v - i t . i e s ,
b e f o r e a f o l l o w ' i n gz o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d .T h i s i s
t h e o p p o g i t e c o n c e p tt o t h a t o f d e s i g n i n g /
f a b r j c a t ' i n gt h e e n t i r e h u l 1 , t h e n o u [ f i t l i n g
' i t , e t c.
T h i s ' i s p o s s i b l ed u e t o t h e a v a i l a b i li t v o f
c o m p l e xc o m p u t e rd a t a b a n k s ( w h i c h p e r r i t t h e
u s e o f e v e r y t y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t a t i o na t a n y
t i m e , n o m a t t e r h o wc o m p l e xt h e s h i p a r e a ) ,
'in whichal I
t h e d i f f e r e n t c o m p o n e n tasr e
integrated.
- C h a n g eas r e l i k e l y t o o c c u r a l s o i n t h e
functional organizational schemeo
s f the sh.ipyards;
i n t h e V a r t s i l a S h i p y a r d st h e t r a d i t j o n a i - O e pendence
o n h u l l p r o d u c t i o nd o c u m e n t a t i o b
ny
t h e t e c h n i c a l o f f i c e s h a s b e e n s u p e r s e d e di ;
f a v o u r o f a n i n t e g r a t e d p r o d u c t . i o nf u n c t i o n
w h ' i c hi n cI u d e s b o t h t h e a c t i v . it i e s o f t h e o r o d u c t i o n I i n e a n d t h e o r i g i n a t . i o no f t h e r e i a t'ive documents.
- A n e d u c a t i o n a l p r o b l e mi s r a i s e d
by the need
foFi" n6il-Fl6Tessionat profite coveri;g il;.
i n t e g r a t e dw o r k ' i n gf u n c t i o n s t h a n . i n t i e p a s t .
T h e t r a d i t i o n a l _ e x p e r t i s ei n d e a li n g w i t h s h i p
s t r u c t u r e s s h o ud
l m a t c ht h a t o f d a t i p r o c e s s _
i n g e x p e r t i s e , i n o r d e r t o c o p ew i t h a m o d e r n
q p p r o a c ht o t h e d e s i g n / p r o d u c t i o sn h i p p r o b I ems.
'l
The avai l abi i ty of separate resources i s
n e ' i t h e r e c o n o m ' i c anl o r p r a c t i c a l l y u s e f u l ; t h i s
m e a n st h a t a n e we n g i n e e r / e m p l o y eies t r a . i n e d
t o b e a r i n m i n d b o t h e x p e r . i e n c eas n d s h o u l d
be able to look at the ship as a system.
T h i s f a c t n a t u r a l l y e n t a i l s a h i g h e r d e g r e eo f
d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e e n s u i n gc o m p 1e x s y s t e m s .
T h e a b o v en B n t i o n e da n d o t h e r m i n o r p r o b l e m s
weredi scussed.

xxix

EXPERT SYSTEMS TUTORIAL

Dr K J MacCallum
Department

of

University

I.

A DEFINITION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

It
is
difficult
nowadays to read the techpress,
nical
and sometimes even the popular
press,
without
coming across some reference
to intelllgent
computer systems,
knowledgebased systems,
or expert systems.
For many,
the
emotive
signlficance
of
words such as
lntelligence,
knowledge and expertise
lead to
a sense of disquiet
when they are applied
to
machines and may result
in outright
rejectlon
without
sufficient
foundation.
However, for
many who have watched the rapid
development
of computing systems over the years,
it
is
hard not to be excited
by the new ideas and
the apparent potential
of a new generation
of
systems.
Perhaps surprisingly
the excitefnent
of some is not based on any firmer
foundation
than the suspicion
of oEhers.
So what are
expert systems which we hear so much about?
An expert system could be described as a system which aims to exhiblr
a BEHAVIOUR which
can be considered
inEelllgent,
by tackllng
a
speciallsed
problem domain and demonstrating
expertise
at solving
problems in this domain.
It
depends on heurlstics
(rules
of thurnb) to
model human expertise.
Such a definition
is lncomplete
and probably
unsatisfactory
because
it
is
a subjecEive
description
and because it
does not distinguish
clearly
between
expert
systems
and
other
systems.
However, it
does emphasise
one important
ethos
ln
the expert
systems
approach,
l_.e. lt
ls behaviour
in a limited
and speciallsed
domain which
ls
the final
metric for lts success.
Personally,
prefer
I
a
definition
which,
although
also
incompleEe,
says
something
about the structure
of the system.
An expert
system is a computer system which
is able to enact the role of a human expert,
i.e.
has a specialised
body of knowledge and
is able to apply lt to solve problems, to advise,
to act as a consultanE and to communicate knowledge to others.
A major difference
from conventional
software
is
the EXPLICIT
REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE.
These definitions
whlle initially
useful only
tell
us a limited
amount about expert
systems;
they don't really
begin to improve our
unders tanding.

Ship
of

and Marine

Strathclyde,

Technology
Glasgow

2.
Part of Ehe difficulty
is that a certain
mys_
tique
has developed
round
the
idea
of
an
expert. system.
Let us look at some of the
thlngs
which have been said about expert systems ln
rhe
technical
press.
First
the
promis es !
"the
system would contain
experc system
type modules for areas like
tax advice so
that
small
businesses
could
avoid
the
expense of an accountanE.
He could build
a useful
library
of his experiences
which
could be stored elsewhere"
"one
of the first
Japanese new-generation
products
could
be a hand-held
file
processlng
computer
wlth
software
highly
intelligible
to Ehe user.
The user would
be able to demand an explanation
frorn the
machine as to what it was doing and why,
and change it if need be"
ItExpert
systems have a market place
mated at many hundreds of millions
over the next. few years"

estiof S

"A
doctor
could
feed his
computer
wlth
all
the lnformation
about a partlcular
cancer,
and then
question
it
to
find
enswers to a patientrs
specific
problemstt
'rwhen
an oil
gets stuck
blt
in rock,
an
expert
system fed with all
the relevant
facts
could
sort
that
out
much more
qulckly
and
cheaply
than
an
existing
computerrl
"Expert

systems
could
be installed
in
cars
for
drivers
to
determine
faults,
when activated
by voice recognition".

Needless to say, some people have some reservatlons

about the posslbility
or even the de_
sirability
of these prornlsed systems.
"Expert
systems are designed with a consensus
of
knowledge.
How accurate
is
that
consensus?
How do we assess
the
legitirnacy
of one body of knowledge over
another?
"There

is already
conslderable
pressure
on doctors
to
learn
habits
of
thought
thaE are efficient,
swift
and as super-

K.J. MacCallum

XXX

permlt.
Doctors as
ficlal
as safety wlll
a group are prone to take advanLage of
they
can convl-nce
cuLs
Ehat
any short
In short
are authorltatlve.
themselves
for
expert
to be suckers
are apt
they
o\^ln diagnos tic
Will
their
s ys tems .
of
understanding
thelr
deepest
skllls,
jeopardised
the
wide
by
be
rnedicine
adoption of expert systems?"
It might well seem sometimes that we are all
If sor lt would
suckers for expert systems.
perpetuating
provLde
for
the mysa motlve
just
a
mystlque
If
we examine this
tique!
we can see three aEtitudes
bit more carefully
to expert systems:
A -

TI{E SALESMANIS DREAM

Here lies much of the source of the popuof expert sysof the potential
larisl-ng
That is, the salesman provides the
tems.
For many salesmen the vision
VISION.
buzzwords
lnto
consists
of transformlng
dollars .

in
of configurat,lon
errors
the proportion
dellvered
systems from 357. to 207".
Bases
DEC are introducing
on the success of this
systems to their
a whole range of expert
bus iness .
DENDRAL supports
in
users daily
s trucEures .

C A D U C E U Se m b o d l e s m o r e k n o w l e d g e o f l n t e r n a l
medicine
than any hrrman, and can correctly
diagnose complex test cases that beat human
expert.s .
pulmonary
PUFF has integrated
knowledge
of
disease
function
with
a previously
developed domaln lndependent expert system for
dlagnosEic
and now provldes
consultations,
analyses
at a Californian
medical
expert
centre.
How then
do we remove
systemfs mystique?

3.
B .

international
hundreds
of
the elucldation
of chemical

some

of

the

exDert

THE NEW STRUCTURE

S CONUNDRUI'{
TTIE PROGRAMMERI

part
is
of the dlfficulty
We can see that
between
the VISION does not dlstlnguish
that
The
here and what lnlght be.
what is already
has been used to desAI Winter"
term "the
poss lble
of
confidence
the
collapse
crlbe
lf
are not
mlght
occur
expectatlons
which
It is therefore
in everyonets lnteresEs
met.
to
try
to banish
the mystlque
and make a
quallfied
assessment of the potential
developments.

of our problem is the programAt the heart

representative
merts
conundrum;
being
of
what many feel
about computers purportlng
to
"Computers
display
experttse.
only do what,
you tell
them to do."
Behind thls
ls our
knowledge of the elemenEs which rnake up a set
instructions:
ass ignments ,
of
computer
loops,
branchlng
However, what is not
etc.
lmmediately
obvious
to many ls
that
these
lnstructions
cannot
by Ehemselves
elemental
expllcate
behaviour
in complex systems.
And
remember, lt
ls behaviour
in cornplex systems
we are interested
in.
Slmon captures the key
in his deflnition
of a complex system - "one
more than
whose whole
is
the
sum of
its
parts".
In a computer world
this
idea ls
by the difftculties
well illustrated
lnvolved
in debugglng
large
systems.
Any progranmer
knows the problern of correct
ldentiflcation
Why should this be when
of a program bug.
the computer only does what lt is told to do?
The answer ls that
the program is operating
as a complex system and lts behaviour,
albeit
unwanted,
is
not
easlly
explalned
by the
elements
whlch make up the program.
Rather
iE
is
the
relationshlp
among the elements
which
is
cruclal.
Another
example of complexlty
ls found ln blologlcal
systems.
The
secret
of DNA is not discovered
by looking
at
the elements which urake up a btological
system, i.e.
atoms, molecules and cells.
It is
the structure
of these elements whlch gives
the clue to behaviour.

In case the mystlque

has already
caused some
damage, lt
ls worEh remlndlng
ourselves
of
reported
some of
the
successes
of
expert
systens technology.

In the same way nodel.ling

expertlse
is modelllng
some kind of complexlty,
and the conundrum ls answered by looking
aE the structure
rather
than the elements.

P R O S P E C T O Rh a s l c d i c a t e d
the existence
rnolybdenurn deposlt
whose
ultlnate
probably exceed $100,000,000.
wlll

Thus expert
systems use the same elements as
conventional
prograns,
but strucLure
them in
a new way.
This "new structurer,
of an expert
system can be identlfied
by its
three principle components:
facts,
rules, and control.

sys tems
expert
To rmny progranmers
They
conundrum.
vLde an intrigulng
for thls
ls what they
too well,
only
that
computers
only do what
taught,
They are provided
them to.
tell
whose
tools
to program a computer
ltke
ments consLst of statements
DO
o r

100

proknow
are
you
wlth
ele-,

= 1,100

B = A

be part
an
How can these
elements
of
or
a system
exhibitlng
expert
system
proThis
the
lntelligent
behaviour?
grammer's REALITY.
C

THE USERI S NIGITTMARE

quite
his
ls
accustomed
to
The
user
in a yawning
nightmare;
he is
eaught
chasm between the VISION and the REALITY.

of a
value

RI(XCON) confl-gures
for VAX
customer requests
computer
systems
DEC. XCON had about
at
2000 rules
1984 and has allowed
by early
the
same team of
engineers
to handle
a
greatly
increased
workload,
whlle
reduclng

Facts refer
to simple
relatlons
between two
Items
and can be considered
t.o represent
knowledge about a speciflc
situatlon.
For

Ex pert Systems Tutorial

example:
envlronment

contalns

oxygen

material

is

s teel

reasoning
generalised:
is
for
certain
knowledge structures
lt
is
feasible
to
generallse
the reasoning
process I
L.e.
it
is
valid
on any set
of
facts
and
rules.
The
reasonlng
process
can
therefore
be applied
to more than one
application.

Rules
are the basic
operatlons
whlch al1ow
some kind of inference
to tke place,
and can
be consldered
to represent
expertise
about a
sltuatlon.
A common form of expression
is as
a 'rproductlon
rule",
i.e.
IF condition
THEN
action.
For example:

heurlstics
can be represenEed:
the type
of
rule
explained
earlier
is
a connon
method for explalnlng
an heurl-stl_c.
Thus
the symbolic
expression
of rules seems to
be a naLural
way of
capturlng
certain
Eypes of expertise.

IF
material
is
steel
THEN stress
is
linear
to strain
IF
material
is
steel
AND environment
contalns
oxygen THEN
material
deterlorates
by corrosion.
Control
ls
process
the
by which
facts
and
rules
are managed and can be considered
to
contain
the reasoning process.
It is able to
match the symbolic
patterns
of a fact
Eo a
condition
of a rule
in order
that
the rule
"
f
i
r
e
"
can
and generaLe
new facts.
The
process
control
decides
when rules
should
fire,
and indeed in which direction,
since it
is poss ible
for it
to determi_ne the truth
of
condition
statemenEs given facts
appropriate
to actions.
A convenient
grouping of the new
structure
is to call
the facts
and rules
the
'rknowledge
base".
This allows the system to
be separated
conceptually
into
a part which
ls totally
dependent on the domain of application,
and a part which is totally
indepeu
dent.
It
is instructive
to compare this
structure
with
that
of more conventional
prograns.
In
these
there
are generally
considered. to be
data,
data
structure
and alogrithm.
Data
tthasrepresents
only one type of relation,
value".
Data st.ructure
introduces
a variety
of other
special
types of relatlons
all
of
"is-connected-to',
the
class
but
whose
separate
significances
is not at all
clear
f rom
the
s t.ruct.ure.
Algorithm
contains
instructions
to operate on the data and data
sLructure
and as such contalns
both control
and method.
As a parallel
with expert systems data and strucEure
ls referred
to as a
"data
base".
But in this
case knowledge of
the application
is inextricably
entangled
in
the algorlthur;
lt
cannot be easily
separated.
Thus lt can be seen that expert systems i,nvolve,
not a new world
of elements,
but, a new st.ructure.
Let us now highllght
some of the consequences
which derive
from the new structure
(whether
these
consequences
benefit
us remalns to be
es tabllshed) .
knowledge is expllcit:
it
is separated
from how the knowledge is to be used, it
is written
down and manipulated
by the
system ln a form which is understandable.
knowledge
is
symbolic
rather
than
numeric:
we are so used to developing
numerlcal
and
mathematical
models
of
concepts
that
we sometimes overlook
the
immense power of communicatlon
in purely
symbolic terms.

XXXI

reasoning
can be forward
from facts,
or
backwards frorn hypoEhesis:
that is facts
can generate
new facts
through rules
until
some concluslons
are reached.
Alternatively
(hypothesis
an assertion
about a
fact)
can be tested
by worklng
the rules
backwards
until
known facts
are
elther
proven or disproven.

4.

EXPERTSYSTEMISSUES

Before pushing ahead to describe

in greater
deEail the present situation
with expert systems, it
is as well
to conslder
some of the
technical
issues
which
are
the subject
of
debate and research,
since
it
is the resolutlon
of these
issues
provides
which
hope
that
the gap between vislon
and realitv
will
be closed.
These issues
can be
followlng
headings:

categorised

under

the

- the ldea of a
Knowledge Representations
rule
representlng
knowledge
has already
been explained,
but ln practice
this only
goes some way Eo satlsfying
our requirements
to
repres ent
expertl_s e.
Other
methods being trled
are frames, logic and
semanti-c networks.
Related
issues
are
knowledge
abstractlon,
use
of
meta"
d
e
p
t
h
"
knowledge, requlred
of knowledge,
representing
common-sense
and
worldly
knowledge,
and formallsations
of represent.ations
through language structures.
Reasoning
inference
falls
into
three
categories,
deductive,
inductive
and
abductive.
These can be modelled as a
logic
which
provides
a
theoretlcal
foundation
proving
for
correctness
and
consistency
of lnferences.
However, thLs
is
some way shorE
of
human reasoning
processes.
Problems to be resolved are:
deallng
with
uncertainty,
conflicts,
rules
of evidence,
and rules of bellefs ;
and how to
cope with
inconslstencles,
circular
reasoning,
and missing
know1edge.
- where is experKnowledge Acquisitlon
tise
to come frorn?
Is lt
avallable
in
s ome formallsed
strucEure r
or
ls
it
contained
in some expertts
brain?
The
lssue of knowledge acquisltion
l_s a major
one glving
rise
to a job of "knowledge
problems are
engineering"
in the States.
inltlal
expertise
extractlon,
the poten-

XXX11

K.I. MacCallum

(rule
tlal
of
learning
by
example
induction),
programmed
and
learning
followed
by knowledge refinement.
- among the issues
Practical
Application
which arlse when expert systems ideas are
applied
in practice
are methods of interfacing with the user and with the outside
computer world,
handling
the large knowledge bases which are common to real life
providing
expertlse,
suitable
user modes
with
corresponding
control
structures,
and handling
expertise
in cooperative
and
real-time
s ituat.ions .
- a major
Implementation
issue
arising
practical
for
applicatlons
ls
in
the
choice of lmplementation
language.
While
conventlonal
languages
can be used they
are
unsuited
to
the
types
of symbolic
manipulation,
pattern untching,
searching
and rapid prototyping
which are common in
expert
systems.
Languages which
have
been developed for Artifical
Intelligence
are more common, typically
LISp and pOp2.
However, newer languages,
of which
PROLOG ls a prime example,
are based on
declarations
and assertions,
rather
than
procedures and show considerable
promise.
It
is a najor
conclusion
from a close examination
of the above issues that we are still
some way frorn achieving
a generation
of truly
productive
expert systems, and that in order
to achieve this
we will
need new principles,
closely
supported
by new tools
and techniques .

5.

THE EXPERT SYSTEM''SHELL''

The very
description
of
the new structure
given
ln
Section
3 should
lead directly
Eo
the idea of a "shell",
i.e.
a general framework into
which can be placed
the knowledge
of a partlcular
applicaElon.
The idea of a
shell
is not new.
In computing,
operating
programming
systems,
languages,
and
data
bases are
all
examples of shell
concepts.
Indeed even standard
drawing sheets,
calculatlon
sheets and tax return
forms al1 lean
on the shell
idea.
In the case of expert
systems,
it
ls the control
which forms the
keystone
general
of
the
framework;
the
"
d
o
m
a
l
n
remainder
ls
dependent".
Remember
that without
the new structure
tt would not
be possible
to ldenrify
this
rype of generallty
since control
and knowledge are mixed
together.
As has been seen in
the previous
secLion,
expert
systems still
have many outstanding
issues
how then has it
been possible
to
identify
a common module for a shell?
It is
for
example,
pointless
to spend some time
developing
a sEandard calculation
sheet,
if
the rnethod of calculation
changes regularly.
There has to be some stability
for a standard
to work.
As far as expert system shells
are
concerned, the answer has been to "side-step"
the issues
by selecting
specific
approaches
with some general applicability.
The rationale for this has been the measure of success
achieved
by a number of the early
systems.

The common approaches

available
shells
are:

adopted

Knowledge Representation
repres entation
is
rules
or networks

in

commercially

only
adopted;

one

type of
normally

Reasonlng
simple
linear
search
for
rules
propagation
with
either
in forwards
or
backwards
(not
direction
always
both).
Uncertainty
is often Bayesian
Knowledge Acquisition
for
one class of shell
induct lon
Practical
Application
few external
interfaces,
rules
Implernentation
languager e.g.

not
whlch

tackled,
except
deals with rule

fixed
user
and small

mode with
number of

pragmatic
choice
PASCAL or pROLOG.

of

The results
of
this
are a class
of
tools
which provide
a good introduction
to expert
systems,
offer
a valuable
tool
for
certain
classes
of problems,
but are restrlcted
in
many ways.
The consequent benefit
can be a
greatly
reduced development. time for
an expert
system.
Against
this
they are unduly
restrictive
for many applications.
It
is
of
interest
to note
that
there
now
exists
a class
of systems which
are
cons idered
as
knowledge-representation
languages.
These provide
greater
flexibility
and choice
of represent.ations
and control,
but
tend Eo be larger
systems (unsuited
to
micros)
and require
greater
effort
Lo use in
a productive
way.

5.

AN APPLICATION IN SHIP DESIGN

As an example
of
using
an expert.
system
shell,
problem
the
of
selecting
a
main
machinery/propulsion
system for
a ship
has
been
chosen.
Significant
sirnplifications
have been adopted
in the rules
in order
to
i1lus trate
the
approch
and
ass ess
its
potential.
Basically
the applicatlon
tries
to determine
the most suitable
main machinery/propulsion
combinations
from the followlng:
a) slow speed diesel - single screw
- single
b) medium speed diesel
screw
c) multiple
geared diesel - single screw
d) Ewin medium speed diesel - twin screw
e) diesel electric
Decisions
are based on the following
information provided by a user of t,he system
a)
b)
c)
d)

approximate shaft power

propeller
revs
height limitations
in engine room
importance
of redundancy in machinery
uni ts
e) importance of redundancy in propulsion
s ys tem
f) degree of rnanoeuvrability
g) degree of positioning
control
h) bow space linitations.

Expert Systems Tutorial

For
the
firs t
two pieces
of
information,
s pecific
answers
are
required.
For
the
remainder,
the user
provides
the certainty
wlth
which
he knows the answer.
This
is
equated
to a numerical
scale
in which complete
certainty
has the value
5, complete
-5
certainty
against
has
the
value
and
degrees of doubt are positioned
within
this
range.
A "dontt
know" has the value of 0.
Conclusions
from the system are expressed on
a similar
scale,
with a range of values glven
where
not
enough
information
has
been
provided.
Figures
I and 2 show two examples of using
the sirnple seE of rules.
An example of a
part
of an interact.ion
session
is shown in
Figure 3.
The conclusions
from using
this
system are
that
structuring
problem
a
is
relatively
easy,
and does not involve
any conventional
programming knowledge.
Interaction
is also
s irnple and the ability
to deal with
uncertainties
and make explanations
is valuable.
However,
there
are some weak features
of the
systems.
Firstly,
it
is
a self-contained
system and cannot be easily
integrated
with
other software sysEems;
secondly,
it depends
on data from a user interaction;
and thirdIy,
lt
has a rigid
way of controlling
the
search for solutions.
It is also not,iceable
that
developing
problem into
this
a productive
system with
this
shell
pres'ent
could
some significant
difficulties
in maintaining
a consistent
rule base.
In particular
it was
I ad hoc I
f ound that
ri/as a dis tinct
there
nature about the choice of certainty
factors.

7.

the
experts,
and secondly
it
can
be
formalised.
Considerable
efforL
has been
inves ted
in
the
past
into
extracting
expertis e from
practis ing
experts
and
rewriting
this
as a set, of formalised
rules,
and this
is sEill
a stage in the
bullding
of many expert systems.
Other
approaches
which
rnight
be helpful
are
where
the
expertise
or
knowledge
is
already
documented in
manuals,
pip..",
procedural
notes,
text
books, etc. , or
using a technique
of learning
by example,
i , e.
the
extraction
of
rules
girr".,
example
information
sets
concerning
classes of objects.
c)

a)

Requlres

Although
this
criterion
may seem selfevident,
it
provide
does
an
initial
pointer
poss ible
to
application
areas .
However,
the st.atement needs some quali"
e
x
p
e
r
t
l
s
e
"
fication
since
much
is
already
contained
in
computer systems.
What is being sought here are bodies of
expertise
which
have not yet
been captured
in
computer
sysEems,
which
are
qualitative
rather
than quantitative,
and
where
explicit
representation
of
that
expertise
ln a compuEer system can bring
benefits.
Typically
expertise
is brought
to
bear
lnto
many problero solving
and
decision
making situations
.
b)

Expertise

is

Accessible

It
ls
not
enough to recognise
an area
where experts operate,
or where expertise
aE some level
is
usedl
it
has to be
possible
to obtain
access to that expertise
in
some way.
This
implies
two
things:
firstly
it can be obtalned from

Bounded

Expert
system knowledge is most produc_
tive when it is being used to carry out a
reasonlng
process,
normally
through some
type of inference
mechanism.
It is this
general
property
when comblned with
the
specific
rules
of expertise
which allow
conclusions
to
be drawnr
or
diagnoses
made whlch are not immediately
obvlous to
the user.
A corollary
of this
argument
is
that
explanations
of
the
reasonlng
process
are
normally
an
essential
requlrement
for any applicatlon.

as apply-

Expertise

is

d)

It ls of considerable
interest,
and not without some difficulty,
to be able to idenEify
a
suitable
area for applying
expert systems.
proposed

Expertise

In
many
practical
problem
solving
situations,
knowledge and expertls"
"r.
drawn from a range of subjects
and can be
justified
through a deep understanding
or
inslght
inEo the subject.
In such cases
the use of expertlse
is open-ended.
Much
of our common-sense and everyday engineering knowledge is of this
type, depending
as it
does on an unders tanding
of phyl
slcs,
mathematics,
space and time.
In
general
such problems are unsuited
to the
application
of
expert
systems.
It
is
preferable
to have a well-defined
class
of problems
which will
depend on exper_
tise
both in terms of its
scope and of
its deprh.

C H O O S I N GA N A P P L I C A T I O N A R E A

The following
criterla
are
ing to the choice of topic:

XXXIN

e)
Having identtfied
posslble
applications,
it
is inportant
to identify
whether they
can be tackled
effectively
by other rnore
conventional
approaches.
Typical
of
these approaches rnlght be numerical
ana_
lysls,
statistical
analysis,
decl_slon
support
systems.
Having said
this,
it
should be recognised
that an experE sys_
tem
may require
interfaces
to
other
lnformation
processing
approaches,
and
that
in
the
longer
term
some of
the
conventional
approaches will
incorporate
more expert system techniques.
f)

Acceptable User Interface

Wtra
ls that
the ex_
pert
system module does not place undue
dernands on its
user.
In
partlcular,
where
informatlon
is
already
avatlable
within
a computer system or part
of a
related
process,
Ehe expert system should
be able
to gain
direct
access to that
information.
More generally,
the system
should
be able
to represent,
if
appro_

K.J. MacCallum

XXXlV

rERRY

approi{imate

thi

rnain

i s

prop.

power

shaft

si ng.l e

screw

shaft

rev:;

the

ve.:eJeI reqr-rires

the

vessel

ha=

the

v'essel

re,quri res

the

vesgel

mnst

the

v'essel

rnurst be

tlre

veesel

nrutgt have

in

vegsel

per

1 arge

the

Y E : f = ) L - . L

ve,ssel

mltst

have

yoLr shourl d sel ect

a
ar r angemen t
is
Certa:intv
Factor

systern

answer-ed

-f,

pourer

answered

answered

uri'[h

:i. (j(:)

-5.t)t)

urith

5.iJ(:l

-5.{:}(:)

-5.ij(:)

r,riLh

-2

-5.i:)(-)

with

f,.()t:)

ans,v.tet-ed ulith

facilrt-v

-4

145.Oi)

ansule,t-ed ulitl-r

proF,s, answered

-5
( - ) ( : t 1S 1 c , r . l = p e e d c l i e s e l . . . . .
( : ) ( : ) :l ' l e d 1 e n g 1 s ; c r e w . . . . .
()(:):; l'1ed ') eng
I screw.
t - t i j 4 M e d ? e n g ' . : . 's c r e w
i : ) t : ) 5D i e s e l
El ectri c. .

urith

redurndant

cantral

qLllcrr-r*.r*r=*

vlith

system

rnanoeLr\,,erable

joVsticl,:

of

prcp.

secondelry

easily

ansuvered

ansulered

amournts

-5. (:l{:l

uti th

positioninq

ER heicht

+ F . . i - . , . - , - . - . ^ 1 h . - r . g ;n i u r l t i p l e
L I I I =

nrinutte

15(j(i(-}.(i

wittr

answered

dynamic

Iimitecj

have

l.W answerecl

answered
-1

(:r

with
1

?.r:)(:)
?

A
A
A
A
A

medi urm speed

di ese.I

4.83

Fig.

tt^lo enqi ne

ttri n

screw

Expert Systems Tutorial

XXXV

TA}TKEN

appro): r mate

thi s

i s

sha{ t

power

a si ngl e screlr

rnaln prop.

shaft

the

vessel

reqLtires

the

vessel

has

ther vessel

tlie

l n h l l . Ja n s v l e r e d

vessel

revs

per

answered

requires

Iarge

! ' e ' - 1 s FI - , r r r r r r 3 t h a v e

tlrt? V!9isl:'I mr-rst be

positioning

ER height

prop.

second.lry,

-5

yoLl

shourld
select
Cerrtainty
Factor
yoLt shtrctld
select
.rr r angemen t
Certar nty
Factor
yclt.t shot.rl d sel ect
ar r.rngrlme'n
Certarrrty

t
Factr:lr

-'1

with

1(lcr.r)ct

answered

with

answered

system

wi th

*f'

ansr,lered

ansyrered
-:

-1

-':.

single

i s

f,.94
rnedi lrm speed

orul tr pl e

dr esel

screw

single

engine

engine

si ngl e

4.9,.r

E X A T P L EI N T E R A C T I O N
(User input

is

underlined)

goar ia vhether or not you ehourd eerect

a arov-apccd

dieeel.
goal -

To erplors

thls

Type?

help.

Certalnty
Give

factor
value

80000.0).
Ccrtainty
Ie it

type

Y.

- typc t{.

To choose another

f
la 0.0O.

for

Ccrtainty

approrlnate

shaft

rante is
poyer

-4.95
in

Kv

to

5.OO

(tOOO.O

2ooo
factor

ls

the casc that

-l.JO.
thle

Ccrtainty
1o a slngle

range is
ecrer ship

-4.95 to 4.99.
(f..t..N)?

Y
Certainty

glow

=p**d
rJiegel
5.(rr)
medir-rm sper:d
diesrsl

factor

Cive a valuo for

La -4.95.

Ccrtalnty

nain propellcr

revs (?O.O ...

2n.o
Certainty factor ts -4.96

Fiq.

rangE ts

-4.96

-5.C,Cr

-g. (:t(:l

A
A

Fio.

for

with

-5. (rr.r

wi th
rj

a
ls
a

t'-i

The current

-S.r)(r

-g.o(l

with

redr-rndant power

ea:ii I y manoeLrverab I n

(:)':)l 5l ow epered clI ese'I

t-tt.t! l,lerJ I r-'ng I screw
()(-|.i Med
U(:'4 f'letj 1l eng
? screw
( - r . ( : 1 f5) r e s t : l
Electrrc

g. C,O

systern

answered

. r m o r r n t s ro f

4 c t c f ( ] c ,c. l

wi th

minurte answered

a dynanric

limited

vri th

to 2.fi.

IOOOO.OO)

screr,,

---------E

XXXVI

K.J. MacCallum

priate,
any relevant
real
world
expertlse.
Where the system is a self
contained module then lts mode of operation
should
reflect
the
objectives
of
the
(e. g.
appllcatlon
diagnos tlc,
decis lon
s upport , advice , etc. )

s)

Benefits
from
having
expertise
in
a
sys tem
There
are
a number
of
reasons
why an
expert
system nay produce benefits
in a
partlcular
appllcatlon.
The three rnajor
ones are:
shortage
of experts:
i.e.
expertise
is
being
captured
for
use by non-experts.
Many of the classical
diagnostic
expert
systems
fall
into
this
category.
The
shortage
refers
ln fact
to the lack of a
sultable
expert at the right
place at the
rlght
time.
It does not necessarily
mean
that
the experts
do not exist.
Within
shipbuilding
for
example, this
situation
mlghE exist
in a yard design office
with
respect
to design
expertise
held
elsewhere (e.g.
tank results),
or even with
respect
to production
expertise
in their
own organistion.
There ls an implication
that
the
expertlse
is
required
sufficiently
frequently,
urgently,
or remoEely
thaE lt
is not normally
feasible
to provide human experts.
lnfrequent
usage of expertise:
there arb
many occasions
in whlch an expert
has to
ttrefresh"
hLs knowledge of a particular
aspect
of his work ln order to proceed.
This is normally
due to infrequent
usage.
Thus much of the information
captured
in
manuals,
regulations,
guidelines
and
allows
for
intelllgent
reference.
The
role of the expert system in this
case is
"browser"
to act as an expertlse
enabling
the expert
to rapidly
locate and explore
particular
aspects
of the relevant
knowledge.
system lntegrat,ion:
many of the greatest
beneflts
from using computers derive from
of processes avoiding
the
the integration
and transformaEions
error prone transfers
allow a greaof data. Expert modules will
providing
degree of
integration
by
ter
from data and informaEion
to general
links
through exoperations
on the information
pressions of intent.

h)

Tlme Scale
It should be possible
to achieve results
withln
an acceptable
time
scale.
For
some areas
it
is important
that
results
should
be achievable
in
a short
time
scale
if
they
are
Eo be suitable
as
demonstratlons.
Others, which are achievable
in a longer
time scale may only be
relevant
part
as
of
a
longer
term
programme of developmenL.

1)

Fit

a Problem Class

It is helpful
if the rask identified
fits
one of the problern classes
identlfied
in
the taxonomy.
This assists
in the identification
of
suitable
techniques,
approaches and perhaps shells.

j)

Degree of

Complexity

It ls reported
that in the development of
XCON a problern of jus t the rlght
complexity
was selected,
largely
through luck.
If
a simpler
configuration
problem than
the VAX had been selected,
then DEC would
not have been interested
in using it;
if
it
was more complex it
would have taken
too long to develop an effective
system.
k)

Amenable to

Verbal

Expression

Warnings
against
getting
involved
in
problems
of
expertise
where
sensory
responses are involved.
An exanple might
be riding
a bicycle;
certainly
a task
requiring
expertise,
but
one which
is
unlikely
to lead to a successful
expert
system at our current
stage of develop_
ment.
There are now a large number of applications
in all fields
of study which provide a useful
reference
and guide to posslble
ideas.
While
these can be obtained
by studying
the literature,
there
have been a number of reviews
carried
out
by
various
organisations
and
industries
which
provide
useful
overviews.
As examples,
Tables
I 4 show suggested
application
areas in the construction
industries,
computer aided englneering,
transport
systems and manufacturing
engineering.
While
by no means complete
these lists
do perhaps
whet
the
appetite
for
a whole
range
of
applications.
During
the ICCAS Conference
a survey
of the
delegates was carried
out Eo obtain reactions
to
sugges ted
application
areas
for
expert
systems
in
ship
technology.
In addition,
suggested new areas were canvassed.
From an
analysis
of
the
results
of
the survey
the
most favoured application
areas out of these
suggested in the survey were:
I

Intelligent

2=

Regulation

Front

Process

Interpretation

Selecrion

Selection

of

of

Lines

Ship

Welding

and Design
NDT Results

CAD/CAM Srandards

were least

programs

Guidance

2-

Those that

End to

favoured

were:

Fairing
Loading

Management

Autornation

The flrst
and key
criterion
used in
the
evaluation
was "Requires
Expert.ise'r.
It may
be of
interest
to
note
that
among those
applicatlons
rvhich were
considered
by
at
least
one respondent not to require
expertise
were:

Welding

Process

Selection

Shop Scheduling
Regulation
Lines

Guidance

Fairing

Selection

of

C A D / C A MS r a n d a r d s

Expert Systems Tutorial

APPLICATIONSIN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY

General:

Design

XXXVlI

APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

-

Enquiry

Costing

Systems

timetables,

and Quantities

-drl-ver

fares

routing

Contrac ting
Scheduling

vehicles,

Manufacturing
Statutory

Specif ic :

Selection
Planning
Guidance

Supervising

of

Advisory
on
Procedures

Trees

management, trafflc,
control,
analys is
methods

Table

Application

Diagnos is of
Conditioning

Air
Problems

Dlagnos is
Def ects

Timber

of

APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURINGENGINEERING

Manufacturing

Table

APPLICATIONS IN COMPUTERAIDED ENGINEERING

Systems Design

Machining

Process

Ergonomic

Design

Materials

Science

Planning
Geometric

Selection

and Scheduling
Modelling

C o m m i s si o n i n g
Intelligent

Front

End to

Complex programs

Result Interpretation
Programs

System Failure

Standards

Table

Analysis

Assessment

crews

from

Table
Complex

FI"

K.J. MacCallum

xxxviii

The
new
delegates

applicatlon
were:

sugges ted

by

Route-ing

Weather
Engine

areas

involved in

Control

Diagnosis

Forecas ting
l'lanagement of

Information

Flow

'

Paint/Coating

Analys is

Reliable

Computer

Systems

Management

Ass ernbly
Process

Outfitting
Purchas ing

Tt
has
re:al1ty

FUTURE SHOCK
trecn
are

' l

The vision
and the reallty
are very
fat
apart;
but the gap ls narrowing.
If you
are
not
intimately
involved
in
narrowlng
gap,
you
the
then
at
least
should
be
preparing
for the change.

Selection

Saf ety/Hazard
Developing

B.

o J

Analysis

Vibration

Project

s0f[r{arc dcvclopmcnt, the

provide
expert
sys tems
concepts
some
program
valuable
ideas
about
structure;
particularly
with
respect
to
explicit
knowledge
representation
and
consequent
program maintenance.
In other words we can
already
see some of the "spin-off"
technol o q y f r o r n t h e e X p e f t s y . s t e m . , S4 p p f Q Q C h r

Management Organisation
Fault

and limitations,
but they are a useful
and
reasonably
cheap way of trying
a new approach to computer based problem solving.
If nothing else you find out what you don't
want ln systems of the future!
For those

sairi
v(.ry

that
tho
f ar
a!)art -

rrie, l on
-It
1q

tha
and
tc,m!)tlng

to thlnk that the gap will

never be filled,
and
consequently
expert
systems
ldeas
should be discounted.
A different
view ls
to
think
of
present
our
generation
of
expert
systems
rs being
analogous
to the
"Comet",
heralding
an era of powered ships .
If
this
analogy holds,
it
becomes clearer
that
we still
have a long way to go in
putting
expertise
in the computer.
However,
there
ls
11ttle
doubt
about
the
"era
s lgnificance
of
the
of
intelllgent
systems"
or
about
its
rapld
rate
of
progress .
The
significance
is
hlghlighted
by
"The
Feigenbaum and McCormack who tell
us:
world is entering
a new period.
The wealth
of nations
which depended on land,
labour
and capital
during
its
agricultural
and
industrial
phases
will
come ln future
to
depend on information,
knowledge
and
intelligencett.
Information,
knowledge and
intelligence
will
become
the
valuable
resources,
and those who can capture
it
effectively
on a computer system will
be
the wealth creators.
The evidence of rapid
progress
ls all
around us, and is particularly
evident
in the field
of information
technology.
We are learning
to accept Ehat
software
generations
appear
much
more
rapidly
than user generations.
However, we
are now firmly
in a situation
of software
generatlons
appearing
more
rapidly
than
progranmer generations .
There
are
clearly
severe
social
technologlcal
lmpllcations
ln
those
fact.ors,
and
it
is
necessary
for
soclety
and industry
to prepare itself
the changes which are underway.

and
two
both
for

It
ls
ln
this
sense that
expert
system
she1ls
provide
valuable
introductory
experiences.
They have many restrictions

"d

COMPUTERAIDED DESIGN

: I
i

A.l

.....

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science PubLishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

STRUCTUR
PA
R LO D U C I B I LC
I TOYN S I D E R A T I O N S
O NA M I C R O C O M P U T E R
R.A. Shenoa
i n dA . E m m e r s o n
D e p a r t m e notf S h i p S c i e n c e ,U n i v e r s i t yo f S o u t h a m p t o n ,
H i q h f i e l d , S o u t h a m p t oS
n 0 g 5 N H ,E n q l a n o .

A k e y o b j e c t i v e o - f t h e p a p e ri s t o d e m o n s t r a t h
e o wa d e s i' qTnh/ep r o d u c t i o lni n k c a n b e a c h i e v e d
a n d i m p l e m e n t efdo r p r a c t i c a l d e s i o n o f s h i p s t r u c t u r e s .
p a p e r l a y s d o w nc e r t a - i n
f u n d a m e n t arle q u i r e m e n t sf o r a n e wa p p r o a c hb a s e do n a s t u d y o f b x i s t i i r g s h i p y a r d
s.
I t t h e n p r e s e n t sa n a p p r o a c h ,t h e c o r e o f w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e m a n n e ri n w h - i b 'ifnr t ef rraacctti-ci e
on
b e t w e e n . d e s i gann d p r o d u c t i o n' i s a c h i e v e d . I n c lu d e di n t h i s d e s c r i p t i o ni s t h e w a y j n w h . i c t r
d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o nc o n c e r n i n ga s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o ne n v i r o n m e njtn a s f r i p y a r a
iie
m o d e l l e do n a m i c r o c o m p u t e r -B a s i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e m o d e la n d i t s m o d e so f u s e r i n t e r a c t i o n
a r e a l s o e l a b o r a t g d . .F i n a 1 1 y ,a n . e x a m p ligs q i v e n s h o w i n gt h e a p p l i c a t i o no f t h e c o m p u t a t . i o n
m o d e lt o t y p i c a l d e s i g np r o b l e m si n a s h i p y a r d .
I.

INTRODUCTION

B e c a u s oe f t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f r e s e a r c hi t i s
b e c o m i npgo s s i b l et o d e r i v e t h e s e t o f f e a s i b l e
so'u
l t ' i o n s f r o m f i r s t p r i n c i p 1e s. T h e c h o -ci e o f
an optimum
c a n t h e n b e m a d ea f t e r a p p r a i s i n g
t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s, ' i . e . i n v e s t ig a t i n g t h e
i n f l u e n c eo f o p e r a t i o n a la n d c o n s t r u c t j o n
f e a t u r e s . I f t h e o p e r a t i n gr o u t e , t r a d e
p a t t e r n sa n d u t i l i s a t i o n f i g u r e s a r e k n o w nt h e n
r a t i o n a l m e t h o d sa r e a v a ' i l a b l et o q u a n t i f y t h e
i m p a c to f t h e o p e r a t i n ge l e m e n to n t h e d e i i q n s .
H o w e v e rt,h e s a m ei s n o t u n i v e r s a1l y t r u e w i t h
r e g a r d t o s h i p y a r dp r o d u c t i o nc o n s i d e r a t i o n s
a n d t h ej r i n f I u e n c eo n d e s ' i g n .

T h e d e s i g no f s h i p s a n d o f f s h o r e s t r u c t u r e si s
a c o m pel x p r o c e s sw h ic h ' i n v o vl e s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f a l a r g e n u m b e or f p a r a m e t e r a
snd
v a r i a b l e s . C o n s e q u e n t al y n u m b eor f f e a s i b l e
s o lu t ' i o n s c a n b e g e n e r a t e dr e a d i1 y f r o m a
g i v e n s e t o f r e q u ir e m e n t s . T h is c o m pel x i t y
o f t h e p n o c e s s ,t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e v a r i e t y o f
f e a s ib l e s o l u t i o n s , 1e a d s t o a m e t h o d o lg y i n
d e s i g ni n w h i c ht h e p r o b l e ma s a w h o l e . i i
t r e a t e d a t i n c r e a s i n gl e v e l s o f d e t a i l - f r o m
b r o a do u t l i n e s t o d e t a i l e d - s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
s e e t a b l e l . A t e a c h d e s i g nj e v e l t h e s y s t e m
( i . e . t h e s h i p ) i s b r o k e nj n t o a n u m b ebrf
s u b s y s t e mes. g . h u lI s t r u c t u r e , e r g i n e e r in-g ,
e l e c t r i c a l a n d o u t f i t . D e c i s i o n sh a v et o
b e m a d ea t a l 1 d e s i g n l e v e l s a n d f o r e a c h
s u b - s y s t e mw i t h r e g a r d t o c h o ic e o f v a r - i a bel s
s hichdefine a design.
a n d p a r a m e t e rw

T h e p r e s e n te c o n o m i c l i m a t e h a s I e d t o f a r
g r e a t e r c o m p e t i t i v e n e sbs e t w e e ns h i p y a r d sw h e n
v y i n g f o r " t h e f e w e ro r d e r s w h i c ha r e a v a i l a b l e .
S i n c e t h e p r i c e c h a r " g etdo a c u s t o m e ri s
d e p e n d e notn p r o d u c t i o nc o s t s , i t i s n e c e s s a r v
t o r e d u c e t h e m i f a y a r d ' i s t o i n c r e a s e. i t s
a b iI i t y t o w i n o r d e r s . p r o d u c t oi n c o s t s , i n
t u r n , d e p e n dt o a l a r g e e x t e n t o n t h e d e s i q n
f u n c t io n. F o r e x a m pel, t h e q u a n t .t i e s a n d
t y p e s o f m a t e r i a l w h i c h c a n f o r m a b o u t 5 0 %o f
t h e t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o nc o s t , a r e s p e c i f i e d i n
t h e d e s i g n . A l s o o n e d e s i g nm a yb e e a s i e r t o
f a b n ' i c a t et h a n a n o t h e r , i . e . l a b o u r c o s t s t o o
a r e d e p e n d e not n t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h a d e s i q n
j s d e t a i l e d . H e n c ea d e s i g n e rr e q u i r e s
a tool
w h i c h c a n b e u s e dt o d e t e r m ' i n a
e productioneffjcient design.

T h e s ed e c i s i o n sh a v et o b e m a d ei n t h e l i q h t
o f i n f o r m a t i o na v a i l a b l ea t a p a r t i c u l a r l e s i g n
l e v e l a n d f o r " a s u b - s y s t e m . S u c hi n f o r m a t i o n
relates to:
a)
b)
c)

f u n c t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n tosf a d e s i g n ,
c o n s t r a i n t st o , a n d i n t e r a c t i o n si m o n q s t
d e s i g nv a r i a b l e s a n d p a r a m e t e r s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n a la n d o p e r a t i o n a l
c h a r a c t e rsi t i c s

T a be
l I
I n f o r m a t ' i o np r o l i f e r a t i o n i n d e s i g n
KEY PLANS

WORKINGDRAI.IINGS

O I SI G N
) IAbL

SCOP
E
OOC
UI'4E
NT
A Ti O N

PRELiMINAR
OY
ESIGN
T O T A LS H I P
SPECIFICATIONS
General Arrange:lent
t ' l i d s h i p sS e c t i o n
Sternframe & Rudder

HULL
H u lI S p e c i f i c a t i o n
STRUCTURE
Hull Fom
L i n e sP l a n

CTASSIFICAIIO
DN
E S I G N C L A SIS
FI C A T I O N
OES
IGN
OVERALLSiRUCTURE

AREA STRUCTURE

OVERALLSTRUCTURE

AREA STRUCTURE

Profile & Oecks

Girders & Transverses
E q u ip n r e n tR e q u i si t i o n i n g

Hold Structure
Engineroom
Structure
Aft EndStructure
Fomard Structure
0 e c k h o u s eS t r u c t u r e

l { u m e r i c a lF a i r i n g
S h e I) E x p a n s i o n
S e a r n sa n d E u t t s
Block Breakdown
Unit Breakdown

DETAILED
OESIGN/I{OS
RT
KA I I O ND R A I I I N G S
GROUP/UNII/STAGE
MANUFACTUR
ING
I NFORI'IAi
I ON
Parts Drawings
G r o u pP a r t s a n d
MaterialLists
q,tao1

A s s e m b l yl , { o r kS t a t i o n
0 r a w in g s
l , l o r kP a c k a g eP a r t s L i s t s

nrdo.i.^

( N .C . T a p e)s
( N e s t i n g0 r a w i n g )
( P r o c e s sA n a l y s i s )

A S S E M E LI N
YS
/ TALLATION
I NFOiUAT
I ON

( P o w d em
r arking)'

Unit Ereakdown

R.A. Shenoiand A. Emmerson

U p t o a b o u tt e n y e a r s a g o s u c h ( a " t o o l " o r )
i n f o r m a t i o nw a s a l m o s ta l w a y sa v a i l a b l e i n
t e r m so f e x p e r i e n c eg a i n e db y b u i l d i n g s h i p s
o f a s j m i l a r n a t u r e . H o w e v e ri,n r e c e n ty e a r s ,
t h e s t r u c t u n eo f t h e w o r l d s h i p b u i l d i n g
i n d u s t r y h a s s e e n s o m ef u n d a m e n t acl h a n g e s
w h i c h h a v e r e s u l t e d i n a s h o r t a g eo f s u c h
f e e d b a c ki n f o r m a t ' i o n . T h e m a r k e t s i t u a t ' i o n
h a s f o r c e d s h i p y a r d st o h a n d l ed i v e r s e s h i p
t y p e s a n d o f f s h o r e s t r u c t u r e s. A d d ti i o n a l 1 y ,
n e w t y p e s o f c a r g o a n d n e w s y s t e m so f t r a n s portation demand
n o v e l d e s i g n so f s h i p s . F o r
s u c h s i t u a t i o n s t h e d e s i g n e rh a s n o h i s t o r i c a l
d a t a, o r e x p e r ie n c e t o r e ' l y o n. C o n s e q u e n t ' l y
t h e r e i s a n e e dt o r e c o n s i d e rd e s i g nm e t h o d s
w h i c hr e l y p u r e l y o n p a s t e x p e r i e n c e .

d e si g n f u n c t io n i n v o lv e s t h e d e v e o' l p m e n o
t f the
d n a w i n g os f a p r o d u c tt h a t w i l l b e t e c h n i c a l l y
s o u n da n d f u n c t ' i o n a l l ya c c e p t a b l e . T h e p r o c e s s
d e s i g nf u n c t i o n i n c l u d e sd e v e l o p i n ga m e t h o do f
m a n u f a c t u l oe f t h e p r o d u c td e s i g n s u c h t h a t i t
is produced
a t a c o m p e t i t i v ep r i c e . W h i l e t h e
p r o d u c t a n d p r o c e s sd e s i g n f u n c t j o n s a r e t w o ,
clearly distjnct entities, they are not treated
s e p a r a t e l y . T h e r e ' i s a c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t ' i o n
b e t w e e nt h e t w o , a n d t h e f i n a l d e s i g n i s a
r e s u l t o f t h j s i n t e r a c t i o n . D e s i g n i n gf o r
p r o d u c t i o nt h u s p r o v i d e s t h e p r o d u c t ss p e c i f i c a t i o n a n d m e t h o ds p e c i f i c a t i o n w h e r e b vt h e
o r g a n i s a t i o nc a n p r o c e e dw i t h m a n u f a l t u r e .

T h e p u r p o s eo f t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r e s e n t a
p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c ht o d e s i g n / p r o d u c t i o n
' i n t e r a c t ' i o nw h i c h m o s t l y u s e s d a t a
of a nonh i s t o r i c a l n a t u r e . T h e m o d ei n w h i c h t h e
a p p r o a c hc a n b e a p p li e d o n a m i c r o c o m p u t e r
i s a l s o ' i n v e s t gi a t e d .
I n t r y i n g t o a c h i e v ea t o t a l d e s i g n / p r o d u c t i o n
i n t e r a c t ' i o n a t t e n t i o n h a s, n e c e s a r " 1i y , t o b e
g i v e n t o aI I d e s ' i g ns u b - s y st e m s. H o w e v e r ,
onesub-system
( v i z . s h i p s t r u c t u r e s )i s
d o m i n a n t- s e e f i g 1 - a n d u n i q u ef r o m a l l
o t h e r s . I t ' i s t h e ( s t e e 1) s t r u c t u r a l s u b s y s t e mw h i c h s p e c i f i e s t h e d o m i n a n ct o n s t r a i n t s o n t h e s h ip y a r d ' s p r o d u c t oi n
c a p a b i l i t i e s . A l l o t h e r s u b - s y s t e masr e , t o
o n e d e g r e eo r a n o t h e r d e p e n d e not n t h e
s t r u c t u r a l d e s ' i g na n d l a y o u t o f t h e s h i p .
F o r t h i s r e a s o nt h e p r e s e n t p a p e r c o n c e n t r a t e s
i i 1i t y m a n
on aspectsof producb
i 1y w'ith
respectto the structural sub-system.
2 5 O KV L C C

C O N T A I N ES
RH I P

f'-)N*)
\--l--/ \l-l
14K CARGO
SHIP

IIOO FRIGATE

r,,,,,:h
6A
\1-l \l_7

Fig. I

2.

C o m p a r i s oonf l a b o u r c o s t s
( S o u r c e r: e f . { l } & t 2 } )

P R O D U C I B I LO
I TFYS T R U C T UDREES I G N S

2 . 1 T h e c o n c e p to r d e s i g n f o r p r o d u c t i o n
E a r l y w o r k w h i c h i n v e s t i g a t e dp r o d u c i b i l i t y
a s p e c t so f d e s i g n s- a l s o t e r m e dd e s i g n f o r
product'ion
(3) - was'in the field of production engineering. In this context,design
f o r p r o d u c t i o nc o v e r s t h e w o r k o f t w o
s e p a r a t ef u n c t i o n s - n a m e l yp r o d u c td e s i g n
a n d p r o c e s sd e s i g n - s e e f i g . 2 . T h e p r o d u c t

O T S I G NF O R P R O O U C T I O N

TtclllilcALtY s 0 u N 0 - E A S YTO MAI1UFACIURI

DESIGN

Fig. 2.

D e s i g np r o d u c i b i l i t y

T h e c o n c e p to f d e s i g n f o r p r o d u c t i o ni n t h e
s h i p b u li d i n g c o n t e x t w a s f o r m a 1l y i n t r o d u c e d
by Ca1
d w eIl { 4 } . E a r l y a p p r o a c h ew
s hi c h
f o l l o w e d t h i s w o r k t e n d e dt o b e s u b j e c t i v e .
M o r er e c e n t w o r k i 5 ] , { 2 } h a s a i m e dt o
c a t e g o r i s ed ' i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t i o ni n f l u e n c e s o n
d e s i g na n d t o q u a n t i f y t h e ms u i t a b l y .
2.2

C r i t e r i a i n v o lv e d ' in d e si g n l p r o d u c t ' i o n

B a s e do n s u c hw o r k ( e . 9 . r e f . { 2 } , { 6 } ) a n d ' i n
o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n dt h e m o d eo f i n t e r a c t ' i o n
b e t w e e nd e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o ni t i s n e c e s s a r y
t o e x a m i n et h e f a c t o r s w h i c h a f f e c t t h e t w o
e n t i t i e s.
2 . 2 . 1 D e s i g np a r a m e t e rcso n t r o l l i n g d e c i s i o n s
T h e s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g np a r a m e t e rw
s h ' i c hc o n t r o l
d e c i s i o nm a k i n ga r e w e i g h t , c o s t a n d r e l i a b ' i fi t y .
T h e w e i g h t o f a s t r u c t u r e i s i m p o r t a n ti n t w o
r e s p e c t s . F i r s t l y , i t c o n t r i b u t e st o t h e s t e e l
a n d , h e n c e ,1i g h t w e ig h t o f t h e s h i p . C o n t r o l
o f s t e e l w e ig h t i s i m p o r t a n t ' i n o r d e r t o
s a t i s f y t h e o w n e r sd e a d w e i g hrte q u i r e m e n t sf o r
a g ' i v e nd i s p ' l a c e m e n t .T h e w e ig h t o f t h e
s t r u c t u r e i s i m p o r t a n ti n a n o t h e rs e n s ej n t h a t
i t i s a d e t e r m i n a no
t f the material cost of the
ship.
T h e m a n u f a c t u r e / l a b o ucr o s t p a r a m e t e r i s
c r i t i c a l t o t h e s h i p b u j I d e ra s w e l I a s t o t h e
s h i p o w n e r . T o t h e s h i p b u i l d e ri t r e f l e c t s i n
t e r m so f a p r o f i t ( o r l o s s ) . T o t h e s h i p o w n e r
a l o w e r p r o d u c t i o nc o s t m e a n sa l o w e r i n i t i a l
c a p i t a l r e q u ' i r e m e natn d , t h u s a l o w e r o p e r a t i n g
c0st.

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F i g . 4 . S h i p s t r u c t u r a l b re a k d o w n
T h e a d v e n t o f p o w e r f u l m i c r o c o m p u t e rhsa s l e d
t o s o m eo f t h e t a s k s p r e v i o u s l y p e r f o r m e db y
the mainframe
n o wb e i n g r u n o n t h e s e s m a l l e i
m a c h i n e s . T h e r ea r e a l s o e x t e n s i v er a n q e so f
p r o p r ie t a r y s o f t w a r e w h ' i c hp r o d u c e" r e p 6 r t s ' ,
s ' i m Ii a r t o t h o s e r e q u ir e d b y m a n a g e m e n t
s e r v i c e s d e p a r t m e n t s . T h e s er e a s o n sc o m b i n e d
w i t h t h e p o l i c i e s o f m a n yc o m p a n i eosf
r e d u c i n go v e r h e a des . g . r e d u c i n gt h e s i z e o f
c o m p u t i n g / d a tpar o c e s s i n gd e p a r t m e n t sh, a s l e d
to a greater reliance on microcomputers.

O t SI G N
PR']CESS

stcTl0N
GIOXETNY

DESIGN
VARIABLES

C o n s e q u e n t l y' i, t w a s d e c i d e dt h a t t h e D e s - i q n
f o r P r o d u c t i o np r o g r a m sb e i n g d e v e l o p e db y " t h e
p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e f o r u s e o n a m i c r o c o m p u i.e r
B e f o r e a f i n a l c h o i c ew a s m a d e ,t w o a r e a s o f
conpatb
i ' iI i t y h a d t o b e e x a mni e d :

PROOUC
I OI N
A I I A L YiSS

O T SI G N
PARAI'1tTtRS

i)

A l t h o u g hm a i n f r a m e
c o m p u t e r sa r e n o t a
d i r e c t p a r t o f t h e s y s t e mb e i n g d i s c u s s e d
i n t h i s p a p e r ,t h e y m i g h t w e l l h o l d i n f o r m a t i o nw h i c h w o u l d b e u s e f u l t o t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e rp r o g r a m s . F o r e x a m pel , d e t a i I s
g e n e r a t e db y C A Dp r o g r a m s .

ii)

T h e c h o s e nm i c r o a l s o h a d t o b e d i r e c t l y
c o m p a t ' i bel w i t h t h e s m aIl m a c hni e s a l r e i d y
in use in the organisat-ion.

I,IORK CONTENT
ANALYSIS

!tGllT, !tLD
LEN6TH,
PIECE.PARTS

F ig . 5 .
3.

T h ea p p r o a c h

D E V E L O P MO
EF
NTTH EC O M P U TM
EO
RD E L

T h i s s e c t i o n o u t l ' i n e s t h e r e a s o n sf o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e p r o g r a m so n a m i c r o c o m p u t ear n d
d i s c u s s e st h e c h o i c eo f m a c h i n e . A f l o w
d i a g r a mo f t h e s y s t e mi s i n c l u d e da s a r e b r i e f
d e s c r i p t i o n so f t h e p r o g r a m s .
3.I

Hardware
c h o ic e

V D Ut e r m i n a l s t o m a i n f r a m ec o m p u t e r sh a v e b e e n
a f a m i l i a r p a r t o f t h e d r a w i n g / d e s i go
nf f i c e
e n v ir o n m e n tf o r a n u m b e ro f y e a r s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e y a r e o f t e n " o v e r w o r k e dl'e, a d i n q t o
d e p a r t m e nm
t e m b e r"sq u e u i n g ,f' o r t h e i r u s e
o n l y t o e x p e r i e n c es l o w r e i p o n s et i m e s d u e t o
t h e h e a v yw o r k l o a dt h e c e n t r a l p r o c e s s o ri s
under.

T h e m a c h i n ef i n a l l y c h o s e nw a s a n I B M - X T
P e r s o n a lC o m p u t e r .A l t h o u g hi t - i s s l o w e r t h a n
s o m eo f t h e o t h e r m i c r o s c o n s i d e r e d ,i t d o e s
9 9 m p l yw ' i t h t h e c o m p a tbi i I i t y r e q u ir e m e n t .s
A l s o , i t h a d t h e a d v a n t a g oe i a n ' i n t e g r a l h a r d
d ' i s k . T h i s r e d u c e st h e r o l e o f t h e 1 6 l a t i v e l y
delicate floppy disks to oneof emergency
back-up.
3 . 2 G e n e r a lo v e r v ie w
F o r e a s eo f c o n s t r u c t j o ns h i p s a r e g e n e r a l l y
d i v i d e d i n t o s t e e l w o r ku n it s a n d s u 5 - u ntis . s h i c h h a v e b e e nd e v e l o p e du s e
Theprogramw
t h e i n f o r m a t i o nr e l a t i n g t o t h e l a t l e r , w h i c h
a r e c o n s i d e r e dt o b e b u i l t u p f r o m s t r u c t u r a l
a r e a s , e . g . d e c k s ,s i d e s h e l l , b u l k h e a dest c .
andstructural componente
s ,. g . p l a t e s , p r i m a r y
s t i f f e n e r s , s e c o n d a r ys t i f f e n e r s. ( F i g . 4 . ) .

F,F-q

R.A. Shenoiand A. Emmerson

B e fo r e r u n n i n g t h e c a l c u l a t ' i o np r o g r a m s d
, ata
f i l e s m u s t h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d w h ' i c hh o ld d e t a i I s
of:

f u r t h e r f i l e s m u s tb e c r e a t e d .
3 . 3 . 2 S c a n til n g s

t h e l a y o u t / g e o m e t r oy f t h e s u b - u n i t
s c a n t l i n g so f t h e s t r u c t u r e .

A n i n i t i a l s e t o f s c a n t l i n g si s t a k e n f r o m t h e
m id s h ip s e c t ' i o nd r a w ' i n ga n d i n c l u d e s:

T h es e f o r m t h e m a j o r i n p u t s t o t h e p r o g r a m s .

Frames
D e e pf r a m e s
L o n gti u d i n a ls
Number
orr, s c a n t li n g s
G ir d e r s
l
T n a nvse r se s
P la t e t h i c k n e s s e s
B e a mK n e ec o n n e c t i o nt y p e s
L o n g i t u d i n a lc o n n e c t i o nt y p e s

i )
ii)

T h e o v e r a l1 s y s t e m( F ' i g . 6 . ) c o m p rsi e s:
i )
ii )
iii )
iv)
v)

Data i nput
G e n e r a t ' i oonf D r o d u c t i o nd e t a iI s
C a l c u l a t i o no f s t a n d a r dh o u r s
C o s tc a l c u l a t i o n s
0utput.

T h i s o r i g i n a l s e t o f s c a n t l i n g sc a n b e m o d i f i e d
a s n e q u i r e da t t h e s t a r t o f t h e g e n e r a t i o n
program.
3 . 3 . 3 Y a r ds t a n d a r d s
S ' i n c et h e p r o d u c t ' i o n
m e t h o dm ig h t c h a n g ea s a
consequeno
ce
f different facilitjes or standa r d s , t h e s e s h o u l da l s o b e c o n s j d e r e d . F o r
e x a m p l e t, h e s i z e s o f p l a t e s a n d s e c t j o n su s e d
i n a y a r d w i l l h a v ea d i r e c t b e a r i n go n t h e
p r o d u c t i o nc o s t s a n d s i z e o f s u b - u n i t s .
T h e s ' i z e o f t h e s t a n d a r ds i z e s o f p l a t e s a n d
s e c t i o n sc a n a l s o b e m o d i f i e d' i n t h e q e n e r a t i o n
program.
3 . 3 . 4 P r o d u c t i o nm e t h o d s
T h e p r o d u c t i o ns e q u e n c a
en d f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r e d
f o r a s t e e lw o r k o p e r a t io n a r e ' i m pi1c i t i n t h e
w o r k s t u d y d a t a w h i c h i s u s e df o r w o r k c o n t e n t
estimat'ion. This is a great advantage
over
p n e v i o u sw o r k ( R e f { 5 } ) i n w h i c h t h e d e s i g n e r s
h a d t o b u i l d u p t h e p r o d u c t i o ns e q u e n c fer o m
' i n d iv i d u a l s t e p s.
3.4 0utput
T h e a i m o f t h e p r o g r a m si s t o g i v e t h e d e s i g n
t e a ma t o o ' l b y w hi c h t o e x a mn' ie a l t e r n a t i v e
d e si g n p r o p o s asl q u a n t it a t i v e ' l y . T h e r e f o r e ,
t h e f i n a l o u t p u t w i I I ' i n c lu d e :
F i g . 6 . S y s t e mf l o w d i a g r a m
E a c hp r o g r a ms e n d si t s r e s u l t s t o a d a t a f i l e
f o r u s e b y t h e n e x t p r o g r a mw h i c h ' i n s o m ec a s e s
r e q u i r e sa d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n .
O n ef e a t u r e o f t h e p r o g r a m si s t h e i r a b i l i t y
t o b e r u n s e p a r a t e l y ,p r o v i d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y
i n p u t f i l e s a r e a c c e s s i b l e .A l t e r n a t i v e l y
t h e y c a n b e c o n c a t e n a t e da n d r u n a s o n e
m o d u l ea t t h e s a m es i t t i n q .
3 . 3 D a t ai n p u t
3 . 3 .I

Layout

T h e s u b - u n i t u n d e rc o n s i d e r a t i o ni s d e s c r i b e d
' i n t e r m so f i t s l e n g t h ,
n u m b e or f d e c k s , d e c k
h e i g h t , w i d t h s e t c . T h ed a t a f i l e o f t h i s
' i n f o r m a t ' i o nf o r m s
t h e i n p u t t o t h e p r o d u c t io n
d e t a i l g e n e r a t i o np r o g r a m . I f a l t e r n a t i v e
l a y o u t s o f t h e s a m es u b - u nti a r e r e q u ' i r e d

i)
ii)
iij)
iv)
v)
vi )

N u m b ear n d t y p e s o f p i e c e p a r t s
N u m b ear n d I e n g t h so f w e ld s
N u m b earn d l e n g t h o f b u r n s
M a t eira l w e i g h t
S t a n d a r dh o u r s f o r p r e p a r a t i o n ,
f a b n i c a t ' i o n( f a ' i r / t a c k a n d w e l d i n g ) ,
e r e c t io n
C o s t sf o r l a b o u r , m a t e r i a l sa n d o v e n h e a d s .

3.5 Program
Definitions
3 .5 . I

G e n e r a toi n o f p r o d u c t ' i o nd e t ai I s

lnput:

F jI e s - L a y o u t
S c a n t il n g s
S t i f f e n e n w e ig h t s

0utput: File - Summation

T h e r o u t i n e s w h ic h c o n s t . i t u t et h i s p r o g r a m
e n a b l et h e d e t a ' i l e dp r o d u c t i o n ' i n f o r m a t i o n ,
r e q u i r e df o r u s e i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n so f s t a n d a r d h o u r s , t o b e g e n e r a t e df r o m t h e m i n i m u m

(.
2
t
i

Strucrural hoducibilitl,' Consideratiottson a Microcomputer

o f _ i n p u t d a t a h e l d o n t h e L a y o u ta n d S c a n t l i n g s
files.
i n p a r a m e t e r s( e . g . r r u n r b eorf
T h e p r o d u c to
p i e c e p a r t s j, o i n t d e t a i l s e t c ) a r e c a l c u l a t e d
t o g i v e t o t a l s f o r e a c hs t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t
t y p e , a r e a a n d h e n c es u b - u n j t s . T h e m a t e r i a l
w e i g h t sa r e c a l c u l a t e de i t h e r f r o m t h e s c a n t l i n g s o r , i n t h e c a s eo f r o l l e d s e c t i o n s ,
e x t r a c t e df r o m t h e s t i f f e n e r w e i g h t f i l e .

At the time of writjng the work study data is

o n l y a v a i l a b l ef o r f a i r / t a c k a n dw e l d ' i n q . i t
i s h o p e dt o u s e s i m ' i la r d a t a f o r p r e p a r i t io n
a n d e r e c t i o n p r o c e s s e isn t h e f i n a l v e r s i o n
o f t h e p r o g r a m s . I n t h e m e a n t i m et,h e l a b o u r
h o u r sf o r t h e s e a r e c a l c u l a t e df r o m r e q r e s s i o n
a n a l y s i s , d e s c r i b e db y C a m p s e{yB } , a n i o t h e r
technq
i u e s.
3 . 5 . 3 C o s tc a l c u l a t i o n s

T h e w o r k s t u d y " c o n t r o l" v a r i a b l e s w h ' i c ha r e

d e t e r m i n e da t t h i s s t a g e r e l a t e t o t h e t y p e
o f c o m p o n e n lt e, n g t h , t h i c k n e s sa n d s h a p e .
T h e s ea r e s u b s e q u e n t l u
y sedin the standard
n0urspr0gram.

Input:

Material costs per tonne

W a g er a t e s
M a n nni g I e v e ls
P r o d u c t vi i t y f a c t o r s
O v e r h e a dr a t e s
F i I e s - S u m m aot ni
L a b o u rh o u r s

Output:

F'ile - Costs

T h eo u t p u t i s h e l d o n a d a t a f i l e - S u m m a t i o n .
3 . 5 . 2 C a lc u la t i o n o f s t a n d a r dh o u r s
Input:

0utput:

W edl p r e p a r a t ' i o na n d p r o c e s s
F'iles - Summation
l,JorkStudy
File

T h et h r e e a r e a s o f b u i ld a r e p r e p a r a t i o n ,
f a b r i c a t i o n ( c o m p r i s i n gf a i r / t a c k a n d w e l d i n g )
anderect'ion. In the caseof fai r/tack and
w e l d i n g ,e a c ho p e r a t i o ni s m a d eu p o f
e l e m e n t a lt i m e s w h i c h c a n b e g r o u p e db y
f r e q u e n c yi . e . p e r j o b , p o r p l a t e o r s e c t i o n ,
p e r m e t r e o f j o i n t . H e n c e ,t h e s t a n d a r d
m a n h o u rfso r t h e s e p r o c e s s e sa r e c a l c u l a t e d
from:
job constant
p l a t e o r s e c t i o n c o n s t a n tx N o . o f p l a t e s
or sect'ions
j o i n t l e n g t hl a t e x j o i n t l e n g t h
T h e c o n s t a n t sa n d t h e r a t e o f f a i r i n g a n d
t a c k i n g a r e d e p e n d e notn t h e f o l l o w i n q :

V)

v'i )
V ij )

t y p e o f c o m p o n e n t"lc o n t r o l s , 'a s d e t e r shape

I m in e d b y t h e p r o length
f auct'iondetaii
depth
" e n e r a t i o np r o g r a m
I g
)
thickness
w o r k i n gp o s i t i o n
restrictions to workinq

T h e w o r k s t u d y d a t a a s s u m e sa p r o d u c t . i o n
s e q u e n cfeo r t h e o p e r a t i o ni n q u e s t i o n .
W e l d i n gc o n s t a n t sa n d r a t e s d e p e n do n :
i)
ii )
jii)

Materials
Labour
0verheads

Labour

A s d i s c u s s e di n R e f . { 5 } , t h e w o r k c o n t e n to f
a d e s ig n c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d b y a p p l y - i n gw o r k
s t u d y d a t a t o t h e p r o d u c t i o nd e t a i l s . T h e
r e s u l t s c a n b e i n t h e f o r mo f b a s i c l a b o u r
h o u r so r s t a n d a r dl a b o u r h o u r s ( w h i c hi n c l u d e
r e l a x a t i o n a l 1o w a n c e) s. T h e I a t t e r w i I I b e
u s e d s i n c e t h e f i g u r e s o b t a i n e oa r e m o r e
r e a l ' i s t ic o f t h e w o r k r e g i m e .

i)
ii)
i i j)
i v)

T o t a l b u iI d c o s t s c o m p rsi e :

P o s i t i o no f w o r k i n g
R e s t r i c t i o n st o w o r k ' i n q
l , ' l e 1pdr o c e s s .

T h e s ec a n b e a l t e r e d t o s e e t h e a f f e c t o n
p r o d u c t i o nc o s t s .

P r i o r t o t h e a p p l i c a t j o no f t h e w a g er a t e s i t
i s n e c e s s a r yt o a d j u s t t h e s t a n d a r dl a b o u r
h o u r s f i g u r e s t o t a k e a c c o u n to f m a n n i n g
I e v e ls a n d p r o d u ci t i v ' it y w i t h i n t h e y a r d .
T h e f i n a l s e t o f c a l c u l a t i o n sc a n t h e n b e
m a d eu s i n g t h e w a g er a t e s , o v e r h e a dr e c o v e r y
rates and costs of materialsper tonne.
T h eo u t p u t ' i s h e l d o n a d a t a f i l e w h i c ha l s o
c o n t a i n sd e t a i l s o f t h e o t h e r v a r i a b ' l e s
n e c e s s a r yf o r t h e f i n a l o u t p u t .
4.

CASE
STUDIES

T h e s i d e s h eIl / d e c k a r r a n g e m e ncto n s i d e r e di n
t h i s s e c t j o n ( F i g . 4 . ) r e p r e s e n t sa t y p i c a l
s u b - u n i t f r o m a n. lS9D
0 l040 a t w o d e c k q e n e r a l
cargovesselof
t o n n e sm o .u|l3d7e.ld5 im
splacem e n t ,w i t h p r i n c i p a l d ' i m e n s i o n s
LBp,
2 0 . 4 nb e a ma n d B . B 7 md r a f t .
T h r e ea l t e r n a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n thsa v e b e e nc o m p a r e dw i t h t h e ' a s - b u i l t ' s u b - u n i t ( N o . I ) .
T h e yr e p r e s e n tc h a n g e si n d e c k l o n g i t u d - i n a l s
s p a c i n g( N o . 2 ) , t y p e o f l o n g i t u d i n a l s( N o . 3 ) ,
s t a n d a r ds i z e o f t h e y a r d ' s p l a t e s a n d s e c t i o n s
( N o . 4 ) . F u r t h e rd e t a i l s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e5
w h ' i c ha l s o d e s c r j b e st h e t w o w e t a i n gp r o c e s s e s
e x a m i n e d . T h e m o d i f i e d s c a n t li n g s m e e t t h e
n e c e s s a r cy l a s s i f i c a t ' i o ns o c i e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T a b l e s6 a n d 7 c o n t a ' i nt h e o u t p u t f r o m t h e
p l o g r a m.s

IH

10

R.A. Shenoiand A. Emmerson

T a b le 5
Case study structural arrangements
No. I A & I

N o . 2 A & B

tto. 3 A & 8

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R e d u c e dU e c k
Longl. Specg.

AI t e r n a t i v e
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N o . 4 A & B
R e d u c e dP l t
& Stiffr Size
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4 0 0 x 13 0 B P

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No. of pieces

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No. of welds

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size m

No. 3

No. 4

49

48

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tzz

123

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C h a n g e dv a l u e s
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T a b le 7
l , J o r kc o n t e n t a n d c o s t s
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A c t u a l L a b o u rH o u r s
P r e p a r at i o n
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DISCUSSION

r e d u c e dm a n nni g r e q u ir e m e n t s
i n c r e a s e dp r o c e s se f f i c i e n c y
- r e d u c e di n e f f e c t i v e t i m e ( e . 9 .
c h a n gni g e l e c t r o d e s)
- i n c n e a s e dd e p o si t ' i o n r a t e

In this casestudy the useof a semi-automatic

p r o c e s s o n p l a t e b u t t s a n d s e a m sh a s r e d u c e d
t h e l a b o u r c o s t b y t y p i c a l l y 1 2 - 1 4 %d u e t o b )
a b o v e . ( T a b l e7 o p t i o n A f i g u r e s c o m p a r e d
w i t h o p t i o n B ) . T h eh i g h e rf i g u r e r e l a t e s t o
t h e c a s e w h e r et h e p r o d u c t ' i vt iy ' i s 0 . 6 6 .
A l t h o u g ha d e s i g n m i g h t h a v e a r e d u c e d
m a t e r i a l w e i g h t ( d e s i g n N o ' . s2 a n d 3 ) a n d h e n c e
material cost, the labour cost might increase.
T r a d i t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e sa s s u m el a b o u r c o s t s a r e
directly related to material content.
T h e s i z e o f p l a t e s a n d s e c t i o n s u s e d ' i n a d e s ig n
m u s t b e t h e m a x ' i m ut m
he yard is able to use.
D e s i g nN o . 4 s h o w sh o wt h e n u m b e or f p i e c e p a r t s a n d h e n c ew e l d s a r e i n c r e a s e dw h e nt h e
s m a l l e r s i z e s a r e u s e d . T h e d i m e n s i o nosf

,6rt
BZ

2 6 tI
4507
3 9 17
1.l0,t

J I Y O

4386
4798
1'Jff;

I 4r88

82

T h e u s e o f a u t o m a t i cw e l d i n g p r o c e s s e sl e a d s
t o r e d u c e dl a b o u r c o s t s t h r o u g h
a)
b)

21?0
4368
3 l8 0

?667
4386
4001

A3

,6^

AI

B1

3956
4507

3t29
4507
4 69 3

t:

J9

t4rr?
AI

;:=

ItJzt

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8202
I 8rO'

1ot?,

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BI

s u b - u n i t sa n d u n i t s s h o u l dr e f l e c t t h o s e o f t h e
p l a t e s a n d s e c t ' i o n si n o r d e r t o r e d u c e
u n n e c e s s a rwy e 1d s .
I f m a n nn' ig 1e v e ls a r e r e d u c e d
, f o r e x a m pel
t h r o u g ht h e i m p l i m e n t a t i o no f g r o u p t e c h n o l o g y ,
t h e t o t a l l a b o u rc o s t s a r e s i m i l a r l y a l t e r e d .
T h ep r o d u c i t i v ' i t yo f t h e l a b o u r f o r c e a f f e c t s
the labour costs and, therefore, total costs
a n d c h o i c eo f d e s i g na s s h o w ni n T a b l e 7 .
A l t h o u g ha p r o d u c t i v i t y o f 6 6 7 6
h a s b e e na s s u m e d
" a c r o s st h e b o a r d " i t m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d
that
the rate can be affected by:
i)
i'i )
iii )

p r o d u c t i o nm e t h o d s
sub-unit/unit type
p r o d u c t ' i o sn t a g e ( p r e p a r a t i o n ,f a b r i c a t ' i o n ,
erection).

ACKNOI^JL
EDGEME
NTS
T h e a u t h o r sw i s h t o t h a n k :
-

B r i t i s h S h i p b u i l d e r sa n d t h e S c i e n c ea n d
E n g i n e e r i n gR e s e a r c hC o u n c i l , w h o f u n d e d
fhe

nnn icct'

I
StructuralProducibilityConsiderations
on a Microcomputer
-

M a n a g e m eannt d S t a f f i n D e s i g na n d
P r o d u c t i o nE n g i n e e r i n gD e p a r t m e n tosf
A u s t i n& P i c k e r s g i l lL t d . , S u n d e r l a n d ;

M r s . S u e G a r s i d ef o r t y p i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t .

T h eo p i n i o n se x p r e s s e d
i n t h e p a p e ra r e s o l e l y
the authors.
R E F E R EEN
SC
P r o c e e dni g s o f S e mni a r o n " D e isg n f o r
P r o d u c to
i n" , B S R A N
, e w c at 1s e - u p o n - T y n, e
A p r i1 I 9 7 8 .
P r o c e e d i n g os f S e m i n a ro n " A d v a n c e isn
D e s i g nf o r P r o d u c t i o n " ,D e p a r t m e notf
! h i p S c i e n c e ,U n i v e r s i t yo f S o u t h a m p t o n ,
A p r i1 I 9 8 4 .
E . N . B a l d w i n a, n d R . D . N i e b e l ," D e s i g n i n g
f o r P r o d u c t ' i o n "I,r w i n I n c . , H o m e w o (oIdl l
1957.
J . B . C a 1 d w e 1 "1D, e s i g nf o r P r o d u c t i o n ' , ,
D i e I n g i m e u r ,8 4 ( 4 9 ) , D e c e m b e1 r9 7 2 .
R . A . S h e n o i ," A n E f f e c t i v e C o m p u r e r
A p p r o a c ht o D e s i g nf o r P r o d u c t i o n " ,
P r o c e e d i n gI sC C A S ' 8 2 A
, nnapolis,
June 1982.
I . M a c D o u gl a, l " D e s gi n f o r p r o d u c t i o n , , ,
P r o c e e d i n gos f S y m p o s i uomn R e s e a r c h
a n d E n g i n e e r i n gf o r A u t o m a t i o na n d
P r o d u c tvi i ! V ' i n S h ip b u ' i 1 d ' i n gS, a n D ie g o ,
S e p t e m b e1r 9 7 9 .
F. D e g e n kw
o l, " M e t h o dP l a n n 'ni q i n t h e
F a b r ic a t i o n o f S t e e l H u 11s " , I t r u n / W t
C o n f e r e n co
e n S t r u c t u r a l D e s i q na n d
F a b r i c a t i o ni n S h i p b u i l d i n gt,o n o o n ,
N o v e m b e1r 9 7 5 .
D . W .C a m s eayn d P . G e diln g , " A n a l y s i s
o f S t e e lw o r k P r o d u c t ' i o nD a t a a n d
D e r iv a t ' i o no f S i m pel W o r kC o n t e n t
ParametersB
" ,. S . R . A T
. .M.532,
( c o n f i d e n t i a)l , J a n u a r y1 9 7 8 .

1l

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

l3

A GENERA
L TH OD
ME
FORC OMP U TE
R ED
A ID
OP T IM USTR
M U C TU RDAELS IGN
OF OC E A S
NTR U C TU R E S
0w enH U GH E S
N a v a lA r c h i t e c t u r e S e c t i o n , S c h o o lo f M e c h a n i c a&l I n d u s t r i a l E n g i n e e r i n g
T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N e wS o u t h l ^ l a l e s ,K e n s i n g t o n ,S y d n e y ,A u s t r i i i a

T h e p a p e r g i v e s a b r i e f s u m r n a royf :
(i) the basic features of i computer-aided
r a t i o n a l ' l y - b a s e dm e t h o df o r t h e o p t i m u md e s i g n
o f i a r g e c 9 ! p ] e x t h i n w a l l s t r u c t u r e s s u c h . a ss h i p s , s e m i s u b m e r s i b l e
a sn d t e n s i o n 1 e g
p l a t f o r m s ( T L P s ) . T h e m e t h o di s a s y n t h e s i so f f i n i t e e l e m e n ta n a l y s i s , l i m i t s i a t e
a n a i y s i s , r e l i a b i l i t y - b a s e d s t r e n g t h c o n s t r a i n t s , a n d o p t i m i z a t i o n . T h e m e a s u r eo
-f
m e r i t m a yb e a n y n o n l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s ( s c a n t l i n g i i s u c f r - a i
c o s t ' w e i g h t , v e r t i c a l c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y , o r a n y c o m b i n a t i o no f t h e s e .
(ii)
t h e m e t h o d o l o gtyh a t i s u s e d f o r i e a l i n g - w i t f r m i r f i i - m e m o el irm i t s t a t e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r ' l y t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e f l e x u f g o f ' l a r g e " m o d u l e s s" u c h a s s f r i p h u l l s a n d
t h e c o l u m n sa n d p o n t o o n so f s e m i s u b m e r s i b l e
a sn d T L p s .
(iii)
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m e t h o dt o a T L Pa n d t h e a s s o c i a t e dC P Ur e q u i r e m e n t s .
1.

INTRODUCTION

O c e a n - g o i n vg e h i c l e s a n d p l a t f o r m s a r e a m o n gt h e
largest structures in the world andare subjected
t o r e l a t i v e l y h a r s h c o n d i t i o n s o f m o t i o n sa n d
l o a d s . S o m eo f t h e m , s u c h a s t e n s i o n l e g p l a t f o r m s , a r e a r e i a t i v e l y n e wt y p e o f s t r u c t u r e a n d
h e n c et h e r e a r e n o f o r m a l , w e l l e v o l v e da n d
e s t a b l i s h e ds t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n r u l e s a s t h e r e a r e
for ships.
T h e s es t r u c t u r e s a r e c o s t l y a n d , b e c a u s eo f t h e
s m aI I wat erp la n e a re a a n d th e c ri t' i c a1i ty of
t e n s ' i o ni n t h e m o o r in g c a b le s , t h e y a r e m u c hm o r e
w e i g h t s e n s i t i v e . H e n c et h e r e i s a p a r a m o u n t
n e e d t o r e d u c eb o t h c o s t a n d w e i g h t a n d t o
a c h i e v ea n o p t i m u mt r a d e o f f b e t w e e nt h e m , w h i l e
a t t h e s a m et i m e p r o v i d i n g t h e r e q u i r e d d e g r e e
o f r e l f a b f l i t y , d a m a g et o J e r a n c ea n d m a f n t a f n a b i l i t y . T h e s t r u c t u r a l d e s f g no f w a r s h i p si s
e v e nm o r e c o m p l e x ,i n v o l v i n g t r a d e - o f f s ' i n t h e
structure's vert'ical center of gravity as well as
in weight and cost. ln the past the only way of
c o p ' i n gw i t h s u c h c h a ll e n g ' i n gs t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n
t a s k s w a s t o d e v e l o pa d e s i g n c o d e f o r e a c h p a r ticujar type of structure. But the availability
o f c o m p u t e r sa n d t h e m e t h o d so f s t r u c t u r a l
a n a l y s i s a n d s t r u c t u r a l o p t i m i z a t i o nt h a t c o m p u t e r s h a v e m a d ep o s s i b l e h a s p r o v i d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e l o pm o r er a t i o n a l 1 y o r s c i e n t i f i c a 1 1 yb a s e dm e t h o d so f d e s i g n - i n e s s e n c e ,
d e s i g n f r o m f i r s t p r i n c ' i p 1 e s . T h ' i sr e q u i r e s n o t
o n l y t h e c o u p l i n go f f i n i t e e l e m e n a
t n a l y s i sa n d
o p t i m i z a t i o n , b u t a l s o t h e s y n t h e s i so f t h e s e
with I imit state analysis,reliabil ity and
damage
tolerance.
R e f e r e n c e{ 1 } p r e s e n t s t h e t h e o r y a n d m e t h o d o l o g y
f o r a d e s i g n m e t h o do f t h i s t y p e t h a t w a s ,
initially, developed
f o r s h i p s . H o w e v e ro, n e o f
t h e m a n ya d v a n t a g e so f a r a t i o n a l 1 y - b a s e dd e s i g n
m e t h o di s v e r s a t ' i 1 it y ; i t c a n b e u s e d f o r
s t r u c t u r e s t h a t h a v ew i d e l y d i f f e r i n g p u r p o s e s ,
m e a s u r e os f m e r i t , s h a p e sa n d s i z e s . A c c o r d i n g l y ,
over the past four years the theory and methodo l o g y o f i l i h a v eb e e n i m p l e m e n t eidn a g e n e r a l
c om put er - b a s e d e s i g n me th o dk n o w na s M A E S TR O
( l i l e t h o df o r A n a l y s i s , E v a l u a t i o n a n d S T R u c t u r a l
0ptimizat'ion). MAESTR
i s0 a p p l i c a b l e t o a w i d e
v a r i e t y o f l a r g e c o m p l e xt h i n w a l l s t r u c t u r e s ,

a n d t h e p u r p o s eo f t h i s p a p e r i s t o b r i e f l y
s u m m a r i ziet s b a s i c a n d e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s a n d t o
demonstrate
i t s b r e a d t ho f a p p ' l j c a t i o n ,w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c et o a t e n s i o n l e g p l a t f o r m .
2.

B A S I CD E S I GM
NE T H O D

I n a n y l a r g e s t r u c t u r e i t i s p o s s i b l et o d i s t i n guish three levels of structural design. Concept

d e s i g n d e a l s w i t h t h e t o p o l o g ya n d o v e r a l l
g e o m e t r yo f t h e s t r u c t u r e ; p r e l i m i n a r-yo d
f e s i-g n
e s t a b li s h e s t h e s t r u c t u r a l d i m e n s i o n s a l I
p r i n c i p a l s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s ;a n d d e t a i l d e s i g n
i s c o n c e r n e dw i t h I o c a l a sp e c t s s u c h a s j o i n t s ,
openn
i g s , a n d r e i n f o r c e m e n t s . O v e r a Il s l r u c t u r a l
g e o m e t r yi s g e n e r a l l y d e t e r m i n e db y o v e r a l ' l
d e s f g n r e q u f r e m e n t sr a t h e r t h a n b y s t r u c t u r a l
r e q u i r e m e n t sw
, hile detail designis targely
g u i d e d a n d c o n s t r a i n e db y f a b r f c a t i o n m e i h o d sa n d
r e q u i r e m e n t s .A l s o , s i n c e l o c a l s t r u c t u r a l
d e t a i i s a r e n u m e r o uasn d b a s i c a l l y s i m i l a r a m o n g
v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r e s t h e y l e n d t h e m s e l v e st o s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d t o d e s i g n f r o m h a n d b o o ka
snd
structural codes. Thus,it is in pre'liminary
d' l ea sr g
i genswt h e r e t h e s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n e r h a s t h e
n u m b e or f s i g n i f i c a n t d e c i s i o n sa n d
o p t i o n s, a n d t h e g r e a t e s t s c o p e f o r o p t ' i mzi i n g
the structure so that it best fulfils the objectives andsatisfies all of the variousconstraints
a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e r e f o r et h e d e s i g n m e t h o d
d e s c r i b e dh e r e i n i s f o r p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n o n l y .
F i g . 1 s h o w st h e m e t h o d o l o g a
y nd the essential
a s p e c t so f r a t ' i o n a l y - b a s e d p r e l ' i mn
i ary structural
d e s ' i g n . 0 f c o u r s e t h e s e a s p e c t sc o u l d b e f u r t h e r
s u b d i v i d e da n d / o r g r o u p e dd i f f e r e n t l y , b u t t h e
b a s ' i cs c h e m ei s a p p li c a b l e t o n e a r l y a 1 i
s t r u c t u r e s , a n d t h e a s p e c t s s h o w na r e a l l
e s s e n t i a l f o r t r u e r a t i o n a l l y - b a s e dd e s i g n . B u t
i t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r yt h a t t h e y b e b a l a n c e da n d
" e a n st h a t
i n t e g r a t e d . " B a l a n c e dm
e a c ha s p e c t
s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e dt o t h e l e v e l o f d e t a i l a n d
c a p a b i l i t y t h a t i s a p p r o p r i a t ef o r p r e l i m i n a r y
d e s i g n ; n o m o r ea n d n o l e s s . S o m es p e c i a l c a r e
i s r e q u ir e d t o a c h ' i e v et h ' i s b a la n c e . F o r e x a m pel,
o n e o f t h e g r e a t a' l d v a n t a g e so f t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t
methodi s ' its abi i ty to portray I ocal st r ess
c o n c e n t r a t i o n sb y u s i n g a f i n e m e s h . B u t p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n d e a l s o n l y w i t h p r i n c i p a l m e m b e rasn d
'it has to model
t h e e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e ; h e n c ea

Fffiru

t4

O. Hughes

STRUCTURE
GEOMETRY
A N DM T E R I A L S

\\

LOADS
,'l

SN
EALYSIS
S T R U C T UR
RE
ES P O N A
LE
O A DE F F E C T SQ,
CALCULAT

L I M I T S T A T EA N A L Y S I S
CALCULAT
LE
IMIT VALUES
0 F L o A DE F F E C T SQ, l

FORMULATE
CONSTRAINTS
Y 1 Y 2 Y 3<QQ 1

D E S I G NE V A L U A T I O N
C O N S T R A I NSTAST I S F I ! D ?
O B J E C T I VAEC H I E V E D /
MXIMIZED?

PARTIAL
SAFETY
., -FACT0RS
YlY2Y3
- -.
0THER
CONSTRA
I NTS
YES

STOP

OEJECTIVEOPTIMI ZATION

F i g . 1.

0 v e r a lI D e s gi n M e t h o d

i n, a 1t h o u g ha p p e aii n g
f i n e m e s hr e p r e s e n t a t o
b e c a u s ei t g ' i v e sm o r e c o m p l e t ei n f o r m a t i o n ( a n d
also "looks better" graphically) is not appropr iat e f or t h' i s p h a s e o f d e si g n. T h e b a si c
p r o b l e mi s a l a c k o f c o r r e s p o n d e n cbee t w e e nt h e
a n a l y s i s v a r i a b l e s ( e l e m e n tt h ' i c k n e s s e sa) n d
t h e d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s ( w e bh e i g h t s , f l a n g e
w i d t h s , s t i f f e n e r s i z e s a n d s p a c ' i n g s i,n
additionto thicknesses).

a p p l i c a t ' i o n s . F o r e x a m p l ea, s s h o w ni n { 2 } , { 3 }
a n d { 4 } M A E S T Rh O
a s b e e na p p l i e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o
a b o x g i r d e r b r i d g e , t o c o m m e r c i asl h i p s a n d t o
w a r s h i p s ,e v e n t h o u g ht h e s e t h r e e c l a s s e s o f
s t r u c t u r e h a v e t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e s( a n d
m e a s u r e os f m e r i t ) a n d s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s
i n l o a d s , i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n s , c o m p l e x i t ya n d
s t i f f n e s s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , i n o p e r a t i n gr e q u i r e m e n t sa n d i n m a n yo t h e r a s p e c t s . A s s h o w n
herein, MAESTR
a lOs o a p p l i e s t o o c e a np i a t f o r m s .
W i t h s o m ef u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n i t c a n b e u s e d f o r
s t i l l o t h e r t y p e s o f c o m p l e xt h i n w a l l
s t r u c t u r e s , s u c ha s l a r g e t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t .
3.

B e c a u s eo f t h e n e w a n d r a t h e r u n u s u a lg e o m e t r yo f
s e m i - s u b m e r s i b l easn d o t h e r o c e a np l a t f o r m s t h e r e
are no empirically derived and time-tested
e x p r e s s i o n sf o r d e s i g n l o a d s a s t h e r e a r e f o r
ships, bridges and aircraft.
T h e r e f o r ed u r i n g t h e
past ten years or so several computerprogr am s
h a v eb e e nd e v e l o p e df o r c a l c u l a t ' i n gt h e s e l o a d s
f r o m f i r s t p r i n c i p l e s , m o s t o f t e n b y m e a n so f
s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t ' i o n s . S o m ee x a m pel s a r e S P L A S H D ,
I^IA MLOS
A QW
, A
and MA TTH E T^I.
In the devel opm entof
M A E S T Rt hOe i n t e n t i o n h a s b e e n t o e v e n t u a l l y
i n t e r f a c e o n e o f t h e s e w i t h t h e M A E S T Rl oOa d
m o d u l e . T h e r e f o r et h e l a t t e r i s l a r g e l y p a s s i v e ,
a c c e p t ' i n gw h a t e v e rl o a d s t h e d e s ' i g n e r i n p u t s ( a s
obtai ned frorn these other programsand/o r f r om
s n d m e t h o d)s. T h e o n ly
e m pri i c a l e x p r e s s ' i o n a
l o a d s t h a t a r e c a l c u l a t e da n d a p p l i e d a u t o m a t i cally are the hydrostatic loads due to 'immersion,
as in a ship'shu11.
4.

A m i s m a t c hc a n a l s o o c c u r i n t h e c h o i c e o f t h e
o p t i m i z a t i o n m e t h o d . F o r e x a m p l e ,m o s t p e n a l t y
f u n c t i o n a n d g r a d i e n t m e t h o d sa r e b e s t s u i t e d
, s o c c u r sw h e n
for finding a "fie1d optimum"a
t h e r e a r e o n l y a f e w c o n s t r a ' i n t sa n d a l l a r e
n o n l i n e a r . B u t f o r e a c h p r i n c i p a l m e m b eirn a
l a r g e s t r u c t u r e t h e r e a r e d o z e n so f c o n s t r a i n t s ,
and t he abov em e th o d sb e c o m eto o s l o w . Moreover,
t h e y a l s o b e c o m ei n a p p r o p r i a t e b e c a u s ea l l o f
theseconstraintsoverlapand partly ecl'ipse
invariably f ies at
eachother, and the opt'imum
'in a
an intersection of constraints rather than
" h o ' l l o w "f o r m e db y o n e o r t w o c o n s t r a i n t s .
I n a d d i t ' i o nt o b e i n g b a l a n c e d( d e a li n g w i t h t h e
s a m e' i n f o r m a t i o n )t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t sm u s t a l s o
s h a r e t h a t i n f o r m a t i o ne a s i l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y .
T her ef or e, t he c o mp u te rp ro g ra mth a t i mpl ements
t h e d e s i g n m e t h o dm u s t h a v e a w e l l o r g a n i z e d
a n d w e l l d o c u m e n t edda t a b a s e . T h i s a l s o
p e r m i t s a m o r e c o m p l e t ea n d m o r e e f f i c i e n t
i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e nt h e s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n a n d t h e
o t h e r a s p e c t so f d e s i g n .
A l t h o u g ht h e b a s i c m e t h o do f f i g . 1 a p p l i e s t o
nearly all structures, the loads, the types of
p r i n c i p a l m e m b e r sa, n d t h e p o s s i b l e l i m i t s t a t e s
s ill differ for different types
o f t h o s e m e m b e rw
v e r s a t ' i li t y
o f s t r u c t u r e s . H e n c ef o r m a x i m u m
t h e s e a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o g r a ms h o u l d b e m o d u l a r ,
t o p e r m i t t h e i r a d a p t a t i o no r s u b s t i t u t ' i o n . I n
t he m e th o do f fi g . t h a s b e e n i m pl emented
M A E S T RO
i n s e v e nd i s t i n c t p a r t s , a n d t h e r e s p o n s ea n a l y s i s
h a s b e e n f u r t h e r s u b d i v ' i d e dt o p e r m i t s u b s t r u c t u r 'is
i n g . A c o n r n o dn a t a b a s e u s e d f o r s t o r i n g a n d
s h a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a m o n gt h e s e v e n p a r t s . T h i s
m o d u l a r i t y o f t h e p r o g r a ma l l o w s i t t o r u n o n
m i n i c o m p u t e r s .I t a l s o m a k e s ' i t v e r s a t i l e i n i t s

C A L C U L A T IO
OFNE X T E R N L
AO
L ADS

R E S P O NASNEA L Y S I S

T h e m e t h o df o r t h e r e s p o n s ea n a l y s i s i S , o f
c o u r s e , t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n tm e t h o d . F o r a s h i p t h e
overalI s tructure i s essenti a11y a box g'ir der ( t f r e
" h u l l g i r d e r " ) a n d i t i s p o s s i b l et o p e r f o r m
o p t i m u md e s ' i g nf o r a n i s o l a t e d s e g m e not f t h e
h u l l g i r d e r . B u t f o r s t r u c t u r e s o f m o r ec o m p l e x
t o p o ' l o g y ,s u c h a s o c e a np l a t f o r m s , t h e r e s p o n s e
a n a l y s i s m u s t d e a l w i t h t h e c o m p l e t es t r u c t u r e .
To attempt to begin at any lower level would
i n t r o d u c eu n a c c e p t a bel I e v e ls o f u n c e r t a ' i n t y' i n
r e l a t i o n t o b o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n s - b o t h l o a d s a n d
restraints.
T h e M A E S T Rs 0
t r u c t u r a l m o d eil n g ' i s o r g a n l ' z e di n
f o u r l e v e l s : m e m b e r(se l e m e n t s ) ,s t r a k e s ,
m o d u l e sa n d s u b s t r u c t u r e s ,a s s h o w ni n f i g . 2 .
T h e s ea r e d e s c r ib e d i n t h e f o l I o w i n g p a r a g r a p h.s
E lements
i s0 i n t e n d e df o r p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n
S i n c eM A E S T R
and not for deta'il design, the basic unit of
s t r u c t u r a l m o d e l i n gi s a p r i n c i p a i m e m b esr u c h a s
a b e a m ,s t i f f e n e d p a n e ,l g i r d e r , p i 1 ' l a r , e t c . , a s
s h o w ni n f i g . 3 . I n o r d e r t o h a v e a n e f f i c i e n t
i n t e r a c t ' i o nb e t w e e nt h e f i n i t e e l e m e n ta n a l y s i s
a n d t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n , t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t si n
M A E S T Rc 0
o r r e s p o n dp r e c i s e l y t o t h e p r i n c i p a l
m e m b e r s .T h e e l e m e n t sa r e t h e r e f o r e r e l a t i v e ' l y
l a r g e ; e . g . a c o m p l e t ep a n e l f r o m o n e d e c k t o
another and from one frame to the next, as shown
i n f i g . 3 , o r a c o r r e s p o n d i n sg e g m e not f a
t r a n s v e r s ef r a m e o r l o n g i t u d i n a l g i r d e r .

computer Aided optimum structural Design of ocean structures

l5

Strakesand Modules
GIRDER*

A m o d u , Lies a n y p o r t i o n o f s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t i n g
o f f r a m e sa n d p l a t i n g a n d h a v i n g o n e d i r e c t i o n
o r a x i s ( r e g a r d e da s " l e n g t h w ' i s e) " a l o n g w h i c h
t h e t r a n s v e r s ef r a m e sa r e e v e n l y s p a c e d . A
r t \ s . h e ' i s a l e n g t h w i s er o w o f s t i f ? e n e d p a n e l s
a n d f r a m es e g m e n t a
snd, optionally, a longit u d i n a l g i r d e r a l o n g o n e e d g e . E a c hs t r a k e c a n
be:
. f l a t o r c y 1i n d r i c a l
. p a r a l l e l ( t o t h e m o d u l ea x i s ) o r s k e w e d
( e . g . a s w e p tw i n g )
. planeor twisted
. p r i s m a t ic o r t a p e r e d ( l ' i n e a r l y )
. l o n g i t u d i n a l1 y o r t r a n s v e r s e l ys t i f f e n e d .
A m o d u l ec a n i n c l u d e a n y n u m b e or f s t r a k e s p i u s
o t h e r , n o n - s t r a k e - r e l a t e dp r i n c i p a l m e m b e r s .
E a c hm o d u l ec a n h a v e a n y o r i e n t a t i o n , s u c h a s
t h e d e r r i c k a n d t h e c o l u m ns e g m e n t o
sf fig. 2,
i n w h i c ht h e s t r a k e sr u n v e r t i c a l l y , o r t h e
t r a n s v e r s eb u l k h e a do f f i g . 4 , i n w h i c h t h e
strakes run transversely and the vertical
s t i f f e n e r s o n t h e b u l k h e a db e c o m et h e " f r a m e s "
in the strakes.
F i g . 5 s h o w st h e d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s i n M A E S T R O ;
i . e . t h e q u a n t it ' i e s t h a t a r e o p t i m iz e d. E a c h
s t r a k e c a n h a v eu p t o 1 2 d e s i g nv a r i a b l e s :
. four for the stiffened piating,
. four for the longitudinal girder
a s s o c i a t e dw i t h t h e s t r a k e ( i f a n y ) , a n d
. f o u r f o r t h e t r a n s v e r s ef r a m e s e g m e n t s
within the strake.

SUBSTRUCTURE
( H e r eT h r e e M o d u l e s )

STRAKE

PILLAR

TRANSVERSE
SUPERELEMENT
(lN^l cgl,tB. oF BARS, BEAMS,TRTANGLES,
& OUADRILATERALS)

D O U B L EW A L L
ELEMENT
*

USED FOR BULKHEADS.DEEP WEBS, ETC.

I N C L U D E SA L L o w A N c E F o R B R A C K E T S

Fig. 3.

S a m p l eE l e m e n t si n M A E S T R 0

T h e l o c a t i o n o f b e a m sa n d p a n e l s i s n o t l i m i t e d
to strakes; they can also be inserted individu a 11 y a t o t h e r l o c a t i o n s a n d a t v a r i o u s o r i e n t a t i o n s . H o w e v e r ,i n t h e p r e s e n t v e r s i o n o f t h e
p r o g r a mo n l y t h e s t r a k e - r e l a t e d b e a ma n d p a n e l
e l e m e n t sa r e o p t ' i m i z e d t t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s
m a in t a i n t h e i r a s s ' i g n e ds c a n t li n g s . A m o d uel
can aiso contain, at any frame, transverse
b u l k h e a d s ,d e e pw e b s , p i 11a r s a n d b r a c k e t s
( l o n g i t u d in a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e ) .
E a c hm o d u l eh a s i t s o w n t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n anl o d a l
m e s h . T h i s m e s hi s g e n e r a t e db y s p e c i f y i n g t h e
l o c a t i o n o f " e n d p o i n t s "a t o n e o r b o t h e n d i o f
the modu
I e , depend'ng
i on w hether the modu
Ie i s
p r i s m a t i c o r t a p e r e d . F o r a t a p e r e dm o d u l e ,
e n d p o i n t sa r e d e f i n e d a t b o t h e n d s . F o r e a c h
e n d p o i n t t h e p r o g r a mg e n e r a t e sa r o w o f n o d e si n
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n , a t a c o n s t a n tu s e r s p e c i f i e d s p a c i n g . S t r a k e sa r e t h e n d e f i n e d b y
s p e c i f y i n g t h e p a i r o f e n d p o i n t sw h i c h a r e i n
line with the sides of the strake. For example,

MODULE

P R I N C I P A LM E M B E R S
= ELEMENTS

Fig. 2.

S u b d i v i s i o no f S t r u c t u r e

Fig.4.

U s e o f S t r a k e s t o M o d e l B u lk h e a d s

F-

t6

O. Hughes

F i g . 5 s h o w st h e e n d p o i n t sa n d s t r a k e s o f a
s ' i m p 1 eo n e - m o d u
e l m o d e l o f a s m aIl n a v a l v e s s e l.
F r a m e sa r e n u m b e r e sd e q u e n t i a l l y , a s a r e t h e
s pac es bet wee nfra m e s ; th e I a tte r a re referred
t o a s b a y s . T h e p r o g r a mu s e s t h e t e r m s " s t r a k e " ,
"endpoi[t"r
"!uy" to reler to
-"frame", and
locations

within

each nodule.

T h e r e c a n b e a n y n u m b e ro f m o d u l e sa n d , a s
d e s c r i b e ds u b s e q u e n t l yt,h e y c a n b e j o i n e d
t oget her in a v a ri e ty o f w a y s to fo rm
t ub, s t nuc iune a ,w h i c h ' i n tu rn a re j o i n e d t ogether
t o f o r m t h e c o m p l e t eM A E S T R
mOo d e l . E a c hm o d u l e
i s d e f i n e d , e v a l u a t e da n d o p t i m i z e ds e p a r a t e l y ,
a n d n e a r l y a l l o f t h e p r o g r a mi n p u t a n d o u t p u t
i s o r g a n iz e d a c c o r d ' i n gt o m o d u l e s .
N o r m a l l ya s t r a k e e x t e n d sf o r t h e f u l l l e n g t h
o f i t s m o d u l ea n d h a s u n i f o r m s c a n t l i n g s .
H o w e v e r ,s h o r t e r s t r a k e s a n d c h a n g e si n
s c a n t l i n g s c a n b e o b t a i n e db y a s s i g n i n gt w o ( o r
m o r e ) s t r a k e s t o t h e s a m ep a i r o f e n d p o i n t sa n d
t h e n s e l e c t i v e l y d e l e t i n g e l e m e n t sw i t h i n e a c h
s t r a k e u n t i I t h e d e s ir e d c o m b ' i n aot in o f
u n i f o r m i t y a n d n o n - u n ' i f o r m i t iys o b t a i n e d .
M A E S T Rp0r o v i d e s a n e l e m e n td e l e t i o n f e a t u r e
w h i c h m a k e st h i s r e l a t i v e l y e a s y .

n e c e s s a r y ,t o d i v i d e t h e s t r u c t u r e i n t o s e v e r a l
consti tuent .sub.tttuc,tu/' 1-Qa,
each of w hi ch has it s
s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x a s s e m b l e ds e p a r a t e l y a n d t h e n
r e d u c e d ,b y s t a t i c c o n d e n s a t i o ns, u c h t h a t a l l
i nterna' l degreesof f reedomare el i minated,
l e a v i n g o n l y t h o s e a t e x t e r n a l n o d e s ,w h e r et h e
s u b s t r u c t u r e i s t o b e c o n n e c t e dt o a d j a c e n t
s u b s t r u c t u r e s . T h i s g r e a t l y r e d u c e st h e n u m b e r
o f e q u a t i o n st o b e s o l v e d a t t h e o v e r a l l l e v e l .
H o w e v e r s, o m ef u r t h e r c o m p u t a t i o ni s r e q u i r e d
f o r e a c h s u b s t r u c t u r ef o r w h i c h i n t e r n a l
d e f l e c t i o n s a n d s t r e s s e sa r e d e s i r e d , a n d i f
t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n' i s d e s i r e d f o r a l l s u b s t r u c t u r e s , t h e t o t a l c o m p u t a t i o ni s t h e s a m ea s i f
s u b s t r u c t u r i n gh a d n o t b e e nu s e d . T h u s , s u b s t r u c t u r i n g i s m o s t a d v a n t a g e o uws h e nt h e r e a r e
r e p e a t e ds u b s t r u c t u r e s ( s u c h a s t h e c o l u m n si n
f i g . 2 ) o r w h e no n l y s o m ep o r t i o n o f t h e
structure is of interest but, in order to have
c o r r e c t l o a d s a n d b o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n s , a l l o f
t h e s t r u c t u r e n e e d st o b e m o d e l e d . S t r u c t u r a l
o p t i m i z a t i o n r e q u i r e s r e p e a t e ds t r u c t u r a l
a n a l y s i s a n d h e n c e , i f t h e r e a r e s o m ep o r t i o n s
of the structure that are not being optimized,
i t i s a d v a n t a g e o utso t r e a t t h e ma s s u b s t r u c t u r e s , f o r w h i c h t h e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x n e e d st o
b e a s s e m b l e ad n d r e d u c e do n l y o n c e , o n t h e f i r s t
d e s i g nc y c l e .

Substructures
I n t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n ta n a l y s i s o f l a r g e
s t r u c t u r e s i t i s o f t e n h e 1 p f u 1 ,o r e v e n

//.t /
-t't
/

Endpoints

A s a m p l es u b d ' i v i s i o ni n t o m o d u l e sa n d s u b s t r u c t u r e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . 6 , w h i c hs h o w sa
MAESTR
m0o d e lo f a n a v a l f r i g a t e i n w h i c h t h e
n a r r o w e rm ' i d s h ' i p rse g i o n o f t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e
wasof particular interest. The forward and aft
p o r t i o n s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e w e r e m a d ei n t o t w o
s u b s t r u c t u r e s ,n u m b e r e 1d a n d 3 . S i n c e t h e r e i s
n o c h a n g eo f f r a m e s p a c i n g o r o t h e r r e a s o n f o r
f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d i n gt h e m , t h e y e a c h c o n s i s t o f
just onemodule. In contrast, the middlesubs t r u c t u r e c o n t a i n ss i x m o d u l e s : t h r e e i n t h e
superstructure to match the tw o tapered and one
p r i s m a t i c p o r t ' i o n s , a n d t h r e e i n t h e h u lI t o
a c c o m m o d aittes c h a n g ei n s h a p e . F o r c o n v e n i e n c e , t h e b o u n d a r i e so f t h e l a t t e r t h r e e
c o i n c i d ew i t h t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e , b u t
t h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r y ; f o r e x a m p l e ,t h e r e
c o u l d h a v eb e e nf o u r m o d u l e si n t h e h u l l . I n
o r d e r t o o b t a i n m o r ed e t a i l e d s t r e s s i n f o r mation, the "framespacing"of the supers t r u c t u r e m o d u l e si s h a l f t h a t o f t h e o t h e r s ,
w h i c h m a t c h e st h e a c t u a l f r a m e s p a c i n g i n t h e
s l i p . ( T h e c o r r e c t " p h y s i c a "l f r a m e i p a c i n g . i n
t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r em o d u l e si s o b t a i n e d b y
d e l e t i n g e v e r y s e c o n df r a m e i n t h e s e m o d u l e s . )
I t c a n a l s o b e s e e ni n f i g . 6 t h a t , i n o r d e r t o
get moreinformationabout stress in the main
d e c k , t h i s d e c k i s p a r t o f m o d u l e5 , r a t h e r t h a n
m o d u l e2 , w h i c h f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e s t h e
flexibility in definingmodules.
5.

S: noof sl;lfenrs

Fig. 5.

D e s i g nV a r i a b el s a n d T e r m i n o l o g y

LIMITSTATE
ANALYSIS

A I i m i t s t a t e ' i s a n y u n d e s i r a b l ec o n d i t i o n t h a t
a structure might possiblyreach, and the limit
v a l u e s , Q t, a r e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e l o a d e f f e c t s
Q a t w h i c h t h a t c o n d i t i o n w o u l db e r e a c h e d .
T h e r ea r e t w o t y p e s o f l i m i t s t a t e a n a l y s e s ,
c o r r e s p o n d i n tgo t h e t w o l e v e l s o f l i m i t s t a t e s :
t h o s e .i n v o lv i n g o n l y i n d iv ' i d u a l m e m b e r s( s t r a k e
I e v e l) a n d t h o s e i n v o lv i n g s e v e r a ' lm e m b e r s
( m o d u l el e v e l) .

i
!
lil

Computer Aided optimum structural Design of ocean structures

5.i

Limit States at StrakeLevel

F o r t h e m e m b elri m i t s t a t e s M A E S T Rc O
ontains a
l i b r a r y o f s u b r o u t i n e s ,e a c h o f w h i c h c a l c u l a t e s t h e I i m i t v a ' l u e sQ 1 f o r a p a r t i c u l a r m o d e
o f f a i l u r e , u s i n g a p p r o x T m a teen g i n e e r i n g
a l g o r i t h m s a p p r o p r i a t e t o e a c hm o d e . A s - s h o w n
in {3} the limit state library currently cont a i n s a l g o r i t h m sf o r 3 3 m e m b elri m i t s t a t e s :
12 for a stiffened panel, 6 for a girder
s e g m e n ta n d 1 5 f o r a t r a n s v e r s e f r a m e s e g m e n t .
T h e t h e o r y u n d e r l y i n gt h e a l g o r i t h m si s
p r e s e n t e df u 1 1 y i n { 1 } . F o r c u r v e d ,a x i a l l y

s t i f f e n e d p a n e l s t h e a l g o r . i t h mu s e d i s t h a t o f
F a u kl n e r , C h e na n d d e 0 l i v e i r a { 5 } . T h e I i m . i t
s t a t e l i b r a r y i s m o d u l a r ,a l l o w i n g t h e a d d i t i o n
o f n e w s u b r o u t i n e st o d e a l w i t h n e w l i m i t
states, as might arise from different geometry
( e . g . s a n d w i c hp a n e l s )o r n e wm a t e r i a l i ( e . g . '
f i b e r - r e i n f o r c e d p l a s t i c s ) . I n m o s t c a s e st h e
l i m i t s t a t e s a r e a n o n l i n e a rf u n c t i o n o f t h e
d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s X ; l e t u s d e n o t et h i s n o n l i n e a r d e p e n d e n cays Q l ( X ) . T h e v a r i o u s
a l g o r i t h m sd e a l w i t h t h e n o n l i n e a r i t y a l g e b r a i c a 1 1 y , i n a " s t r e n g t h o f m a t e r i a l s ' ,i a s h i o n ;
n o n li n e a r f i n i t e e l e m e n ta n a l y s i s w o u l d b e

---J-{5
MODEL

\\ r
\ voour_ENUMBER
\ sugstRucrunENUMBER

Ce,11

Fig. 6.

t7

MAESTR
M0o d e lo f a F r i g a t e

18

O. Hughes

c o m p u t a t i o n a l l yp r o h i b i t i v e b e c a u s eo f t h e l a r g e
n u m b e ro f m e m b e r as n d l o a d c o m b i n a t i o n s . T h e
existenceof these algorithms in MAESTR
m0a k e s
t h e p r o g r a mv e r y u s e f u l f o r c h e c k i n ge x i s t i n g
s t r u c t u r e s o r e v a l u a t i n g p r o p o s e dd e s i g n s o r
d e s ' i g na l t e r a t i o n s . T h e p r o g r a ma u t o m a t i c al yl
e x a m i n e se v e r y p o s s i b l e m o d eo f f a i l u r e , f o r
e v e r y m e m b e rf,o r a l l l o a d c a s e s , a n d t h e n
p r o v i d e s a c o m p l e t er e p o r t : f o r e a c h m o d eo f
f a i l u r e i t i d e n t ' i f i e s t h e l o w e s t m a r g ' i na n d
t h e c o r r e s p o n d ' i n Igo c a t i o n , I o a d c a s e a n d
p a r t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o no f l o a d e f f e c t s i n v o l v e d .
5.2

L i m i t S t a t e s P e r t a i n i n gt o M o d u l e s

B e s i d e st h e f a i l u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r st,h e r e
are limit states that involve severalmembers
a n d t hat t her ef o re c a n n o t b e d e a lt w i th a t the
m e m b e(ro r s t r a k e ) l e v e l . F i r s t 1 y , a m u ' l t -i
s t r a k e a p p r o a c hi s n e e d e df o r t h o s e l i m i t s t a t e s
' i n w h i c h t h e d o m i n a n tl o a d e f f e c t i s c a u s e db y
a s u b s t r u c t u r e( o r m o d u l e )a c t i n g o r r e s p o n d i n g
e s s e n t i a i l y a s e i t h e r a b e a mo r a b e a m - c o l u m n .
A w ' i n g ,a s h i p h u 1 l , a n d a b o x g ' i r d e r b r i d g e a r e
a l l e x a m p l e so f t h e f i r s t , a n d t h e c o l u m n so f a
t e n s i o n l e g p l a t f o r m a r e e x a m p l e so f t h e s e c o n d l .
T h e s t r e s s e sa n d d e f l e c t i o n s t h a t a r i s e f r o m
s u b s t r u c t u r eb e n d i n ga r e i n f l u e n c e db y a l l o f
t h e s t r a k e s t h a t m a k eu p t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f
t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e . C o n s e q u e n t layn y l i m i t s t a t e
t h a t i s d o m i n a t e db y s u c h s t r e s s e s o r d e f l e c t i o n s m u s t b e d e a l t w i t h a t t h e m o d u l e( m u l t i strake) level, and, at any given section of the
s u b s t r u c t u r e ,a l l o f t h e s t r a k e s t h a t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e b e n d i n g( a c t i n g a s a w e b o r a f l a n g e )
m u s t b e p a r t o f t h e s a m em o d u l e . I n t h e l e n g t h w i s e d i r e c t i o n t h e s u b s t r u c t u r em a yb e s u b d i v i d e d
i n t o a n y n u m b e or f m o d u l e s ,a n d a l 1 p o r t i o n s o f
the substructurethat do not act as a webor a
f l a n g e ( s u c h a s t r a n s v e r s eb u l k h e a d s )c a n b e
g r o u p e do r s u b d i v i d e di n t o m o d u l e si n a n y m a n n e r
w h a t s o e v e r . M a k i n gt h e s t r a k e s a t a n y c r o s s
s e c t i o n t o b e a l l p a r t o f t h e s a m em o d u l ea l l o w s
t h e " m o d uel I e v e l " p o r t ' i o n o f t h e o p t i m ' i z a t oi n
( P a r t 7 i n f i g . 9 ) t o a c c o u n tf u l l y a n d
p r o p e r l y f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e nt h e s t r a k e s z .
T h e m a n n e or f d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n i s
d ' is c u ss e d f u r t h e r i n S e c t io n s B a n d 1 0 .
(a)

F o r m o d u l e s' i n w h i c h t h e f l e x u r a l l o a d h a s a
d y n a m i c a ' l 1vya r y i n g c o m p o n e n ta, n o t h e r p o s s ib l e
f o r m o f m o d u l ec o l l a p s e i s f a t i g u e f r a c t u r e d u e
t o t h e c y c l i c f I e x u r a l s t r e s s o , ^ ,( t h e s u b s c r ip t
w i s c h o s e nb e c a u s ef o r o c e a ns t r u c t u r e s t h e
cycl'ic flexure is usua1
l y d u e t o w a v ea c t i o n ) .
T o p r e v e n t t h i s m o d eo f c o l i a p s e r e q u i r e s
p l a c i n g l i m i t s o n t h e a m p l i t u d eo f o r y ,w h i c h i n
e s s e n c em e a n si m p o s i n gm i n i m u mr e q u i r e d V a l u e s
o f s e c t i o n m o d u l u sf o r t h e f l a n g e s o f t h e
m o d uel . S i n c e s e c t i o n m o d uul s ' i s a f u n c t io n o f
the strake area of all of the strakes, the
f a t i g u e I i m i t s t a t e n r u s tb e d e a l t w i t h a t t h e
m o d u l el e v e l .
(b)

N o n - c o l l a p sLei m i t S t a t e s a t M o d u l eL e v e l

B e s i d e sm o d u l ec o l l a p s et h e r e a r e o t h e r l i m i t
s t a t e s t h a t p e r t a i n t o a m o d u l er a t h e r t h a n t o
a s t r a k e . F o r e x a m p l e ,f o r m o d u l e st h a t a r e
p a r t o f a h u l l ( o r a w i n g ) i t m a yb e n e c e s s a r y
t o p l a c e a l i m i t o n m o d u l ef l e x i b i l i t y , i n o r d e r
t o a v o ' i ds p r i n g i n g ( o r f I u t t e r ) o r s o m eo t h e r
u n d e s i r a b l es t r u c t u r e / f l u i d i n t e r a c t i o n . I n
n a v a l v e s s esl s u c h a l i m i t m a yb e n e c e s stia t e d
b y t h e w e a p o n st r a c k i n g a n d g u i d a n c es y s t e m s ,
w h ic h h a v e c e r t a i n u p p e r I i m ' i t s o n t h e r e l a t ' i v e
a n g u l a r d e f l e c t i o n b e t w e e nt w o p o i n t s a l o n g t h e
h u l l . T h e l i m ' i t i n g o f m o d u l ef l e x ' i b i l i t y i s
a c h i e v e db y i m p o s i n ga m i n i m u m
requiredvalue
o f m o d u l em o m e not f i n e r t i a I R .
F i n a 1 l y , i t w i l l b e s h o w ni n s e c t i o n 9 t h a t o n e
o f t h e m e m b elri m i t s t a t e s ( P a n e lC o l 1 a p s e ,
M e m b r a nYei e l d ) ' i s s u c h t h a t t h e P C M Y
constraints (one for eachstrake) form part of
t h e m o d uel l e v e l o p t i m iz a t ' i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e
strake optimization.
6.

F O R M U L A TO
I OFN
CONSTRAINTS

6 . 1 R e li a b i I i t y - b a s e d S t r e n g t h C o n s t r a ni t s
H a v i n gc a l c u l a t e d b o t h t h e l o a d e f f e c t s Q a n d
t h e l i m i t v a l u e sQ t ( X ) , i n a l l o f t h e m e m b e r s
a n d f o r a l l l o a d c a s e s ,t h e p r o g r a mt h e n f o r m u l a t e s t h e c o n s t r a ' i n t s . T h e s ea r e e a c h o f t h e
form

Y o Q ( x<) Q L ( x )

M o d u l eC o ll a p s e L i m i t S t a t e s

(1)

T h e m o s t o b v io u s c i a s s o f m o d uel I e v e l I ' i m ti
s t a t e s a r e t h o s e t h a t c o r r e s p o n dt o c o l l a p s e
( I o s s o f I o a d c a r r y i n g a b ' i li t y ) o f t h e m o d uel
a s a w h o l e . F o r m o d u l e st h a t a r e " b e a m - l i k e "
i n t h e i r p r i m a r y l o a d i n g a n d r e s p o n s e ,s e c t ' i o n
2 . 6 o f { 1 } s h o w sh o w :

i n w h i c h t h e p a r e n t h e s e isn d i c a t e f u n c t i o n a l
d e p e n d e n c ew, h ic h i s o f t e n n o n li n e a r . T h e t o t a l
safety factor y9 is a product of various partial
s a f e t y f a c t o r s w h i c h a c c o u n tf o r :

1.

(2)
(3)

?.

T h e l i m i t a n a l y s i s f o r m o d u l ec o l l a p s e n e e d
o n l y c o n s i d e r o n e " s e g m e n t a" t a t i m e , e a c h
s e g m e nbt e i n g c o m p r i s e do f a l l o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l m e m b e rw
s ithin one frame space,
a n d s i n c e m a n ys e g m e n t sa r e i d e n t ' i c a l o n l y
t h e m o r eh e a v i l y l o a d e do f t h e s e n e e dt o
be analyzed.
T h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s em o d e so f
c o 11a p s e c a n b e m a d ei n d e p e n d e nat n d b e
a n a l y z e ds e p a r a t e l y , w h i c h f u r t h e r r e d u c e s
the total computation.

M e t h o d sf o r l o n g i t u d ' i n a 1a n d t r a n s v e r s e
c o l l a p s ea n a l y s i s a r e g i v e n ' i n s e c t i o n s1 7 . I
and17.2of {1} respectively.

(1)

(4)

t h e d e g r e eo f s e r i o u s n e s os f t h e l i m i t
st a t e ,
the probability of the relevant loads,
t h e d e g r e eo f u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e a s s o c ' i a t e d
load effects, and
t h e d e g r e eo f u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e a s s o c i a t e d
I i m it v a lu e s .

I n M A E S T Rt h0e p a r t i a l s a f e t y f a c t o r s a r e p a r t
of the input data, and the actual valuesare
o b t a i n e df r o m a n a p p r o p r i a t er e l i a b i l i t y - b a s e d
c o d e , a s a l r e a d y e x i s t f o r m a n yc l a s s e s o f
s t r u c t u r e a n d a r e b e i n g d e v e l o p e df o r o t h e r s ,
i n c lu d ' i n gM o bIi e O f fs h o r e D r i ' l1 i n g U n it s .
6 . 2 O t h e r ( N o n - s t r e n g t h - r e l a t e dC) o n s t r a i n t s
A s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . 7 , b e s ' i d e st h e s t r e n g t h

ComputerAided Optimum Sftuctural Designof OceanStructures

c o n s t r a i n t s t h e r e a r e m a n yo t h e r s a r i s i n g f r o m
f u n c t i o n a l , 1 o c a 1a n d f a b r i c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . .
T h e s ed i f f e r w ' i d e 1 yf r o m o n e s t r u c t u r e t o t h e
n e x t , a n d t h e M A E S T Rp0r o g r a ma l l o w s t h e d e s i g n e r
t o s pec if y a n y n u m b e ro f th e m, o f a n y type and
in any combinatione
, ither for individual strakes
o r f o r a n e n t i r e m o d u l e . I n t h e T L P e x a m p l et o
b e p r e s e n t e ds u b s e q u e n t l y ,t h e r e w e r e a p p r o x i mately 900 strength-related constraints and
about500other constraints, giving a total of
a b o u t 1 4 0 0c o n s t r a i n t s .
7.

MEASUR
OEF M E R I T

I n M A E S T Rt h0e m e a s u r eo f m e r i t m a y b e a n y
f u n c t i o n o f t h e d e s i g nv a r i a b l e s - l i n e a r o r
n o n l i n e a r ,s i n g l e o r m u 1 t i p 1 e . F o r e x a m p l ei,t
m a yb e a n y d e s i r e d c o m b i n a t i o no f w e i g h t , c o s t
andvertical center of gravity (VCG). This
p a r t i c u l a r c o m b ' i n a t i o n ' i lsl u s t r a t e d i n f i g . B .
T h e c u r v e d s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o m b ' i n eadn d
net effect of al I of the constra'ints. It 'is
actually an irregular surface- it is the outer
e n v e l o p eo f a l l o f t h e m a n yi n d ' i v i d u a l c o n s t r a i n t s , e a c ho f w h i c h i s i t s e l f a s u r f a c e
c o n s ' i s t i n go f t h e l o w e s t p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s
o f w e i g h t , V C G ,a n d c o s t w h i c h j u s t s a t i s f y t h e
r e q u ' i r e m e n tosf t h a t p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t r a i n t . I n
d i f f e r e n t r e g ' i o n so f t h e d e s i g n s p a c ed i f f e r e n t
c o n s t r a i n t s a r e t h e o u t e r m o s to r " a c t i v e "
constraints. Any po'int in the designspace
t h a t d o e s n o t p e n e t r a t eb e l o w t h i s s u r f a c e i s a
f e a s i b l e d e s i g n ( s u c ha s p o i n t A ) a n d a n y p o i n t
a c t u a l y o n t h e s u r f a c e ' i s a n o p t i m u md e s i g n
(point B). The surface indicateswhat sort of
tradeoffs are available to the des'igner.
F o r e x a m p l e ,t h e w e i g h t w o u l d b e l o w e r i n a
m o r ei n t r i c a t e - a n d c o s t l i e r - d e s i g n ( p o i n t
C) but the extent to whichthis option is
f o l l o w e d m a y d e p e n do n t h e r a t i o b e t w e e nt h e
w e i g h t s a v i n g sa n d t h e e x t r a c o s t . B e c a u s eo f
i t s f l e x i b i l i t y i n r e g a r d t o m e a s u r eo
sf merit,
t h e p r o g r a mc a n b e u s e d f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f
t r adeoff s t u d ' ie s .
B.

D U A LL E V E LO P T
II'lIZATION

T h i s s e c t i o n p r o v i d e so n l y a b r i e f s u m m a royf
t h e o p t i m ' i z a t oi n a s p e c t s o f M A E S T R OM. o r e
d e t a ' i le d i n f o r m a t i o n ' i s g " i v e ni n C h a p t e r2 o f
{ 1 } a n di n { 6 } .
E.G.

. F U N C T I O N A L C O N S T R A I N OT N
W E 8 H E I G H TF O R

-r'
-

CL E A R A N C E

-50

-------l

l9

8.1
A s s h o w ni n f i g . 9 , M E S T R O
containstwo levels
o f o p t i m i z a t i o n : m o d u l ea n d s t r a k e . A t t h e
m o d u i el e v e l t h e r e a r e t w o d i s t ' i n c t t y p e s o r
g r o u p s o f d e si g n ( o p t i m ' i z a t o' i n) v a r i a b le s.
( a ) M e m b eLri m i t V a l u e s
T h e f i r s t g r o u p c o n s i s t s o f t h o s e m e m b elri m i t
v a l u e s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e di n t h e c o l l a p s eo f
t h e m o d u l e ,e i t h e r l o n g it u d i n a l o r t r a n s v e r s e .
T h e s ew i l l b e d e n o t e da s Q p . r . F o r l o n g i t u d i n a l
c o 1 1 a p s eQ, L . mc o n s i s t so f - t h e l i m i t v a l u e so f
l o a d e f f e c t s - ( m a i n l yo x a n d r a s i n f i g . Z ) t h a t
c o r r e s p o n dt o c o l l a p s e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a n e l s
i n t h e m o d u l ec r o s s s e c t i o n . T h e c o n s t r a i n t
a g a in s t m o d uel l o n g ' i t u dni a l c o l l a p s e m a y b e
e x p r e s s e ds y m b o l i c a l l yi n t h e f o r m
M u l t ( Q L , r )) y . , * M
i n w h i c hM u 11 i s t h e u l t i m a t e ( o r c o 1l a p s e ) v a l u e
o f t h e m o d u l eb e n d ' i n g
m o m e n tM
, , andy",n is the
p a r t i a l s a f e t y f a c t o r f o r m o d u l ec o l l a F i i j w h i c h ,
u n l e s s t h e m o d u l ei s s m a l l a n d r e d u n d a n t ,i s
taken to be synonymous
w i th col I apse of t he
structure.
T r a n s v e r s em o d u l ec o l l a p s e i n v o l v e s a n u m b e or f
d i f f e r e n t l o a d s , s o m eo f w h i c h a r e i n d e p e n d e n t .
H e n c e ,t h e l o a d i s n o t a s i m p l e s c a l a r q u a n t i t y
a s i s m o d u l eb e n d i n gm o m e n t ; r a t h e r i t j s a s e t
o r g r o u po f i n d i v i d u a l l o a d s w h i c h w e s h a l l
d e n o t e a s F . T h e s y m b o lF 6 r e p r e s e n t s t h e s e t
of designloads; for those loadswhichare
randoma
, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e o r d e s i g ne x t r e m e
v a l u e i s u s e d . T h e m a g n i t u d eo f e a c h v e c t o r i s
c h a r a c t e r i z e db y i t s n o r m , w h i c h w e d e n o t ea s F :
F=FTF
T h e t r a n s v e r s eu l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h o f a m o d u l e
Fult is the set of valuesof F whichcause
c o l l a p s e o f t h e t r a n s v e r s ef r a m i n g . S i n c e t h e r e
a r e s e v e r a l l o a d v e c t o r s F u 1 1 i s a l w a y st a k e n a s
the worst of these; that is, the particular
c o m b i n a t i o na n d s e q u e n c w
e h i c h c a u s e sc o l l a p s e
f o r t h e s m a l l e s tv a l u e o f F . I n t e r m so f 0 r r
t h e c o n s t r a i n t a g a i n s t t r a n s v e r s ec o l l a p s e - \ 3 '
F u l t ( Q t , m )) y . , , n F d

Il

WEIGHT

l . \ / \ A l

O LUUAL

_ 200

EG

LOCAL BUCKLINO
O F S T J F F , RW E B

h r ' 3 0t *
CUTOUTSA
, T T A C H M E N TEST C

. FABRICATION
- 200

E G
hr'06ht

VUU

F i g . 7 . O t h e r ( N o n - s t r e n g t h - r e l a t e dC)o n s t r a i n t s

iI

F i g B . S a m p l eC o m b ' i n a t ' i oonf M e a s u r e so f M e r i t

O. Hughes

20

i n w h i c h t h e p a r e n t h e s e ss i g n i f y t h e f u n c t i o n a l
d e p e n d e n coef t h e o v e r a l l u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h _ o n
O r - . t h e m e m b el ri m i t v a l u e s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d
ih'th. collapse, and indicate that theselatter
" d e s i g nv a r i a b l e s " i n t h e m o d u l e
valuesare the
I e v e l o f o p t i m ' i z a t oi n .
(b)

Strake Areas

A s m e n t i o n e de a r l ' i e r , i n t h e m o d u l el ' i m i t s t a t e s
re'lating to fatigue and flexibility the module
s e c t i o n m o d u l u sZ a n d m o m e not f i n e r t i a I t a k e
t h e p l a c e o f t h e l o a d e f f e c t s . T h e s eg e o m e t r i c
q u a n t i t i e s c a n b e e x p r e s s e di n t e r m s o f t h e
c r o s s - s e c t ' i o n a la r e a s o f t h e s t r a k e s w h i c h c o m p r i s e t h e m o d u l ec r o s s s e c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e t h e s e
a r e a s , r e p r e s e n t e db' i yn A , c o n s t ' i t u t e t h e s e c o n d
t h e m o d uel I e v e l o p t ' i m-i
g r o u p o f v a r i a b le s
iat ' ion , and th e c o n s tra i n ts re l a t' i n g to module
f a t ' i g u ea n d f l e x ' i b ' i 1 i t y a r e t h e n f u n c t i o n s o f
t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , w h i c h a r e f e w ' i n n u m b e r ,r a t h e r
than functions of the numerouscantlings of the
m o d u l ec r o s s s e c t i o n . I n s y m b o l i cf o r m t h e s e
c o n s t r a in t s a r e
Zu (A) > Zr,R
z[ (A) ] 7L,R

r ( A )> r p
i n w h ' i c hs u b s c r i p t s u a n d . q s, t a n d f o r u p p e r a n d
lower flange respectively, andR signifies the
value of Z and I.
r e q u i r e dm i n i m u m
8.2

C u m e n t S t a t u s R e g a r d ' i n qI m p l e m e n t a t ' i o n

B e c a u s eo f d ' i f f e r i n g I e v e ls o f p r i o r i t y i n t h e
i m p l e m e n t a t ' i oonf t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e
o v e r a l l d e s ' i g nm e t h o d ,t h e m e t h o d sf o r l o n g i t u d ' i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s ec o l l a p s e p r e s e n t e di n
s e c t i o n s 1 7 . 1 a n d 1 7 . 2 o f { I } h a v en o t y e t b e e n
i n M A E S T R OI .n s t e a d t h e
fully implemented
c u r r e n t v e r s ' i o no f t h e p r o g r a mu t i I i z e s s i m p le r
( a n d m o r ec o n s e r v a t i v e )v e r s i o n s o f t h e s e
ll a p s e a n a l y s i s
m e t h o d' laps
s . I ne t h e l o n g it u d i n a l c' i o
n th e u p per or
o f a n y o ,1 ep a n e l
t he c ol
l o w e r f l a n g e o f t h e m o d u l ei s r e g a r d e da s _ c o l l a p s e o i t h e m o d u l e . T h e t r a n s v e r s ec o l l a p s e
a n a l y s i sc o n s i s t so f a s i m p l i f i e d p l a s t i c f r a m e
a n a l y s ' i s ' i nw h i c h , t o b e a b s o l u t e l ys u r e o f
errihg on the safe side, collapse of any member
i s d e i i n e d a s t h e f o r m a t i o no f i u s t o n e p l a s t i c
h ' i n g ea n y w h e r e ' i nt h e m e m b e r . T h ' i sa u t o m a t ' i c a 1 1 y
a l I o w s f o r a l 1 p o s s ' i bel m u lt i - m e m b ecr o l I a p s e
m e c h a n i s m si n, w h i c h t h e h i n g e s t h a t ' icno n s t ' i t u t e
different
t h e c o l l a p s e m e c h a n i sm i g h t a l l b e
members.
T h e c o n s t r a i n t s r e l a t i n g t o m o d u l ef a t i g u e a n d
f I e x i b i I ' i t y h a v e b e e n f u l l y i m p le m e n t e d .
9.

(PANEL
F T H EP C M Y
ES
S P E C I AFL E A T U R O
I.IEMB
R AYNI EL
E D
CO LLA P SE
,
) L IMIT STA TE

I n m o s t m e m b elri m i t s t a t e'si st h e m a i n i n f l u e n c e
their influenceon
o n t h e d e s i g n v a r i a b l e sX
t h e l i m i t v a l u e : Q f ( X ) . F o r e x a m p l e i, n a l l
t h e v a r i o u s m o d e so f ' ipsa n e l b u c k li n g t h e l ' i m i t
t h e a p p li e d c o m p r e s s ' i v e
v a l u e Q f( X) - w h i c h
l o a d t h a t c a u s e sb u c k l i n g - i s s t r o n g l y
influencedby the plate thicknessand the
s t i f f e n e r s c a n t l i n g sa n d s p a c i n g . F o r . a l l s u c h
c o n s t r a i n t s ,i f t h e i n e q u a l i t yo f e q . ( i ) i s n o t

'in
s a t i s f i e d i t o n ly r e q u ir e s s o m es m aIl c h a n g e s
the val ues of X to removethe i nadequac y t he
p r e c i s e c h a n g e sb e i n g s e l e c t e d s u c h a s t o b e
optimat. This strong and direct influenceof
I o n Q r m a k e si t u n n e c e s s a r yt o c o n s i d e r t h e
w e a k e ra n d i n d i r e c t e f f e c t o f I o n t h e l o a d
e f f e c t , Q , o h t h e I e f t s ' i d eo f e q . ( 1 ) ' e v e n
w h e nQ i s a " m o d u l el e v e l " l o a d e f f e c t , a s
d e fi n e d ' i n s e c t io n 5 . 2 .
H o w e v e r ,t h e r e i s o n e m e m b elri m i t s t a t e f o r
w h ic h Q g i s n o t a f u n c t ' i o n o f X : p a n e l c o l I a p s e
d u e e n t T r e l y t o m e m b r a n(eh e a r t o f p l a t e ) y i e ' l d ,
( a l t h o u g ht h e
either tensile or compressive
latter wouldnot be l'ikely except for very
s t u b b y p a n e sl ) . H e r e t h e I i m i t v a l u e i s s i m p l y
by X.
the yield stress, oy, andis uninfluenced
F o r t h i s l i m i t s t a t e i t i s n e c e s s a r yt o c o n s i d e r
t h e X - d e p e n d e n coyf t h e l o a d e f f e c t , Q ( X ) ' o n
I f , m o r e o v e r t, h e
the left side of eq. (i).
l o a d e f f e c t s c o m ef r o m m o d u l ef l e x u r e ( s u c h a s
o x a n d ' r i n f i g . 2 ) t h e n t h e r e i s a n e e dt o
a C c o u n tf o r t h e c o m b i n e da n d i n t e r a c t i v e' l oaacdt i o n
o f a l I o f t h e s t r a k e s i n c a u s in g t h e s e
' i n MA E S TRthe
con0 P C MY
effects. Therefore
'
i
mposed
'
i
s
ng the module I e vel
duri
stra' i nt
optimization, in whichthe optimization
v a r i a b l e s a r e t h e s t r a k e a r e a s ,A .
' i m ti s t a t e c o n s t r a in t
F r o mt h e q u a n t ' i t i e s i n t h e I
(
f
actored) strength ratio r
of eq. (1) wedefinea

h9

(2)

o
; tr
" = ll +

IJJ

r -

Q1
o p0 t i m ' i z a t i o n
A s e x p l a i n e di n { 6 } , i n t h e M A E S T R
q. (1)
m e t h o dt h e c o n s t r a ' i n t sc o r r e s p o n d"iandgteoq e
uacy
'in
are eachexpressed termsof an
parameter"g w hich ' i s a normali zed f unct 'ion of
the strengthratio:

In termsof g eachconstraint becomes

s>0

(4)

T h i s f o r m h a s t h e a d v a n t a g et h a t g a l w a y s r e m a i n s
w i t h i n t h e I i m i t s o f t 1 , w h ' i c ha v o id s n u m e rci a l
d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h e o p t ' i mzi a t ' i o n . F o r t h e P C M Y
I im'it state the strength rat'io i s
YoUVM
(5)
a =
oY
i n w h ic h o y i s t h e y ' i e ld s t r e s s a n d o V Mi s t h e
V o nM i s e s s t r e s s

ovM =

(6)

w h e r eo x ^ T i s t h e t o t a l l e n g t h w i s es t r e s s i n t h e
p a n e l a i ] 6 ' t o m o d u l ea x i a l c o m p r e s s ' i oann d m o d u l e
bendn
i g about the two princi pa'l axes:
ox,T = oax* ob,y + ob,z

(7)

emphasizing
Fig. 9 is a flow chart of MESTRO
, h i c h p e r f o r ml i m i t
Paits 6 and 7 of the programw
a n a l y s " i sa n d o p t ' i m i z a t ' i o an t s t r a k e l e v e l a n d
m o d uel I e v e l r e s p e c t iv e ' l y . T h e s o l ' i d a r r o w s s h o w
f l o w o f c o n t r o l ; t h e d a s h e da r r o w s s h o wt h e f l o w
o f s o m ep a r t i c u l a r i t e m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e
f i n i t e e l e m e n ts o l u t i o n ( P a r t 5 ) p r o v i d e sa l l t h e
I oad eff ects Q. Th' i s i s fol I ow edby Phase1 of
Part 6, which is the strake I im'it analysis: the
y a r a m e t e or f e q . ( 3 )
calculition of the adequacp

Computer Aided Optimum Structural Design of OceanStructures

for eachof the 33 I im'it states. For each

s t r a k e t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e db a y b y b a y
f o r e a c h l o a d c a s e ,a n d t h e p r o g r a m ' i d e n t i f i e s
t h e s e t o f 3 3 " w o r s t c a s e s " ( l o w e s tv a l u e o f g
f o r e a c hl i m i t s t a t e ) . I t a l s o r e c o r d st h e
c o r r e s p o n d ' i n bg a y a n d l o a d c a s ea n d t h e v a l u e s
of the relevant load effects. Thusfor the pCMy
l i m i t s t a t e i t r e c o r d st h e v a l u e so f o x . 1 , o y
and t that gavethe largest value of oyy (ant
c o n s e q u e n t l yt h e l o w e s t g p c M y )a n d t h e b a y a n d
l o a d c a s ef o r w h i c h t h i s w o r s t c a s e o c c u r r e d .
A f t e r p r o c e s s i n ga 1 l t h e s t r a k e s o f t h e c u r r e n t
m o d u l e ,t h e p r o g r a mt h e n c a l c u l a t e s , f o r e a c h
e n d o f t h e m o d u l e( 1 a n d 2 ) a n d f o r e a c h l o a d case (.0c),the valuesof the axial force and the
b e n d i n gm o m e n t a
sbout the two principal axes:
F * . ,(,.,0, c, ) a n d F * r ( L c ) , M y 1 ( ! , c )a n d M v r ( ! . c ) , a n d
t t ' r i( t " c ) and v ' r)(* c ) . Ai s h o w ni n t6 e next
section these valuesare used'in Part 7 of
MAESTR
t o0 d i v i d e o x'. T ' i n t o i t s t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s ,
d e f i n e di n e q . ( 7 ) .
T h e p r o g r a mt h e n b e g ' i n st h e m o d u l el e v e l o p t i m i z a t i o n ( P a r t 7 ) , i n w h i c ho n e o f t h e t a s k s i s
t h e l i n e a r i z a t i o n o f t h e P C M cYo n s t r a i n t f o r
e a c hs t r a k e . T h e n e x t s e c t i o n o u t l i n e s t h e
basic features of this task.

O B JE C\T
I VE

LOADS

--

2l

1 0 . M O D U LLE
EVEL
OPTIMIZATION
I N; C L U S T 0OFN
TH EP C MY
C ON S TR A IN TS
F i g . 1 0 i s a s i m p ' l i f i e df l o w c h a r t f o r t h e m o d u l e
l e v e ' l o p t i m i z a t i o ni n M A E S T R 0t h
; is'is part 7
f n t h e o v e r a lI f I o w c h a r to f f i g . 1 0 . T h e o p t . i m-i
z a t i o n m e t h o di s s e q u e n t i a ll i i e a r p r o g r a m m i n-g
a c y c l i c p r o c e d u r ei n v o lv ' i n g t h e f o r m u la t i o n a n d
solution of a sequenco
e f l i n e a r i z e d v e r s i o n so f
t h e a c t u a l n o n l i n e a r p r o b l e m . E a c hc y c l e
c o n s i s t so f f o u r m a i n s t e p s ( s e e f i g . 1 0 ) :
(1)

c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e o t h e r ( n o n - P C M ya)d e q u a c y
p a r a m e t e r sf o r t h e m o d u l el e v e l l i m i t
'lapse
( 2 v a lu e s ,
s t a t e s : m o d uel c o l
l o n g ' i t u dni a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e ) a n d a n y 1i m i t s
o n m o d u l eI a n d / o r Z b e c a u s eo f m o d u l e
f l e x i b ii i t y a n d / o r f a t ' i g u e ;

(2)

calculation of the correspondinq

I inearized
constran
i ts;

(3)

f o r m u l a t i o na n d s o l u t i o n o f t h e l i n e a r
p r o g r a m m i nogp t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m ,w h i c h
p r o d u c e st h e o p t i m u mv a l u e s f o r t h e s t r a k e
s e c t i o n a l a r e a sA a n d ( i n f u t u r e ) t h e
m e m b elri m i t v a l u e sQ r , , ni n v o l v e d i n
l o n g ' i t u dni a l a n d t r a n l i i : r s e c o l l a p s e o f t h e
m o d uel ;

(4)

r e c a l c u l a t ' i o no f t h e P C M Y
adequacy
parameters.

-H
NON-STRENGT
GENEMTECOMPLETE
MODEL
- T-S
CONSTRAIN
M O D U LBEY M O D U L E
(e.s. FABRICATI0N)
PART3
UPDATESCANTLING-RELATED
LOADS

(1)
C A L C U L A .gT E
FOR:
o M Q D I ] IC
E O L L A P S( LEO N G&. T R A N S V . )
. L I M I T S0 N M 0 D U LIE A N D / O R
Z

ASSEI'IBS
LE
T R U C T US
RTEI F F N E SM
ST R I X
Y

S T R U C T URREES p o N S
( FE. E .) A N A L y S T S
P A R T6 , P H A S E
I
- _ L I M I T A N A L Y S I: SS T R A K E S
OF STRAKES
PART7

OPTIMUMSTRAKEAREAS
I
P A R T6 , P M S E2
\

( SI C
CORRESPONO
NA
GL E D )
I
SCANTLINGS
I

CALCULATE
, F O RE A C H
S T R A K EI ,T T H EB A Y
RELEVANTT O P C M Y :
Fx, My, M, and q

ALL MODULES?

A L L g VALUES> O?
AREASL U NVERGED?
Y
'O
PROCEED STMKE
OPT
IM lAl IUN
( P A R T6 , P Ms E 2 )

(2)
C A L C U L A lTsE
t & 2nd DERIVATIVE
S g:
0F
AgPqNV S.9PCMY
O F O RE A C HS T R A K E :
,o -

LIMITANALYSIS
-> FORM
CONSTRAINTS
O P T I M I Z- E - _ _
OPTIMUMSCANTL
I NGS
( EACHS T R A K) E

o FoRcoNSTMTNTs
onltll

(3)

aA-'-

FORMULATE
& SOLVELINEAR PROGMMMING
P R O E L EFMO RO P T I M US
MT M K EA R E A S

ALL SUBSTRUCTURES?
(4)
ALL DESIGC
NYCLES?

F O RE A C HS T M K EC A L C .N E t .Pl C M Y
STRESSES
FROM
E Q S .( 1 7 - 1 9 ) , N E wo y g & N E t ,Sl p C N i

STOP

Fig. 9.

0 v e ra l I F l o w C h a rt fo r I4 A E S TR O

F i g . 1 0 . F l o w c h a r tf o r P a r t 7 o f M E S T R O

O. Hughes

22
T h i s s e c t i o n f o c u s e sm a in l y o n t h e r a t ' i o n a le
I imit
a n d t e c h n ' i q u ef o r i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e P C M Y
s t a t e , b e c a u s et h i s i n f o r m a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n
pr es ent ed her e to fo re .

' i t i s n e c e s s a r yt o e s t a b l ' i s h ,
0n the first cycle
f o r e a c h s t r a k e , t h e " l o c a l " v a l u e so f a x i a l
f o r c e , m o d u l eb e n d i n gm o m e n ta, n d s h e a r f l o w ;
i . . e . t h e v a l u e s a t t h e m o d u l es e c t i o n c o r r e s pond'ing
t o t h e r e l e v a n t b a y . T h i s i s d o n ea s
fol I ows:
( a ) F o r e a c hP C M cYo n s t r a i n t( i . e . f o r e a c h
s t r a k e ) o b t a i n I i n e a r l y i n t e r p o la t e d v a l u e s
of Fx, My dnd M7for the relevant bay and
l o a d c a s eb- y i n t e r p o l a t ' i n g b e t w e e nt h e
m o d u l ee n d v a l u e s . F o r a x i a l f o r c e t h i s
i n t e r p o l a t e dv a l u e i s s u f f i c i e n t l y
a c c u r a t e ,a n d t h e l o c a l a x i a l s t r e s s i s
o b t a i n e df r o m i t :
oax =

T h e l e n g t h w i s ed i s t r i b u t i o n o f b e n d i n g
m o m e nwt i l l , i n g e n e r a l , n o t b e l i n e a r a n d
it is better to obtain it from the actual
l e n g t h w i s es t r e s s o x . 1 o b t a i n e di n P a r t 6 ,
after f irst subtractingthe ax'ial stress.
s a yb e
T h e i n t e r p o l a t e d b e n d i n gm o m e n tm
u s e d t o d i v i d e t h e t o t a l b e n d ' i n gs t r e s s
i n t o i t s t w o c o m p o n e n t s .T h e r e s u l t i s

= (ox,T
- oaxrltr]
ob,y

(e)

- oaxr[#tJ
6 b , z =( o x , T

( 1 0)

T h e nt h e s t r a k e s e c t i o n m o d u l i , 7 y a n d Z r ,
may be used to obta i n the des'ired" bendi ng
moments

(c)

14, = o6,t7t

(11)

F 1 ,= o 6r7 Z 7

(r2)

The local value of shearflow is the

product of the panel shear stress times
the panel plate thickness
q = rt

(13)

M y , M 7 a n d q a r e c a u s e dm a i n l y b y l o a d s t h a t
a t t t r a n s v e r s e l y t o t h e m o d u l e ,w h i c h a r e n o t
m u c hi n f l u e n c e d b y t h e m o d u l ef l e x u r a l p r o p e r t i e s . T h e r e f o r ed u r i n g t h e m o d u l el e v e l
o p t i m i z a t i o n t h e s e t h r e e q u a n t i t ' i e sm a yb e
r e g a r d e da s c o n s t a n t . L i k e w i s e , t h e a x i a l
f o r c e w i l l n o t b e m u c hi n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s t r a k e
a r e a s a n d c a n a l s o b e r e g a r d e da s c o n s t a n t .
A f t e r e s t a b l ' i s h i n gt h e s e c o n s t a n tl o c a l l o a d s
t h e p r o g r a mc a l c u l a t e s , f o r e a c h s t r a k e , t h e
d e r i v a t i v e 3 g p g 1 r 4 y / EwAh,i c h i s n e e d e di n o r d e r
to construct the linearized version of the PCMY
'is
c o n s t r a in t . T h i s d e r i v a t i v e

gS=
- pg_l-Pwfsou^ *- aob.,- S,J.]
dA
5[ Ei 5"w
|.5f,- 5ALE-T

, Sotlua.l

? ;=-lwl
oL

(a)

onl

(14)

F r o me q . ( B ) t h e a x i a l s t r e s s i s s i m p l y a n
a v e r a g ev a l u e f o r t h e s e c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e
its derivativeis
8ou* _ 8ou, E A tOt

TA-

5A-

r
. ' X o "
HTOT, 1

oax
n-

HTOT

( 1 5)

(b)

T h e d e r i v a t i v e s o f b e n d i n gs t r e s s a r e g i v e n
b y e q . ( 3 . 6 . 4 0 )o f { 1 } .

(c)

S ' i n c eq i s e s s e n t i ally c o n s t a n t( i . e . n o t
m u c h' i n f l u e n c e db y c h a n g e si n A ) t h e s h e a r
stress is inversely proportional to the
s t r a k e ' s p l a t e t h i c k n e s s :' r = q / t . T h e
d e s ir e d d e r i v a t i v e ' is b e i n g t a k e n w i t h
respectto the strake's total section area,
w hj c h i s t h e p ' la t e a r e a B t p 1u s t h e s e c t i o n
area of the stiffeners. Let f represent
the fraction that the p'late area is to
t o t a l s t r a k e a r e a : f = B t / A . T h e nt h e
desiredderivative is

(B)

w h e r eA t O f i s t h e s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e
m o d u l ea t t h e r e l e v a n t b a y .
(b)

i n w h i c h t h e v a r i o u s q u a n t i t ' i e sh a v e b e e nd e f i n e d
i n e q s . ( 2 ) t h r o u g h( 1 0 ) . N o t e t h a t o y i s c a u s e d
m a i n l y b y t r a n s v e r s el o a d s a n d j s l i t t ' l e ' i n f l u e n c e d b y c h a n g e si n A . T h u s i t i s t r e a t e d a s
c o n s t a n t ( a o v / a A= 0 ) . T h e o t h e r s t r e s s
d e r i v a t i v e s e r e o b t a ' i n e da s f o l l o w s :

Dt-E'rEt=:g_f--tf
Bt
AA AtAA PB

(16)

I n c o n s t r u c t i n gt h e l i n e a r i z e d c o n s t r a i n t t h e
o0
p t i m i z a t i o n m e t h o da l s o u s e s t h e s e c o n d
MAESTR
d e r i v a t i v e , E z g p 1 a y / } A t . T h ' i s i s o b t a i n e db y
d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g ' d c i .( 1 4 ) a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r a 1 i
of the vari abl es . R eference { 6} exp'al i ns how
t h e s e f i r s t a n d s e c o n dd e r i v a t i v e s o f g a r e u s e d
t o c o n s t r u c t t h e l i n e a r i z e d v e r s ' i o no f t h e a c t u a l
n o n li n e a r c o n s t r a i n t o f e q . ( 4 ) . L i n e a r i z e d
v e r s i o n sa r e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d f o r o t h e r m o d u l e
1evel constraints ari s i ng from module fl exi b'iI i t y
a n d / o r f a t ' i g u e . W h e na l l c o n s t r a i n t s h a v e b e e n
n gi
I i n e a r iz e d t h e r e s u lt i n g I i n e a r p r o g r a m m
p r o b l e mi s s o l v e d f o r t h e o p t i m u ms t r a k e a r e a s .
The fourth step of Part 7 consists of the
r e c a l c u l a t i o n , f o r e a c hs t r a k e , o f t h e s e c t i o n
moduli Zu and 7, and the componentstresses of
o y y t o r - e f l e c t t h e n e ws t r a k e a r e a . T h e a x i a l
S t r e s Si S
FX

oax = T-

(17)

a n d t h e b e n d i n gs t r e s s e s a r e
Mv
l4z
(18)
ob,z = 7;
ob,y =
4
T h e n e wp l a t e t h i c k n e s so f e a c h s t r a k e i s a s s u m e d
t o b e s c a l e d i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e c h a n g ei n a r e a .
F o r t h ' i s n e wt t h e s h e a r s t r e s s i s
.' - ! t[

( 1 e)

w i t h q g i v e n b y e q . ( 1 3 ) . T h e . n e wv a l u e o f o y t
i s t h e n c a l c u l a t e df r o m e q . ( 6 ) , a n d t h e n e w
g p c M vi s e v a l u a t e df r o m e q . ( 3 ) , w i t h r g ' i v e nb y
e b : " ( 5 ) . T h e p r o g r a mt h e n r e t u r n s t o s t e p ( i )

t:
$

computer Aided optimum structural Design of ocean structures

t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f g f o r a l l o f t h e o t h e r I . i mti
s t a t e s . I f t h e s e v a lu e s a n d a l I o f t h e e o r . u v
v a l u e s a r e n o n - n e g a t i v ea n d t h e a r e a c f r a i g E s '
h a v e c o n v e r g e d ,t h e p r o g r a mp r o c e e d st o t h e
s t r a k e I e v e l o p t ' i mzi a t i o n ( P a r t 6 , p h a s e2 ) .
I f n o t t h e p r o g r a mc o n t i n u e sc y c l i n g i n p a r t 7 .
C o n v e r g e n ci e
s u s u a l ' l ya c h i e v e di n o n e o r t w o
c y c le s .
1 1 . S A M P LAEP P L I C A T I O
NA T E N S I OLNE G
TO
P LA T F OR M
i 1 . 1 A i m sa n d S i g n i f i c a n c e
T h i s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e sa n i n f o r m a l a n d q u a i i t a t i v e d e s i g ne x e r c i s ef o r w h i c h t h e a i m sw e r e :
(i )

(ii)

t o de m o n s tra tes o mea s p e c ts o f MA E S TR O

t h a t a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r r e l e v a n c et o a T L p ,
s u c h a s t h e u s e o f c u r v e d b e a ma n d
c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l e l e m e n t sf o r t h e
" c o l u m n "a n d " n o d e "
m o d u l e s ,a n d t h e
t r a n s l a t i o n , r o t a t i o n a n d c o n n e c t i o no f
t h e v a r i o u s m o d u l e st o f o r m t h e c o m p l e t e
m ode .l
to report on the computerequirements
( C P Ut i m e ) f o r t h e s t r u c t u r a l
o p t i m i z a t i o no f a t y p i c a l t e n s i o n l e g
p 1a t f o r m .

I n s i z e a n d c c n fi g u r a t i o n t h e m o d e lw a s b a s i c a l y
s i m i l a r t o t h e C o n o c oH u t t o n T L p d e s c r i b e di n
{ z } a n d { B } , b u t s o m es i m p i i f i c a t i o n s w e r e m a d e .
F o r e x a m p l e ,i n t h e H u t t o n T L P t h e t w o m i d d l e
c o l u n r n sa r e s m a l l e r t h a n t h e c o r n e r c o l u m n s ,
w h e r e a si n t h i s e x e r c i s e t h e y w e r e m a d et h e
same. Also at the time of the exercisethe
a u t h o r ' s o n l y s o u r c eo f i n f o r m a t i o nw a s { 7 } a n d
y a n yi m p o r t a n td e s i g n
{ B l . C o n s e q u e n t lm
c r i t e r i a a n d d a t a s u c ha s s t e e l s e l e c t i o n ( y i e l d
stress), fabrication andother particular c6nstraints (as in fig. 7), minimum
a n dm a x i m u m
I imits, cost coefficients (both fabrication and
m a t e r i a l) a n d d e t a i l s o f d e s i g n l o a d s , w e r e n o t
a v a i l a b l e a n d h a d t o b e e i t h e r e s t i m a t e df r o m
s h i p d a t a o r a r b i t r a r i l y a s s u m e d .T h e r e f o r e ,
a l t h o u g ho p t i m i z a t i o nw a s p e r f o r m e d ,n o s p e c i f . i c
r e s u l t a n t s c a n t l i n g s a r e l i s t e d b e c a u s et h e y
differ for every different choice of the abbve
f a c t o r s . I t i s h o p e dt h a t i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e a
f o r m a l a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e d e s i g n s t u d y m a yb e m a d e ,
b a s e do n a s p e c i fi c T L P a n d u s ' i n gt h e s a m e
d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r sa n d c r i t e r i a a s f o r t h e a c t u a l
s t r u c t u r e . S u c ha s t u d y w o u l d h a v e s e v e r a l
b e n e f it s :
( i ) ' i t w o u l dg i v e t h e v a l u e s o f t h e a d e q u a c y
p a r a m e t e r si n t h e a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e f o r a l I
o f t h e v a r i o u sl i m i t s t a t e s ,
(ii)

i t w o u l dg i v e a n o p t ' i m u d
me s i g nf o r e a c h
s e l e c t i o n o f d e s ' i g np a r a m e t e r s( s t . i f f e n in g
a r r a n g e m e n t sf ,r a m e s p a c i n g ,y i b l d s t r e s s
a n d c o s t c o e f f i c ' i e n t s) ,

( i i i ) b y m a k i n ga s y s t e m a t i cv a r i a t i o n o f t h e s e
p a r a m e t e r s i,t w o u l d r e v e a l t h e r e l a t i v e
s t r e n g t h so f t h e i r i n f l u e n c e a n d t h e
r e l a t i v e m e r i t s o f v a r i o u sc h o i c e s .

23

1 1 . 2 M e a s u r eo f M e r i t
T h e m e a s u r eo f m e r i t w a s a c o m b i n a t i o no f c o s t
a n d w e i g h t b e c a u s e ,i n s p i t e o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e
o f w e i g h t s a v i n g s , i t d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n tt h e
true aim of the designer. In a large structure
i t . i s a l w a y sp o s s i b l e t o s a v e m o r ew e i g h t b y
g o i n g t o a m o r ei n t r i c a t e d e s i g n , b u t l h e a t t e n d a n t c o s t e v e n t u a l l y b e c o m eus n a c c e p t a b l e .
MAESTR
a0
l l o w s t h e d e s f g n e rt o a c h i e v et h e r e a l
a i m : a b a l a n c eb e t w e e nc o s t r e d u c t i o n a n d w e i g h t
reduction. As oneof variousoptions it allows
the designerto specify two types of unit cost
c o e f f i c i e n t s : c o s t s p e r u n i t v o l u m eo f m a t e r i a l ,
s o m eo f w h i c h a c c o u n t f o r m a t e r i a l c o s t a n d
o t h e r s f o r t h e e c o n o m i cv a l u e o f w e i g h t s a v i n g s ,
'length
and costs per unit
of stiffener and other
p o r t i o n s o f f a b r i c a t e d m e m b e r sw, h i c h a c c o u n t f o r
w e l d ' i n ga n d o t h e r f a b r i c a t i o n c o s t s .
Thevalue of theseunit cost coefficients can
differ for d'ifferent types of structures, which
i s a l l t h e m o r e r e a s o nw h y t h e y s h o u l d b e l e f t
f o r . t h e d e s i g n e rt o c h o o s e . S i n c e t h e d e s i g n
s t u d y d e s c r i b e dh e r e w a s p u r e l y q u a li t a t . i v e t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e nf r o m
e a r l i e r d e s ig n s t u d i e s ' i n v o vl i n g s h i p s.
1 1 . 3 D e s c r i p t i o no f t h e M o d e l
S in c e t h e s t r u c t u r e i s e s s e n t i a ' l l y s y n m e t r i c
fore and aft as well as port and starboard, the
m o d e lc o n s i s t e d o f % o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , a s s h o w n
i n f i g . 1 1 . T h ed e s i g nl o a d s w e r ee s t i m a t e d
f r o m i B ] a n d { 9 } ; t h e s e i n c l u d e dv a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s o f e x t r e m el o a d s s u c h a s m a x i m u m
vertical
and horizontal tension leg forces and diagonal
y q v e s t h a t i m p o s e da t o r s i o n a l l o a d i n g . A s o u t l i n e d i n { 7 } o n e l o a d c a s ew a s u s e d t o r e p r e s e n t
t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e m b efro r c e s w h e nt h e d e c k i s
j u s t m a t e dt o t h e h u l I ( s i m p ' l ys u p p o r t e d )a n d
after wejdout(fixed).
T h e m o d e lc o n s i s t e d o f 5 s u b s t r u c t u r e s : t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s ep o n t o o n s ,t h e c o r n e r
a n d m i d d l e c o l u m n s ,a n d t h e d e c k . A b r i e f
d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c hf o l l o w s .
C o lu m n s
T h e c o l u m n sa r e r i n g s t i f f e n e d c y l i n d e r s 1 8 m i n
d i a m e t e r ( i n t h e H u t t o n T L P t h e m i a A t ec o l u m n s
are 14.5 m in diameter). In the MAESTR
m0o d e l
e a c h c o l u m nw a s s u b d i v i d e di n t o 3 m o d u l e s : t h e
"node" (the portion
t h a t c o n n e c t sw i t h t h e
p o n t o o n s )a n d t w o o t h e r m o d u l e sa b o v et h a t .
Th'isallowed the use of three different frame
s p a c i n g s , t o r e f l e c t t h e f n c r e a s e dh y d r o s t a t i c
l o a d w i t h d e p t h . ( I n M A E S T Rf r0a m e i p a c i n g i s
not a variable; it mustbe specified for each
m o d u l e ) . T h e n o d em o d u ' l e( f i g . I Z ) h a d a f r a m e
:' lpeancgi lt gh . o f 0 . 7 5 m a n d 1 4 b a y s , g i v i n g a t o t a l
( o r h e i g h t , s i n c e t h e m o d u l ei x i s i s
v e r t i c a ' l ) o f 1 0 . 5 m . T h e i n t e r m e d i a t ec o l u m n
m o d u l eh a d a f r a m e s p a c f n go f 1 . 0 m a n d 2 3 b a y s ,
a n d - t h eu p p e r c o l u m nm o d u l eh a d a f r a m e s p a c i n g
of 1.2 m and20 bays.
A c e n t r a l v e r t i c a l a c c e s ss h a f t ( w h i c h i s
cylindrical in the actual structure) extends
from the bottom of the node modul eto t he t op of
t h e n e x t h i g h e r c o l u m n ' m o d u l eA
. t this heiqhr
t h e r e i s a d e c k ( t h e " m o o r i n gf 1 a t ' , ) a n d t h 6
a t t a c h m e n tp o i n t s f o r t h e f o u r t e t h e r s , w h i c h a r e

24

O. Hughes

a r r a n g e ds y m m e t r i c al yl a r o u n dt h e c e n t r a l a c c e s s
s h a f t . E a c ht e t h e r i s e n c l o s e di n a c y l i n d r i c a l
" s h r o u d "o r s I e e v e .
F o r s y m m e t r i cm o d u l e sM A E S T Rp0r o v i d e s a c o p y i n g
a n d m i r r o r i n g o p t i o n . H e n c ef o r e a c h c o l u m n
( a n d p o n t o o n )m o d u l et h e o n l y d a t a i n p u t r e q u ' i r e d
wasfor a half section of the module.
I n t h e c o l u m nm o d u l e se a c h s t r a k e c o n s i s t s o f a
3 0 o s e g m e n ot f t h e c y l i n d e r . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e
dO
raws
c u r r e n t p'lloi nt tei nsg p r o g r a mi n M A E S T R
straight
b e t w e e ne l e m e n tn o d e s ,a n d s o i n
f i g s . 1 1 a n d 1 2 t h e c o l u m n sa p p e a r t o c o n s ' i s t o f
f l a t e l e m e n t s ,w h e r e a s' i n r e a l i t y b o t h t h e r i n g
f r a m e e l e m e n t sa n d t h e p a n e l e l e m e n t sa r e c u r v e d .
T h e c u r v e d b e a me l e m e n t i s t h a t o f { 1 0 } a n d t h e
c u r v e d p a n e l e l e m e n ti s t h a t o f { 1 1 } , i n w h i c h
t h e s h a p ef u n c t i o n i s b a s e do n a n a s s u m e ds t r a i n
d i s t r i b u t i o n . M E S T R 0i s a l s o a b l e t o m o d e l ( a n d
e v a l u a t ea n d o p t i m i z e ) a x i a l l y s t ' i f f e n e d c y l i n d r i c a l p a n e l s . T h e s a m es h a p ef u n c t i o n a s f o r
t h e u n s t i f f e n e d p a n e l i s u s e d t o g e n e r a t ea
s t ' i f f n e s s m a t r i x t h a t r e p r e s e n t st h e s t ' i f f e n e r s
i n a " s e m i - d i s c r e t e "m a n n e r ,i n t h e s a m ew a y a s
t h e m e t h o dp r e s e n t e di n s e c t i o n 8 . 4 o f { 1 } f o r
f l a t p a n e l s ( t h e D S Pe l e m e n t ) .
Dec k S t r uc t ur e
I n t h e C o n o c oH u t t o n T L P t h e d e c k s t r u c t u r e i s
e s s e n t ' i a 1 1ayn o p e ng r i l l a g e b e c a u s et h i s a l l o w e d
the int er nal c o m p a rtm e n tsto b e c o n s tru c ted and
outfitted separately, and then inserted 'into
t h e o v e r a l l g r i 1 1 a g e . T h u st h e d e c k s t r u c t u r e
i t s e l f i s r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e , c o n s ' i s t i n go f h e a v y
beams ec t i ons a s th e to p a n d b o tto m c h o rd s and
v e r t i c a ' l 1 y s t i f f e n e d p a n e sl a s t h e w e b s. T h e

MAESTR
m0o d e lo f t h e d e c k c o n s i s t e d o f 5 6 p a n e l
e l e m e n t sa n d 6 6 b e a me l e m e n t s ,i n c l u d i n g t h e
t r i a n g u l a r f r a m e w o r kj o i n i n g t h e d e c k t o t h e
c o lu m n s .
Pontoons
T h e p o n t o o n sa r e o f t y p i c a l b o x g i r d e r ( o r s h i p
h u l 1 ) c o n s t r u c t ' i o n ,w i t h w e b f r a m e sa n d I o n g ' i tudinal stiffeners, and1.5 m radiusedges. The
f r a m e s p a c i n gw a s n o t g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e s{ 7 }
a n d { B } a n d s o a v a l u e o f 2 m w a s a s s u m e d .T h i s
g a v eB b a y s a n d 1 4 b a y s i n t h e i o n g i t u d i n a l a n d
t r a n s v e r s ep o n t o o n s ,e a c h o f w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e d
o n e m o d u l e . T r a n s v e r s eb u l k h e a d sw e r e p l a c e d a t
b o t h e n d so f t h e s e m o d u l e sa n d a t t h e m i d l e n g t h
of the longer one. In the bays adjacent to the
n o d e st h e c r o s s s e c t i o n c h a n g e sf r o m 1 . 5 m r a d i u s
c o r n e r s t o a r e c t a n g l e , a s s h o w ni n f i g . 1 1 .
S i n c e M A E S T Rd 0o e s n o t y e t h a v e a c u r v e d q u a d r il a t e r a l e l e m e n t , t h e r a d ' i u s e de d g e sa n d t h e
t r a n s i t i o n p o r t i o n w e r e m o d e l e dw i t h f l a t e l e m e n t s ,
a s s h o w ni n t h e f i g u r e . T h e c y ' li n d r i c a 1 a c c e s s /
servicestunnel that runs along the centre axis
o f e a c h p o n t o o nw a s n o t m o d e l e d .
N odes
T h e n o d e s ,e s p e c i a l l y t h e c o r n e r n o d e s ,a r e t h e
m o s t c o m p l e xa n d c h a l l e n g i n gp a r t o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .
For maximum
s t r u c t u r a l c o n t i n u i t y t h e p o n t o o nt o p ,
b o t t o ma n d s i d e s a r e c o n t ' i n u e di n s i d e t h e n o d e ,
a l l t h e w a y t o t h e c o l u m ns h e l l o n t h e f a r s i d e .
I n t h e c o r n e r n o d e st h e r e a r e a l s o c e n t r e l i n e
b u l k h e a d sw i t h ' i n t h e n o d e, i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s.
F i g . 1 2 s h o w sh a l f o f t h e M E S T R 0c o r n e r n o d e
m o d uel , w i t h t h e c e n t r e li n e b u l k h e a do m it t e d t o
s h o wi n t e r n a l d e t a i l . T h e m o d u l e ' sl e n g t h w i s e

N O T EA: l I
column
s h e lI
el ements
are
a c t u a l1 y
curved

MODEL

Fig. 11. MAESTR

MOo d e lo f a T e n s i o nL e g P l a t f o r m

;.
i

ir

[.

computer Aided optimum structural Design of ocean structures

25

To faciljtate this, MAESTR

c o0 n t a i n s a r e s t a r t
feature which allows the designerto execute
a n y n u m b e ro f d e s f g n c y c l e s , e x a m i n et h e
r e s u l t s , c h a n g ea n y p a r t o f t h e i n p u t ( e . q . q i v e
n e wo r m o d i f i e do p t i m i z a t ' i o nc o n s t r a i n t s ) l a n O
t h e n e x e c u t ea d d i t i o n a l d e s i g n c y c ' l e sw i i f r O o t f r
t h i s n e wi n p u t a n d t h e d e s i g n s c a n i l i n g s f r o m
a n y o f t h e p r e v i o u sd e s i g n c y c l e s .
REFERENCES

F i g . 1 2 . H a l f S e c t i o no f t h e
C o r n e rN o d eM o d u l e
a x ' i s i s v e r t i c a l . T h e t o p , b o t t o ma n d t h e t w o
i n t e r n a l d e c k sa r e m o d e l e du s i n g t h e , , s u p e r e l e m e n t "f e a t u r e o f M A E S T Ra0n, d t h e i r s t i f f e n i n q
is prov'ided
b y " a d d i t i o n a l " b e a m s( i . e . b e a m
e l e m e n t st h a t a r e i n s e r t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d a r e
n o t a s s o c i a t e dw i t h s t r a k e s ) . A t p r e s e n t t h e
e l e m e n t st h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e i n M A E S T R
f oOr c o n s t r u c t i n g a s u p e r e el m e n td o n o t ' i n c lu d e a n y w . i t h
c u r v e d b o u n d a r i e s . T h e r e f o r et h e c e n t r a l a c c e s s
s h a f t i s m o d e l e da s a n e ' i g h t - s i d e dt u b e a n d t h e
" s h r o u d s "a r e
m o d e l e da s s q u a r et u b e s . I n t h e
p o n t o o nm o d u l e st h e h o r i z o n t a l s t i f f e n e r s o n t h e
s ' i d e sw e r e n o t r n o d eeld e x p ii c i t 1 y , b ut w e r e
sinrplypart of the stiffened panel elements. In
c o n t r a s t , i n t h e n o d em o d u l et h e s t i f f e n e r s w e r e
m o d e l e de x p l i c i t l y b e c a u s et h e y a t t a c h t o t h e
ring frames.
L L . 4 C P UR e q u i r e m e n t s
TheMAESTR
m0o d e l h a d a t o t a l o f 1 3 , 4 0 0d e g r e e s
o f f r e e d o m . T h e C P Ut i m e r e q u i r e d f o r o n e d e s i g n
c y c l e w a s 9 4 m i n u t e so n a V A X1 1 - 7 8 0 ,w h i c h
r e p r e s e n t sa c o s t o f a b o u t 9 3 0 0 ( b a t c h m o d e ) .
R e f e r e n c e s{ 2 - 4 } a n do t h e r M A E S T R
d0
esiqn studies
h a v ec o n s i s t e n t l y s h o w nt h a t i f t h e s t i r t i n q
s c a n t l i n g s a r e s i m p l y a n " e d u c a t e dg- u e s s ' ,( i n y w h e r ew i t h ' i n , s d y , I 0 % o f t h e f i n a l o p t i m u m
s c a n t l i n g s ) t h e o p t i m i z a t i o nc o n v e r g e s. i n a b o u t
t h r e e c y c le s . T h u s e v e n i f t h e o p t ' i m u m
is only
four or five percent better than a designdone
b y o t h e r m e a n s ,t h e c o s t i n c u r r e d i s m i n i s c u l e
in comparison
to the savings.
F u r t h e r m o r e ,e v e n o n e o r t w o c y c l e s c a n g i v e t h e
d e s i g n e r a g r e a t d e a l o f i n s ' i g - h ta n d a p p i e c i a t i o n
a s t o w h a t i s h a p p e n ' i n g :w h a t i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e
o c c u r r i n g b e t w e e nt h e v a r i o u s m o d u l e sa n d s u b s t r u c t u r e s ; w h i c h o f t h e h u n d r e d so f c o n s t r a i n t s , b o t h s t r e n g t h - r e l a t e da n d o t h e r w i s e ,
a r e d r i v ' i n g t h e d e s i g n o f e a c hm o d u l ea n d w h a t
a r e t h e i r c o n s e q u e n c e s ;w h a t a r e t h e m o s t
c r i t i c a l l o a d c a s e sf o r v a r i o u s m e m b O r sm, o d u l e s
and substructures; whatare the locationsand
c a u s e so f t h e h i g h e s t c o s t s , a n d s o o n . T h - i s
i n f o r m a t i o ni s o f g r e a t v a l u e , e s p e c i a l l y i f i t
i s o b t a i n e dd u r i n g t h e d e s i g n - a n d t h e e a r l i e r
t he bet t er - - EE E-u s ei t o fte n i n d i c a te s the
d e s i r a b i l i t y ( o r n e c e s s i t y ) o f c h a n g i n gs o m eo f
t h e d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r sa, n d s t i m u l a t e s i d e a s f o r
f u r t h e r i m p r o vi n g t h e d e s ig n .

{1} 0.F. Hughes

, Ship Stnuctuna.L1e,tLgn, WileyI n t e r s c ie n c e, 1 9 8 3.
{ 2 } 0 . F . H u g h e, s F . M is t r e e a n d J . D a v ei s,
A u t o m a t e ldi m i t s t a t e d e s i g n o f s t e e l
structures, Pnoczzd,Lngt
o6 the gLx.th
Au,ttnnlatirtn Con(enQ,ncQon the MechawLc,s
od Stnuetunu and Ma.ta,tt
Lcr,U, Chri stchurch,
A u g u s t1 9 7 7 , 9 8 - 1 0 6 .
{ 3 } D . L ' i u , 0 . F . H u g h e as n d J . E . M a h o w a l d ,
A p p ] i c a t i o n so f a c o m p u t e r - a i d eodp t i m a l
p r e l i m ' i n a r ys h i p s t r u c t u r a ' l d e s ig n m e t h o d ,
Ttta,nt.S N A ME1981.
,
t 4 ] 0 . F . H u g h e sA
, m e t h o df o r n o n l i n e a r o p t i m u m
d e s i g no f l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s , a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s
to naval sh' i p desi gn, Int. S qmyt o. t iun
on
)pLLmunStnuctunnt- 0e.tLgn, Uhiv. of Arizona,
T u c s o n ,O c t . i 9 8 1 .
i 5 ] D . F a u kl n e r , Y . N . C h e na n d J . G . d e Oilv e i r a ,
L i m i t s t a t e d e s i g nc r i t e r i a f o r s t i f f e n e d
cylinders of offshore structures, ASME,
P a p e rB 3 - P V P - 8 .
{ 6 } F . M i s t r e e , 0 . F . H u g h e as n d H . B . p h u o c ,
A n o p t i m i z a t i o n m e t h o df o r t h e d e s i g n o f
1 a r g e , h ' i g h i y c o n s t r a i n e dc o m p l e xs y s t e m s ,
EngineenLngOy:LLnLzaLLon,
vol . 5, no. 3,
1 9 8 1 ,1 7 9 - I 9 7 .
{ 7 } N . E l l i s , J . H . T e t l o w ,F . A n d e r s oann d A . L .
W o o d h e a dH, u t t o n T L P v e s s e l s t r u c t u r a l
c o n f i g u r a t i o n a n d d e si g n f e a t u r e s,
Pnct
eezdLtrg.t 14th 0 [(.thc,nq T..^noX_o
gtL
C o n [ e n e n c eP, a p e r } I C 4 4 2 7 , H o u s t o n ,T e x a s .
t B j J . A . M e r c i e r , E v o l u t i o no f t e n s i o n 1 e g
p1atform techno'ogy,
l
C onocoR epo r t ,
H o u s t o n ,T e x a s .
{ 9 } R u l e s f o r t h e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o na n d
inspection of offshore structures,
D e t N o r s k eV e r i t a s , L 9 7 7 .
{ 1 0 } D . G . A s h w eI l a n d A . B . S a b i r, I n t . J . m e c l t .
Scz., vol. 13, 133,I97I.
l n dA . B . S a b i r , A n e w
{ 1 1 } D . G .A s h w e l a
c y l i n d r i c a i s h e l l f i n i t e e l e m e n tb a s e do n
s i m p l e i n d e p e n d e nst t r a i n f u n c t i o n s ,
I n - t . .J . m z e h .S c , r _ . v, o l . 1 4 , 1 7 1 - 1 8 ,3 I g 7 Z .

FOOTN OTE S
1 , . T h e " t e t h e r s " , o r t e n s i o n e dm o o r i n gc a b l e s ,
a r e a t t a c h e d n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e c o lu m n s
a n d h e n c et h e c o l u m n sa r e s u b j e c t e d t o
axial compression.
2.

I f t h e s t r u c t u r e i s n o t b e i n g o p t i m i z e db u t
r a t h e r i s b e i n g c h e c k e di n r e g a r d t o
s t r e s s e s , d e f l e c t i o n s a n d / o r m e m b e(rs t r a k e
I e v e l) f i m it s t a t e s , t h e n t h e ' , b e a mc' ,r o s s
s e c t i o n n e e dn o t b e a s i n g l e m o d u l e . T h i s
i s t h e c a s ei n f i g . 6 .

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Scien ce Publishers B. V. (N orth-H olland )
O IFIP, 1985

27

TIfl ORTHOGONAL
I'&,THODFOR sillP FOtLt'1
AND I,ERF0RM.a.N0E
EvAruATroN
Shanqin hU, YongmS.ngQIU and Zheliang
Shanghai Jlao Tong Universlty
Shanghal, China

CiXEN

Orthogonal design ls lntrodueed as an optimlzation method to determine ship pararneters.

Meanwhile, orthogonal polynonials are used as mathernatical rnodels to establish relationshlps
between eeonornic and technical eriterla
and ship paraneters.
Calculated results of a I5rObg
DWI dry cargo shlp show that the suggested rnethods are effective and slnple.
The reliabi11ty of sirip type evaluation can thus be improved.

1. WHATIS AIi ORTHOGO}.IAL

DESIGN

each eolunn of this table.

Every two colurnns form a set of balaneed conplete
pairs.

If A is an n x m rnatrlx whose eler:ents in j

c o l u m n s a r e c o m p o s e do f c o d e d n u n b e r 1 , 2 , . . .
t;(J:l,
2, ... rn) and if any two columns of A
forrn a set of balanced conplete pairs, A ls
called an orthogonal table.
It can be written
as
Ln(tf x L2 x ...

( r ' r ), ( r , 2 ) ,( r , l ), ( r , / ),
( z ' r 1, ( 2 , 2,1Q J ) , ( 2 , t * ) ,
( 3 , 1 ), ( 3 , 2 ), ( ) J ) , ( 3 , t ),
( z , r r ), ( t r r z ), ( t r i l , U r r t *.)

x tm)

How to fornulate an orthogonal table is beyond

the scope of this paper. Anyone who is interested ln this may read some books concerning experlmental designs as j.n Reference(f)(e).

where L means an ortliogonal table, n is the

number oi rows, tl x t2 x ... x tm rneans that
this table has m columns and the first
colurnn
has t1 levels, the second column t2 leveIs,
... the m column, tp levels.
If t1:
tZ:
...
_ t6:1,
lt roay be simply shor,m as Ln(tm).
Table 1 denoted by LfO(a)) 1" r sarnple of an
orthogonal table.
It can be seen that the
coded number l, 2, 3 and { appear evenly i-n

2. USE OF ORTHMONALTAtsI,ESFCR OPTIMAL DESIGN

OF SHiP FOiN PARA]',STEN.S
OrthogoneL tables can be used for optfunal design of shlp form parameters. Take a 151000 T
l,.lechoose deadcargo ship as an exanple.

rable I \6f )
CaicuJated iiesults
t /tt.

1
z
1

q
A

7
Y

10
11
12
1
L3
Il+
'lq

16

1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
tlr
lr

11000
11000
11000
11000
13000
13000
13000
13000
15000
15000
15000
15000
17000
17000
17000
17000

1
2
3
lr
1
2
^

6 ./+
6.6
6,8
7.0
6./,,
6.6
/
0.6

/.
1
^
z
^{

7 .0
6 ./+
/ o . /o
/x
n

lr
1
2
3
lr

v a v

7.O
6./,
6.6
6.8
7.o

'l

0 .6 /,

)
/2

o,72
0.76 /,
0.68

-rlr
1

u.o4
0.76

/ A

U.ctt

'

v. tz

3
t1

O.72
0.76
0 .6 /,

U.OO

lr

1
2
4
3

v. tl

1
2
I

u.

l+

O.t' 4

/ d

n /

u. /o

4
^

BHP

v11

/^
ot)

1
6000
'l510
2
3
9000
t- 10500
/+ 10500
9000
3
7500
2
1
@00
7500
2
1
6000
/- 10500
3
9000
3
9000
/, 10500
6000
I
2
7500

RI'R
y/ron

120.?8
126.O9
T3I.N
136.85
/^
L)t.ot
r29.78
I23.01+
116.93
I22.Og
f15.70
l-32,3tr
Llt.l)

125.16
I29,2A ,
119.08
L26.58

D
ton

("i)

C
f
C
o
Sl0r000 $-0r000

377l .0 t2.36
n929
95.6r
39/+73 109.25
39868 t22.83
/.3596 ILtr.zI
/.2853 102.77
LOBL+5 92.62
/+026/+ 79.3/*
/r35o9
86.1+6
t+1953 77.33
/.6309 ro7.g5
/*5rr7
98.33
g6.se
tr$25
/+7626 102-.ge
1+/+/+t+77/*.36
/+5660 85.06

r2tr6
r3/.2
I/.o2
r/,65
16/15
7609
B9I
r3O2
l5/ro
136g
rg/n1
1701
L7o3
lf 5/+
1610
1613

V
knot

r 5. f i
16.26
16.62
16.?6
l-l.2t+
LC,.gI
15.12
1/*.7/*
r5,lo
t3.92
17.32
16./+6
15. 16
16.33
l/*.l.l*
r5.V

l-o

. /\-

xi

2OI/+.8/+

6a4za6 t53r.e6 2L839 252.6r

l-1

^rn \r.l

g2
If

25372/+ 2.925662
>. 1010

r/.6662r;ois*o 3eBE.z/+

28

Shanqin Wu et al.

Table ]a:

L/B

D\"r

Ir

5r5.O2

IIj
IIIS
IVJ

/.97.X
500.06

sjo

/* 5 .7 ?

)vl. )o

155960
l-67556
176888
r837BO

-r 'l

sjo

Table lc:

Ii

,oo . oo
)l<.vl

rrrl
rvj

_ 1 O U. b O

sjo

?/?

393rO

Jbl . Ol?1n
<'t

2232340

</ <<

6t3/*

59/.7

617/+
6250

t . )

I t E n

S .Ji x

323276

t6/-37/*

1 D l

1 t l d

t ^ D

r7o7o2
Ilo6i7

LO6-)|J)

l-73/+68
I77/+OI

D156A '.j.7166:-.0

IJNI-

(6,Vo
('l

?Q.

E.

Fabrieation

ii

69A0

4.v1

rri
,uj

171300
J./L)Z/

viJ

',/

Qq

r/p

- tru

172552
172a89
I7OE7/+
r6697

3E /-.IB

D14

J.rr J

BI{P

Fuel Cost per Year Cf

Table ld:

- a t d

463.32

vu

r / a

4rc.a5

rr j

l -1.1_8

Volume per Year llt

17081,0
171363
17IO7t+
r7a929

Dii

TTe

500.3t
472./+9
/ng7.EO
500.52
506.21
513./u9
5O7.EO 53r.C6

15.27

L/B

I .0 8 t 5 85
>: 1OB

BHP

509./,,8
5O5.O5
/+99.56
500.75

9.28

uui
T o

cg

500.66
500.81
505.76
507.61

Table 1b:Traffic

IIJ
IIIj
IVJ

RFR

ot6L

3/a6

37t.I7
379./" 8
3 8 5. 8 5
3E6.36
]t.14

3I3.39
36t.75
406.67
/,/rg.5g
258.95

Cost Co
BiiP

65ri
6298

OLYZ

EE'N

OLY4

oLrdo

F,nop

62?_9

)'Jlo

v/.14

e,4t5
6811

4e2o9

2E/,

221273

TabLe 1e: Sliip Speed V

DW

65.02
6 1 ,.0 1
62.Bo
@.78

-L 'l

rri

rrri
rv i

sJo
SJ:

2.50

L,/ D

62.88
63./r1
63.2t

63.rr
0.036

Cg
6/o.76

6/*.ro
62.79
60.96
2. Ll _

HH

63.29
63./-7
62.93
62.92
0.056

ts'

58.18
61.63
6s.t5
67.65
12.82

r 3 - r u 3 + r u 3 + r_v 3
nm

UI

welght DW, length breadth tatio L/R, bloek

coeff'lcient Cg, and rnain engine BI{P as /* design pararneters and each paraneter has /* 1evels.
Required freight rate ii^FR,traffic
volune per year llb, .fuel ec--st per year Cf , fabrication eost Co and ship veloeity V are
Orthoeonsidered as optimizatlon eriteria.
gonal table LIOQr)) car, be u.sed to deterrnlne
the optimal eornblrration of paraneter l-evels
f or all tirese criteri a no natter wirichever
methods a.re used to calculete the eriterion
va1ue.

The orthogonal design has several merits which

ean be obviously seen frorn Table 1.
(f) As d parar'eters are ehosen as factors that
influenee the criteria
and eaeh i'actor las {
level-s, to aehieve a eonplete ccnrbir,ation of
sricl: a de.sign requires to calculate each
e r i t e r i o n v a , I : . e 2 5 L ( L D) t j n e s .
If the caleul-ation is car;'!ed out on an orthooonel table
such as tttQ)),
o n l y 1 6 t i m e s j s n e e d e c lt o
cal-culate eaeli crjterion
and ttre t"ol.,aJ-?.56
posslble conbinations eari be deduced by the
way explained Jater.
i

i[.

Ship Form and PerformanceEvaluation

(Z) The order of lnfluer.ce of dift.erent paraneter levels on each eriterlon ean be easily
fourd frorn the calcul-ated results.
See Table
la to 1e, the s;nnbols I , II , III
and IV
represent the sun of the caleula.ted resufts
vith the sa.ne eoded nunber.
So fa.r as IIFR ls
eoneerned, the s'.rmsof the first,
second, third
and fourth four valrres are JIJ.O2, 5CZ.3B,
/r97.38 and 500.06 respectively.
Fron Tab1e 1
we .find that the differences enong these four
sums a,re mainly due to the di{'ferences among
the Dh' levels.
So we have the inpression that
1r we want a Dr^rto get a lowest IIIR, we must
ehoose the thlrd level-, i.e., 1fr000 ton.
Similar cal-culations and judgnrent can be applied
to all other paraneters and criteria.
Table 2
Source of
Variation

a:

DW
Cg
DfLT

se
h.

DC

DW
Ce
BHP
Se

Cg

Surn of Sorrares S

se

3/,3.98
2583.95
-

^ d

DLi
L/B
Cg

Dt{
Cg
tsHP

se

Mean Square

3
{

L5.27
5.09
I54.U

3.&

36286].67

rz3t
25

79?5537

269

7uzso

Signifi

eance

4./* E 7
!.t*9
115.29

**
**
**

?9/"78

LtL.66
86l-.32

26.67
2OO.3I

Jr lf

**

lr.30

323276
3/,28
/+82O9
221273
28/*

se
:

of Variarce

JO.()t'

E ttr

It
Y

dt& Tr 6,

d+ (3zTt 6+
d+ 0" T, 6r
d, AtT+6t
d1 p1 Yr 6,r

3. ANALYSISCF VARIANCE

S4:Sy-/g* Scb
: 18.I/++/,,.02+16.52
-

d:
Co

RFR
Traffic
Volurne per Yea.r
Fuel Cost per Year
Fabrication Cost
Shlp Speed

De5rees of Freedom f

108558500
22328/+O
237766ra
s4+ sLlB
: 137560+3g3to
: 1766?0

DW
BIIP

(3) The best conbinatlons of the parameter 1evels for each eriterion
can be deterrnined. Let
us use. alphabets d, (5, T
and d to represent
Dw, L/8, Cs and BHP as shown clearly in Tabl-e
1a to le rospectively,
we ffu:.d the following
combj.nations of thelr leveLs are the best for
each criterion.

Analysis

/* 5 .7 7
1 5 .2 7
/* 6 3 .3 2
sL+ S:,-/a
- 1 1 . 1 -+
8 9.28
-- ?0./+6

29

2.50
2.TT
12,82
34+ Sy/s
: 0 . 0 5 6+ 0 . 0 3 6
- 0.o92

i o7759
II/r3
1607A
73758
95

0.83
0.70
l * .27
0.015

c-*

II3/*
L?.
L69
776

*
**

55.56

*lt

l+6.99
28/+.E9

x*

**
**

& : F g . 1 9( 3 r 6 ) : 3 . 2 9 , r 0 . 0 5r : , 6 ) : t * . 7 6 , F 6 . 9 1 ( 3 r 6 ) - - 9 . 1 9
b : t r ' g. 65(
3, 6 ) : / r . 7 6 , r 0 . 0 1 \ J , 6 ) : 9 . 7 8
n

l a

.t.

F o . o 5( 3 , 9 ) : ) . E 6 , ro.or( 3, 9 ) : 6 . 9 9
F o . o!53 , 3 ) : 9 . 2 8 , r s . s 1 3( , 3 ) : 2 9 . 5
F 6 . 9 5( 3 r (:): /r.'/6, F g . g 1 ( 3 r 6 ) : 9 . 7 8

Further examlnatlon of the calculated results

w111 strow that not a1l the paraneters actualcffects on these criterla.
ly havc slgnlflcant
The fourth column 1s an enpty column, but the
si:ns of each 4, crlterlon
values whlch have the
same coded nurnber ln this enpty column rernain
Thls means that some other factors
different.
whlch we have not dealt with also have effects
Therefore, sum of squares
on these criteria.
is glven ln Table la to le and the analysls
of variance is shown by Table 2a t,o 2e. The

parameter levels that havc no signlflcant

effects on any crlterlon
wll-L be denoted by
rebaan{pt O.
In accordance uith thc analysis of variancc,
the best comblnations of the paraneter lovels
for each crlterlon
vil1 be as follows:
RFR
Traffic
Volume per Year
Fuel- Cost per Yean

dl6o % 6r
d{, 0, T, 6,,
6+fioTo6t

Shanqin lilu et al.

30
Fabrlcatlon
Shlp $peed

c{,0, T+5r
d, 0oT,5+

Cost

The total- effect of paraneter 1eve1s can be

equatlon:
calculated by the folloulng

lJe take RFR as the nost lmportant erlterlon.

So BHP 1s chosen as 61000. The length breadth
effect on fabrlcaratlo only has slgnlflcant
As the optltlon cost, so wc i"ake L/B:6.tr.
for all the
mal 1evels of block coefficients
it is better to
are ln contradiction,
crltcrla
t - a k e a c o m p r o m l s ev a l u e , 1 . e . , C B : 0 . 6 8 o r
O.72. This ls also true for deadwelght D!/. So
lre can choose DW:13r000 ton or 151000 ton.
at last.

Four designs are available

Design
Deslgn
Design
Deslgn

They are:

For example, t,he Rf'R for

nrn(I)-

Deslgn 1 is

ZOU.AL *1 502. -28- 2014.16/.r

1
6
L
1
6
l
, | /.72.t*2 _ ?.0142/+8
):11?.?9

-\--r-T/-'

The total effects of pararneter leve1s on all

the criterla
are shor,rnln Tab1e 3. The values
wlth synbol * are the calculated resu.l-ts from
regression analysls reeomnended ln the next
chapter.

dz 6, TrEr
d'.0,T151

1
2
l
{

Total effect of parameter levels :

Gross nean + Effects of all signii'icant
parameters

d+ (j, Tt )r

d+ 0,Tt Er
Table 3
RFR
Yua4,/ton

Design

Dt
ton

vI'

t+o/+79
lro5?8*

?9.83
90.78*

L32I
r3tgx

Iln.99
l/*.93x

Lr7.79
118.02*

^ott6
t oz5x

79,83
80.78*

t2 tv

L/t..67

L2?O*

r/+.6r*

n< /,').

l,16.5l+
Ll-.6.77r

t*28t 6x

76.&x

Li./",8
U+L6x

r/*.69
14.58x

/+25AE
t*?526*

75.6)
i6,66x

r397
1397*

l L.26x

4ZOLl

1 - l
1-alt

/*. Tlm oRTHoGoNALP0LyNOMIAIS

Suppose the 1eve1s of pararneter X are equally

dlstant points, the total nunber of parameters
ls L and that of levels ls m, the repeated
tests of each level, is p, the order of orthorn - L. Then,
gonal polynornlals is n and n
tho total efrect of parameter levels developed
will be
by orthogonal polynonials

-_ t + f

J=t

L bJkVk("J )

n - /
Li!-+t

n - , /
y-tlt

1tr (| x r .V' Lr
4) :

The merits of orthogonal design w111 be more

remarkable lf orthogonal polynomlal is used to
results 1n orthogonal tabLes.
fit the-ealculated
That rneans dlserete pol-nts are fltted with contlnuous curves.

Y(x)

knot

l,17.79
118.6L*

l-16,5t+
1l-7.56*

y10r0oo

$10r000

n' r -- ?

14. to

-D!J:U@9
,
2000

tlr2i1):cry*#w-)'- #
' ott**8ool
rfr3(x1)=(

4I , D1.t-1/,000.
20 t 2ooo )

f1(*2):W
02.38
brr (nrn)- +
[ (-l) x5t5.oz+(-1)x5
/$4x)
-

k=l

ts )x/+g7.3BBx5AL.22)
-1.2/*7

rrhere
^
k
m
b"J k- - - F 3 .
.,L O1(*rr)rq
P
Ifnt*r;)1=t
k:1r
J-

rt

F-test is used to reject all

cant regressive coefflcients.
the regresslve equatlons.

L235 ( Ov;-r4,OOO
RFR= 12/,.? 34 . OQO
) t C. 0000002/,
( ot"t-t4coo)z-19. I ( cr-o . 70)t0 . 00319

2, ...; 11
2, . . . , 1

(eHP-ezrc)

A1r the \n,

Qr.(*t), E., Qr. (*i) and Xp ean

be got from orthogonal pbl-ynornial tables ln

Yij:Ij
s o m eb o o k s o f s t a t i s t l c s .
j rII13 r...
The regresslons of orthogonal
the &ta ln Table I are:

polynomlals

the non-signtflFollowlng are

from

D+.
3Z
) -O. OpOOZ
" : /*3263+I.I59 ( OVr-tr*OOO
(cs -0.70) -67188
(Dw-1l,0oo)2-8ooo
-E25O
( cs-o .7o) 1+o .727\tsHP
)
cf :

0.00?56
95.7/*4.002C5(OW-rr*OOO)+
(nH p+ el o)

Ship Form and PerformanceEvaluation

Co:

t565+0.0636( DrrJ-1/+000
)16S(r/g-6 .l) -tzz6
( c g{ . 7 0 )r 0 .0 5 3( d H p -8 2 5 0-0
) . o o 0 o045
r+0. oo0ooooo4(BHp
(BHP-8250)
-s250)3

1,1:

-Z .g4rcg-O.?O)
( OW-rZ|OOO)
15.79-0. 000174,
+ 0. 00 0 5 3 (n H r-s Z :o )

3l

(Z) If sorne parametors are glven, the orthogonal polynonlals

can be used to find optlurlzatlon values of the rernained parameters.
For
exampler lf Cg:O.6Lr L/ts--6.4, ve can find
the mlnimiun BHP that can ensure the ship veloclty to be rrot less than 15 knots.
The calcu-l-ated results are shown ln Table /*.

The ealcu]-ated results of all the crlterion

values eorrespondlng to the test points are
all shownin Table 3. ft is proved that the
regressive equations are qulte accurate.

5. AIi EXAMFLEOF TiiE EVALI]ATIONOF SHIP

Performance
Crthogonal table can also be used to evaluate
ship perfortrance.
As an exa.nple, a L273I3)
table ls used to evaluate the open water cLraracterlstlcs
of three klnds of propelLers.
The pararneters and thelr levels are shown ln
Table 5. The calcul-ated results are shom in
Table 6 and the analysis of varlance in Table

From the orthogonal polyrronials we can see

that l
(f) The relationshlp
between every criterlon
end the shlp for"m paraneters is more dlstlnct.
Take RFR as an example. 'ife can flnd that if
BIIP is decreased by 500, ffiR will be deereased
by 1.6 pran/ton.
If Cg is lr.creas.edby 0.01,
RFR will be decreased by 0.2 yuan/ton.
h?ren
all other parameters are fixed, RFR wl1l be
mlnimum lf DW is nearly 151000 ton.

,7

Fron the calculated

(1) Pltch

ratlo

results

we can see that:

ls the nost effective

parameter

Table 4.
Design

1
z

Dlri
ton

13000
11,000
15000

It
v

Cg

EI'R
8/t,on

knot

0.635
0 .6 4 0
0.6/+0

5500
5650
62oo

1l_8.11
r18.26
119.00

15.o2
I/r.99
15.00

Dt
ton
Lo26f.
$756

/.n96

Cf
s101000

'|'|.OO
77.&
78.19

Co
sio1000

r2gg
1/.10
t520

Table 5
-.-..|crameter
Type
Level
ZL

2
1

where

Troost
JDC
AU

0.35
0.50

c.6

n A <

1.0

t l

v .

0./r0
0.30
0.20

.l: P/p(r-s)
J - e o e f f i c i e n t o f advance
s - slip ratlo
Ae/ tto - blade area ratlo
f/O - pitch ratlo

on propeller open water c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The
greater the pltch natlo l s , t h e b i g g e r t h e
thrust
a nd the tcrque.
As efflciency
is concerned, lt ls better to take greater pitch
ratio.
(Z) Sl1p ratio 1s also an effective parameter.
It is better to choose a smaller slip ratlo
so as to get hlgher er'ficlency.
(l) The blade area ratlo has not significant
But the
el'rect both on thrust and torque.
propeller
with a sma'lfer blade area ratio
most probably wj-lL have a higher efiiciency.
has the smalQ) The forn of the propellers
lest efi.ect on open water che.raeteristlcs so
far as these three kinds of propellers are
coneerned.
(,. CONCLUSIONS
(f)

P/D

A.e /a.o

The orthogonal nethod ls a powerful tool

for the deslgn and evaluation

perfornance pEraneters .

of shlp

form and

(Z) All the calcu.l-ations can be carried out

on a personal computer and the tirne consumption is qulte limited.

References:
1
W.G. Cochran & G.l{. Cox, ilxperinental
.
l
Deslgns (John iiiley & Sons, Inc, New
York, !957)
l'1aXiweng, The llathenatical Theory of
2
Orthogonal Design (Peoplers Edueatjonal
Pub. Bei.jing, 198L, in Chinese)

Shanqin l|u et al.

32

r l q

XFJ

. l t '\o
C - stnf f ' - O
@ O O 1 . - \ N ^@ - @ O N O \ O t { \ r t r N r y O t " ' = Q 9 Q \o
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a

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o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o

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o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
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Sltip Forrn and PerJbrmqnceEvaluatiort

I
I

I
II

II
I

.l
I

el

AJ
C\J$
I
C \ O

Ort.c\Ln
r
l.r N-,
r - F
a

r - r

OCOF-srD=
O--

I
-l

-l

'

tr- sf
N^,I
co o

c- \o \o
r D-rn
- o -

1..<+
C\t I
o
o
- r - . + X
a

a
tr
.-l

r < f

O r N @

(\ |
\o u\\o
- - O l J \ O
a

-f
\ o
tg
r -

c! .r,t{-,
< s c o o r n
N-\ |
t*- ro
- l ( ' , O

t{\
.
a
O

o
a
O O O

In

sf

!n

Lc\ tf\

O
r
X

tnl
tr- o

LN Tlf\ LC\

|(-\$t
tf\N00
Lf\ |r\ |f\

r.- |

COsf
r l
L n o

LNLN|.f\

o\

Ln
.i-

o o o

o J

tt\

lrrOr-

.+
t =

lf\

c'- \o \o
e

t.r

o o o

tt\
c\j

F-. rf
l.'@

o\oo\
tn

t.r\

F-.
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33

34

Shanqin Wu et al.

Table 7
Souree of
Varlation

Sun of

Squares

Kt

Wpe
te/l.o
P/D
s
se

o.oo2759o
o.ooolBJg
0.012628
o.o13Bi4B
c.oo56o45

Kq
-

Type
te/l,o
p/o
s
so

0 . 0 0 0 0 14 8 5 9
o.ooooo251
o . o o 1o 9 o 2 t 2
0.00020407
o.oooo32535

t7

Type
te/ to
P/D

C. O 1 1 2 4 9
o.01819F
o.o57"77

o.oioo25

se

o.0022673

Fo.t (2,

1B)=2.52

Fo.o5 (2,

Analysls

Degrees

of

of Yariance

Freedom

2
2
2
2
1B

l,lean Square

o.oo11795
0.00c09195
o . o 0 6 J 14
O. 0 0 6 9 1 74
o . 0 0 o i 11l 6

4.43
0. l0
20.28
22a22

SJ-gnificanee

*
**
+*

o . o o o o o 7 4 2 9 4 . 1o
o . o 0 o 0 o215 5 o . 6 9
o . ooo5451
l oo .54
0 . o 0 o 1o 2 o , , 5 5 6, 2 8
0 . 0 0 0 0 08113

2
2
2
1B

2
2
2
2
1B

0.ao66245
52.59
0.0090975
72 .Z.V
A .026668'
211 .'77
1 9 8. 5 7
0 .o25o1z
0 . 0 0 0 12 5 9 6

*+
+*
Jrrf
lt+

1B)=2.55

Fo.ol (2,

1B)=5.61

*'t
**

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
o IFIP. 1985

iisDP

. E
r)

1 L. ' u L L S T R U C T U t EI r A T A p R C C E S S r f t cs y s r E M
,{LG LI-FA.; anci XU GA-|G
Al:liei
Softviare Development Center
lnira_Staf
e Shipbuiloing.
Cor.ooration
Fecple's Republic of China

HSDP system i9 an important

part of .snipbuilding-oriented
cAD system d.eveloped by Applied soflriare
Develop,,r".i c-enter.
ihis
system can provide
a
great nuinber of drall'lngs and
documents tinrely for ggligners.
This
paper
places emphasis on the functions
anci outlinel
of ilsDp.
The maln features
oi.
the system are:
1) the introciuction
of the structural
a
r
rangement
analytic
meLhod'
A nodel of the steei structure
baseo on the theory of
topotogy
is
establ-j-shed at the very beglnnin8
of "fip
design,
whrch closely
l-1nks
hull
geometry definition
r arrangement rel-ation
and ilaierial
nominatl-or,.
The model
is used to generate the driwlngs and ciocuments
for each design stage.
2) close relationshlp
establ-is[ed among gusigning,
drafting
and
roftj-ng.
consequently,
a greal nuirber of infornition
can b; accumaliteo
for cAl,i system.
i.

INTRODUCTIOIi

ilsDp system ( Hulr Structure

Data pro_
cessing System ) is an i:nporranr
part
of shipbui_lding-orJ_ented
bAl system
developed by Applied Software Develoc_
ment Center.
This system can provid'e
a great number of ctrawi-ngs and
ciocu_
ments timely
for ciesigneis in each
0est_gn stage.
Tradltional
hull
structural
oetail
design had been a tilne-consuming v;ork
invol-ving
many repeated work, due to
human-error
and incoorciination
amona
departments ouring ciesign process. Tie
currently-useci
C A D a n d C A i " is y s t e n s a r e
not organlcally
linnert,
resuitin6
in
many repetitiors.
fhe application
of
this
system can not oniy reduces rranual
work, but also mi_nimizes deslgn-"iioru
so
_as to guarantee the desj_gn quality
and speed up nul_l design process.

anQ lhe CAD anci C+l{ prograrnrnlng

sysf em
in our country.
As lne-second step
r v,,
oesignei and
parti_al1y
c.evelope;
the
system usi-ng batcir procbss
and
!of a? E
Sa
..ur
Case.
On tne
basis
._rf above_
rnentionecl i-esearch
result,
ne uuu"_
lopeo i_nferactive ;lSDp systern.
ji;1r-y sJst e:n ha.d
i een
suc c es-"f uily
acopled in designs and constr,uction!
l i

F n

a(-,.i

2.

e,! r f

'frE

of

L - .

DEVlLCir.IltT

CF hSDts SySIEr.i

fn tne
;irocess
cf
crevercpi-n6 ,.SDp
syslern , basi c uonsi deration s .6,ere
gi ven
lo fne establisnrrient cf corriljuter
based
'f""sfeel
structure
rnociel at
";i;"
A nodet- o1. rne
gta6;e.
nult:b: L: ie? e- trr
structure
is
estabilsrred on the

t n e o r y , r , v n i c n. r n i * i r "

: lo : i !t e?tpr .oy 1uoedf i 'n{i.t l o n ,

i:1, iuir il "_ 6 e
arrangelnent
relation
and;naferial
nominaLion
( """
fig.
1).
Ihis moclei is able ro proouce
all necessary crrawings anci ciocurnLnt.s.

The HSDPproject
was initiated
1n 1926.
At that time, the comput.er application
in Chj-nese shipbuilding
enteibO such a
period
during wirlch tha programs
for
rule calcul-ation , ship struc ture
strength
calculalion,
lines
fairlng
plate oevelopment hao
been
?nd shell
developed and applied Luccesslvely.
The speclal
program and geonetry i.._
guage for processing steel strultural
parts also began to be used 1n
NC
rrrule
lo f ting.
A so-calleo
basic
pl?tg prl!ciple'r
p r o c e s s i n g m e t , n o c ib y
which hull
structural
parts can
be
seperateci according to basic structural
plan was al-so availabl-e.
Consequently,
the development of computer-aj-oeo. arrangement and shaplng of nuII
structu _
ral members as a furtner
step
of CAD
system was put on the agenda.

2,1. l

First
hull

By t9"T. of geometric definition,

we mean
tne ciefinltion
of geo;netry element
for

of all,
we investigateci
forei_gn
structural
iat,a processin6
systems

Fig.

iiull

steel

sfructural

2.1
r.'ne establishnent
a t r u c t u r a l - m od e l

of

hull

model
steel

Geometry oefinitlon

36

Xirtg Li-Fan and Xtt Gang

ciescribing
hull
contour,
internal
structures.
These
elements
are
tne
foundatlon
of definition
of null
steel
structure
in 3D space.
These
elernents
include:
(i )
The prlmary
pl-ane:
structural
hull
surface,
platform
deck surface,
surface,
inner bottom surface and transverse bulkhead surface etc. .

nane of the material

which is selected
will
be
described
1n the
struct,uralmembers arrangement, wnile tne type,
the
ciraracteristics
riaterial
of the
will
be
oescribed
in
the
material
nornination.
2.2
Tne features of
model are as follows:
(1)

(2)
The lnternal
plane:
structural
various
longitudinaland
transversai
bul-khead surfaces
contalned
in
large
surf ac e,
such as longi tudlnal
buli<head
surfaces of topslde tank or bottom tank.
(3)
The primary srruccural
line:
the i-ntersection
llne
bet,v;een two structural
surface,
such as those between
two large
surfaces
or two internal
surfaces.
These l-ines wi_ll determi_ne the
extent of tnese structural
surfaces.

(5)
Seams:
circumferenfial
on shel-I plate

or longltudinal
and decks.

For these surfaces and lines,

code system is introduced.
2.1.2
lati-on

The topological

seams

a special

arrangement re-

The
topological
arrangement
relatlon
refers
to t,he rel-atlons
among various
structures
and describes how eacn independent stuuctures
is related
to its
adjacent -structures.
The ciescription
1s
independent of the actual gecmetry
so
that any changes of dlmenslon,
type
of
materlalrscantling
do not influence
the
arrangement relatlon.
It will
be
val-id
as long as the topology (i.e.
the structural lay-our)
1s the same. For lnstance,
a series of bottom side floors
described
are delimj-ted by sicie girder
and shell
plate.
Once the side gircier 1s relocated
or the shape line
is rrrodifiedr or. both
changes occur at the same time, the
system will
automatically
m o c i if y
tnese
f l-oors.
2.1 .3
tion

The struc tural-

rriaterlal

nomina-

The material
of
any
hu1l
structural
member 1s cietermined af ter the calcul-ation
of
structure
stren6th.
The
of
material
tipe
1s
$
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
j-ndepend of the arrangement
refation.
In other word.s, the same arrangement
relation
rnay be materlal_ized
b "ye xdi iinf p fl be-r, _
ent xlnd of material.
For an

;li,':t::i":f

:i;i3"olil

be' nacie
ui' oi

Both the structural

riieinber arrangement
and material
nominatlon
are fink6d
bv
the code name of material,
The code"

structural

The inociel i-s perfecf eo st,ep by step

The
mociel- is
estabiishrnent
of
the
starteo
in forrnation,
f rom the global
sucn as the
of
6eornetry oescription
( for
large
examples, snell
surface
pIate, oeci{s, inner bottom, buiknead )
and the topology
description
of
the
sfructural
arrangement. Cn tnis bas1s,
Cetail descrlption ( cucr.,as transversal
and longitudinal
local
vyeb and fratne,
stif feners etc. ) is acicied.
/

(4) The secondary structural

line:
the orlentational
line of secondary
structural
members wnich -Locate on tne
structural
surface ( ". g. stiffeners).

null

The
tZ)
slrnplicity

built
up
mooel i s
to comprenensiveness

from

The null
up
st,eel rr,ociel to be built
may b e
preli,i'in ary
or
f in al
1n
accordance with oesign process and the
requlrements of designers.
Lasea on
prelirninary
ship lines
and general
arrangement,
a ciesign model for rarge
surfaces rna;l be built
up so Lnat
a
varlous of sxeleton
drawings can
be
generateci in the eariier
period
of
cresign stage. Al-on6 witn tne progress
of desi-gn process, tire riioul built
will
be 5raoually
corr,prehensive
and
com.olicafed,
provlde
and
finally
detailed
data docurnents and drawings.
(,
n f
v a

Tne lndepenciance ano consistence

^ ^ + \,td. tr'd

The f underinental eiements i. e. 6oirretry definitlon,

ropcllo,,icar arrange;nent
relation
and
structural
materlal
nofiinatlon
seperate
from
are
eacn
other and can
coriir/runicate '1,'itn
also
The hulr geometry definj-each other.
tion
the
material
and
type
are
seperately
stored,
the toporogy
relation of structural
member's Soints and
the
naterial
scantling
are
also
seperately
Tnus fhe unlqueness
stored.
of prlrr'ary data and
the consistency
durlng nodj-ficatlon
can be guaranteed.
At the same time fhe
requirement
of
rnodificafj-on ciuring null
uesi6n process
will
be lriet.
L - l a s e do n n u l l
i r r o d e l,
steela verious
type of section file
can be
automati^-r r .'
-^teo and their
section
v d r r J
6 9 1 1 g r d r
be
obfained
figues
can
also
accordin6Iy
by
struct.ural
arran5ement
anal-ytic method.
2.3
The applicati-on
of
struc tural
arrangement analytic
rnethod
process
rlull sfructure
oeslgn
is
a
features
frie
and
must satisf'y
which
and
require
rules of sniprs structure

I
i

*
*

&

T
HSDP - A Hull Stucture Data ProcessingSystem

ciesignerst
ex.perience.
fhe
whote
structural
arranbement
anci n.at,erial
standard
are
expressed
1n
basic
plan of hull.
structure
lhe oetailing
of deslgn and generation
of
worKsnop
o.rawln.,s are complet,ed througn
processing the structural_ ritefibers.

cieLermine the
intersection
between
longitudlnalmernber and
rransversal
inember, the type and parameters of the
area.
.lo1nted component 1n connection
For troles and openings,
such as
mannolet_ Iighlening
hole, drain sJ_ot,
rrpass-t,nrougn'r hole,
profile
tire
systern can also autornat.icall-y cleflne
thelr locations,
sizes and limltatlons
accorolng to the
related
components'
shapes and dimensj_ons in li_ght of
the
specifications
and stancards contained
in fhe documentcry fj_le library.

Af ter the
hull
steel mocrel is built,
the system can autoi:raticaily
analyze
the
sLrucf ural
arr,angement, generate
plans
section
by
different
vie,/,s,
seperate anci oevelop
tne
transversaL
longifucrinal
and
niembers in
every
section
anci aiso
5ener,ate all
esreirlial
paraxteters
reqr-iir.ed to
clescri ue tnese rrirrbers.

The introduction
of structural
arranEe_
mcnt analytlc
method not only leads Io
t h e b a t c n i . e ne r a t i o r
of tne
sec tion s
cirawings at cietall design stage,
but,
also results
in tne bat,ch proc esslng
of structure
generation
as a wnole.
Due to the fact that the prirnary oata
can be input in oalcn and cnecred
or
r r , o d lf i e c i n a n j - n t e r a c t i v e
way ,
input
data pre.iraration can be made or'il-ine.
ihi s f un c tion i s parti cularly
irr,portan t
in case that the work loaq of the
corriputer 1s very neavy or the nurnber
of h'orKstati-ons is li-rni.beo.

iiSDP systern incluoes

a
serious
of
tcchnical
specit'ications
and stanoarcls
part of tne
as integral
critercn
of
sLructur:rl
arrangernent arralysls.
Triese
speciflcatlons
a.re t,ne rules issucci by
cl-asscification
societles
aLout
hull
sLructure.
Tne
stanciar.cis are
the
tecnnlcal
rules lnfrociuceci by oesi6ners
production
for
tlre
stage
and
sonic,
a p p o i n t r n e n t s r r r a c i eb y t h e s y s t e r l i f s e i f .
lfhese speci-fication
and
standards are
stored in docu:r,entory fllc
iibrary
in
prorra:i ano can be
tnc l Jrm o f library
updated
or
time,
added
In
any
at
operation,
the
actual
systen
will
relateo
seiec t the
st:rncrards to anaLyze
hull
structure.

iiSDP systern is a system lvhlch

consists
of many program modules
with
special
engineering
core. Tne
data base as its
perf orm
in f ortnation
system
w j -l l
transfer
arnong various ;r,oeuIes tnrough
exchange of data file.
Fig. 2
snows
configuration
of HSDF system.

Among these
speci fication
ano
standarcls are
structuraiarrangenent
specif ication,
s p e.;oi-nt connectlon
cification
and noles ano ocenin.s
stan dard s.

Srrip

I t
!

c r

Detai.l-

r ( I

a .r r

rrul-i steei
n . ^ f

. - - l

.r.-uci
Tl e

Section
ora,rin5s

uesi6n

l,tancard
slt'uC ture
processln5

Blr, c 'r
dra*ings

Specr ai
str!tc ture

orawings

i-roCessin6
Statisr.icg
re!orLs

l"i t, r-ary
r { r l U ,

^ l

e x p - ; a ns i - n

C:n p:n en r

< - f

plitrn

Pr':-:r:arly,-resign

: it r u c t u r e
:rian5e:r.ant

. , ,a

Lu o y

U l l

laitrn.

i'-inl,lj-ne,
ieiinitrrn
f

form generation

r . f

stani:ru

!:
Fig.2

module

To deflne ship form by executlng ship

form defini-tion
module i-s one of
the
most important
function
of iiSDP system.
The prelimj-nary
ship form can be generated tnrou6h parent ship form variation

s n i pp
J

Lrnes

Ship

J.1

tne
and

| | r a r e nn t

f.r.m

a t TLI\ ES CF rISDP

3.

si,eci r'ication
or
tne c.iri'espondi-ng

Easeci on
tne
hull
steei model,
systetn carl autonat,icalJ-y process

37

r15DP ar,rlieit
iif c L rast

I
J

Conflguration

of

IiSDP system

WEl
TE7 @Y
TWW

38

Xirtg Li-Fart artd Xtt Gcutg

and two-dr-rectr-onaI
I'ne lrnaI
l'aj'ring.
s r r l p f o r m c a n a l s c b e B e ne r a t e o t n r o u g l r
triree-directional
fairj-n6.
The global hull
bow
surface incluoing
tltis
arld stern can be cieflned by
The hull
surface oefinifion
system.
provide the foundation of qescribwili
ing seams and longitudi,nal
struct,ure
m e m be r s .
1n f orinalion
The geometric description
giruers
anci
of seams, longiiuoinal
be
members can
lnternal
structural
generated in earlier
stage in accorsnip form.
dance witii tne prellr:rj-nary
snip
of final
After
the generation
f orm, these in f ormaf ion wil-l be si,lrecl
oesign anC
for further
use in oetail
production
deparLrr,ents. F-i8. J sno\IS
lines
plan generateo by snip forrri oefinition
mociule.

trir b ...

z,
)

',lhe lines

plan

pL-anes a.r:ci
Primary structural
3.2
Iines geofteLric definifion
mocule
This

mooule is

do^ma1-n-in

^l?neS

b v v r r r v v r r -

l , - a

used to
and

define

li_neS

Of

the
infef-

nal- hull
struc ture.
These plan es
and lines will
be subsequently useo
to provide founciaflons cf orientating
m e r n be r s i n 3 D s p a c e , a n d
struc tural
determine the geotnetric cescription
On tire
arrangement.
of structural
piares
basis of primary structural
primary slructural
tabIe,
definition
lines
table and secondary structural
tnis mociule can benerate
Iines table,
file
for crossing poinfs and
offset
strucfile
fcr longitudj-nal
spline
lines.
Tne booy plan ano crntural
tour ciraii'ing can be obtai-neci by runSee
ning speci-al cra",r'ing probram.
Fig. 4 and Fig. i.
Structure

3.3

In t,nis mooule, tne Seometry oei'iniano matertlon,

arrangelnent reiatlon
nominaf ion of eacn prirnary nuli
ials
nernber are oescribe c \ see
structural
H ]
f
r A

a
A
v

\
/

rig. 4

bocry plan

arrangenlent mooule

This module provides all information

hull
strucLure by way of
of internal
batch pr\rcessing or Inan-nnachineoistations.
alogue at termlnal

I
'ne

thls rnociuie nas tne foiIn adcrition,

lov,'ing two f unct,ion: macro struc turaL
arransearrangement and interactive
The foriner is useo to oefine
ment.
the general arrangeftent of sucn structure as double botton or wing tan't.
The later
is useq to rnodi-fy, auci or
iiel-ete
sfr';.ctula.l
scmc E.;ccial
a r i ' a n 1 ; e r en n t .
The basic structural
drai,vi-ngand snell
expansion dravuing can be generateci by
drav;j-ng prograrns accoro.ance u'i tri
structure
mociel ootai-neo after
trre
execution of tnis mociule. See Fig. /
Fig. d, Fig. ), Fig. i0.

- :

.-. - :1i- . . r. I . i . .i-. t ., .r . . . . . - .

i
r

f -.._

,--:-|

[ -i- :'f

-.Li::*"-f:J'>
F18.

Fi g'. o

Tne contour

crLrawing

The description
ol'
slruc tural
c o r r r p o cnn t

t
t

t,

HSDP - A Hull Structure Data hocessing System

Fig.7

F1g.

trie profile

B tne

F1g. 9 the

Fi;.

Struc ture

3. 4

arrangernen t

I.,

boftom

plan

expansion

a-nalysls

lractr sectlon file

not only contaln
the inforrnation
of tne geoinetric
sitapes of tne 2D structural
m,einbers
and "pass-tnroughrf
c J r t ' i _ r , u n e n t 1s n t , h e
section, but also stores necessary
infoririation
of' tne corrponent .loints
v;itrt tne
and openings 1n relation
l-i

pi-an

m;.in dec< plan

Tne snell

prociuce
HSDP system can automatically
various sectlon
file
1n accoroance
vrith the structural
arran5eirieflt at
different
area of tire null.

con

39

Fig. 121s t,he en6ine roolx section

iran'ing prociuceu oy tne en6in e room
automatic
layout
program on tne basis
of tite rrull- sLructurat
inforir,ation
provideci by triis systern.

nn

For vari-ous sectlon fiJ-es, corresponciing rnalnlenarice prograri is proviciecr in orcier to maKe n,ooi-r'icatlon
or upci.atlon ti-mely in accorc.iance v;iti,
trull design recluj-reirients.
The requirec
sec f ion cirav,ings at
diffcrent
fralne .oositions can
be
obtaineci after
tne execution of' t,ne
o r a , r ' 1 n e :p
l rograrri. See Fig.
1,l.
by
the
The section
i'iie:
ijroouce0
of
system not only oescribe structure
but
colr,pletely,
transverse
section
vailo
also supply tne in f orrnation of
space f'or engine rooll arrangerriellt.

- . i -b .

11

Ihe

lransverse

sectiori

-F:

40

Xing Li-Fan and Xu Gartg

rl -':
rl 3'r

l-.

)/
zi

./

l,sr#4.'
,]

fl
l
I

Fig.

3.5

ilull

12

Jne

cirawins file

structure

H u l I s t r u c t u r e o r a l ' i i n g f i l - e p r o c i u c 'eI sn e
orawi,ngs o f irull sl eel struc f ure.
of
for eacn section is
drawing file
course basecr on the sec tion f iLe.
Drawing fite
are a set of gra;-rric
null
for secLj-ons of
description
Each crav;in5 file
steel struc ture.
consists of such iterns as cnaracteri-sti-cs, bound, size, types o f lines
tneinber arranbernenc in
of structural
r,vlth trte secti-on'
relation

en6ilte

rri-liii sec tion

Drawing files
have tne possioiLify
of
d r a , t i n g c L . . ;L.i J n .
lhe ora,tir6s
'rJcessed by line
stanoarc can satisfy
tne requirernenLs of establisfieu
ilractice.
Dra'ring files
can prociuce
f ollou'irig vari.ous lines:
a) botci iolici
lines
or bttrcr oasilec
section,
. lines represenfins
b ) |irin solici lin es reilre sen L,ing;
n ^ h
v v i l

(i )

have

fne

fcllov,'ing

easy extensibility

In this system, tne processing cf

orawing files
i-s baseci on tne
cfiaracterislics
of sfruct,ural
mernber
arrangement recoroed.'fne
cnaracteristics
of structural
r r , e r n b e ra r r a n E e ment include the oefinition
of sorne
standard 6raphs, sucn as contour li-ne,
various openings, prufiies
section,
natcn corner.
liev; orawing functlon
can be addeo in tne ura',,,ing files
forfne orar,r,'ings which {tave neit. f._rrrnats
or special requirerr.enfs.
( 2)

easy

r n a i n t ,c n a n c e

The contents of drawing fiies

can be
acidecl, deleteu,
upuate o by corres'ondinB rnaintenance prUdrarns. In aciciliion,
drawing flles
can be rnaintained
directly
at tne worhstation.
drawin6

eoition

functioir

rISLP systen will

se-Lect opti-r:lal cra\ring palir on tne basis of a series of
grapnic recorcis.
AdditionaILy,
t.rie
system can classlficate
drawing lines
anci output special
drawins instructions in accorcarrce v,,ifn user'rL. requi relii en t .
(4)

w i - n c i o r , f, u
' nction

The definitj-cn
of oouricr resion in trie
drav;ln5 file
supplj-es winco,r,'ilio tunctlon for graphs.
Tnis systeiri nas tvro
','.inw i n o o , , , ' , i n 6 f u n c f i - c . i nt f ' a c t a ; r e r l rl - a r
oowing function
altci non-rectan6ular
v;i-ndorving function.
Tne forrner
is
useo to enIar6,e joinleo
Cu;r,!or'rcrrtO
s r
generate clra,iirr6s ol' pariei recti-ons
( s e e . i t l g . 1 J ' ).
Trie Iafer 1s useo to
ex6enerat seclion plans of sneli
partsiorr ( see I'ig.
14).
plans of
in adc.iti-on, bli-rck oivision
various sections can be easily Beneratec by wirrco',ini, f unc t,i-ons ( lee iliil.

1r)

(3)

e x . o o s e c io r h i u c e n c o n t o u r l i n e s
re.F)r'esonLing i'ace pJ-ate or 1'oloing
s i d e o f s o m e c o r n . o oenn t s ,
c i/ t , r a c l < l i n e s
reljresentirr6
r,iduen
n ' a L e r t i g n t c o m p o ne n t s ,
o

Drawing files
I'eatures:

t , r r 1 h
u u u l

c)

A Hull Structttre Data processingSystem

HSDP

41

-rlJ-l

-I-])-

w]

t l

f-T.

f,=: Wl7
*,.
T

-$i
lll

;I

r'
-V
]7

lL
..,1
---T-.|-_-1/
-"
-J | 1-'

W,7

'u
ffi

T.
,;;H ]

Fig.

' { f
r t
r 4 b a

i{aterial
statistics
struc ture

3.6

of

nuli

, r r l i . l
;]il;;l-i;

-*e-7 W--7
-

The bottom

<

14

I
|

section

,:l l

I
I

l l l

t
v

-l-7

plan

The sectj-on plan of

sneli
expansion

q
2 /

steet

l"iaterial statistics
of null
steel
structure
is olte of tne i-nportant
r , r r o r i ti n n u 1 1 s t r u c t u r e
ciesi6n.
ilowever, manual statlstics
is a tirle_
c o n s u r n l n g v , r o r , <l v i t n p o s s i b i J - i t y
of
F f r n F a

HSDP system cal-i maKe quicrr ano accur_

ate statlstics
ot' structural
irieribersl
rnaterial
in acc,-lrciance wltrt nuii
section
f1ies,
anci gerreraIe naterial
statisti-cs
fi_les of null
steel sfruc_
J-'r -^
u ql

The sectlon of 3D
s h e l l e x p a ns i _ o n
ln tltis syste:n, inateri-al statistlcs
can
b e i l a c e i n a c c o r d a n c e v l 1; n & c t r s e c t i o n
cr global s:rip r,ull sLrucLure.
The contents
i'1-es inciuie:
a)

ty! e o f

of

naterial

r n a te r i a l

b ) slijecificati_on

of

rnaterial

c)

brand of

d)

wei,,hf ,
centre
of
struc tural member or
1 r b .

statlstics

rnaterial
gravity
of
a
a sec ti_on. See

t O .

C-.

liateriai
cstirnat,ion
c t i l b e . , , _L a r i _ :era
in
accoluilnce,,ritrt
vari;us
:,ecfion
r'iies
of
.rre.r-i.:;1ne.rJ r.ulr
sLu,eI
str"lcti;ie
ilt,oel.,'tte
accLlf.:te ..,atefiai
inVentJ;y
c a n L e . , , b t _ l i r i e . c io n I ;
llfer
i r i e . . , J , - i e 1i s
pcrl'cc Led.

The naterial
statlstics
files
also
accurnulate basic
ciata and
informatlon
to be neeied
i_n cietail
c e s i g-n, n api enraj -saei,
such
as
cornpoflents table,
-qunnary rist,weld
Iength fable,
asseln_
brin5 line
Iengtn
tiOfe
and.oaintin63
area statlsti_cs.

42

Xirtg Li-Fart and Xu Gang

ilrr

u{

rt

ir[.rr!

.rt

d^ot
r:.,
.:..

.:..

lrt

<e

'

0,4ft

.L.A

!rlr..*r

N$tr

rlt.ra*r

tttr

.bar

rrtfF.laP
rtt.r

'r...

kEr

flaar

.rrtrtlsr
rl..r
.:.,
r:.,

{iatrr

xroa

s.d

lr.ot/
1..o@

o.rtr
0.,.?

o:t

l'ar

r:6a
o:tt
r:orl

l.rtl
l.l2t
r.nr
1,trr

o;t"
l:ota
o:ry
r;oar
e:it

bhrl

trr.r.{r
!tl...*r

r..crr'r

htil
t!rra

r:..

rh*

!rt.r.i..
rl^ra

.:e. rl..r
r:.. .r..r

r^4

b{tr

sroa
d^d

r
^

-nrt

aroa r

irl.rartu
rtl,.r*r

r..orF

&ir!

^
^
^

btl

4^dr
^
e^f
grof ^

a^d
rril
k^d

:o.ort

Fig.

1.7

o;hr
r iot.
o;,lr
|,ot

t. tk
r.rt
| 'lk

o:'rt
olata
o:..'
o:q.
o:.(

_
r..trF

r.{

Etatistics
16 i'iaterial
o f s t r u c t u r a i m e r l be r s

Seperation
structural

,.raa
l.tl

birr

4^oa r

*^Jr

t'^t

r:4.
o:rat
o:t.
o:i.
O:t.a

o:t.
t:ko
t:'.o
o:h

tabj-e

and eevelopment of
components

null

r r r o d e Ls L o r e o i n o a t a
The steel structure
generate
various
base can not only
but
design,
al-so
drawlng for oetail
seperate fne
auLomatically
6raprii-c
cf colnponenl,s for v,'or,isnorc
i-nformation
t t a a

Using varlous
stanarran6ernent rules,
iiSDP systeir,
o.aro in document library'
seperate an.i cevel-.-'p
can automatically
generate
component and
structurat
through analysing
cornponent iata file
and
of components, noles
the.lcints
openings in eacn section.
In pnase of codlng conponents, it is
worKS.rio"[r
sucn
to input
only requireo
j-nforrnatlon as with section
oivision,
altlount of
etc, and a snail
allowances
in connection witn tne
information
structure.
of some special
mocrification
component
upci.ata tne
The system will
and
stored in ciafa base,
data file
of strucgenerate accurate information
use.
components fort'orKSilop
tural
qescriptive
For the reasons that the
parameters of cotllponents are 6enerated
sleel strucon the basis of the null
ture mooel in accordance v;ith classification societi-esr rules or tecnnical
process
anci tne ciescrir;tive
standard,
pro6ralns,
is autorrratical-ly executed by
of cociing is Sreatl-y
the effectlveness
rai sed.
Fig. 17 shows a batctr of
seperated autorlaticallY.

conponents

4. CCNCLLISICN
The iISDP systen

coinpor ent s

the

foll-ovring

( 1) Due to tne fact, tnat cornputer ;Lioeo

tnan
earlier
start
detail
design can
establisned
iiractj-ce, a great ntlmLcr of
provioed
clrawings and docurrents ca-n be
in tne eariest stage of trle.,rociuction
tirr,e of
Iead
design, the
r-rocuction
ciesign is sr.rorfened.
(Z) The accuracy
ol section
drawings
anci 'rr,'orksirop cirawings
t-rc,duceci by
computer aioed oetail
oeslgn is sir,ilar
lof'tins.
Tne
to triat obfaineci tnrou3n
requireii infor;;.atiur-,, !uclt
as
ucigrrt,
l e n 5 f r i , v i el c i
.-r'avity cer-iler, cuttins
len6th,
a r e s f o r e ' ; - i n r i ' ! ' o f K S I l o ! co i r a v ; l l i i ;
sfage
file
.is ntucii as possible in the
The
cresign.
struc ture Cetail
of hull
documents
builoin6
tj-me fcr preparing
C a n b e i ,I ' e a L r f I c o U C u d .
(j)
crepartnient
The en;ine roorr. oesign
system clesign ae'artrnerit
and tne piping
can aet accurate nulr structure
Conseciuentl-yr gooo
arrangernent in time.
coorciination
& r r i o l l gt h e s e o e p a r t i i , e n t s
can be reaii z,ae.
( +) Ov,'1nB to
relationsitip
close
tne
draf ting ancr lo f'tlng t
among oesignlng,
sfructural
the
cocrin6 rrull
tlme for
Tne llull
members can be greatly
saveu.
util-ize
Construction System (HCS) can
trSDP sYstern f o
of
the data
sourc e
ciirectly,
seperate colri;iollents or parts
of
data
resulting
in
reduction
)) preparatj-on fime for parl generation.
syster,
a
:pecierl
iiSDP systern is
characierized
by
ifs
nuII
suet.l
str'ucture
riiociel anu
structulal
trie
arrangernenf
analysi-s as well as
cornoination cf ciata batcn
, :r * i c e s s i n g
v;ith Iran-ri,acnine interaction.
It is a
poi,r,erfui rieans ior
rrultsnortening
gra;nic
fne interective
cesign time.
, o r o ce s s i n g s u b - s y s t e t n b c i n g u . c v e i o r c c i
to
intencled
recent,ly is
.-ert'ecf
integrateci
ihe
dimenslon notafion.
systerr, v;iil
be
rlore
attr:rc f ive
by
thi s
func tion.
the
At
same tlme,
efforfs
nave been made 1n executin6 the
syst,ern on microcomyutel
or PC coml,.iter
trrat
so
trte
sysfein
c,?it finci
v;icie
applicafion
in
r ne c i i u r n o r
si;ral1
. - r : ,
- l r r

F1g. 1'7 Drawlng c1' sLructurai-

has

^'.1,,^-+-.-^-.
d.U V d.1I r. d6 Y L- .

' -

- t . - - . 1
u
J c ; 1

- .

Compuler Applications in rh Aulomarion of

ShipyaJdOpralion and Ship DesisnV
r, ranoa anqL, Kuo {tos_)
ElsevierSciencePublirheh B.v. I Norrh-Holand)

43

@r F r Pl .9 8 s

I N T E G R A TCEO
DM P U T E R - A IDDEESDI G O
N F F A S TP A T R OBLO A T S
0 t t o J o n s , R a yS h e ' l d o n
a n d T o mS a u e r
A d v a n c eM
d arn
i e E n t e r p rsi e s , I n c .
A r 1i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , U S A
Ln. designevolution of a series of fast patrol boats is used to demonstrate
t h e s u c c e s s f u 'iln t e g r a t i o n o f m a n yc o m p u t eiri a e a d e s i g n ( c A D ip r o g r a m cs u r r e n t l y
i n u s e f o r U . S . N a v ys h i p d e s i g n , w i t h s p e c i a l e m p h a s i s ' odnr ' i ,u , i l l d - u p - a n d
use
o f a s i n g l e , c e n t r a l d a t a b a s e c o n t a i n i n g a c o m p r e h e n s i vt h
eree-dimens.ional
d e s c r i p t i o no f t h e s h i p ' s c o n f i g u r a t i o nu n d "t h u a p p l i c a t i o n o f a n a d v a n c e 3
d- D
i n t e r a c t i v e c o m p u t e gr r a p h i c ss y s t e m .
A c t u a l o u t p u t o f t h e f a s t p a t r o l b o a t d e s i g n i s u s e dt o i l l u s t r a t e a n d r e t r a c e
t h e d e s i g nd e v e ' l o p m e n t sT.h es u p e r i o rp e r f o r m a n coef t h e d e s i g n ,a s d e m o n s t r a t e d
b y a n e x t e n s i v e _ m o d t_eesl t p r o g r a m l, e d t o t h e d e c i s i o n t o e x p a n dt h e b a s e l i n e
c o n c e p ti n t o a f a m i l y o f f a s t p a t r o l b o a t c o n c e p t s .

1.

BACKGROUIID
ATIDDESIGT{
OBJECTIVE

W o r l d w i d ien t e r e s t i n p a t r o l c r a f t - - p a r t i c u l a r l y
p l a n i n gc r a f t - - h a s r i s e n d r . a m a t i clayl i n r e c e n t
years for two reasons. First, the development
o f v e r y c a p a bel y e t 1i g h t a n dc o m p a cwt e a p osny s t e m s
h a s m a d e ' i t p o s s i b l et o a c c o m m o d astueb s t a n t i a l
f i r e p o w e ro n r e l a t i v e l y s m aIl c r a f t . S e c o n dt,h e
e s t a b li s h m e n to f t h e E x c lu s i v e E c o n o m
c i Zone
e x t e n d i n g2 0 0 m i l e s o f f t h e c o a s t li n e i m p li e s
t h a t a l m o s t I 0 %o f t h e o c e a n sa r e n o wu n d e rs o m e
f o r mo f j u r i s d i c t j o n o f c o a s t a l s t a t e s , l e a d i n g
to a surgein demand
f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e ,p a t r o l ,
a n d l a w e n f o r c e m e nvte s s e l s .
A n o v e r v i e wo f t h e n a v a l v e s s e l e x p o r t m a r k e t
c o n f i r m s t h e t r e m e n d o uesx p a n s i o no f t h e p a t r o l
c r a f t i n v e n t o r y ;p e r r e f e r e n c e( 1 ) , o r d e r sp l a c e d
f r o m 1 9 7 0t h r o u g h1 9 8 3a r e a s f o l l o w s :
r 1 0 7s u r f a c ec o m b a t a n t (sd e s t r o y e r s ,f r i g a t e s
a n d c o r v e t t e s)
r

6 8 s u b m a rni e s

1 , 8 0 5f a s t a t t a c k c r a f t ( F A C a) n dp a t r o l c r a f t

A g a i n s t t h i s b a c k g r o u n dr ,{ e e s t a b li s h e d t h e
o b j e c t i v et o d e v e l o pa n a d v a n c ecdr a f t , d e s i g n a t e d
( A d v a n c eMd u l t i - M j s s i o nP a t r o l B o a t ) , - w h i c h
AMPB
w o u l di n c o r p o r a t et h e l a t e s t i n h u l l t e c h n o l o g y
a n d b e b o t h c a p a b l ea n d a f f o r d a b l e .
T h e f o l 1 o w ' i n gc a p a b1i i t y o bj e c bj v e s w e r e e s t a b I i shed:
(a)

(b)

0 f f s h o r e o p e r a t i o n a lc a p a b i l i t y ; i . e . ,
s e a k e e np gi c a p a b1i i t y m in i m iz i n g p e r f o r m a n c e
d e g r a d a t i o ni n s e a s t a t e s p r e v a l e n t b e y o n d
t h e i m m e d j a t ce o a s t a l r e g i o n
M i n i m a ld r a f t w i t h t o l e r a n c et o g r o u n d i n g ,
permitting accessto inshore regions
t h a t n o r m a1l y a r e j n a c c e s s i b l ed u e t o
draft restrict.ions

( c)

H ig h - s p e e cda p a b1i i t y t o m e e ta n y f o r e s e e a b l e
m i s s j o n d e m a n dJ, e t e x c e l l e n t f u e l e c o n o m y
o v e r a w i d e s p e e dr a n g e

( d ) S i m pilc i t y a n d p r o v e nr e 1i a b i l i t y
Sinceone of our primarydesignobjectives uras
an advanced
c r a f t s u ' i t a bel f o r a p p li c a t i o n i n a
b r o a d s p e c t r u mo f m i s s i o n s , w e d i v o r c e d o u r
f u t u r e p a y l o a df r o m s p e c i f i c e x i s t i n g h a r d w a r e ;
t h i s w o u l d a f f o r d f u t u r e c u s t o m e i sm a x i m u m
f l e x i b i l i t y i n c h o o s i n g c o m p o n e n t so s u j t
t h e i r p a r t i c u l a rm i s s i o n n e e d s a n d s p e n d i n g
c o n s t r a ' i n t s . T h e o b j e c t j v e w a s a c c o m p l i s h ebdi
f j r s t d e f i n i n g a n u m b e ro f r e p r e s e n t a tvi e
c o m b a t s y s . t e m so r p a y lo a d s a n d t h e n d e r i v i n g
a s s o c i a t e d p a y ' l o a de n v e l o p e s ( i n t e r m s o i
w e ig h t , s p a c e , a n d p o w e r d e m a n d) s.
These
e n v e l o p e sm a y b e v i e w e da s " b l a c k b o x e s , "w i t h
e a c h p a y l o a dc o m p o n e n (t e . g . r ! u n , m i s s i l e
s y s t e m s, e n s o r s / d i r e c t o r se)n v i s i o n e d
as fitting
a g i v e nl o c a t i o n ,o r " b o x . " F i g u r el i l l u s t r a t e s
t h e d e r i v a t i o no f t h e s ee n v e l o p e as n d t h e i r t e n t a t i v e I o c a t i o n ( " Z O N E S "o)n t h e c r a f t s 1 o w 1 y

PAYLOAD ZOIIET

---?l

); #*?

PAYLOAO BUOGE':

.-

:l0Lt

ANO

: . L T
: l!

LT

oR

.2 LT

>

{rr'tcr v^ntaEtrE

: ! l T

>

LoADs}

REPRESETTATIYE IIAJOR PAYLOAO ELETEilT8:

rr
l-;. I

F i g u r e1 .

P ayload/C ombat
S y s t e mS e l e c t i o n A p p r o a c h

O. Jorts et al.

44

t a k i n g s h a p e , a n d s h o w st y p i c a l c a n d i d a t e sf o r
e a c h z o n e . T h e t o t a l p a y l o a dw e i g h t , e x c l u d i n g
f u e l a n d o t h e n c o n s u m a b l easn d t h e c o m p l e m e n t ,
w h i c hw a sa s s u m e fdo r t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b a s e l ' i n e
A M P B ,a m o u n t e dt o a b o u t 1 8 L T , i n d i c a t i n g a
r e q u i r e dc r a f t s i z e o f a t l e a s t 1 0 0 L T .
2.
2.I

COI,IPUTER-AIDED
DESIGTI:
REqJIREIIEI{TS
AppRoAcH
AilD RESoURCE
T H EC A DR E S P O N S E

T h e e v e n t u a l g e n e r a t i o no f a f a m i1 y o f p a t r o ' l
b o a t d e s i g n s c o v e r i n ga r a n g e o f s i z e s w a s
a n t i c i p a t e d f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n ga n d h a d t o
i nd o u r d e s i g n a p p r o a c h . T h i s
be accommodate
factor, i.., the hull size variable,together
w i t h t h e v a r i a b l e p a y l o a d ,j n d i c a t e dt h e n e e df o r
r f p o i n t d e s i g n sr e s u l t i n g f r o m
a l a r g e n u m b eo
t h e v a r j o u s c o m bni a t ' i o n s a n d p e r m u t a t i o n s .
H u lI s i z e v a n i a t i o n s c a n n o t b e a d e q u a t e l y
a d d r e s s e db y s i m p l e s c a l i n g p r o c e d u r e sb e c a u s e
t' lheen gotpht,i m u m v a l u e s f o r s u c h p a r a m e t e r sa s
b e a mr a t j o , s l e n d e r n e s sr a t j o , a n d
f r e e b o a r d - l e n g t rha t ' i o a l I v a r y w i t h d j s p l a c e m e n t .
Heav y r elianc e o n c o mp u te r-a i d e dd e s i g n (C A D )
t e c h' lnei nq guee sw a s a l o g i c a l r e s p o n s et o t h ' i s
dictated by both design effjciency
cha'l
a n d d e s i g nc o n s i s t e n c yc o n s ' i d e r a t j o n s .
2 . 2 A V A I L A B LHEA R D W AARNEDS O F T W A R E
t o d e v e l o pa n d j n t r o d u c e
T h e U . S . N a v yp r o g r ^ a m
computer-aide
dd
e s 'gi nt e c h n i q u e si,n i t i a l 1 y k n o w n
a s t h e C A S D A(CC o m p u t e r - A i d eDde s ' i g na n d C o n s t r u c t i o n ) P r o g r a ma n d c u r r e n t l y d e s i g n a t e dt h e
( C o m p u t e r - s u p p oDr teesdi g n )P r o g r a mh, a sy i e l d e d
CSD
, a n yo f w h ' i c ha r e
a n u m b e or f c o m p u t e p
r r o g r a m sm
r o u t i n e yl u s e dt o p e r f o r mp o r t i o n so f s h ip d e s ' i g n s ,
m o r eo f t e n t h a n n o t a s s t a n d - a 1 o n pe r o g r a m s t; h e
c u r r e n t e m p h a s i si s , h o w e v e r ,o r i n t e g r a t i o n
r a t h e r t h a n a d d jt i o n a l d e v e ol p m e n t . A d v a n c e d
, o r k i n gc l o s e l y
M a r i n eE n t e r p r i s e s ,I n c . ( A M E ) w
w i t h t h e U . S . N a v y , h a s h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t yt o
u s e m o s t o f t h e s e p r o g r a m sa n d w a s i n t i m a t e l y
i n v o l v e dw i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e no tf s e v e r a lo f t h e m .
( t a O t e Z p r o v j d e sa l i s t i n g o f t h o s e p r o g r a m s
a c t u a l l-yo fu s e d i n t h e d e s i g n d e v e l o p m e no tf t h e
p a t r o l b o a t s d i s c u s s e dh e r e ' i n).
s e r ie s
i sl h e d i n A M E ' sW a s h i n g t o n
T h e d e s i g nw a s a c c o m p
D i v i s i o n c o m p u t e rf a c i l i t y , w h ' i c hf e a t u r e s a
V A X I I / 7 5 0 c o m p u t e r . T h e c o m p u t e rg r a p h i c s
graphics
f a c i l i t y i s b a s e do n t h e A u t o - T r o lC C B 0
w o r k s t a t i o na c c e s s i n gt h e S e r i e s 7 0 0 0 g r a p h i c s
software resjdent on the VAXII/750. GS-7000
' i s c o m p l e t e l y' i n t e g r a t e d ,i . e . , b o t h g r a p h ' i c s
a n d a p p ' l i c a t i o n su s e a c o m m o dn a t a b a s e a n d
r u n o n t h e s a m e p r o c e s s o r . H a r d - c o p yo u t p u t
i s o b t a i n e d v ' i a a C A L C 0 M1P0 5 1 p l o t t e r . T h i s
C A Ds y s t e mc a n p r o d u c ef i n j s h e d - q u a ift y d r a w i n g s
a0
n dm i c r o f i l m
o f s i z e " H " w h i c hm e e tM I L - S T D - 1 0
r e q u 'ri e m e n t s.
0 n - l i n e d i s k s t o r a g e o f t h e V A X c o m p u t e rj s
7 2 4 m e g a b y t e s ,m o r e t h a n e n o u g ht o s t o r e 2 0
d r a w i n g so f t h e c o n t r a c t - d e s i g lne v e l o f d e t a i l .
T h e m a i o r c o m p o n e n tos f o u r C A Df a c i l i t y a r e
listed in table 1. 0ther on-site equipment
r o u t i n e l y u s e d t o c a r r y o u t a u t o m a t e dd r a f t i n g
t a s k s i n c l u d e a S u m m a g r a p h i dc isg i t i z e r , a

T a b el 1 .

A dvancedMar^ine C ompute r
Hardware

D i g i t a l E q u i p m e n tC o r p o r a t i o n ( D E C ) V A X - 1 1 / 7 5 0
I n t e r a c t i v e C o m p u t e rS y s t e mw i t h 1 0 0 0 k - b y t e s

R G M 8 01 2 4 - m e g a b y t ed i s c w i t h M A S S B UaSd a p t e r

C D C9 7 6 6 3 0 0 - m e g a b y t ed i s c

12

V G 1 0 0T y p e C R Tt e r m i n a l s

T e k t r o n i x 4 1 0 5 G r a p h i c sT e r m i n a l ( c o l o r )

R i x o n / S a n g a m2o0 8 a i b 4 8 0 0 - b i t s p e n s e c o n d s y n c h r o n o u s m o d e m sf o n r e m o t e d a t a e n t r y

T e k t r o n ix 4 0 1 4 - l G r a p h ci s t e r m in a l

C a 'cl o m p1 0 5 1 p l o t t e n

S u n n r a g r a p h i c2s0 0 0 S e r " i e sD i g i t i z i n g S y s t e m

DataSouth180auxiliary lineprinters

A u t o - t r o l C C 8 0G r a p h i c s | . l o r k S t a t i o n
a.

1 9 " C R Tw i t h 4 0 9 6 x 3 0 7 2 d i s p l a y a b l e p o i n t s
a n d 4 0 9 6 x 4 0 9 6 a d d r e s s a b l eP o i n t s

b.

9 " a l p h a n u m e r i dc i s p l a y

c.

2 4 0 - p o s i t i o n r n e n uf u n c t ' jo n k e y b o a r d

T e k t r o n i x 4 0 1 4 - 1g r a p h i c st e r m i n a l , a n d a
T e k t r o n i x4 1 0 5c o l o r g r a p h i c st e r m j n a l .
A M E' i s a B e t a T e s t S i t e f o r A u t o - T r o l I G E S
( I n i t i a l G r a p h i c sE x c h a n g eS p e c i f j c a t i o n )
s o f t w a r e . T e s t e x c h a n g ehs a v e b e e nc a r r i e d o u t
w i t h C A D AaMn d C o m p u t e r V i s i o n .
2 . 3 H A R D W AARNEDS O F T W AIRNET E G R A T I O N
0 u r b a s i c a p p r o a c ht o a n i n t e g r a t e d c o m p u t e r a i d e d d e s i g n a s a p p fi e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e notf
t h e A M P Bf a m i l y i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 2 ;
in greaterdetajl jn subit will be addressed
s e q u e n ts e c t j o n s . H o w e v e r t, h e c r i t i c a l n e e d
for software integration is readily apparent:
s p e c ' i f i c a l l y j, n o r d e r t o u t i l i z e t h e c o l l e c t j o n
o f c o m p u t e rp r o g r a m sl i s t e d j n T a b l e 1 m o s t
e f f i c i e n t ly , ' i t i s c r i t i c a l t h a t t h e p r o g r a m s
c o m m u n i c adt ei r e c t l y w i t h e a c ho t h e r . G e o m e t r i c
d a t a m a k eu p t h e p r e p o n d e r a n coef d a t a t r a n s f e r r e d b e t w e e n p r o g r a m s . F o r e x a m pe l, h u ' l l
Fust somehow
f o r m d a t a d e v e l o p e du s i n g H U L D Em
b e t r a n s p o r t e d t o a n a l y s i s p r o g r a m ss u c h a s
S H C Pa n d S M P . H U L S T RaXl s o r e q u i r e s a H U L D E F
h u l l f o r ma s a s t a r t i n g p o i n t a n d i n t u r n g e n e r a t e s i n f o r m a t j o no n t h e s t r u c t u r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n
r e q u i r e da s i n p u t t o S S D P
o r L 0 N G S T .F i n a l 1 y ,
t h e h u lI f o r m , a r r a n g e m e n,t s a n d s t r u c t u r a l
layout and analysis data had to be transferred
t o t h e 3 - D C A Ds y s t e mf o r p r o d u c t i o n o f f o r m a ' l
d r a w i n g sa n d l a y o u t o f d i s t r i b u t i v e s y s t e m s .
In general, these interfaces operate by prod u c i n g a n i n t e r m e d i a t ed a t a f i l e i n a f o r m a t
r e a d a b l eb y t h e t a r g e t p r o g r a m . T h ea v a i l a b i l ' i t y
o f s u c h i n t e r f a c e sm a k e si t p o s s j b l et o q u i c k l y
e v a l u a t e ,f o r e x a m p l e t, h e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e si n
h u l l f o r m o n s t a b i l i t y o r s e a k e e p i n g .S o m eo f
these interfaces already ex'isted;others, such
a s t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e nv a r i o u s e n g i n e e r i n g
p r o g r a m sa n d t h e A u t o - T r o l C A D s y s t e r n , h a d
t o b e d e v e ' l o p e d . F o r t h i s p u r p o s ei t w a s

Integrated Contputer-Aitled Design oJ'Fast Patrol Boats

Table2.

45

C o n p u t e rP r o g r a m A
s pplied in the Design

H U L D E F : T h e U . S . N a v y ' s h u l l f o r m d e f i n i t i o n s y s t e mw h i c h f a i r s a n d r e f i n e s a s e t o f
d - T a w f r i gosf t h e s h i p ' s l i n e s s u i t a b l e f o r c o n t r a c t i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n p u r p o s e s .

initial

offsets and yields precise

S H Q P : -T h e _U . 5 . N a y Y ' - sg e n e r a l p u r p o s e n a v a l a r " c h i t e c t u n a lp r o g r a mf o r h y d r o s t a t i c s . T h i s p r o g r a mi n c l u d e s a s u b r o u t i n e t o
calculate longitudinal hull ginder reactions by the quasistatic nrethod.
a

S M P : T h e U . S . N a v y ' s g e n e n a l p u r p o s es i x - d e g r e e - o f - f r e e d o m
ship motionprediction pr-ognam.

S M P 0 F F : I n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n H U L D E aF n d S M Pt o p r o d u c e a n S M Po f f s e t f . i l e .

E N D U R A N CC
Ea
: l c u l a t e s f u p l n p c r r i n p m p n tf so n s u n f a c e s h i o s o e r D D S2 0 0 - 1 .

H U L S T R XA
: n i n t e r a c t i v e s t r u c t u n a l d e s i g n a n d r e p n e s e n t a t i o np n o g n a m . I t i n c o r p o r a t e s a N A V S E cAo m m o nd a t a b a s e , d e s i g n a n d
a f i l t s l T p n o g n a m s ,a n d i n t e r f a c e t o s u p p o r t c o m p u t e r a i d e d d r " a f t i i g s y s t e m s . I t p r o v i d e s f o n d e v e l o p m e not f a u s e r d e f i n a b l e
m o d e l o f s h i p s t r u c t u r e s u p t o t h e l e v e l o f N A V S EC
Ao n t r a c t D e s i g n .
S S D P : A h u l ' l g i r d e r s e c t i o n d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s i s p r " o g r a m . T h is p r o g r ^ a m
c a n o p t i m i z e l o n g it u d i n ai s c a n tI i n g s b a s e d o n t h e
U . S . N a v yd e s i g n c n i t e r i a .
L 0 N G S T : .A c o m p u t e rp r o g r a m i n t e n d e d p n i m a r i l y a s a n a n a l y s i s t o o l f o r t h e v a l i d a t i o n o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r - u c t u r e o f a
s h i p ; i t c h e c k s t h e s c a n t l i n g s o f p l a t e s a n d p l a t e - s t i f f e n e r c o m b i n a t i o n so f a s h i p c r o s s s e c t i o n u n d e r p r " i m a r -ayn d l o c a l
l o a d s ' i n a c c o r d a n cw
e i t h U . S . N a v yc n i t e r i a i n c l u d i n g D D S1 0 0 - 4 a n d D D S1 0 0 - 6 .
FRAll1EA
: . f r a m e / g r . i l l a g e s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s c o m p u t e np r o g n a mw h i c h p e r f o r m s t w o a n d t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l f n a m e a n d g 1 i 1 1 a g e
a n a l y s i s u s i n g f i n i t e e l e m e n tt e c n n i q u e s .
E L A : P e r f o r m se l e c t r i c l o a d a n a l y s i s c a l c u l a t i o n s i n a c c o n d a n cw
e i t h U . S . N a v y ' s s t a n d a n dp r a c t i c e .
H V A C : P e r f o n m sh e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g l o a d c a l c u l a t i o n s u m m a r i e fso r a s h i p o n t h e b a s i s o f a n a l y s i s o f i n d i v i d u a l c o m p a r t m e n t s ,
ffElT configuration, boundariesand content.
S D W E : S u m m a n i z ews e i g h t s a n d m o m e n t sf r o m d e t a i l d a t a s u p p l i e d b y t h e u s e r ' . T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
p r o g r a m i s b a s e d i s t h e U . S . N a v y ' s S l ^ l B sSy s t e m .

s y s t e mu p o n w h i c h t h e

rAi

pwcS
Ico,/"ostg
I

F i g u r e2 .

I n t e g r a t e d C A DA p p n o a c h

O. Jons et al.

46

e s s e n t i a l t o h a v e a c e n t r a l d a t a b a s e , k n o w na s
t h e I n t e g r a t e dG e o m e t rLyi b r a r y ( I G L ) , w h i c hw o u l d
s e r v e a s a s i n g l e r e p o s i t o r y f o r a l ' l h u ll f o r m ,
g e n e r a l a r r a n g e m e n t s a, n d s t r u c t u r a l g e o m e t r y
d a t a . T h e d a t a b a s e d e v e l o p e da s p a r t o f t h e
H U L S T RpXr o g r a mw a s s e l e c t e d a s m o s t s u ' i t a b l e
f o r t h e i n t e n d e dp u r p o s e .

c r a f t c a n b e e n h a n c esdu b s t a n t j a l l yb y :

T h e H U L S T RdXa t a b a s e w a s i m p l e m e n t e du s i n g
t h e R I M ( R e t a t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o nM a n a g e m e n t )
d a t a b a s em a n a g e m esnyt s t e m . R I Mw a so r i g i n a l l y
d e v e l o p e df o r t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l A i r a n d S p a c e
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n( N A S A )u n d e r t h e I P A D P r o j e c t
a n d i s n o w b e i n g m a i n t a i n e da n d e n h a n c e db y
B o e i n gC o m p u t eS
r ervices. Thus, the data base
may be queried using features providedby RIM
a s w e l l a s t h r o u g hH U L S T Ri tXs e l f .
A H U L S T Rr oXu t i n e a c t s a s t h e e x e c u t i v et h r o u g h
w h i c hd a t a a r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n d f r o m t h e I G L .
A n I G L - t o - A u t o - T r o l t r a n s f e n c a p a b i il t y w a s
d e v e l o p e db y A M E ; s p e c ' i f i c a l l y , w e g e n e r a t e d
a f i 1 e , p a t t e r n e da f t e r I G E S ,w h i c h c o n t a i n e d
a l l g e o m e t r i cd a t a f o r a s p e c i f i e d s u r f a c e , f o r
a s p e c i f i e d t r a n s v e r s ec u t t h r o u g ht h e c r a f t , o r
for a shell expansion.To read thjs file into
t h e C A Ds y s t e m , a s h o r t F 0 R T R ApNr o c e d u r ew a s
w r i t t e n a n d l i n k e d w i t h t h e G S - 7 0 0 0s o f t w a r e
u s i n g t h e A u t o - T r o la p p li c a t i o n s i n t e r f a c e .
3.

DESIGI{APPLICATIOII

3 . 1 H U L LF O R M
DEVELOPMENT
T h e c h a l l e n g eo f s h i p d e s i g n i n g e n e r a l a n d
h u ll - f o r m d e s ig n i n p a r t i c u la r a 1w a y s h a s b e e n
t h e n e e d t o c o m p r o m i s e .T h i s s t a t e m e n th o l d s
t r u e e s p e c i a l l y f o r p l a n i n g - h u 1 d1 e s i g n , a s
i I I ustrated by f i gure 3, wh'ichshowshow the
d r a g - t o . - l ^ i f tr a t i o v a r i e s w i t h s l e n d e r n e s rsa t i o
(t^7v 1/J) for a series of hulls. As shown,
t h E m o r e s l e n d e r h u lI s a r e e n t i r e l y s u i t a b l e
f o r o p e r a t i o n a t t h e l o w e r s p e e d s ,a l t h o u g ha t
h i g h s p e e d st h e y a r e n o t q u i t e a s e f f i c i e n t a s
t h e l e s s s l e n d e r h u l l s . I f a s m o o t hw a t e r s u r face were the rule rather than the exception,
t h e h u l l f o r h i g h s p e e d - - o p t i m i z ef do r r e s i s t a n c e
a l o n e - - w o u l dh a v e a n e a r l y f 1 a t , w i d e b o t t o m ,
i . e . , a l o w s l e n d e r n e srsa t i o .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , S e a S t a t e 3 i s t h e a v e r a g es e a
s t a t e f o r m o s t o f t h e o f f s h o r e r e g ' i o n st o b e
p a t r o l l e d , a n d w a v e se n c o u n t e r e d
h a v ea n u n f o r t u n a t et e n d e n c yt o c a u s es l a m m i n gi ., e . , v e r t i c a l
a c c e l e r a t i o n sw
, h i c h , w i t h i n c r e a s i n gw a v e
h e ig h t s a n d s p e e d s , s o o n e r o r l a t e r b e c o m e
intolerable and thereby thwart the high-speed
p o t e n t i a ' l o f p l a n i n g h u l l s o p t i m i z e df o r l o w
s m o o t h - w a t er re s j s t a n c e . A s a r e s u l t , p l a n i n g
h u l l s h a v e i n t h e p a s t o b t a i n e da w e l l - d e s e r v e d
reputation for poor seakeeping.
s p e e da t t a i n a b l e b y s m a l l c r a f t ' i n
The maximum
h i g h e rs e a s t a t e s i s , t h e r e f o r e , l i m i t e d t o a f a r
g r e a t e r e x t e n t b y s e a k e e p i n gp e r f o r m a n c e
than by
t h e p o w e ar v a i l a b l ef r o mt h e i n s t a l l e d p r o p u l s i o n
ef p l a n i n g
s y s t e m . T h e s e a k e e p i n gp e r f o r m a n c o

( a)

I n cr e a s in g h u lI s l e n d e r n e s sj n o r d e r t o
d e c r e a s er e s i s t a n c ei n w a v e s

(b)

d e a d r i s et o l o w e rs l a m m i ni gm p a c t
Increasing
p r e s s u n eas n d r e s u l t ' i n ga c c e l e r a t i o n s

(c)

S h i f t i n g b u o y a n cayn d w e i g h ta f t t o p r o v i d e
f o r e a s i e r p i t c h m o t j o n sa n d f u r t h e r r e d u c e
accelerations

(d)

P r o v i d i n ga d e q u a t ef r e e b o a r dt o l i m i t d e c k
w e t n e s sa n d p o s s i b l e s t r u c t u r a l d a m a g e

A Parent Series 65-B planing hull form with

a t r a n s o md e a d r i s e a n g l e o f 2 2 . 5 d e g r e e s w a s
s e l e c t e da s a p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e . T h i s s e r ^ i e s
h a d i n i t i a l l y b e e nd e v e l o p e fdo r h y d r o f o i l h u l l s
f e a t u r i n g t h e C a n a r df o j l a r r a n g e m e n t i;t c o m b i n e s a g o o d b a l a n c eo f l o w - a n d h i g h - s p e e d
r e s i s t a n c ec h a r a c t e r j s t ' i c w
s i t h v e r y g o o dc r u i s e
s p e e dp e r f o r m a n c e .T h ep a r e n th a se x c e l l e n t s e a k e e p ' i ncgh a r a c t e r i s t i c sa n de a s ym o t i o n sr e s u l t ' i n g
f r o ma f i n e , s l e n d e rs h a p ew i t h a c e n t e r - o f - b u o y a n c y
location far aft and with a relatively high
deadrise. A 2-ft-wide flat keel was provided
f o r e a s e o f d r y d o c k i n ga n d t r a n s p o r t , r e d u c e d
v u l n e r a b i il t y i n c a s e o f g r o u n d i n g a, n d r e d u c e d
d r a f t . T u n n e l s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e dt o k e e p t h e
p r o p e l ' l e r sa b o v e t h e b a s e il n e a n d t o mj n i m iz e
t h e s i z e o f t h e p r o p u l s i o na p p e n d a g e s .N o t e ,
h o w e v e r ,t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f t u n n e f i n g w a s
r e d u c e dg r e a t l y b y t h e h i g h d e a d r i s e .
T h e p r o g r a mH U L D Ew
Fa s u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e
h u ll - f o r m d e v e ol p m e n a
t n d f a i r i n g p r o c e s s ,f r o m
t h e e a r l i e s t c o n c e p t st o t h e f i n a l l i n e d r a w i n g .
Theuse of this prognam
results in rapid turna r o u n db e t w e e h
n u l l f o r mi t e r a t i o n s a n d , t h r o u g h
the interface with SHCPe
, n a b l e dt h e d e s i g n
teamto evaluatequickly the effect of hull
f o r m c h a n g e so n d r a f t , t r i m , a n d i n t a c t a n d
damage
s tda b j li t y . S e l e c t e d
b o d yp 1a n s n e p r e s e n tn' ig
p r o g r e s s i v es t a g e st h r o u g ht h e h u l l - f o r m d e s i g n
a r e s h o w ni n f i g u r e 3 .
Theinitial hull form,Hull A in figure 3, was
definedusing only three control I j nes: a
centerli ne, a chine derived from the Serjes
6 5 - 8 p a r e n t , a n d a d e c k a t e d g ec u r v e . A f l a t
k e e l w a s a d d e db y c u t t i n g t h e h u 1 1o f f s l i g h t l y
a b o v et h e b a s e il n e . L i t t l e f a i r i n g w a s p e f o r m e d
a t t h i s s t a g e , b u t t h e h u l l - f o r md e f i n i t i o n w a s
sufficient to provide initjal estimatesof
v o lu m ea n d s t a b i1i t y .
H u l l s B t h r o u g h D ( f i g u r e 3 ) s h o wp r o g r e s s i v e
r e f j n e m e n to f t h e h u lI f o r m t h r o u g h I a t e r
s t a g e so f t h e d e s i g n . A s e r i e s o f h y d r o d y n a m i c
m o d e l t e s t s w a s p e r f o r m e du s i n g H u l l D , f o r
w h i c h H U L D EpFr o v i d e dm o d e l - s c a l ec o n s t r u c t i o n
d r a w i n g s . T h e m o d e lt e s t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d a
n e e d t o r e d e s i g n t h e a b o v e - w a t e rh u l l f o r m t o
i m p r o v es e a k e e pnig p e r f o r m a n c e . T h is r e d e s g
i n
j s r e f l e c t e d i n H u l ' l E , t h e f i n a l h u lI f o r m f o r
t h e M P Bb a s eil n e d e s ig n . F i g u r e4 i s a p e r s p e c t vi e
v i e w o f t h e s a m eh u lI f o r m .

Integrated Computer-Aided Design of FastPatrol Boats

47

--+

(A)

(B)

-_+

(c)

(D)

(E)
F i g u r e3 .
3.2

E v o l u t i o no f H u l l F o n m

INTERNA
S LU B D I V I S I O
A N DS T A B I L I T Y

I n t a c t a n d d a m a g e ds t a b i 1 i t y s t u d i e s w e r e
c o n d u c t e du s i n g t h e U . S . N a v y ' s S h i p H u lI
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p_ r o g r a m . S H C pi ! a g e n e r a l i z e d
s t a b i 1 i t y a n a l y s is p r o g r a mw h i c h c a l c u l a t e s
h y d r o s t a t ci c h ar a c t e r i s t i c s , r i g h t i n g a n dk e e li n g
a r m c u r v e s , a n d d a m a g es t a b i l i t y e q u i li b r j u m
c o n d i t i o n s .C a l c u l a t i o nasr e b a s e do n h u l i e n v e l o p e
g e o m e t r y ,o b t a i n e d v i a i n t e r f a c e f r o m a H U L D E F
fi1e, and internal subdivision. The designer
s p e c i f i e st h e c a l c u l a t i o n st o b e c a r r i e d o u t , d f l J
c o m p a r t m ednat m a g ea, n da n o n r e d u n d a nc to m bni a t i o n
o f d r a f t , t r i m , d i s p l a c e m e natn d L C G .
S HCP
out p- utwa _ tra
s n s fe rre d to o u r C A Ds y stem to
p r o d u c ef o r m a l h y d r o s t a t i c s d r a w i n g s . - T h e u p _
s e t t i n g f o r " c e sc o n si d e r e d w e r e w i n d h e e l, t w o c o m p a r t m e ndt a m a g e ,3 i n o f i c e o n a n d a b o v e
the weatherdeck, and centrifugal force in a
h i g h - s p e e dt u r n .
T h e . t w o f o l dg o a l o f t h e s t u d i e s w a s t o d e v e l o p
e n v i r o n m e n t ael n v e l o p e sf o r o p e r a t i o n o f t h b
c r a f t i n a l l m i s s i o nc o n f i g u r a t i o n sa n d t o s h o w
t h a t t h e c r a f t m e t t h e e s t a b l i s h e ds t a b i l i t y
criteria.
The result was a craft that can
w i t h s t a n d b e a mw i n d s i n e x c e s so f 7 O k n o t s i n
both the intact condition and the damaged
c o n d i t i o n w i t h a n y t w o c o m p a r t m e n tf sl o o d d d ,

F i g u r e4 .

S e l e c t e dH u l l F o r m

a n d m e e t s s t a b i li t y c r i t e r i a i n a l I m i s s i o n
c o n f i g u r a t i o n sf o r h i g h - s p e e d t u r n s a t t h e
m a x i m u smp e e da n d y a w r a t e s .
The.optimizatioo
nf h u l l d i m e n s i o nd
suring the
d e s i g np r o c e s sa n d t h e s u b s e q u e nc ta r c u r a t i 6 no f
acceptabloperati
e
onalenvel opes
nequired e xt ensive,
i t e r a t i v e s t a b iI i t y c a l c u i a t i o n i . T h is p r o c e s s
! a s g r e a t l y e x p e d i t e d b y e m p l o y i n gS H C pw i t h
input data direcily from the ief .
3 . 3 G E N E R A LR R A N G E M E N T
I h q a r r a n g e m e ndt e s i g n p r o c e s s w a s i n i t i a t e d
b y . t r a n s f e r r i n gd e c ke d g ea n dc o m p a r t m e nbto u n d a r y
d a t a f r o m t h e I n t e g r a t e d G e o m e t r yL i b r a r y i o i n i ,
A u t o - T r o l c A Ds y s t - e m . F i g u r e 5 i i l u s t r i t e s t h e
n a t u r e o f t h e g e o m e t r yd a t a b a s e t r a n s f e r r . e da t
t h i s p o i n t ; i . { - , - s u r . i a c e sr e p r e s e n t e di n 3 - D b 1
c o n t r o lI i n e s . A l l . s u b s e q u e na tr r a n g e m e n
d te s i g n ,
h o w e v e rw
, a s c a r r i e d o u t v i a A u t o - - T r o il n a i - O
d r a f t i n g m o d eb e c a u s ce e r t a i n s y s t e mc a p a b i li t i e s
(interference checking, isomeiric prb3ections,
v o l u m ec a l c u l a t i o n , e t c . ) a v a i l a b l e i n t n e 3 - D
m o d ew e r e n o t n e e d e da t t h i s s t a g e . T h e u s e o f
u 1 j b r a r . y o f p a t t e r n s ( " t e m p 1 a i e s , , o) f m aj o r
equipmenu
t n i t s _e x p e d i t e dt h e . i t e r a t i v e d e s i g n
p r o c e s s . R e s u l t s o f t h e g e n e n a la r r a n g e m e n t
d e s i g n a r e _ p r e - s e n t e' lda t e r i n t h i s p a p e i ( s e e
S e c t i o n4 , D e s i g nS u m m d r y ) .

48

O. Jons et al.

F i g u n e5 .

I l ' l u s t r a t i o no f 3 - D H u l l
G e o n e t r yD a t a B a s e

I n t h e l a y o u t a n dd e s i g no f d i s t r i b u t i v e s y s t e m s ,
h o w e v e r , t h e 3 - D m o d eo f t h e A u t o - T r o l s y s t e m
was usedextensively, as further discussed
b e lo w .
3.4

H U L LS T R U C T UARNEDL O N G I T U D I NSATLR E N G T H

I n t h e d e s i g no f t h e h u l l s t r u c t u r e , e x t e n s i v e
u s e w a s m a d eo f t h e p r o g r a mH U L S T R X
d ,e v e l o p e d
to a large extent by AME. In a previouspaper
f o r I C C A S , r e f e r e n c e ( 2 ) , p r o g r a mo b j e c t i v e s
and status of an earlier version of the program
w e r e p r e s e n t e d . S i n c e t h e n, t h e p r o g r a mh a s
u n d e r g o nseu b s t a n t i a lc h a n g e s . S p e cf' i c i m p r o v e m e n t si n c o r p o r a t e di n H U L S T RI IX i n c l u d e :
o

C h a n g e - o v ef r o m e s s e n t i a l ' l ya b a t c h - o r i e n t e d
input to an interactive mode

E a s eo f u s e b y t h e o c c a s i o n a lo r u n t r a i n e d
u s e r a c h i e v e d b y a m e n u - d r i v e nm o d e o f
o p e r a t i o n ( f f r e c o m m a n d - d r j v emno d ej s a l s o
avai'lable.)

E l a s t i c m o d e l d e f i n i t i o n , p e r m i t t i n g s m aIl
c h a n g e si n h i g h e r - le v e l d e s ig n g e o m e t r y
t o b e a u t o m a t i c a l l yr e f l e c t e d i n l o w e r - l e v e l
d e s ig n e l e m e n t s

T h e g e o m e t r i cd e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s h i p i n H U L S T R X
i s s i m i l a rt o t h a t u s e db y H U L D E w
F ,i t h e n h a n c e m e n t s
t o r e d u c ed a t a s t o r a g e a n d i m p r o v ec o m p u t a t i o n a l
s p e e d . T h e h u 11 , d e c k s , b u 1k h e a d s ,a n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a r e e a c ht r e a t e d a s s e p a r a t es u r f a c e s .
0nce the hull form has been entered into the
I G L u s i n g t h e i n t e g r a ' l H U L D E iFn t e r f a c e , a l l
r e m a i n i nsgu r f a c e sa r e g e n e r a t e du s i n g c a p a b i li t i e s
b u i l t i n t o H U L S T R XS. t r u c t u r a l d a t a a n d s u r f a c e
o p e n i n g sa r e a d d e da s w e l l .
T h e f i n a l s t r u c t u r a l l a y o u t d e v e l o p e dv i a t h e
r o g r a mw a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e A u t o - T r o l
H U L S T RpX
C A Ds y s t e mv i a t h e I G L i n t e r f a c e f o r p r o d u c t i o n
o f f i n a l s t r u c t u r a ld r a w i n g s . T y p i c a l s e c t i o n s a n d
t h e m a i n d e c k s t r u c t u r a l l a y o u t a r e s h o w ni n
figure 6.
T h ea c t u a l d e s i g na n d / o r a n a l y s i s o f s t r u c t u r a l
m e m b esr se l e c t e df o r s t r u c t u r a l a d e q u a cw
y arranted
a parallel approach. 0n the one hand,members
w e r e a n a l y z e du s i n g m a n u a lm e t h o d sa p p r o p r i a t e

f o r s m a l l c r a f t s u b j e c t e dt o h i g h l y d y n a m i cl o c a l
l o a d s . 0 n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,t h e r e l a t j v e l y s l e n d e r
h u l l m a d ej t a d v i s a b l et o c h e c kf o r a d e q u a coy f
t h e h u l l g i r d e r a s a f r e e - f r e e b e a mw i t h l o c a l ,
I ateral I oadssuperimposed.
The integration of the existing USNprogram
w i t h t h e H U L S T RI IX p r o g r a mi s n o t y e t f u 1 1 y
SSDP
accomp'lished
S.S Dw
P a s ,t h e r e f o r e ,o n l y s p a r i n g l y
used i n the AMPB
s ' d e v e ol p m e n t . H o w e v e r ,w e
m a d ee x t e n s i v eu s e o f t h e p n o g r a m
L 0 N G S Tw, h i c h
w a s t h e r e s u l t o f a p r i o r i n - h o u s ed e v e l o p m e n t
effort.
L O N G S Tw, h ic h w a s s u c c e s s f u1l y i n t e g r a t e d ' in t o
HULSTRX
i s, i n t e n d e dp r i 'm
l oanrgi 'i l y a s a n a n a l y s i s
t o o l f o r v a ' il d a t i n g t h e
t u d in a l s t r u c t u r e
o f a s h i p i n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h D D S 1 0 0 - 4 a n d
1 0 0 - 6 ; i t w i l l n o t c h a n g em e m b esri z e s . W h i l e
i t w a s n o t j n t e n d e d a s a d e s i g n t o o ' l, L 0 N G S T
c a n , h o w e v e r ,b e u s e d f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e sv i a
i t e r a t i v e a n a l y s i s . T h e p r o g r a mc h e c k s t h e
s c a n t li n g s o f p l a t e s a n d p l a t e - s t i f f e n e r c o m b i n a t ' i o n so f a s h i p c r o s s - s e c t i o nu n d e r c o m b i n e d
primaryand local loads and calculates shell
p a n e ' l s t r e n g t h u n d e r c o m bni e d e d g e c o m p r e s s ' i o n
a n d p r i m a r i l y s h e l l l o a d i n g i n a c c o r d a n cue, i t h
Bleich.
B e c a u s eH U L S T RIX
I is an interactive program,
t h e u s e r c a n e m p l o yL 0 N G S T - - w h ii cs hm u c hs i m p l e r
t h a n S S D P - - i ni t s s e t - u p , e s s e n t i a l ' l ya s a
s u b r o u t i n et o H U L S T RI IX. A l l t h e u s e r d o e s i s
c a l l u p o np r e s t o r e di n f o r m a t i o ni n t h e s t r u c t u r a l
c o n f i g u r a t i o no f t h e s e c t i o n i n q u e s t i o n , a d d
m a t e r i a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n sa n d t e n t a t ' i v e l y s e l e c t
stiffeners from a tabl e of standard shapes
which is also prestored. At that point, the
p r o g r a mw i I I c a l c u l a t e s h i p c r o s s - s e c t i o n
p r o p e r t i e s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l yp r o v i d e a p r i n t - o u t
o n t h e c o m p l e t es t r e s s a n d s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s
of the gi ven structural memberin question,
i n c l u d in g f a c t o r s o f s a f e t y .
In case the
u s e r ' s i n i t i a l s e l e c t i o no f p l a t e t h i c k n e s s e s
a n d s h a p e sw a s e i t h e r o v e r l y c o n s e r v a t i v e ,o r
u n d e r d e s i g n e dt h, e c y c l e i s r . e p e a t e da, s a p p r o p r i a t e , t ^ , i t ha m o d i f i e ds e t o f s c a n t li n g s .
F i g u r e7 s h o w sa s a m p l eL 0 N G SpTr i n t - o u t i l l u s trating the validation of structural adequacy
of an individualmember.

Integrated Computer-Aided Design of Fast patrol Boats

---:i_:_:-L_L4IS}--_

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SECTION

F i g u r e6 .

SECTIOLI

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l0cATl0N
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2.

C.?5

UATERIAIC
, HARACTERISTICS
ALUMINUM=

10000.,

I'B

14.00,

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D E S C R I P T I O NO T ' P L A T E - S T I F I ' E N E R
COI'TBINATION
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4.

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t + . 1 1 |

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L/R

STRENGTHCHARACTERISTICS

K4*L/R =
p / t

5.

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I N T E R N A LH E A D
P R I M A R YS T R E S S E D C O M P .
s H E A RF 0 R c E l u o T o L o c A t L O A D s

O .O O O E X T E R N A L
HEAD
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TENSILE
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COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION

1.21 6
6.691

COMBINEDSTRESSES

S T I F F E N E RT E N S I O N. =
4.4'7 +
3.146 =
14.ooo o.K.
7.801
PLATETENSION
2.412 =
5.839 < 14.ooo o.K.
S T I I ' F E N E RC 0 M P R E S S I 0 =N
4 . 4 5 7/ ( 0 . 8 0 * 1 5 . 7 1 1 ) +
5 . 5 9 1/ : q . o o o = o . 8 1 J <
1.000 0.K.

PT A-tr

I-OMPEF'SETON

.80 r

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Figure 7.

(o)
(o)

r'y

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1.714

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.5 *

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FB

5.67J

o.K.

(0.)

8.ri2

o.K.

(o)

V a l i d a t i o n o f S t r u c t u r a l M e m b e(rS a m p l e )

s0

O. Jons et al.

t , lEG
I HT S

3. 5

P r o p e l l e r s . T h e r ew e r e f o u r i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r e f i o n s i n T h e d e s ig n o f t h e p r o p u ls o r a n d i t s p o w e r
transmission
s y s t e m :( a ) c a p a b i il t y f o r i n s h o r e ,
s h a lI o w - w a t e r o p e r a t i o n s ; ( b ) u s e o f p r o v e n
o f f - t h e - s h e lf c o m p o n e n t s (; c ) s i m p li c i t y ; a n d
( d ) I i g h t w e ig h t . I n s h o r es h a lI o w - w a t e o
r peration
r e q u i r e s s h a l l o wd r a f t a n d a p r o p u l s o rt h a t i s
t o l e r a n t o f g r o u n d i n g . O u r s o l u t i o n w a st o u s e
f i x e d p i t c h p r o p e l l e r sh o u s e d3 8 %i n t u n n e l s i n
t h e h u l l . T h e p r o p e l l e r t i p c l e a r a n c ei s 6 i n
a b o v et h e b a s e il n e .

A t h o r o u g h , d e t a i l e d w e i g h t c a l c u l a t i o nw a s
p e r f o r m e dn,o t o n l y b e c a u s e
of the great critical ity
o f w e ig h t i n h i g h - p e r f o r m a n c ec r a f t b u t a l s o
b e c a u s ea n a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e o f t h e c e n t e r o f
g r a v i t y w a sc r u c i a l t o p r e d i c t i n g c r a f t p e r f o r m a n c e
with confidence.
l { h i l e t h e d e v e l o p m e notf w e i g h t d a t a w a sc a r r i e d
o u t b y t r a d i t i o n a l m e a n s ,t h e a c t u a l w e i g h t
a c c o u n t i n ga n d d e v e l o p m e notf w e i g h t r e p o r t s w a s
c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e p r o g r a mS D t . l E( S n l p D e s i g n
l , l e i g h tE s t i m a t e ) . S D } I cEa t e g o r i z e sw e i g h e
t lements
b y t h e U . S . N a v y S W B S( S f r ip W o r k B r e a k d o w n
S t r u c t u r e ). I t a u t o m a t i c al yl c a 1c u l a t e s d e s ig n
m a r g i n s , w h i c h c a n b e v a r i e d b e t w e e nw e ig h t
e l e m e n tc a t e g o r i e s ,a n d h a s a s e p a r a t ea c c o u n t i n g
feature for variable loads. While the latter
f e a t u r e w a s p r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e dt o d e a l w i t h
c o n s u m a b l e si,t p r o v e d v e r y u s e f u l i n d e a l i n g
w i t h t h e c r a f t v a r i a n t s t h a t d e v e l o p e da s
different combat system payload moduleswere
i d e n ti f i e d a n d d e v e o
l p e d . F i g u r e B s h o w sa
s a m p l eS D W w
Eeight summary.

D i s t r i b u t i v e S y s t e m s .A s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e
s y s t e mw i t h i n p u t d i r e i t l y
ffi
f r o m t h e I G L w a s u s e d t o d e v e l o p s y s t e ml a y - o u t
f o r s u c hs y s t e m sa s h e a t i n g ,v e n t i l a t i o n a n d a i r
c o n d i t i o n i n g ( H V A C ) f, u e l o i l , a n d s e a w a t e r .
T h e 3 - D m o d ew a s u s e d , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e
9 , w h i c h s h o w ss i m p l i f i e d e x a m p l e s . A n u m b e r
o f s t a n d - a l o n ep r o g r a m sw e r e u s e d t o a l l e v i a t e
o
' l tohaedr w i s et e d i o u s c a l c u l a t i o n ss u c ha s e l e c t r i c
a n a l y s i s ( f L A 1 a n d s u m m a r i eosf h e a t i n ga n d
c o o li n g l o a d c a l c u l a t i o n s( H V A C ) .
3.7

Both design effjciency and design consistency

w e r ea c h i e v e db y e x t e n s i v eu s e o f c o m p u t e ar i d s ;
specifically, as illustrated'in figure Z, the
f l o w o f i n f o r m a t i o na n d t h e g r a d u a l b u i l d - u p o f
'library
(lGL) took place
an integratedgeometry
a s f o ' l lo w s :

3 . 6 M I S C E L L A N ESOUUBSS Y S T E M S
l , l a i nP r o p u l s i o nE n g i n e s . S e l e c t i o no f s u i t a b l e
p r o p u l s i o ne n g i n e sh a d t o i n c l u d e c o n s i d e r a t i o n
o f , a m o n go t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t s ,( a ) d e m o n s t r a t e d
r e l i a b i I i t y , ( b ) f a v o r a b ' l ef u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ,
( c ) w o r l d w i d e s u p p o r t a b i i' tl y , a n d ( d ) l o w
w e i g h t - t o - p o w erra t i o w i t h h i g h p o w e r - t o - v o l u m e
ratio.
MTU'sSeries 538 diese'l engineswere
f o u n d t o m e e ta l l t h e s e d e m a n d s . T h e s e r i e s
h a s p r o v e n i t s r e l i a b i ' li t y i n a m u lt i t u d e o f
f a s t n a v a l v e s s e l s : w e l l o v e r 2 , 0 0 0 e n g i n e si n
the series have been deli vered around the
vrorld to date. If a higher speedshould be
c o n s i d e r e de s s e n t j a l f o r ^ a g i v e n m i s s i o n , t h e
A M - 1 1 0 c a n a c c o m m o d a t teh e 1 6 V 5 3 8v e r s i o n ,
w h i c h , w i t h m i n i m a lc r a f t i m p a c t ,w o u l dy i e l d a
t o p s p e e do f a p p r o x i m a t e l y4 0 k n o t s .

HE I CltT

P T E P A R E DE Y A X E

raAvY
GITOU
P

DESCR
I P TI O N

(a) HULDEF
was used to define and fair
h u lI f o r m .

(c)

ltOXeXT
-

REFEI'ENCE IS

P R , C E N 'C
TOTTPLETE
EST. CALC. ACTUAL

the

( b ) D a t a w e r e f e d d i r e c t l y i n t o S H C Pf o r
the calculation of intact stabi'lity and
f l o o d a bel I e n g t h c u r v e s.

AND

ENGLtSIt UNITS
LONCI'UDINAL

SUMMARY

D a m a g es t a b i l i t y w a s a s s e s s e da f t e r t h e
i n t e r n a l s u b d vi i s i o n w a s e s t a b li s h e d ,
a g a i nu s i n gS H C P .

R E P O R TN O . I I
ocT0BEr{25, t9El

EST t HATt

POUNDS, TONS, FEET

-54.00
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PORPENDTCULAR

CURRENT
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noltENT

LcG

t{oftENT

TRANS VURSI:
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s
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HULL STRUCTURE
OO IIULL STRUCTURE
O S H E L L 6 S U P P O R T I N GS T R U C T U R E
SHELI.

PLATING

EOTTOh

I illlER

EOTTOII

SIIEI,L

APPENDAGES

LONC ITUDINAL
TRANSVElISE

FRAIII !{G
FRAI{ING

2 O } I U L L S T R U C T U R A LB U L K H E A D S
LONGL. STRUCT. BHDS.
TRANSVERSE
STRUCT. EHDS.
]I

I{AIN

DEC(

{O

IIULL

PLATFOR}tS

PROPULSION
ELECIIIC
col||l.

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PLAIIT
sutv.

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FLATS

CAIIN SOLE
S T E E R I N CG E A R P L A T S
STRUCTURE
DECKHOUSE
STRUCTURAL
C A S T I N G S6 9 E L D I I E N T S
SIACHESTS
7 I I U L L S T R U C T U R A IC
. LOSUI'ES
6 D E C I ( H O U S ES T R U C T U R A LC L O S U R E S
5 9 T R A N S O XG A T E
t{AsTs, Tor,ERs, AN0 TETRAPODS
82

0
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FOUNDATIONS
FouftDA'ttoNs

F i g ur e 8 .

S D t . l0Eu t p u t ( S a m p l e )

(,
o
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Integrated Computer-Aided Design of Fast Patrol Boats

(d)

(f)

The data basewasthen transferred to our

3 - D i n t e r a c t i v e c o m p u t e rg r a p h i c s s y s t e m ,
A u t o - T r o l , f o r d e v e l o p m e not f c o m p a r t m e n t
a n d a c c e s sd r a w i n g s .

( e ) T h e d e s i g n g e o m e t r y1i b r a r y , c o n t a i n i n g
h u l l f o r m a n d j n t e r n a l s u b d i v i s i o n ,s e r v e d
a s i n p u t t o H U L S T RfX
or the development
o f s t r u c t u r a l d r a w in g s, u si n g S S D Po r
L 0 N G S Tf o r d e s i g n o f s c a n t li n g s a n d / o r
v a l i d a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l a d e q u a c y ,a n d
A u t o - t r o l f o r d e v e l o p i n gs t r u c t u r a ld e t a i l s .

DETAIL

T h e d a t a b a s e , t h u s a u g m e n t e dt ,h e n s e r v e d
a sa p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r ef o r d e v e l o p i n g e n e r a l
a n d d e t ai I e d a r r a n g e m e n td r . a wni g s a n d
b a c k g r o u n dd r a w i n g s f o r a l I d i s t r i b u t i v e
s y s t e m st o b e u s e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e not f
d r a w i n g sf o r i n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m s .

"AO
/
/

/
/

SYSTEM

S Y S T E M" B '

SYSTEM"A"
I

S Y S T E M" 8 "
F i g u r e9 .

5l

D i s t r i b u t i v e S y s t e m3 - D
R e p r e s e n t aot in ( S a m pe l)

52

O. Jorts et al.

4.

DESIGIISUIIIARY

4 . 1 C R A FC
THARACTERISTICS
B a s e du p o nt h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n ds i s c u s s e de a r l i e r ,
t h e r e e m e r g e dt h e c o n c e p to f a c r a f t c a l l e d t h e
A d v a n c eM
d u l t i - m i s s i o nP a t r o l B o a t ( A M P B )T. h e
b a s e l i n ev e r s i o n a n d f i r s t m e m b eorf t h e f a m i l y
i s d e s i g n a t eAdM - 1 1 (0t h e n u m e r i c avl a l u e j n d i c a t e s
approximatd
e i s p l a c e m e n t ) .T h eM - 1 1 0c o n f i g u r a t i o n
a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa r e s h o w ni n f i g u r e 1 0 .
p l a n i n gh u 11 p o w e r e d
T h eA M P iBs a 1 I ? - L Ta l u m i n u m
b y t w o d i e s e l e n g i n e s . T h e c o m b a st y s t e mt e n t a t i v e l y s e l e c t e da s r e p r e s e n t a t i v ec o n s i s t s o f :
Weapon
Control System
F or war dG un
A f t G un
S u r f a c e - t o - S u r f a cM
e is s i I e
4.2

P h i l l i p s9 L V 2 0 0 M K I I
B O F O R5S7 m mM K I
EMERSON
L-CAT25 nm
E X O C EMTM 3 B

CONCEP
RT
EFINEMENT

I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e d i s c u s s i o n su n d e r , , H u l l
F o r m D e v e l o p m e n t "h a t v i r t u a l 1 y a l I d e s i g n
f e a t u r e sw h i c he n h a n c e
s e a k e e p i nagb i l i t y d e t r a c t
- erformn
a c ee f f i c i e n c y - a 1t h o ug h
f r o m hi g h -s p e e d p
t h e l a t t e r i s a t t a j n a b l ep r i m a r i l yi n c a l ms e a s .
N e v e r t h e l e s sw, e w e r e n o t w i l l i n g t o g i v e u p o n
h i g h - s p e e dc a p a b1i i t y .
A r e - e v a l u a t i o no f s c e n a r i o si n w h j c hh i g h - s p e e d
c a p a b i il t y w o u l db e e s s e n t i a l j n d i c a t e dt h a t t h e
t h r e a t ( o r n e e df o r h i g h s p e e d o
) r i g i n a t e dp r i m a r i l y
i n t h e m i s s i o na r e a so f l a w e n f o r c e m e natn d d r u g t r a f f i c c o n t r o l r a t h e r t h a n i n n a v a lc o m b a t . T h e
i m p l i c a t i o ni s t h a t , i n t h e s em i s s j o na r e a s , d e p l o y m e n to f I i g h t a r m a m e n' it n s m aIl b u t v e r y f a s t

c r a f t w o ud
l s uf f i c e. W et h e r e f o r e d e t e r mni e d t h a t
prov'iding
h i g h - s p e e cda p a b i l i t y t h r o u g ha 2 - 4 L T
i n t e r c e p t o r - t y p e c r a f t c a r r i e d o n b o a r d w o u ld
r e s u l t i n a m u c hg r e a t e r r e t u r n o n i n v e s t m e n t h a n
i n s t a l l i n g h ' i g h - s p e ecda p a b i l i t y i n a 1 0 0 - L T
c r a f t w h i c h - - b y n e c e s s i t y - - h a sb e e n o p t i m i z e d
f o r p e r f o r m a n ceef f i c i e n c y i n a s e a w a y .
Recreationalcraft that can operatein the
4 0 - t o 6 0 - k n o ts p e e dr a n g e ( i n r e l a t i v e l y c a l m
w a t e r )a n d s t i l l c a r r y a s m a l lp a y l o a da r e r b a d i l y
available. Theseare very attractive
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o s m u g g l e r sa n d t e r r o r i s t
groups. The interceptor counters this threat
b y e x c e e d i n g t h e t y p i c a l c a l m - w a t e rs p e e d o f
such craft and by providinga buffer against
k a mki a z e - s t y e1 t e r r o r i s t a t t a c k s .
F i g u r e 1 1 s h o w st h e t y p i c a l p e r f o r m a n ceen v e l o p e
of the two types of craft in terms of speed
c a p a b1i r ' t y v e r s u s s e a s t a t e . T h e u s e o f t h e
i n t e r c e p t o r b r o a d e n st h i s e n v e l o p ef a r m o r et h a n
a n y i n c r e a s ei n m o t h e r - s h i ps p e e d ( p e r h a p sZ - 3
k n o t s m a x i m u m t)h a t m i g h t b e o b t a i n e d b y
c o m p r o m i s i nsge a k e e p i n gc a p a b i 'i lt y i n f a v o r o f
maximum
s p e e d . F ig u r e I Z f u r t h e r i I I u s t r a t e s
the concept.
T h e C 0 U G AM
Rarine 27 has been tentatively
s e l e c t e da s t h e i n t e r c e p t o r b e c a u s ei t h a s p r o v e n
h i g h - s p e e cda p a b i l i t y a n d i s a v a i l a b l eo f f t h e
s h e lf .
F ig u r e 1 3 i I I u s t r a t e s t h e i n b o a r d
p r o f i 1e a n d 1a y - o u t s h o w i n gt h e i n t e r c e p t o r
nested in the stern area of the craft.
The
f u l l n e s s o f t h e h u l l f o r m a f t p r o v i d e sf o r e a s y
a c c o m m o d a t i oonf t h e i n t e r c e p t o r i n t h e s t e r n
r e g i o no f t h e c r a f t v i a a w e t w e l l .

cHAtac?ltlttrct
LENGTH OVEFALL
LENGTH ON WATERLINE
MAXIMUM BEAM
FULL LOAO OISPLACEMENT
MAXIMUM NAVIGATIONAL ORAFI
MAXIMUM SPEEO
RANGE
IOTAL FUEL CAPACIY
PFOPULSION ENGINES
IFANSMISSION

l2t .6"
roE.0"
23-0'
r r t A l l

3 7M
33M
7M

ELCTFICAL POWER
PROPELLERS

l t r i

{ ' 6 '
r 4 M
36 i(NOIS
1 5 O ON M A T I 5 ( N O T S
6670 GALS
IwO MrU 12V536 t892 9tESEtS
rWO ZF BW 755 MAFINE
FEVEFSEIREOUCIION GEAFS

COMPLEMENT
PAYLOAO
WEAPON CONTFOL SYSTEM
FOFWAFO GUN
AFT GUN
SURFACE IO SUFFACE MISSILE
TNtEFCEpTOF

) u t b o a r dP r o f i l e
F i g u n e 1 0 . A M P B( A M - 1 1 0O
a n d C h a r a c t e rsit i c s

IWO OETROITOIESEL37INA
55KWAC GENERATORS
rwo NEwToN.nAoaR 4E' otA
60'P|ICH
1 o F F r c E R s4 C F E W E
co
PHILLIPS
9LVzOO
MKII
B O F O F S5 7 M MM X I I
E M E F S O NL - C A I 2 5 M M
E X O C E TM M 3
C O U G A FM A R I N E

Irttegraterl Computer-Aided Desigrtof Fast Patrol Boqts

S P E E OR E O U C T I O N
FOR
CREWCOMFORT

F i g u n e1 1 . 0 p e r a t i n gE n v e i o p efso r .
M o t h e rC r a f t a n d I n t e r c e p t o r -

F i g u r ^ ei 3 .

A M P B( A M - 1 1 0 I) n b o a r dP r o fi l e
and Lay-0ut

=<44
--------<

\___
.:-\
<-)

<<

F i g u r e 1 2 . M o t h e rC r a f t - l n t e r c e p t o rC^ o n c e p t

53

54
4.3

O. Jons et al.

4 . 4 S E A K E E P IPNEGR F O R M A N C E

SPEED.POW
PE R F O R M A N C E

T h e r e s i s t a n c e c h a r a c t e nsi t i c s o b t ai n e d f r o m
m o d e lt e s t d a t a o f t h e A M - 1 1 0a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r
c r a f t o f s i m i l a r s i z e a n dd e s i g ns p e e da r e c o m p a n e d
in figure 14 in nondimensiona
f ol r m . F o r v a l u e s
of FV of 3 and below (about 40 knots for our
c r a f t ) , t h e A M - 1 1h0a sr e s i s t a n c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
e q u a l t o o r b e t t e r t h a n c r a f t r e p r e s e n t a t i v eo f
U.S. and European
d e s i g n s . I n t h e s p e e dr a n g e
of 20-30 knots, the resistance savingsare 20%
o r m o r e . I t i s o n l y a t s p e e d sa b o v e 4 0 k n o t s
t h a t d e s i g nc o m p r o m
s ei sm a d et o e n h a n c e
rough-water
performance
begin to take their toll.
E v e na t
F y o f 3 . 4 ( a b o u t4 5 k n o t s) , t h e r e i s n o s i g n if i c a n t
r e s i s t a n c e p e n atl y . T h e s ee x c e lI e n t c a l m - w a t e r
resistance figures carry over into real-world
p e r f o r m a n c e . C a r e f u l p r o p e l1e r s e l e c t i o n a n d
t u n n e l d e s i g n h a v e y i e l d e d g o o d p r o p u ls i v e
e f f i c i e n c y . E m p h a s iosn s e a k e e p i n pg e r f o r m a n c e ,
i n g e n e r a lh, a s m i n i m i z eadd d e dr e s j s t a n c ei n w a v e s .

T h es i n g ' l em o s ti m p o r t a n tf a c t o r i n t h e s e a k e e p i n g
o f p ' l a n i n gc r a f t i s v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n , o r
p o u n d i n g . D e s i g nl o a d s f o r h u l l s t r u c t u r e a r e
d e t e r m i n e db y b o t t o mp r e s s u r e ,w h i c h i s d i r e c t ' l y
r e l a t e dt o v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n . A t h i g h s p e e d s ,
crew motion sickness and fatigue are induced
primarily by vertical acceleration. Therefore,
t h e c r e w f r e q u e n t ' l yr e d u c es p e e dv o l u n t a r i l y t o
a v o i d e x c e s s i v ed i s c o m f o r ta n d p o s s i b l e i n j u r y .
F i g u r e 1 5 s h o w sa c o m p a rsio n o f v e r t ' i c a l a c c e leration at the center of gravity for the AM-110
a n d s o m e s u b s t a n t i a 1l y l a r g e r c r a f t .
In Sea
S t a t e 4 ( H I / 3 = 7 . 0 f t ) , f o r e x a m p ' l eA, M - 1 1 0
a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e B 0 %l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o f a
c o n v e n t i o n a l F A Ca n d e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m ea s
t h o s e o f a 4 0 0 - L Tc r a f t .

DRAG
R E P R E S E N T A T I V EF A C
AMPB (AM-I

LIFT

IO)

F i g u r e 1 4 . C a l mW a t e rD r a gC o m p a r i s o n
9EA STATE
3
2.O

1.6

.o
CI

C'

o
R E P R E S E N T A T I V E, /
FAC (125 LTONS},/

o " F

,/

tr
uJ
uJ.

./

3 . 8

UJ
()

.aB

.-L

o
ul

FRENCH FAC
(4OO LTONS)

H . 4
I
c'

c
1.2 uJ

\./
./

o
o

1'o o
2

. 4 9
E
o

AMPB(AM-1 1O)

(FlroHs)

SIGNIFICANW
T A V E H E I G H T( F T )

Figure15. Seakeeping/Acceleration
C o m p asnoi n

10

httegrated Computer-Aided Design of Fast Patrol Boats

5.

THE EXPATIDED
AI.IPBFAIIILY

I n t e r e s t e x p r e s s e db y p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s
s p a r k e d t h e d e v e l o p m e not f a d d i t i o n a l m e m b e r s
o f t h e A M P Bf a m i l y . F i g u r e 1 6 i I I u s t r a t e s
t h e g e n e r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f s o m eo f t h e s e
c r a f t , w h i c h r a n g ei n s i z e u p t o 5 0 0 L T .
r

A M - 1 1 0( C G ) : A c r a f t w i t h a h u lI i d e n t . i c a l
t o t h e A M - 1 1 0( f n C ; b u t c o n f i g u r e d f o r
C o a s tG u a r dm i s s i o n s

A M - 1 4 0( F M S ) : A c o n c e p t d e v e l o p e df o r
f o r e i g n m i l i t a r y s a l e s ( F M S ) ,f e a t u r i n g
U . S . w e a p o n sa n d d i e s e l e n g i n e sa n d w i t h a
s o m e w h al at r g e r h u 1 1

A M - 2 5 0( F M )S: A c r a f t a l s o ' i n t e n d e df o r F M S
but with enhanced
c o m b a tc a p a b i fi t y
A M - 4 0 0( e C N 1 : A h i g h - p e r f o r m a n ccer a f t j n
t h e 4 0 0 - 5 0 0 - t o nr a n g e , c o n f ig u r e d f o r t h e
U . S . N a v yP C Mp r o g r a m

55

D e v e l o p m e notf t h e s e c o n c e p t s g a v e u s a m p l e
o p p o r t u n i t yb o t h t o p r o v e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y a n d
a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f t h e i n t e g r a t e d C A Da p p r o a c h
and to reap its benefits. Using a prestored
d i g i t a l d a t a b a s e d e s c r ib i n g t h e b as i c h uI I
c o n f i g u r a t i o n a s w e lI a s m o d e n nw e a p o na n d
s e n s 0 r s y s t e mc o n f i g u r a t i o n s , w e a r e n o w i n a
p o s ' i t i o n t o d e r i v e n e u , p a t r o l b o a t c o n c e p t s,
t a i l o r e d t o s u i t c u s t o m e rp r e f e r e n c e s , i n a
matter of days.
REFERENCES:
( 1)

l ( a z z , U g o , T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l n a v a l v e s s e sl
m a r k e t 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 3M
, aritimeReporter and
E n g i n e e r . i nNge w s( J u n e1 5 , 1 9 8 4 ) .

(2) By1er, E., BatchelorB

, . a n d V a 1 z ,R . ,
U . S . N a v y C A Dp r o g r a mf o r h u l l s t r u c t u r e
( H U L S T R XI C
) , C A S' 8 2 .

F
AM-110 (FAC)

AM-110(C.G.)

AM.140 (FMS)

AM-250 (FMS)

F i g u r e 1 6 . S e l e c t e dA M P B
Concepts

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
IFIP, 1985

57

THE BENEFIT OF COLOR GRAPHICS IN CAD

E.

D E E T M A N ,P . G . A . N I E U W E N D I J K , J . G . F . M .
Delft
University
of Technology,

H O L T A C K E R S ,A . V E R S L U I S
the Netherlands

The paper describes

the use of color
graphics
to check displacement,
stability
and trim in
the design of maritime
structures.
The design process in CAD is divided
into three phases,
namely: concept definition,
prelirninary
design and detailed
design.
The last
two phases are
subject
of the paper. The preliminary
design deals with displacement
and stabillty.
In the
detailed
design these objectives
are conpleted with the trim.
The checking
of loading
condition(s)
is an important
step in the decision-rnaking
process.
Therefore
a multi
purpose program for generation
of fair
curves of waterplane
areas has been
developed
to calculate
the holdand tank capacities
in the preliminary
design.
In the
detailed
design the loading
conditions
are visually
checked by means of the hold capacity
curve.
The CAD hardware
that
was used consisted
of
a personal
computer and a mlni
computer.
Advantages
and disadvantages
of both systems will
be considered.
Also the advantages
of
using a color copi_er are discussed.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this

paper is to give an overview
of the methods used to estimate and to calculate
hold capacities
during
the design process.
The
paper also introduces
the reader to the design
process and the role which CAD techniques
play
in the design process.
Afrer
Jones { O}, Lorenrz {g } , Nijhuis
and
{ f: }
Deetman t I l the following
sequence of events in
engineering
design is used.
The
design
begins
by
gathering
the
of
information.
In a feasibility
study the designer
tries
to determine a seE of feasible
concepts.
From this
the
concept
definition
or analysis
stage for
the design as a whole is derived.
In
the
analysis
stage
or
explorative
phase the
designer
has to take four
steps,
3s shor^m in
figure
1.
In the first
place
the analysis
of the owners
requirements
has to be done. After
that a list
of
similar
ships
is
created
and a
set
of
alternative
arrangements
is compared. From the
list
of similar
ships a graph can be made for
the first
estimation
of the principal
dimensions
of the ship to be designed.
To ensure
that
the
final
estimated
principal
dinensions
using
ernpirical
data,
in so ca11ed
'estimation
rnodels,
are
correct,
the
designer
uses experience coefficients.
The next
stage
is
to
select
one of
these
alternatives
for further
development. This stage
is
called
the prelirninary
design
or synthesis
phase.
In
the
phase the
synthesis
designers
interest
is to identify
the best configuration
of a particular
system. The shiprs
prinicipal
dimensions
and form are determined
so that
the
result
of the detailed
design complies with the
ov/ners requirernents.
The estimations
made in the
synthesis
phase consist
of the following
three
steps, see figure
1. The first
estimation
of the
principal
dimensions
is
done using
empirical
data, based on similar
ships or on the data of

Owner's requirements
Shio tvpe
Similar ships
Comparison alternatives
Choice of basic shi
Choice of "estination
models"
Experience coef f icients

principal
First
Sketch general
Directine
srgn

dimensfons
arransemen

mode

modeI"

IIINARY DESIGN

-loadins

conditrons

"Tur+key-system"
for drawings
-to rmprove parent torm
-general
arrangement'
-etc.

ubdivis ion
experience coeff.
parent forrn
ananoPa1

I i g . l

Design process

58

E. Deetman et al.

the basic ship.

Secondly a sketch of the general
arrangement for the subdivision
of the vessel is
drawn.
The final
estimation
of
the shipr s principal
dimension
and form is performed
by means of a
directing
rnodel,
using
applicable
estimation
models which were tested in the analysis
stage.
The detailed
design
or evaluation
stage is an
engin
lt
is
the detailed
design in which the output
of the
phase
synthesis
is
transformed
into
actual
plans
working
from
which
the
is
ship
to
be
bul1t.
The evaluation
stage exists
as an accurate check
phase. If
of the design created in the systhesis
after
checking
the results,
see figure
1, the
trim
for
example
is
wrong,
the rnethod of
or
may cause an increase
construction
in building
costs,
the designer
returns
from the evaluation
phase to
stage
to
the
synthesis
change the
subdivision
of the ship or to change experience
coefficients
and makes new iterations
to find
princlpal
better
dimensions
and
form
coefficients.
If
everything
is all
right,
the
detailed
deslgn is cornpleted with electrical
and
mechanical
diagrams
and
model
tests.
A1so,
auxiliary
engines
and fuel
oi1 tanks are drawn
in the engineroom arrangement.
The difference
between the traditional
design
process without
the computer and the CAD design
process lies mainly ln the fact,
that the simple
hand calculation
nethods
are
replaced
by the
accurate
CAD calculation
methods. Likewise
the
drawing table
part
is replaced by the graphical
of
the
CAD workstation.
The CAD applications
sof tware
consist
of
estirnation
rnodels, design
models, directing
models and calculation
models,
see below.
Estimation
models are e.g.:
hydrostatics,
main
load
analysis,
hold
ffinery,
volumes and tank capacities,
estimation
of the
light
ship weight,
critical
loading
conditions,
hydrodynamics and legal requirements.
process
Due
to
the
iteration
used
in
the
phase,
synthesis
estimation
rnodels are
based
rnostly
on accurate
approximation
rnethods using
few
input
variables;
this
leads
to
short
interaction
processes and it
and estimation
is
here
that
significant
differences
beEween
traditional
and CAD design methods are noticed.
The
design
model
is
nothing
more
than
a
procedure
in
whlch
the
estimation
models are
arranged
in a _fixed sequence. The order in the
design
model 13,5l
can be:
fuel
capacities,
freeboard
rules,
hold
cargo
volume,
initial
power
stabillty,
estimation,
engine
choice,
length of the engine room, weights of centres of
gravity
and trin.
Design models are used in the
phase.
synthesis
The directing
rnodel rules
process
the iteration
in
phase.
the
synthesis
By
means
of
the
directing
principal
model
the
dimensions
are
estinated.
Directing
purely
models
are
procedures.
mathematical
Kupras {8}presents
examples of design models for bulkcarriers
and
chemical
tankers,
together
with
two directing
models,
namely the direct
solution
rnethod and
point algorithm.
the better

Calculation
models
are
e. g. :
strength
elemenr
methods,
@inite
hydrostatics,
loading
conditions,
hold
capacities.
The scantlings
are
among others
structural
members determined by using the rules
of a classification
society.
If the calculation
models are at the designers
disposal,
he also
wants
to
make a check
of
ship
motions
and
vibrations.
Calculation
models are used in the
detailed design.
A
turnkey-system
for
CAD {tO, 11} can
significantly
improve
modification
of
the
drawings
required
to
communicate
design
inforrnation
to the ship owner. After
looking
the
sketch of the general
arrangement with
the CAD
applications
software
this
has
to
be made
suitable
for
graphics
the turnkey
software.
To
couple the 2-D and 3-D computer aided drafting
system -tyrnkey
system to the CAD applications
software
no
t 16 l is an easy task and requires
software
support of the firm Lhat delivered
the
turnkey software.
In the next part of the paper used two methods
to
check
the
holdand tank
capacities
are
described.
In the prelirninary
design the first
method to
estimaEe
holdand tank
capacities
with their
vertical
centres of gravity
is based
on regression
analysis
of data obtained with the
aid of
the parent
form transformation
method.
The parent form of a refrigerating
is chosen for
first
development
of
the
estimation
and
calculation
models. The same parent form is used
in the evaluation
stage of the design process to
calculate
the hold- and tank capacities
with the
second
method
for
the
check
of
the
final
estimated principal
dirnensions.
The first
rnethod is developed on a rnini computer
and the second method is developed on a personal
computer. In both cases a check is made by color
graphics.
2.

ESTIMATION OF HOLD-/TANK
GRAPHICAL CHECK

CAPACITIES

WITH

To estimate
holdand tank
capacities
in the
phase an estimation
synthesis
rnodel has been
developed
parent
by
the
form
transformation
rnethod {1,15}.
A
hul1
generared
form,
by
parent
transforming
a
form,
general
in
is
adaptable
in a greater
degree to a new design
than the standard
series
approach,
because the
parent
form
is
selected
from
a
number
of
excellent
ship
forms used for
a certain
ship
type according to the designerrs
consideration.
The
differences
in
ratios
principal
of
dimensions,
form coefficients
and position
of
the
longitudinal
centre
of
buoyancy
between
parent form and the new design are rather
small.
However, the method only allows the designer
to
alter
a few forrn parameters
and whether the hull
form sui-ts the designerrs
taste or not largely
depends on the parent form selected.
Evidently,
in
order
to
use
such
a
method
successfully
in a CAD system, there must exist
possibility
the
that
the
coefficients
of
a
certain
ship form can easily
be replaced by the
coefficients
of another parent form. Therefore a
program
computer
has
been
developed
which
enables the designer to change the ship form and
after
that
to generate new coefficients
by the
estimation
method.

The Benefit of Color Graphicsin CAD

2.I

Controlable

variables

The data collected

for a transformed
parent ship
form t14l is
stored
in
a
special
file.
The
waterline
area
data
for
31
ordinates,
25
waterlines,
3
block
coefficients
and
3
longitudinal
centres
of
buoyancy
are
stored
there.
The parent form of a refrigerating
vessel
with a speed of 22 knots and one hold after
the
engineroom is chosen. It is also possible
to use
a parent form of a 15 knots refrigerating
vessel
with the engineroom aft.

(2)
Equation
represents
a
waterplane
area
definition,
which
is
equivalent
to
a sirnple
waterplane
area
equation
when the
waterplane
area of any point
of draft
Z and length
X is
being
calculated
by
assigning
Z
and X in
equation (2) e.g.
part of vertical
in aft body

(xk).

A 1ow order

2.2

Estimation

method

The draft
function
rnethod is one in which the
waterplane
area curves are represented
by means
of waterplane
area equations
and a set of draft
functions.
Regression
analysis
is done by means
of the least
square roots
method and the twosrep merhod {1, 12, 15}.
For the regression
analysis
the hul1 is divided
into three parts,
the after
body, the "parallel"
middle
body and the fore
body.
The first
and
last
one are
mathematically
expressed
as an
entity
including
both the above water and under
water parts of the hu1l.

polynomial

xk =

chain

,ti \

c (i) z'-'

of

the

form:

zb (= z (= Zv

(3)

Xp (= X (=
or

(4)

r-w

A
The controlable
variables
which
describe
the
subdivision
of
the
vessel
grouped
are
as
follows:
- ldain
dimensions,
blockcoefficient,
longitudinal
centre of buoyancy;
Subdivision
of double bottom tanks;
- Number and height
of tween decks;
- Number and position
of bulkheads;
Subdivision
and dimensions of hatches;
- Number of pillars;
- Number, position
and specific
gravity
of
holds;
- Compressor rooms in holds;
(voids) in holds and hatches;
Isolation
- Peak tanks and deep tanks.

59

b
I

C (i)

/i\
X"'

i=0

Xk

Xj(=X(=Xn

ItAf
represents
a waterplane
area
curve
on a
= t2O,
certain
draft
I
consisting
of
three
segmentsr
3s shor^rn in figure
2a and 2d. These
segments join
in sequence in such a wayr that
the
waterplane
area
curve
is
made of
exact
abscissas
Xp, Xk and Xj.
The ordinate
Ak with
respect
to Xk is
the waterplane
area measured
between Xp and Xk at draft
I - t20,
see figure
2. Ap is the waterplane
area at Xp, where Xp is
the
end at
the
imaginary
half
breadth.
The
corner between Xp and the stern is turned into a
circular
arc with
an appropriate
radius
after
the waterplane
is defined.
The same is done ar
Xn.
The mean square deviation
(as was done
estimated
in eq. (tt))
was too high in too many cases. For
that
it
seemed better
to collect
the measured
points
of the parent
form in a file
on disk.
This means, that equation (l)
can change into:
A (CB, LCB, z) = g (X, Xp, Xn, A1,...,
CB = 0.5, 0.525, 0.55
LCB = -27", -0,82, +0.4y"

fun)
(5)

Z
The waterplane
area
body is as follows:

equation

A = g (X, Xp, Xk, Xj,

for

fore

and after

r
I
I

\ xr.

Xo

Xn, C0 ....,

Crn)

APP

Iig.

Xn

FPP

2a

Iig.2b

(.

Iig.2c

(2)
f,'ig.

where
C0
determined
governing
defined.

z=t2O

(l)

where rtArt expresses

the waterplane
area valid
for
the
draft
z t20 w-ith abscissa
x,
the
position
of it
along
the ship
length,
and C0
ti1l
Crnunknown coefficients
respectively.
The abscissa
Xp represents
the positlon
on the
stern,
Xk till
Xj that part of the ship,
where
the
breadth
of
the
waterline
is
constant
(midship
value)
and Xn is the stem of the ship,
see figure
2.
of
simultaneous
A set
equations
can be built
from a set of given
conditions
and solved for
these unknown coefficients.
Another way to solve
for the unknown coefficients
is by the method of
the least square roots.
As a result,
it
is assumed that the waterplane
area is defined by the following
expression:

A = f (X, Z, Xp (Z), Xk (Z), Xj (Z),

Xn (z), C0 (z) ti1l ch (z))

xi./

t\

(Z)
till
Cm (Z)
paramerers
are
by the boundary conditions
and those
the
shape
of
the
waterplane
area

l'/aterplane

Iig.
area

2d

estimation

model

60

E. Deetman et al.

is
that,
using
INTEGER*2 (FORTRAN)
The result
(= 19254 bytes)
mode, that
1 track
memory is
these polnts.
Areas in between
enough to hold
Am(to)
ti11
An(t25)
are calculated
by Lagrange
produces
interpolation.
This
very
accurate
results
in
of
holdand
estimation
tank
phase. The length of
in the synthesis
capacities
the waterline
is made non-dimensional
based on
The area is made
the length
of the waterline.
non-dimensional
maximum area
for
on
the
the
particular
waterline.
The capacities
outside
the
loadlines
are neglected.
2.3

Graphical
unit

result

on the

screen

and hardcopy

Figure
3 shows a longitudinal
section
of the
vessel
together
with a waterplane
area curve of
the subdivision
in holds and tanks.
With this
figure
an input
is
check
easy
to make. The
designer
at the same time gets an impression
of
the influence
of the subdivision
of the ship on
He can decide how the subdivision
the stability.
can be changed to improve stability
{ tZ }. Gross
pictures
capacity
are colored.
A color hardcopy
as shown in figure
3 can be made of the picture
on the screen. This takes about 5 minutes.
2.4

Alpha-nurnerical

result

The hydrosEatic
calculati-ons
are
made using
Simpsonr s
rule.
The
hydrostatic
values
for all
calculated
odd waterlines
are:
- Holds and tanks with
vertical
centres
of
gravity;
- Total
hold capacity
with
vertical
centres
of gravity.
- Hatches;
- Brutto and netto.
Tanks are:
- Deeptank;
- Pea-k tank;
- Double bottom tanks.
- Tanks besides screw tunnel.
3.

CALCULATION HOLD-/
GMPHICAL CI{ECK

TANK

CAPACITIES

WITH

part
In the following
of the paper a detailed
description
of
the
controlable
variables,
method, graphical
calculation
and alphanumerical
resuls
of
loading
condition
checks
in
the
evaluatikon
process
stage
of
the
design
is
presented.
3.1

Controlable

variables

The hull
can be described
by ," maximum of 3l
ordinates
and 4I waterlines
The stern
and
t4i.
bow are described
by the X- and Y-values
of the
points.
contour
When describing
the hul1 with
the maximum number of ordinates
and waterlines
(there
points)
are
I27l
a nearly
exact result
from the capacity-calculations
can be expected.
is not always necessary
It
to use the maximum
number of
ordinates
good
and waterlines;
a
result
is acquired when testing
the prograrn with
a
ship
described
by
2I
ordinates
and
15
waterlines.
The controlable
variables
besides the variables
already
mentioned
in the estimation
method which
describe
the
subdivision
of
the
vessel
are
grouped as follows:

Frame distances;
Empty ship weight with centre of
Draft restrictions;
Sheer and camber;
Superstructures;
Remaining tanksr e.g. engineroom
Deckhouse layers;
Compressor rooms on main deck.

3.2 Calculation

gravity;

tanks;

method

For each ordinate

the ordinate
areas and moments
are
calculated.
This
is
done
for
all
even
waterlines
with the aid of the Simpsonfs second
rule for unequal intervals.
The hydrostatic
calculations
are
made using
Simpsonrs
rule.
The
hydrostatic
values
calculated
for all even waterlines
are:
- Volume with centre of buoyance;
- Waterplane area with centre of gravity;
- Longitudinal
metacentric
height;
- Metacentric height.
For the holds
separately
the rnoulded capacity
and
nett/nett
capacity
is
calculated
in
combinat.ion
with
the
accesory
centres
of
gravity.
At this
stage the calculated
ordinate
areas and moments are needed. When calculating
the moulded capacity
3 cross sections
are used.
A sectional
area
is
calculated
by
Lagrange
interpolations
between the calculated
ordinate
areas on the even waterlines.
One interpolation
is done for
the upperbound of a cross section,
one for
the
lowerbound
of
that
section,
The
difference
between
the
two
results
is
the
desired
cross sectional
area.
The same is done
for the ordinate
moments. At this manner 3 areas
and
moments are
acquired
for
the
3
cross
sections
of a hold.
I^Iith the aid of Simpsont s
rule
the hold capacity
with
centres
of gravity
can be calculated.
The nett/nett
capacity of a refrigerating
vessel
ls the moulded capacity
decreased by the volume
of
voids,
air
pillars,
channels,
compressor
rooms, etc. The volume of these deductible
items
is calculated
in a different
manner.
For the calculation
of the volume of the voids
on
the
bulkheads
and decks,
the
calculated
ordinate
areas are used.
The cross sections
of the voids on the shell are
calculated
by multiplying
the height
of a hold
with
the thickness
of the void,
measured on a
horizontal
line.
The volume
of
the
other
deductible
items
pillars
and
compressor
rooms
is
sirnply
calculated
by rnultiplying
the length,
height and
breadth of each comDonent.
There
are
kinds
3
of
tanks
used
in
the
calculation
model:
double
bottom
peak
tanks,
tanks and remaining
tanks.
The volume
of
double
bottom
tanks
and
the
remaining
tanks
is
calculated
using
5 cross
sectional
areas. A cross sectional
area is the
sum of a separated left
part.
and right
I^Ihen calculating
the volume of peak tanks,
many
cross sections
are necessary.
The number of the
cross sectional
areas used is dependent on the
number
of
the
points
measuring
used
by
the
designer
when describing
the peak tanks for the
input of subdivision
of the ship.

The Benefit of Color Graphicsin CAD

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Tlte Benefit of Color Graphicsirt CAD

3.3 Loading condition
Before the loading
conditions
can be determined
the following
four calculations
are needed:
- Bonjean curves and
moments;
- Hydrostatics;
- Holdcapacities
and centres of gravity;
- Tanks and centres
of gravity.
This
is
the
final
purpose
of
the
developed
program. After
the four
foregoing
calculations
are completed, the calculation
of the trim and
stability
is made. There are two possibilities.
The loading
condition
at
design
( ful1
draft
loaded, departure,
lOO"l bunkers) is calculated.
In the other possibility
a user-defined
loading
condition
is
calculated.
The designer
has to
indicate
which holds and tanks are filled
and
different
specific
gravities
for
the differenc
holds can be given.
Holds and tanks are either
enpty or full.
After
the total
weight is calculated,
the mean
draft
can be estimated
by interpolation
between
the displacements
calculated
before.
Now all
the
other needed hydrostatic
values are calculated.
The trim calculation
is carried
out, if all
the
hydrostatic
values are knovrn.
3.4

Graphical

result

on the

screen

The resolution
of a personal computer is poor in
comparison
with
the
screen
used by the mini
computer'
so it
is irnpossible
to make detailed
drawings.
The only possibility
is a rough sketch
of
the
longitudinal
section
and
the
hold
capacity
curve,
but the use of colors
makes it
possible to obtain a clear sketch.
Nevertheless,
it
gives the designer a first
impression
of the
distribution
of
the holds and tanks.
When the
trim
or
stability
is
not
satisfying
and the
designer wants to move some tanks he has
the aid
of the sketch in rnaking a decision.
3.5

Graphical

result

on the plotter

The resolution
of
the plotter
is
high
enough
(0.1 rnm) to draw a detailed
hold capacily
curve.
A11 the
tanks
are
drawn
in
this
curve
and
different
liquids.
The result
is a clear drawing
which can give
the designer
a good impression
about the distribution
of holds and tants,
see
figure 4.
A11 holds
and
tanks
are
drawn
in
the
hold
capacity
curve. The holds are indicated
by green
crosses.
The tanks are indicated
by 5 diiferent
colors
for ballast
vrater or fresh water tanks,
heavy oi1 tanks,
diesel
oi1 tanks,
lubrlcating
oil
tanks
and other
tanks,
such as a sludge
tank.
The voids
are also drawn in the hold capacity
curve.
In Ehis way it
is possible
to ses at a
glance
where
volume
is
lost
by voids,
air_
channels, etc..
3.6 Alpha-numerical

result

The alpha-numerical
output
is necessary for two
reasons.
In the first
place the check of the input.
After
reading in the hul1 and the subdivision
of the
vessel the designer
needs numerical
information

63

for
checking
the input.
Also the check of the
input
is
used after
intermediate
changing
of
hul1 or subdivision.
In the second place the results
of calculations.
The results
of
all
the
5
calculations
are
printed.
The detailed
output is in tabular
form,
where possible.
4.

P E R S O N A LA N D M I N I

COMPUTER

To make the right

choice of buying hardware is
difficult
today.
The CpU-part
may be a micro
computerr
a personal
computer, a mini
comDuter
or a mainframe. For the workstation
a choice can
be made out of refresh,
storage
or raster_scan
program technics
displays.
and user friendliness
depends among other
on the choice of hardware,
as is shown in the next paragraphs.
4.1

Hardware

For
an
integrated
CAD system
the
cheapesr
solution
is the connection on a casual mainframe
(f6 Mb mernory) of a dedicated
rnini computer (Z
Mb rnemory), u6ing the mainframe computer
for the
large
calculations
like
the
finite
elemenc
method and the rnini computer for pre_
and post
processing,
other
graphical
work and the CAD
applications
software in the design process. The
ineractive
work is done by the mini computer.
A
32-Bit
turnkey
systems
is
used
at
Delft
Universiry
of
Technology { t }. The ship
design
p r o c e s s n e e d s l_a r g e p r o g r a m s a n d
a lot of inpur
and output
data,
which
in
their
turn
need a
large memory and a fast cpu to guarantee
a short
response
time.
The response
time
on the mini
computer may cause problems,
The use of virtual
memory is helping
to speed up
response time.
In interactive
work between man
and computer the response
time is
one of the
irnportant
requirements
for
the
CAD system.
A
response time of 2 or 3 seconds
is acceptable.
Waiting
longer
be boring
and dernotivating,
,can
especially
if
the cAD system is a black box ro
the user.
The loca1 hardware is
the part
of the system
that
is of most interest
t o t h e d e s i gt n
The
t heer .
choice
of
the graphical
display
is
mosc
important
part
of
the
workstation
and
is
dependent on the users requirements.
For cAD one
can make the choice between different
kinds of
graphical
displays,
the vector
refresh
display,
the storage tube and the raster_scan
display.
In
ship
design
the
graphical
inforrnation
consists of sketches, drawings, diagrams,
graphs
and outlines.
If
in the aesign
phase drJwings
are nodified,
these rnodifications
are simple for
t h e c o r n p u t e r . I n m o st c a s e s t h e " o r r " u q r r " r r " . "
of
changes
lead
to
complicated
detaired
calculations
in
the
evalualiaon
stage
of
the
design process or a new iteration
p.o"L""
in the
synthesis
phase.
The alterations,
made each
time,
are
few. A flicker-free
picture
and a
bright
irnage are very
i_mportant,
because the
design process is a highly
interactive
process,
which requires
that the designer is working with
the display
during a long p"iiod
of time. Eolors
are needed for example in the evaluation
stage
whgn the designer
has to decide in what way the
subdivision
has to be .changed to fu1fi1
the trim
requirements
in all
loading conditions
using the
hold capacity
curve. Smooth lines
in preliminary

64

E. Deetman et al.

designs
are less important
than to distinguish
the
different
fields
and other
functions
in
drawings.
The number of raster-scan
display
is
enough for far most CAD purposes.
The raster-scan
display,
on which each scan-line
pixels,
is
made up
by
has
the
following
advantages:
16 colors
can be chosen from a oalette
of
4096 colors;
- Flickerfree;
- Relatively
cheap.
Some disadvantages
are:
- The picture
cannot move over the screen;
- The resolution
is good, but curves have the
problem;
so called staircase
- Only a few changes can be made at one tlme.

fI
I

I
=l
c-l

External
disk-drive

System Pascal

F
-lI

cJl

Graphics

buffers

;l

=l

<l
*l

Global

(Ul
+-l

Local

variables
variables

Bookkeeping

-fr I

)<l

Dynamic used unit"

\Ol
tnl

-l

Part

of

remains

Fig.

PERSONAL COMPUTER

System

ol

A second hardware possibillty

is
the personal
computer.
In the last
few years the choice of
"sed tremendously.
personal
computers has in
There
are
many personal
,uters
which
are
suitable
for
computer aideo
,hip design.
A I2B
Kb
RAM-memory is
the
minimum.
It
is
not
impossible
to work with smaller memories, but it
slows program execution
time.
Soms years
dgo,
most personal
processors.
computers had 8 bit
Now there
personal
are more and more 16 bit
computers
on the market.
This greatly
reduces
the time needed for program execution.
The system used consists of (see figure 5):
- Personal computer (256 Kb RAM, 8 bits);
- Magnetic disk stores:
- internal
and external
disk
drive
with
( 140 Kb) ;
floppy
- winchester disk (4981 Kb);
Input devices:
- keyboard;
- digitizer
(used for input of transverse
trodyplan);

Digitizer

Operating

program which
in

memory

Subdivision

Output devices:
- color
( 16 colors,
display
140x192 dots);
- matrix printerl
- color plotter
(S colors).

The total
costs
are much
computer mentioned before.
Computer
256 Kb

Keyboard

Color
Disp lay

llatr ix
Printer
Fig.

Personal

Interna
disk-drive

C ol o r
Plotter
computer

RAM memory

less

than

resolution

the

mini

A winchester
disk relies
on rigid,
non removable
disks
for
data
storage
rather
than
flexible
rnanual inserted
disks.
A winchester
drive
great
has
advantages
in
relation
to floppy disks,
it allows the computer
to store safely
in one location
information
that
would
fill
35 floppy
disks.
The winchesrer
technology
provides
rapid
data
excess
(approxirnately
10
times
faster
then
the
conventional
floppy
disk
drives),
letting
the
designer
tackle
programs
complex
more
efficiently
than ever before.
Another advantage
of a winchester
disk
is
that
it
assures
dara
integrity,
because its
controller
automatically
scans
for
error
conditions
and
relocates
narginal
data blocks
elsewhere on the disk,
if
necessary.

{,

l:

Tlte Benefit of Color Graphicsirt CAD

4.2

Program technics

for

personal

computer
Intrinsic

The developed calculation

model is much greater
than the work memory space which is available
for program code and data (tota1 program length:
245 Kb) in a personal
computer.
The RAM memory
is able to contain
256 Kb or information.
The
space which
remains
for
the PASCAL program is
130 Kb, see figure 6. So it is necessary to work
with an overlay
structure.
globa1
31 Kb is
used
(COIOION
for
variables
area).
The remaining
99 Kb is used for program
code, local
variables
and bookkeeping.
42 Kb is
constantly
used
for
program
the
code which
remains in memory during
program execution.
The
result
is that
57 Kb remains for "dynamicrt use
(local
variables,
bookkeeping
and
overlayunits).
Overlay structures
requires
the use of
program units,
(or segments)
al1 the used units
are stored in 2 libraries
and I linker
file,
see
figure 7.

A high degree of user-friendliness

is attained
by the application
of user menus. A11 input-,
outputand calculation
possibilities
can be
chosen from these menus. The program warns the
designer
that
the option
which he has selected
can not
be executed,
this
is
reported
by an
audlo signal,
and on the display
the designer is
informed about the reason why the chosen option
can not be executed.
Another
fact,
concerning
the user-fri_endliness
of the computer, is the ability
to escape from a
selected
option.
During
all
calculations
and
input
routines
and most of the output
routines
the designer
can go back to the last
menu by
hitting
one specific
key.
Prompts are very important
for a high degree of
user-friendliness
gives
which
an
indication
about
the
required
tirne
for
a
selecEed
calculation.
This
is
done wiLh
two combined
reports,
one report
informs
the designer
the
maximum ti-me needed and the other
gives
report
an indication
about the elapsed time. This last
prompt consists
of a white
line
which shortens
in proportion
to the amount of the calculation
which has been completed.
The choice of the variables
used to describe
the
subdivision
of the ship caused a problern which
was considered
for a long period of time. It is
important
that
there
is
great
a
amount
of
flexibility,
because of the fact that there are
many different
types
of
subdivisions.
They
consist
of many different
types of coolingand
ventilation
systems
which
require
a
comprehensive description
of the isolation.
On the
other
hand it
is
necessary
to have a
user-friendlv
and
programmer
friendly
description
of
the
subdivision.
Userfriendliness
requires
using the smallest
number
of controlable
variables
possible.
Each variable
which is needed for the input means time for the
program
user,
besides
the
fact
that
it
is
important
to use controlable
variables
which are

External
units

units

LIBMRiAN

(program

In total
there
are used l5 units,
written
in
PASCAL, a powerfull
language for scientists
who
use personal computers.
A11 15 units
are compiled and after
that linked
in the linker
file
or stored in a library.
These
three parts together
form the execution
program.
The units
are not independent from one another,
there are units which use other ones.

I
I

65

Library

LINKER

segments

Library

Linker-file

EXECUTING PROGRAM

= system software
= intrinsic
= always
Fig.

or

external

external

System organization

of

personal

computer

easy to acquire.
Sometimes program friendliness
can come in conflict
with user-friendliness,
for
example:
frame numbers are used in stead of Xvalues,
this
is
a
benefit
for
the
userfriendliness,
but
is
less
preferable
in
connection with the program friendliness.
5.

CONCLUSION

prelirninary
In
the
design
the
estimation
of
holdand tank capacities
with
their
vertical
centre of gravity
is done by the waterplane
area
method. With a color
sketch of the longitudinal
section of the vessel together
with a waterplane
area curve of the subdivision
in holds and tanks
an input check is easy to make. The designer at
the
same time
gets
an
impression
of
the
influence
of the subdivision
of the ship on the
stability.
He can decide how the subdivision
can
be changed to improve stability.
The same parent
form is used in the evaluation
stage of
the design process
to calculate
the
holdand tank capacities
for the check of the
final
estirnated
principal
dimensions.
A clear
color sketch of the longitudinal
section and the
hold capacity
curve gives the designer
a first
impression
of the distribution
of the holds and
tanks. Holds and tanks are ei_ther enpty or full.
When the trin
or stabiliEy
is not good and the
designer
wants to move some tanks he has the aid
of the sketch in making a decision.

66

E. Deetman et al.

graphics
In
user-friendly
means among other
things
that
the
user
communicates
with
the
system
by means of
a simple,
user-oriented,
command
language
allowing
him
to
display
manipulate
and interrogate
any of the curves of
a form directly
graphics
on the
screen.
The
resolution
of a personal
computer
is poor in
comparison
with
the
screen
used by the rnini
computer,
so it
is impossible
to make detailed
drawings.
User-friendly
also means an accurate
picture
on the screen.
The number of displayable
points
of
1280*1024 on a 19 inch
rasEer-scan
display
is
desirable
for
CAD purposes.
An
integrated
CAD system with a response time of 2
ti11 3 seconds, using a high resolution
rasterscan tube and color
copier
seems technical
the
best
solution
as aid to the designer
to solve
design problems.
REFERENCES

{r}

E. Deetman, The computer

in
the design
"E1 naval"
process,
postgraduate
course
Sevi11a, Spain, 20-23 February 1984, l-81.
Tbo
kinds
of
CAl-iterns
in
CAD,
2nd
International
Symposium
at
Cavtft
Computer at
the
University,
June
1980,
5 JA--5. 18.
CAI application
(in
in CAD, De Ingenieur
Durch), vol. 7/8, July 1984, 42-43.
Training
with
CAI
in
solving
novel
problems,
ICS84,
Taipei,
Taiwan,

333-339.

Itl

TJJ

CAD tools in naval architecture

today, 7th
International
Symposiuur
at
Cavtat.
Computer at
the University,
NIay 1985, 8
pages.
Dill,
J.C.,
and
D.F.
Rogers,
Color
graphics
and
hull
surface
curvature,
ICCASB2Anapolis,
IFIP 1982, I97-205.
Gallin,
C., Bestimrnung der Einflusse
vom
Entwurfsund ReedereiKenngrossen
auf
die
wirtschaftlichtkeit
eines
Schiffes
unter
Einsatz
Elect ronischen
Rechenanlagen, Dissertation
TH Wien, 1967 ,

S T GJ a h r b u c h 1 9 6 7 , 2 6 9 - 3 1 3 .

{a }

. ,
t5l

t6l

{Z}

Holrackers,
J.G.F.M.,
Int erac t ive
graphical
computer
program
to
calculate
and draw the hold
capacity
curve
of
a
refrigerating
and
multipurpose
cargo
vessel, thesis TH-De1ft (in Dutch), 1985.
Holtrop,
J.,
Computer programs for
the
design
and
analysis
general
of
cargo
ships,
Netherlands
Ship Research
Centre
TNO, report no. 157S, November 197I, 1-30.
Jones,
J.C.,
Design
methods,
WileyInterscience,
London,
ISBN 07 4144790O,
1 9 73 .
Kuo, C., and A. Kyan, Direct generation of
fair
ship
hull
surfaces
from
design
parameters,
I C C A S 73 ,
Tokyo ,
IFIP
1 9 73 ,

4s9-467.

{g }

{g}

i r o]
{rr}
{rz }
It 'r" aJ l

Kupras,
L.K. ,
Computer
methods
in
preliminary
ship d
Press,1983.
Lorentz,
J.D.,
and D. Kavlie,
A design
procedure
for
practical
subdivision
of
tankers
satisfying
IMCO
regulations,
ICCAS76, Gothenburg, IFIP 1976, l0l-110.
Medusa
drawing
analysis
and
interface
CIS,
Cambridge,
England, 1984.
Medusa user
manual
(Revision
2Fsystem
Nieuwendijk,
P.G.A.,
Estirnation
of holdand tank capacities
with centre of gravity
in height using the waterplane
area curve,
thesis Tt{-Delf t ( in Durch) , 1984.
Nijhuis,
W., Controlling
Dataprocessing in
the Development of Consumer products,
SEFI
Annual
Conference
1984,
UniversitV
of
rrtangen-Nurnberg,
August
28-30,
1984,

24, June 1977, Doo 274,147-160.

W., A multi-purpose
program for
generation
of fair
hull
surfaces,
ICCAS82,
Anapolis,
IFIP 1982, 169-176.
Zachrisen,
M. ,
GPGS-F User I s
guide ,
Trondheim,1980

{ r s } Xiling,
{ro}

COMPUTERAIDED MANIUFACTURING

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP. 1985

69

A CONTRIBLTIIONTO COMPUIERSIMUIATION METHODS

APPLICATION IN SHIP PRODUCTION
PROCESS
Andrzej S. KARPOMCZand Vitim SIMONE
yugoslavia
Shipyard rr?.MAJ'r, Ri jeka,

The constmction
pnfcess of such a conrplex product, as is the ship, becomes itself
necesq.rrhicn1_ nf
sr.*!!J
ani lv
2 ruuJs.-u
h ars uc>.Brr
dacim
a
u! tul
processr in order that only the smallest nrmber of conceptual
sol-utions may be left to routine approach or to a mer contingency. With an example
of cration of the shlpyard production process model by discrete simulation method, the author-s
of
this paper are coming forth with the thesis that Computer Aided prrrduction Concept
Design CAPCD(e.x. ) appears in construction
lndustry as the indispensable Linl< between the relatirre'l
vulJ v

dcrrc'l
nnpd
usvur\rv=u

enn l i n:i_ i nn 1 v!
nf
err,rJraeaulvl

,computer

in

product

deslgning

(CAD),

and

the

considerably

less

dlffused use of computer tecLrniques in the pr.oduction pmcess (cAM). rt is a werl ]sror,nm
fact,
however, that higher degree of direct mutual integratlon
of the cAD and cAM, similar
to numerical flame-cutting
of steel plates already accepted in the shipbuilding
practice,
has been
rhuj g
eh
l rlrvJ

i n' 'nr ev vd ueldu

a

hu vJ

o vo ,rin, pnrl Le x i ! utJ- r r u

n rf
L

]u_rhr !a rf r. ri nr tru' t

n'-/
Srr,rduct,

and

accordingly,

by

production

process

it-

se1f.

1. IIVTRODUCTION

Doubtlessly,
there is a4 obvious danger as to
compJ-ete fulfilment
of the precious ideas on
the I'Design for Prr:duction'r, published in the
works of J.B. CaldweLl /I/,
Ch. Kuo /2/, and
other eminent shipbullding
e>perts, to remain
for still
a long time in the spher.es of urnfulfilled
desires of their anrbitious authors, if
we a_ne to accept a conventional
degree of con_
sciousness on pr^oduction of ships as referential basis for perfecting of production process
design stage. Indeed, an enphasized dispr.oportion, in the up to now development of the ship_
bullding
science, between the design and productlon sphere, wl-rich is well reflected
in the
ratio of CAD per CAJ\{area papers submitted on
the similar confernces, pr.oduces a hampering
effect on the development of rhe very concept
and its application
in the shipbullding practi_
ce. However, it should be admitted that the
said dispnoportion is justlfied
by complex
structure
of pr.oduction issues /3/, inconvenient for sinple geometrical copying but it is
this fact that emphasises the extraordinary
contr-Lbutlon to the shipbuilding science of
i:hose, still
rar, research works almed at the
,nr: q] _utu rt r e!

vn !f

qhi
u r r 1n;huru rr i I r l i n c

'
yn !m dvru u ur n |u l O O

pFOCSS,

and

the laws and rules that govern fi /a/ . There for, to a satlsfactory
degree of CAD/CAXIinte_
gratlon,
on the way to more considerable incre_
ase of productivity
in the shipbuilding
industry, there must necessarily precede extensive
researches of shipyard production pmcess, with
ample use of modern computen a_ids and equip_
ment. Building of a ship, already a lonz time
a complex production process, has acquired,
with development of tecl-uroJ-ogical science, So_
me specific
traits
of conrplex production sys_

tem, wi-rlch from the point of macrr:-techurolog,r

are standard for all modern shipyards.
In the
latest decades, a considerable number of speci_
al-ized prrcduction stages (pS) nave been intr.o_
duced lnto the ship construction
process, eacn
of ld-rich, accorrling to its ovrn production
contents, contribute, in
various degree, to the
total pncductivity
of the production pmcess,
with an ever mor manifest /5/
tendency of its
performances advancing towards characteristics
of the continuous flow system. This fact, as
well as a great nunrber of factors,
wirich influ_
ence the total pnfcess and particular
linl<s of
the production chain frrrm the outside, make the
use of computers even more indispensable
at cre_
ation of macr.o-tecl^rnolog4 sofutions of the pro_
duction pr.ocess in a shipyard, particularly
if
one keeps in mind continuously
increasing
assor_
timent of its potential
pr.oducts wlth respect to
their purpose as well as deslgn concept /6/.
In more and more sever competition
for increase
of productivity
has to give way to
/Z/ intuttion
fundamental analyses of relevant
factors,
along
with complex investigation
of pncduction options
alternatives.
In the light of the presented vi_
ews the authors of the paper have made flrst
Stens

in

rrr

r-ornnr rfef

vv"rvuuva

annl

ioati

u{J}Jrruqurvlt

nn

fnn

!v!

nrvrdr

rnf i nn

lJ!vuuuuf\rll

prccess simulation in production concept design

stage, rvlshing to contribute
to the CAD/CAMin_
tegration in shipbuilding practlce.
2. BASIC PRECEPTSOF TFIE }IODEL
In the computer simulation
pn:cedure of pncduc_
tion pncces flow the following precepts have been adopted :
(1) Exogerrous and endogenous varlables

ar under-

70

A.S. Karpowicz and V. Simone

stood deterministically,
but are accepted as
average (expected) val-ues.

within the stage in accordance with

tion concept.

(ll1 a. a forma-L limitation,

an assumption was
introduced.
that there ar no disturbances
in
lhe assortment of input batches of material,
i.e. at the determined time unit (TU) the prnduction stage is entered by the material l^,4-rich

PS Capacity

fnn

fl.ra

airran

-Oment

(iii)

v va
( :S
:D
W

trlvlllurru

Sfvulr

duction

tuhr er !

hu Jv

v I fUeDS
ve
u ler n
f! O

n
rn_
vrv-

concept.

basic flow units :

- material - I ton (t)
- r f m e (/ -1,u,)\- I m o n l n

(1v) It
1u r- hr m
r rch
r vuSr

is assumed that
n m rviuru u r n f u f j 6
v a6
v!

respect
from

to

the

output

point

the

productivity

of
of

(v) Processins
^U U" U^U! IiUaI I^
^t^-^
JUd.B(;

of

the

n
v vn
r n qt tJ r nLfa

pr.oducts

its
the

even

indlvidual-

r, J^fr . i]u_t hl

r u,

desirable

I evel- of

stages.

of the materiaf
enterins
a nrcl^ t LdI e
n
C If_it n
l l CeLd
l
U tl da^ s
T- LU
) LfJs
ri rn
.
u r n ir n
l r era-pi fn
L le

dL

(for exeptions see 5.3.2.) on time unit. A prcduction concept pnescribes the conditions for
le:rli

no

]_ho

P Sv

afien
v!

n r v r n a q" "q" ,i ,n, 9 .

.-

(vi)

fn some cases, wtrich appear to be specific

for the 1ow intensity
of material flow "timelessrr passing of a defined materiaf batch or
ifc

nan1_

i_nnrrnh

fhe

'rAV
lLlqJ

IP SV

PS I'FIow capac-lty'r namely the quanlity of

material which a PS 1s able to pr.ocess in one
TU ; and
(i)

pS "Volume capacity'r wirich limits the maximum quantity of materlal within the stage.

ir J q

keeping

In the process of model creation two dlfferent

interpretations
of the notion 'rcapacitv" have
been noticed:

(il)

the flow of material

q
taocq
u

6 aUaVl l f l
V

4. A CASE STI]DY OF DIVERSIFICATION IN SFIIPBUILDING

A wish to examlne certain consequences of the
shipbuildlng
industry pr.oduct mix enrichment on
a model of a shipyard prr:duction process appeared as a stimulus for simulation
techuriques apnl i nrii

On creation of the model certain general notions have been used, the meaning of r,^,hich should
be explained in order to avoid misinterpretaR : f r - l r - n r'

Y**

r . e n 1 _i 1 _ r r n
v !f

m . a ] _o n i

rrrslel

al

fl var n

!(:!

i n rny ru u /r l _ / ' vnuru -l l - -

assortment of the batch implles

batch stmcture
frcm the firnctionaltion breakdown point of view.

the lrurer
and produc-

( ii ) The batch may be taken as assortment

'i f

i c

hai

na

nnnfpl6l

urnit (or a cluster

duct.
Examnle

afe|

vvrluu"ryfquvv

as

(:-N

of units)

OhserVins

Stri

ulr

of

Cf lV

ruulJ

jefi

v,hen

s!rarr!\

ned

pro-

of the final
m a f c n ri a Ll ( 4

ff nv n
r

yn] r r +
e (a -

j^
-**a
a^^
^
rr=r,urrrr5
rrL aCeftain TU as a batch, it can be
stated that it contains 4OO t of steel structure and lOO t of outfit,
consequently irs inner
assortment. Hovrever, at the same time it should
be kept in mind, that in the next PS, -1.e. in

fuhler s

s s- s, el lm
(aD
l uhrl r r l Si n o :

+!.^
Ll Iq

-+^^n
Jtd6u,

)dlilc

v v . . , l J tluoLt oL

hu aa]L_Lnllt- r

is being expected as an accurately defined lnit of the vessel (or more units).
When appearing in the defined TU at the entrance of the
assembling stage bhe very batch fulfils
the
n n n r t i . t _i n n

fnn

^rnvi6ljrro

fhe

i'nOUt aSSOftmenL
proin accordance with the production
concept.
aF -ha ^'-rafitatiVe
C e s s ' i n s - T, .h. e
nm
"
ChaffY
. ^aqq
geS

Of

mafenia'l

'.'j+lwLr.lr

^f
r -i-l .j^_ L _ L l U \ l - l L BU -

pg5ggy.Ch

innrrJ-

hafnl-roc

main

SCOpe

WaS

the

Dr-

of an adequate basis for

a sample feasibility
assumption tbr a case of

Jsh
r r r ;invard
:J<zu

voni
! r ccn1_
r t L d " LsllOn
-l-Utt

III*
mari
* . ne
,_

tOWafdS
LUWd"I\iS

fer-hnol
" " , . " , _ - _ A y ncn

units (lqIU) construction.

In the first
research
stage it was neccessary to consider the differnces and similarities
of the production process key-stages in the context of main particuof

shins

ancl

def

i nr er ! d u

qamnlc-t_r,'rre

rarrlJ

!e-

UJlJU

nf

M
T
I , l rT T
u

vr

wiri-ch are of cruclaf

lmpact to their pr,oduction
concept. The creation of the model was preceded
by both pr^oduction pnfcesses reduction to the
Iowest corrnon denominator, as to provide companahi

lifv

of

fhe

M T IvI

n r n vdv ur! r n f

vr

ion

u lvt

n e n r n i ] _ i oL c! L

99gJq9I

n
f
vI

the shipyard.
4^l

Shin

rAr ynunlla v si vnarvlrt li

nrndrroj_inn
nn

n
v !f

rV 'r \ nV)U. IAJ Jq q

="*"--t"

tr-dings

in

the

area

of production tecl'nolog; and

long-term specialisation
of individual
focuses of the production pnfcess resulted in the latest years with
emerging of specific
autonomous pr.oduction stages (PS) in
ship constmction :
(i ) irtaterlal
(ii;

Fabrlcation

(rr)
v

of hull- structure

P=nol

?1r\Areeoml-r'l

i nc

n r - r ve6^- C^l i^l l J^j -- l ^ 1

Il

elements

parts

of outfit

preassembting of hull

(iv)
\

pretr"eatment

Fabrication

(fif)
SC]O I

T'ho

!1

put (quantitative
characteristic
of materiaf at
input, rspectively output of the PS in defined
TU). Assortment - Qualitatrve
characteristic
of
the material.
The notion of assortment is associated with the notion of "batch" ln two wavs:
(i)

nn

paration
shipyard

lans

3. GT,OSSARY

f i onq

the pnrduc-

structure

sub-blocks

( rvr i !
\

Rl -r-kq

IJr

(vii ) Oubfit
(viij

. . it ^ -

rB

^.^r

d.]

l(-]

r r r f F ir IL tU__iL l n cl B

ULrLr

modufes preassembling

) Grand blocks pneassembling and outfit1-i na

UAT IX

(ix)

Ship assembling and outfitting

(x) Final

outfittlne

Interconnections
of the mentioned production
process sEages are pr.esented in the materiaf

A Contributiott to Computer Simulation Methods

flow

diagram,

rli oanam
ula6f
all,

anrl
alu

Fig.

1.

On establishing

n
l
\ ,n\ _n /f 1alm
uclluaaulra
r S. l _ i n c

flow

the

nmdr
rnf i an
IJI\JLrLtuLI\Jt1

1u_r h
l so

nnn.
urril-

tent of the individua1 production process stags, special attention

has been payed in the
researeh to the adequate ntrtual interweaving
process and the ship
of the hull construction
pmcess, in accorCance with the adoutfitting
vanced outfltting
concept /B/. In the above
scheme of the ship production process, secondarv hrreakdown of the individual
nrndr rcf i on sfaj6+^
rllu\J

-^^
Bsex:rnnl

-''L
^+^^^^
-1,t|J--LdBU-

r l a: r ' r r
u
J

nnrrn-:l

nenel

r l ri r n osnuJ _ u l iu ln n I
u

r:rr6,refl

l-^^
lrd.b

!-^^*
uccrr

eJ_ i no

,f *O- n

qt- r cnofh

hrr

qJD U fi fr f o!nuar n q l L r o ,
nrcaccomhf

nane'ls_

*60lO.aied
rf-b*

ina

nf

Marine Tecfriolog/

In accordance with the requirements of the process organized production system, the breakdown of sel-ected sample of Ml'U production process into pr'oduction stages has been made. Heft, again particular
attention
was given to abolishment of traditional
demarcation between
fho

lrr rl

'l

nrrrdr

rr.1- i nn

nn

r.\pe<

*r n r ,l J

nL
r {r ]u- rf ri fu fL -i 1n1cr g
u

n rn O p

cess. The differnces

in the total amournt of
MIU weight, as well as in hull weight per outfit ration in comparison with the corresponding
qhinq
Dr uyD

nrnti
Pq

nrrrdr
rnf i nn
lJrvuuvulvrr

a n q J,
u r u unfr r l a

a n r rl u
a

n
vn
v nr rf u r r riu rnur J r i

frr

vo rml l n} Ji r r
ri r nr

tion prr:cess, reached during

ve resulted with establishing
Mfil

nrnclrrr-l-ion

(i)
(ii )
/...
(i-ii)
(iv)
(v)

/ . )\

( rri
v

rV
r oLqQq e
J lU I Q

nh
\Jl I

nrnol

nrrrrlrl.t_

(viii)
(ix)

Srrh-assemhl

rmits

and

nr''anr

r1--

fil.]-'ino

( xi )

/ ..\
(xli)
\

(xr_rU
/

Assembl v rrni ts

erecti

on and

n
v !f

fuhrp r u

l 1 r y fvr \vA9aoaD
IJr

f! l r v w
nr^r

cl.rnr.m
-1 l\rwl

in Fig.2, and accompanied by flow diagram quantification

matrlx in table 1. The data quoted in the table should be accepted as approxlmate ones, i.e. as estimated values of uurit total- weight percentages V"fnW}. The data refered to above have been collected
by production
process arralysis per stages, with consideration of pn:duction
stages interdependence accord ri n
u
l c 16

f!nv

yn !m dvrur un91 _ i nunr v r

n vnrn nrru. un P
i- u ,
r u

ow

di

I i tLvJ

i nr rl anl

'in'ino
urv

rl

rr

nf

16

o
v !f

irnmerll!ri!tleu-

ql-l'in
JrrfIJ

nnnPrv-

r l r r n i n 1c6

tuhr or s

vr

:nri

namnnf^
>UBillgl

;r n
a -i n
ild
-Ll I
Aor2m

flon

qaq
lreJ

e
e hrll J r i < h etdu u
v Jq . J -u @

i! r n ir r l -

nnim
flt2
l ( 4] n l
v!

i n ] _ p r v l o n a n d o nInUoVcI

rUU J

nAunun\ Jnln | - i n LaIl_r rL I l B _ L y

]L_lh a
tu

I U> .

hoJ_h

hua@
q l' iv

(BPS) of the process.

'ioinerl

heen

hrr

antification
the matrix,
rro

l.roon

/ F ' ' iro5 . u / q )

\t

n n ' \ cv l5n !r m
a rmr Ar lqL J

MITI

nn
n r n dv' u u u r a ] _u iL U
i I
lJr

c l-aaac
- ud-Bg-

The r-rnit flow diagram has

n r n dv urqrvn 1 - i nu n
rvr

n ] ' vv-v\9.a\l A a a

f l nf v rv v^ r

arr-

yt

\]q-

reduced matrix, tables 2 and 3. In

all flows carrying below a% TtM ha-

naalan1_g6l

and

tuhr rev

V a1 l4lut!eJ s

femajning
!9lllqrr

nO-

!v

unded so that, in the stage of model creation

it would not be overloaded by secondary elements
and the researcherts attention
distracted
fncm
basic, qual-itative
characteristics
of the simu!I q eu 1v _u e d

nnnaeqq
lJrvuuJD.

qhnr
Jlrvqfv rl d

rTuf

zaA
v6 lrlm
4 Jh la o li d . - i ) r z , c t - t

hu aL

.-l-'af
urld"u

such contraction
of the production prccess structure does not hinder the future decomposltion
of the model, if sinrulation of lower levels of
nmnocc

rrntl af

-i

rrrulqurvrr

sterl

l-rrc2J4616r*n-1
vr
vw\svYYr
r ,_

on

*^,,

2
t 2U I^l l ^
c tn
r |n
l Jrr y
Vq

nrnr-cdr

rr.e

at

rttri

1-^

lllal

OCCur.

r-h

^^.-'1

Ug

fhe
ur ru

i od
f\-u

CLlJPf

aq

adontec,i
qsvP
uuu

siJ.

r4 'r lv q urJ. . o a d r r

]U_Le _

flow
rvvv

Materiala ( 4

di
g l c t r 62o:nam
l
all,

presenting
the interconnections
between the basic pr'oduction stages is, of course, not itself
sufficient
for the production pnfcess sinmlatiTrJamel v

4.4.

rv lsau sf

on

n r n dv vr u u r n Ju_l vi l n n

l 1 r ov.u\ sADq

drmrm
i
lqilf

yr

o^

uJr

Pn:duction

u-

Dynamics

Assumed MIU construction

schedule (Fig.
been used as the basis for establishing
l-oni

al

fl

ar.r drm2mi

nq

m = 1 _n i w

nrpggl1ted

4) has
the main

table

4. The procedure has been camied out in accordance with the precept (iv), stated in chapter
2, whrich implies rectilinear
form of cunrulative

ce rul

i c
J-J

nenl_
nnf

r rv

s.i- i ne.

n r y . v. 1uav F
D qJ q
vr
f'l

n
uo
vm
rtn
u n! i

neni

h-m
rulri d . 6- d
l
dlll

ri noc

st:oeq
"

tf

n
r
e lt4 t r r rvev q

fr !nvcl lrl m

of

an1- i rrj frr

cu q: n
u rhr

nrrrrl

od

i ts

r lJr lr n : m
u
t airnr r<u Q
l.raqi^

vn !f

dimensionless
menli

o n er vrvl

lu- ]t - lrvo

ni

yrv

Tn

]u_vn 1 u
_ raul

^ntmnnanfc'ic

rnti

nn

v!vuqvuavtI

r5

Final- urrits outfitting

rus10n
-inn
r
urvr

nnqqihi

uvJurvr!r

f 1 ^ r r - l q r r qul -uoumr qr r r ,

has been established by sy-itesis of defined

production stages (PS), wi-rich beside warehouse,

o
v ut u vt iqnu t

nrrififJ-inc
u vrl

n r r r j rvrunu] .v
lJr

rcnr

ino

','5

r-h:r:r.teni

rrn'ited

ifc
IM' rTr I Tv

}'letrrlppn

appear as an indispensabl_e source of information in the modeling process.

i .\n

erection

'rodel

on ^

^''fiffi^a
\JU UI f T, L,TT 1B

(x)

a\rr'mr r1-on

rn-

Bl ocks nr^eassemh'l'ino and advanced outfitting

Outfit modufes preassembling
Grand blocks assembllng and advance

(vi i )

L
] n r r r A rv rv c! n
I rvyyv

duction and MTU pr'oduction, required finding

out the cornrnondenominator for actual and prospective product mix. On the othen hand, model
establishing,
i.e. production pr"ocess simulati-

l-ho
yn !r n
v ru} q v '

the research, haof the following

hreakdovr,n

] t J l v v v u u

n-18q

Steel pretreatment
pretreatrnent
Outfit
HulI parts fabrication
outfil
Darts fabrication
Parts and sub-blocks preassembling
F- I q]-

nrncess

rf 1i 1n rl ui il l

n i r v nt ua - l

'l
r ( :: nao6oL

r-omnaniqon

all

Pr'oduction Pr'ocess

Units

nmnacc

nrooeqs

united within stage (vi) ; subdivision of production stage (vii ) into sub-stages of zone
multifunctionaf
content outflt
modules and
machinery or devi-ces monofiu^rctional modules
preassembling, and the like.
4.2.

]_inn
a1-e

ial

nf
trl

blOCkS

As concluded earlier,
the specifics
of the mentloned ItflfUpraduction dictates the introduction
of certain new stages into the shipyard produc-

^n

qcnnn-

1 1 n ou^d- -- 6>m
l . lrl' l1u _ L - L ] i n nI B
>u
F/!

4.3. United Flow Diagram

qr rnh

n m d r r n ] _ i n n uIUl
}Jr vuuu
c i r r ovnv r
6f

ru

in

nf

n r r r vr vf iu v r n 1u-r iv r n n

vr

y!

the

S-curve in the Fig.

r . t ru l 4 r r . cv

c- ul a- a
ca
t;g

a wav

cfaaa
- LdEU
fOfm

Ju -l tl -g ^

an^
d.l lL.t
Of

5. For the

r l r r n al am
l t t' vi D , n q
uJr

iI r ln

sif nnrl
r r r v r ri ! fiu

fi

n
u

titious
data of the individua-l- BPS productivity
in manhours per ton of material- have been used,
since the S-curve appears to have here a merely
informative
character. A more sipnificant
fea' l - rr r c

nn

l-ho

E-i a.

iS

the

COnS

_*

material- ftow thrrrugh the process production

stages. The construction
schedule appears insufficlent
for model rea-lization.
Its irnper-

72

A.S. Karpowicz and V. Simone

fection
is in the
namics of interim
BPS as well as in
BPS. The schedule
of the urrited flow

incomplete information
on dystates inside a partlcular
interaction
with remaining
offers only bor.ndary states
diagram components. The

al-rarra rcn,rimrcplg
vrrlvrruJ

have

led

rrqvu

ILv

the
uf rv

to
uv

matrix
rlrqurr4

nne-

lJtu-

sentation
of the materia_l_ flow dyrramics. It is
characterlzed
by the following
information:
BPS functional
connections, succession of batch
r e
r vsv , -

assnr-tmcnt

f:anaf:ifW
vuuqv4

uJ

Of
vr

of
2
a

hv a
q uf v r c . h tevs- ,.

6 m r $vuuu
r n { - j n ^ uIUt
v!

: ni Jnl rJr! r w vi ^ r l l l qm
q
u va f o

a-t-a-^
- udc;

f! l

r]\rnrminc

lvn
wr^r
nf

batches inflow and waiting for leaving the

BPS on scheduled time. Material
flows d5rnamics,
shown in table 4, has resulted
frr:m the following analysis,
indeed, within the boundaries
of the defined construction
schedule. but based on necessary krowledge of total_ pmcess
production
tecl'l-rologl :
BPS-06
Tn the perlod frrrm 12th to lTth month of the
construction
cycle this stage is entered by
the materia-l- from the warehouse OI and interim
pnrducts of the stages 04 and 05, accor.ding to
fhc

fn'l

o /

I nnri
v Y r r no
16

r\rFqr
i nnc1 v J u t I J rrnn1_
urvl

- 7/o TLM nicnthly, from l2th to l6th TU

-I7% TIM monthly frrrm tlth
to l5th TU
- L% TUWmonthly from t2th to 16th TU

So, one month shift has been assumed for arival- of materia-l frr:m the 04 stage and the rest
^+r
\Jr

+L^
ur rs

n}.Y-)f\esq
vvvvv

lrt

^+^-^
^
D udEsb
nonnpnf
vvr
rvvu

T?ri q
w,

i q

\^n'ri
y y r l l u t r-h r

rrent
gJ
v y q l r ri r"oq

nhaqp
r@u

lJr

chi I I I fi- u

Jl

between hull erection works arrd outfit

modules
instal-latlon
in the defined assembly zone. Completion of the vessel constmction
at the shipyard takes place in the l8th TU. In case a
vessel had been foreseen to be delivered
in assembly units to be towed to the site
and joined there, final delivery will be executed 6
month later,
i.e.
i_n the 24th TrJ frr:m the begirning of the production process.
BPS-O5
The stage 05 supplies the stage 06 (see above)
during the period frr:m l2th to l6th TU with
monthly batches of its interim products of L%
TLM. The prrrducts of the same stage ar necessary for the smooth real_ization
of the process
in the stage 04, in monthly quantities
of
f .5% TLM, in the period from 6th to t5th TU.
The following material input characteristics
have been assumed :

o / t
ot 05 03 0s -

r.5% TrM/ S-tq

5% TrM/ 2-1r
o.5% TrM/ 4-13
o s 0 4 - L.5% Tltrt/ 6-15
010402040304-

N
TU
TU
TU

BPS - 03
In order to assure the prr:cess in the stages
04 and 05 the interim pr.ocucts of this stage
are delivered,
as follows :

03 04 (J3 05 -

see BPS - 04
see BPS - 05
fnput of material- fr.om the warehouse
or 03 - L% TIJW/ 4-r3 TU
RDq

ule

n.

\)a

vo !f

i nl fl cu nui!m r i l r
a

nrndrrnl-c
lJrvuuuuD

ra of aaa
1U- (nJ +t -- Il -l g
SLage

All
U4

IS

required (see BPS-O4). Wltfr respect to duration

of pr'oductlon operations,one month-shift
in the
arrival
of materia_l to the stage is necessary,
S O :
U

01 02

5% 11M/ 1-rO TU

-i
lu. ryr r n
pm
r t rru$u u r n f L I Qnn,

i r r c Ju
- ir r f i r uo\ -r ll
!

TU

Fn:m the warehouse and previous pnfcess stages,

BPS-O4 receives the material
accor.ding to the
dy'ramics assumed in the following
way :

Tu
J er rl viur r eJ r r r
u

v!

OI 06
04 06
05 06

o / t
04 06 - L7%Tr],^r/]l-ls

L.5% TUW/s-14 T'U

o.5% rLM/ s-14 TU

BPS-04
The stage delivers
its interim prrcducts into
stage 06, by the following
rhythm

5. PRODUCTION
PROCESSMODELESTABLISHING
As any other pnfcess, the MIU production prrrcess has its quantitive
and qualitative
characteristics.
Therefor, the predlctive
value of
the model in the sense of quantitative
description of materiaf fl_ows, and its structuralvalue with respect to assuring the assortment of
parts, sub-blocks, blocks and other interim
products at any tinre of the process, appear in
the simrlation
prrrcedure as starting
basis on
2n
onr ral
-f n-n-l -,i^ , .n$ .
5.1 . Predictive

Val_ue of the Model

In the research, the predlctive

value is acccpted as a possibility
for distribution
of the
total unit weight per basic prr:duction stages
to be carled
out in accordance with the prescribed materia_l flow diagram (Fig. 2), along
with respecting
of the scheduled terms of the
pn:duction proces dyrramics (Fig. 4 and 5, tabIe 4).
5.1.1. Scenario I
The followlng
volurne capacity
been assumed :
BPS - 02
5 /" TLIW
o3
7/o TW
AA
4U/o TIM
o5
3/o TW
va

of the BpS has

A Corttributictrtto Contputer Simulatiort Methods

06 - 2A/" TWI
On the basis of the materlaf
flovr scheme shovrr
1n Fig. 3, and the data contained in the materiaf flow matrix (table 4), rnareria_l cutput
from the warehouse, as vrell as al-l -inputs and
nr ri nr 11_
c

+ ha

n f'

Led into

the

S i n S rl S L v e

model,

B P Sv . .

hu e
! LeI n
l

h
. ra
rV
v !e

u r

vrirh

iL n
l l ru.v- lnPnvo
I Fa_

following

the

asumpti-

73

has not been achieved, namely as long as, within the next stage, the necessary pnoducL.'on
tecLnologg prerequisiles
as to absorbancc of
the respective batch of materia-1 in the produclion process have not been fulfilled,
Lhe same
remains within the preceeding stage or in the
warehouse (it keeps waiting in the buffer sLo-

a)n <
r A Y C

(i)

a defined

batch

pnoduction
(ii)

in

wilh

the

one

of

of

rhe batch,

exneni

]asts,

general

i.e.

to

men ial

enters

defined
in

in

by ma-

any case,

one month,

regard-

and batch

lndentl-

Lhe scope of
annrn:nh'i

no

the mod-

fI Th IcU

n pU r4 l

t Jr r

'l
f pudu v
!i r f I ru rJ< ] _u !n r a

hv rJr

JL_tl -trgo

rf .vnf l

examples fr-om the shipbuilding

fI n
u rw^ lr t' i n cI B

practice:

rrArr - An outfit
module installation
presents a short transport operarion with minimumwork lntensity.
Thus, it takes a negligible
snort tl-me (zerO lu).
r r B r r- A p i p i n g b l o c k i n s t a l l a t i o n ,
also
received fr'om BPS-OS, requires extensi-ve t/'orks
on its corrnecting with others, even Later parts
of many fi-rnctional systems, wirh the necessity
of joints testing for the purpose of instaflation works check up. For. such a case, equally
as for other cases, the model offers a possibifor the wonks in the asembling stage to be
lity
camied out on the particular
batches of modularized
outfit
during the period of t'"vo TU
(two months). It is necessa4/ to emphasise that
similar demand may occur also in the r"emaining
stages of the production process. Ther-efor, the
refenned

varwing .

me should
view
noinlforr,r

(iv)

tbh e

of

be accepted

r a t e" r j a l

n r n o c qUq i r o

as an example

with

.f

hatr.hee

nno.pqqino

t'ime

(foreseen

readiness

of

v J

2 n F!

o'irucn
6rvurr

^L^-^-

f r l L u

r)4

- L a B g -

:( q
: . , U funv
:nd

Oc.

ri rnrny rurut

f! rr n
um
|

(qoe

i_ahlo

\ v v !

fuhl o
ru

-cLl c la-cBaC

R- /).

Interpretalion
: Completed outfit
detaiLs are
walting completion of those hul1 blocks or oubfit modules preassembling operations, wirich preceede the instaflation
of the respective parts.
5.1.2. Scenarlo II
to the fact,

'onhnal^-ica]

nanin

presenLed, logether
n
nlrr
" , , - J

nanrli1_ inn

that

in the first

f e a d j n er rS9 JSJ

Of

tUhl reu

Vr

sce-

n
T Le
Lx
A Ul

staSe
JUAo_

with the free capacity,

fOf

the

of

tUf tae nL JSl ui t_ ;vO

l r n

fLht teU

V L

the

nnoe,,-_

y r v g r -

ssed batch of material to that stage, wtrich,

partly,
satisfies
only the specifics of the proc l r: n t i o n

nrrlr-cqe

within

f a b n ' i f u qcua- LfV t t j o n

O U t f riltu

sJ L,ctL ^o _p e

r(:..Ut

(BPS-O2), in the second scenario,a requirement

was posed fon obligaLory rvaiting of the output
fram the stage 04 up to the gathering of such
quantity of inlerim products as in Lhc next
stage 06 is requireci as a complete Lnput naferial batch from the stage 04, i.e. in Lhe subject
ca-se, the accor-nt of L7% T:JW. Further on, already earJ-ier valid condition of scheduled await'i

ng

of

the

q-2oF

nexf

tenhnnlnsin:l

r.eedino<q
! q U ! 1

I U J J

lollows. It should be noticed, however, that

tne mentioned requirement appears to be of
mereLy quantitative
naLur"e, wi-rile qualitative
characteristics
of the output material batch
have still
been neglected. In cor-rse of further
model perfecting,
a mor real picrure of the
r^r'i'-LdJarr rB

p|uucbs

nl:nc

in

J-he

n o a n o ^ f i r reor v v

,R- aD Q
v,

]. ,-a\ .S

been considered.
5,2.

Structural
'i

A l neadv

Value of the lvlodet

-hc

model as close
q:ri
in

I rr
fhe

vidino

q. i :oe
lq6v

ea nl rr

q
' i r s rr rs lv: rf v r r , i n n
v r r rm

nnclr-es's

mocle'l

r( .q- , U

all

Tl-is

^v ln Ar u

nerfer-i_

cnlrrin6r

in

n
v !f

i n o! 6

lex

problems,

vil

e n p i n e e r i nr " bp

n r nI dv ur q u r n f L liv ln n
P

nf

rv l! nq a
r ^ r i n rot 5
v v f

v !

anncars

to

nrrroedrrnc

tul -l lrua

:q

Of
Vr

o n reu

afl

ra

( :

nfO_

tuhr et !

n
lllo
v Jq f

lJ.

n
v!f

o
v! f

vr

r.oa'l
l v c u

a , S S O n t Unle. l 9nr tt U
(.-,UJVI

q j u_q.Sau Jo c q

nn.r.pqq

for

f aat.a
Ld.>l\-

( !

issrre

fJJU!

be

specific

nh-in^^r
IJ! I|la

tLhr or l

u ! v v ! v q ! ! ,

flp

6f

nrndrrnfinn

rnjf

tuhl cr L

v!

. a 1 _uJu _" 'oy m

u nt

to the real- systern, has, neces-

ia-rn| vnvoJ<u u
c ,r l

n f

fl-re

tLhl ol !

r-o-nn-

uvlllP-

branches

of
indrrqtnr

a
* nd
construction

ciand

! f l t l ! .

- Output of the defined stage interim products, as wel-l as output of material

fr-om the warehouse, is dictated by technoloojcal

j*-^

i-

the

eventuaf
testing
of the model fnom the
of fhe .onsequences Of leav'ns
f h e ru r- nL i inntrt

*'inoq

^a

nnqqihl

to

( ii )

wai

With respect

system, 1n the unit assenbling stage 06

a possibiliry
has been given that duration of works on input batches frnm the
outfit
modularization
stage 05 may vary
+ one time unit, along with the unlform
di stribubion of all pr.ocessing vari, /^
ants (O: I and 2 l'U ) . Further approach
of the production pnoces reality
shall require more r.eaL disrribution,
but at the irrnltial
stage of modef creation the suggesLed appncach is quibe
n n n nvaynvl r
v!

J .

Example: In the block 16 and 19 of the model the

accordance

precepcs,

PS number

the

Exceprionally,
el

materlal

on schedule.

4,

table

Lime unit,

less
-r-\r
(iji)

stage

processing
trix

of

-he

r-exf

qi_2oe

thr'ough the planner in the

matrix) to absorb the respective batch
of materia-l. As lonq as such readiness

underlining
the basic difference
between these
two industrial
ac bivities
and the pr,ocessing
i nr^lr rc,f "rr

r.h i nh

hand

I eq
J

i nnomn:

tr

n:h

luvlllIJ@

wlJ

qml

l rr

Jrll(4

I I en
!!

m:,nber of finaf product components. Assurance

o f m s o r c m e n t i n t h e s h i o n r o d r r r - fi o n n l o . F q q
.'Y

is
Iu if nv lrI

watehed

d
s sa
J v l v! J

fLes ru .r h! ] nv rov l6n! JoUi J ,

stc.-

hv Jr r

an

y-

enf

ine

nlannenq.

yrauls!-,

and a nr*r,nberof other

workers.

yr

.armrr

v!

nf

n , t h ^ ur l-l ^d -i ).l il hr B^
|Ju!

vvuJr

n r v rv udu re r c -

P!

.-+^.f\
Jud_I-,

Disturbances

in

74

A.S. Karpox'icz artd V. Sintone

Lhe comesponding
it n
t lI_U n
U

]U
- hLol U

n
\ AUa q J u
y rr v . 1VrU

material

batches

of

qOhCrlr

r-l e

nn

delivery

influence the duration of construction

as urelI as nroduction cost.

04

cyc]e

i n frou v

the

rf

fv )v 6 h
at s
rrw

s t LaUc{ . r6 e
r

'i

as

other

al-l

nf

crrnh

nnrnnnqifinn

rrri]-h

vvrirv

ruvrr

r.eqnen]_

vv

TI h
I Ie
U

arrl-fi

'p^Ird .^t*t "r .l ja-l^

^"^^
16 aru

q vevcul rrnqauf(^;
A

il nr rrtnJlr' ri u ae s

^'r
\ra r

q
^-^
, r LdBC

I f i n o .b

'Li^L
wl lr\-t

^ +l -^d .^B g^

rvv

16

ufr

qfaoes

vvvvsfr

|J!

into

fhe

hatr-h

orifnrri-

n t 1 -v 1u u1r r. . e s s

moclel

o r r tu) /

vu

2 n n a n r l ' iunr rc r
qvvJt

s v sr i .ue! 1m
r r .-

fv v6r r nrcr voY une rr t o n fr l ur! rJ

r-y

reel
rv(:!

'l

w'i l

srrs,tem
uJ

efficient

solving

fw rivnq rr 4r l a n ' l r r r J

in

neat ti ne
rvYvr!

deliVef"ed

nf

n:qqino

^ " - ^ 1 - - - ' i ^ t^r r{ ' -l l r^d r" ur- n - t e c h n o l o c r v

ogi ca'l

hi

r . r r ' l: n

uuI@

n r y - rvr v\ Fv qJ qJ ..
vr

!T(n r

shal-l

nv r r ov rm
r r l ri n e n . ' e

fh:f

'l 'i

a2qe

ernerse of

par-

fw

of
of

RPS

the

i -

naft

assortment

Assortment Assr.rance By Dj-vision of

rnnrrt_
Batches
on BPS-03 and 05 Samples
"*""rrrrvuu

BPS-O3

urlrvrvuurJ

for

t.he stase

in accordance with
nponeqqi

PMUrurr16

no

neri
lJv!

n|

rvut

0 4 .i w i r i l e

the general
I carres

feqvvr

fuhr lev

the

othen

pr"ecept on the
q+2clF

Jttr6L

nni_

eanl

03 did

m
r L r,vrud
u !o l

not

+ A case of

ino

of

J_he

nrnoes

pose a significant
timeless

prccessing

q . t t l . \ /v A
l J' . . r

2
q

nf

rur

:l

i n n r 1 1 -// nv ru l yr qt nu r

RPS

innrr]_q

nA

innrrJ_q

r-;rl-nrtfq

cur]-nr11

For
rf

v v r y s L

A particular
rr c ca rq u l r r i

put

problem had to be overcome al a"

rcm
c lol lncf l r L

!f n
v n!

f| \ o
c
. (l z: hi a l nl B

n C
ur

- r

(e.g.
/

^ - ^ /

cr rnh
-uurr

rta
Pa

y-f

n
u fa

tu rl -l ruo

fi r ln' -

? \

L . L 2 5 % T L J W )w i ^ r i c h e x c e e c l s m o d e l
n n ' j n t - o r r f e a n a e i f w . w ' if h n e s n e c t t o d e c i m a l batch

j o
-L-

in

the

sfage

chal-Ienge.
was applied

haoorl
LJd--sU

a nr r
U

prrccessing in the referred

in-i ni na
JUrrtf,rIS

n fL
U

lU- hr les

i rnr nPt u L r f
a

a tu ar raun!f
q

i -

].he

firqt

nrrfnrrf

v q u y e e

hv sau fv o
r rh
v ue
r s-

in

the

6 tehr r

Tr vIt I

in-

tended for the stage 04, consist of 1.I2=% Tl],rl

fr'om the warehouse and O,37a% TLJWfrom the stage
03. However, in the ]2th TU the same output bato h or ! q r

a r . ar

i n i n e dr u v

(4

er

Jvrr

hv Jr r

hr]_nheq

rlir"cnJ_ed

funv

q]_:oe

fv lv 6

uqSv

according to their irrner stmcture(g:f

)
similar
but smafler with respect to total quantity of
material contalned (O.l=% + O.25% TLJW).All th-l. i -

:
\^.!.-a\\.-.--f
! - . . . F - - ! ! \ - ! i

i...r!"-:\\
- +

. . . v '

!\--\

,---!a\1:

^.r

-1

a'\.

'\-:

!\1:.-

stage of model establisthe block. In the first

vahing 1t was decided to assur the predictive
witho05,
stage
flow
in
the
lue of the materialof the comva-lue by directing
uL its stmctural
plt',e Cl lrp'1t, +,c 04 or:l,prrt. ald 03 i:o 06. Conscious consideration of the possibie consequenshould serve
ces of such model simplificati-on
model improvementas a stimulus for further
Namelv- it eorrr+qnonds fo the failure of that
t

n r v r 6 r r r - fU l iv or n

PMqU

vv!

st2ce
J

r^d-r'inh n:nnioS

the

Ir16St advanc-

concept. In other words

modularization
ed outfit
2A/o of the total weight of the r-rnit, scheduled
modules preassembling, is directed
for outfit
to the remaining stages of the process, for
works.
considerably more expensive instal-lation

'j -

ce the
er than in the next TU. Since division
input batch jnto two outpul batches of equal
simple for simulation on
size is relatively
n
nmnrrfon
uvrlllJuuu!

sJ . ri rr rr. Pnr l e
vr s t

tLhr er !

n(

rrarlurJ

wirich represents input

Out of one transaction,
in the amor.rnt of 1% TUW, two infoof material
is
rmation camiers ar generated. The first
+
f i ' n e l e s s l v - i . e . i n t h e s a m eT U , d i r e c t e d t o \v ^Y 4r 2 nu r d q o
yvrrl
v s r r lu n

I t- v er r Jc l l v

glven herebelov'r :
-loutput
-2ouLputs
-loutput

Sn

assurance procedure by simultaneous division

of material lnput bat,ches, along with their
earli er mentioned cornecting.
5.3.2.

hatC_

In the 05

and outputs.

a|ni

conblnations is
02-tinput
03-linput
04-4
inputs

v v t

interim prrrducts assortment detailed follow up

according to workshop documentation should be
range of an insight
considered as the ultlmate
i nl-n
nmr}
r n J -u f i n
v rn I
ar I L,\J pr uuuu

anncer"ed

r^*rcn or rtnr rt

task

from the warehouse

delivered
ties of material
fabrrcation
stage in the 3: I ratio.
and outfit

the

level

the

errenf s - Possi

,W.L, o rhr2L arvr ev .

r

roJvrrt

of nna
-LaBC

'rore

frnm

lo

d.I Ld"-Ly--L>

n i crn-1'er:hno'l

r-onqi denahl

requirements,

of similar

.l_hp momcnf

moriel ino

n n oV cV 9eJ Js s

Yt

r:on,nlex

numbers. The material

quantities
of input materia-I have the priority
in the first
outpul batch,
as to being fitted
further drawing the model near to
etc. Still
lu lhe
re

BPS-O4

the

v s u v \ - u , j v r ! J t

in-fifSt

oanliggl

satis_

of

(firSf

1_n FTF'Q

15

qqon

n
rni
u vnl m
lLn
v@

interim products of the stage 04. Tecl^nrologicathe scheduled fusion of output

1ly justified,
in the
batch inrier contents has been realized
yI

of

to

of such cases (two inputs and two outputs).

v!

nreneed'ins

onder

i6n

r-nrnlef

nLmben of inputs

^..^-^'r

g,^,c-llllPl.c

tion of the schedule with respect to quantity

table 4. shows mutuaf
and assortment equally,
conneetins of -infenim nrvtdrrofs batChes Of the
vvr

sJ t Uags6 Le

nar-f i or rl a-lv

several

rea)-tza-

strict

in

from

directed

batch
0v 4 '-t

parls
of the input
of defined
hes had to conslst
hv s :v fv rrr .v h
e s n e r - risar l l vr J i n r - a s e o f t h e b l o c k w j t h
ures

ctionaL breakdov,ry-r).Assuming the ideal pictuflow tn:ugh the blocks

re of the material
nyaAaqqAml^r'lino:nrl

n
n oV dU UrL r r ' lUiIoV Tn
l T

as, a

(:--UslJ(4

frrn-

vrlrlJ

sJ LtLaa Sgv e
fnn

t irre

JVr

last

the

fhe

BPS-O5

CaS-

qh-i n

tn

of

A
t r . fUaU
vJ

last batch. In that case tjmefess pnocessing implies a orocessing shorter than one TU, i.. snorter than one TU. i.e. shorter than a month.

es of matenia1 flow in the pncduction process,

beside tecl^l^rological ( e . g. certain sections )
also a functional- character, being reflected
batch
of delivered
in the accurate defining
assortment (e.g. 'rthis block", 1.. a block
v!

rresnect

c r - hr e
v vd
u f r r l e! sd

frr

fr-om the stage

of a batch of material

Detivery

in

+r-a a{-^aa
LIl.g
-Ld-E;s

Assortment Assurance by Connecting of

Input Batches on BPS-04 Sample

5.2.1.

vT

also

'1'
i ^ l
'
-' '1^^+^-.f
5LllJLcU I U I d-l lJ

6. STATISTICAL FOLI,OWL]P OF TIfl PRODUCTION

PROCESS
T
r l In

fuh] er L

nv rnu JeUsr e
nfed
I u ! u

initial

r l r r u r ( !

stase
u

nf

the

nrnrir rr.tiOn

the established
pmcess computer simulation,
del of material flow provides the production
survey up to defj-ned time
ocess statistical

mopr-

U,,
$l
tr:
E

n;....i

A Corttribtttiott to Computer Simulation Metlrcds

unit.
at

ft

was accepted

each third

time

following

the

obtained

in

the check up
quarter-ly,
with

i.e.

interpr.eratjon
partlcular

of

the basic

colu,.nns of

(see tabLe

ca1 report

perform

to

Lmit,

the

data

statisti-

6).

the model structural

value in the stage 04 by
means of statisticalsut-vey for comparing of scenarios I and II. the load i-ncrease of BpS-O4
was noticed. It was caused by alterations
of conditions of the materlal transition
into the next
qfaoa

STORAGE NAIVE

(i)
Name of

the

pr.oduction

basic

(BpS).

stage

MAXII{IIM CON|ENIS
A maximum monthly
Anneared

ai- anv

quantity
ttme

material

of

Unit

wirich
fL.1nv l n. l

n e n il ov uj

i n r tuhr r ev

|Jv4

the start of the pr.ocess up to the moment of

contrrrl- (e.g. up to gth TU). This information
enahles

drrnino

e o n f r u ! r nv lr

vqr

r-cqs

2n

2qqcqsment
n n 6 rvj ru q ! 1 6 r u
j _!i v lnrn
}Jr

fu ri v u
n rL ( r: lI = n

of

of

rLhr ct 9

vr

n
v vor .m
l l Jnf l

feaSibilitV
I

Ucf

-+^d^^
-LaBg-

a]_
r ue
!

of

VI

' '^ l,,mp

v\r_LLL.._

n r v v- -r P!

the

r-:n.an

Oar-

i t-r=a

welf as r.ough assessment of the capacity utilizattort level. Pr.oviding of free accumulation
of material wlthin the stages, in accordance
wjth production prccess rquirements, and according to data contalned in the material flow
matrix (tatrte a. ), appears as a condltlon for
undisturbed realization
of the mentioned targets. Consequently, BPS capacity nust not rpresent a limiting
factor to the free flow of
materiaf. fts feasibility
is judged after reeei

nt

of

the

sf:i_

i q.f i n:

!nec vn vn rn f

n
vn
lt

nmdr
rnf i nn
PrvuuuLIUIt

concept real-lzation.

Arzonaco

m
n n Fr lu-]r ]r.f'
irrvr

B
u r P Su

lr vOq ua d

d
u wf f f i n g
!I

r5

fuht el !

rv.r r' r, h
t vo
r v' l e

ne_

P,u-

riod, subject to controf.

The data obtained
indicate
the BPS capacity, prrrvided the consla
4n
r vf

nrrrdrrniinn
lJrvuqvulvl

q]_.acro
DUcl6s

lLnv: d
qu

of the unit

construction

fWi ng

| 6 . 11 l a n

nant

fr m
r uml t L

tl h_ o1I C

'noa-innina
ugxIll.tl.ItIB

n a ' , # r r r i I r l 'ri rnr aS

t eg' lr J
-SeePn (aan qa u

rf rt .unl 1 J '

the rest of the pr^oduction mix, due to the

fts in the start of activity
of particular
(nig. 4), the report presents considerable
viations
between the amount of the average
thl v

I oaci

d
v ur !r r - f u fivnf n

lization

m a x i m r r m m o n J _ h l r r rY ru r4rr:tnr uf f u iJ .f i p <

and

simulation

encompass a conplete

r .^ ,
rmr ri a

lnr .v\

ri ll f u Jl vr rr Jq n n r

R
u rD QJ

shipyard

n
u d^ +^ J- ^d :. uf "r u y

l^r.'
IUW

shiBpS
demonTf

! r

pr.or1!i
L.lLI-

would appeal:

Total quantity of material_, wl-rich up to the

moment of contrrcl, entered a particular
production pmcess stage. If put into relation
versus total plan-tasks of the respective stage, it indicates the works completion index in
respecL of the material- inpul schedul-e execurt-on.
CLARENT CONTEXITS
The quantlty
of material- w4-rich, in the moment
of control,
is belng pr.ocessed in the BpS. The
difference between this statistica_l- report column and the previous one, posed into relation
versl

ts

fotal

n l a n n er dv v

nretarion

nr rant

i f i eq

Yq4ru!urLJ

fr^'n

!v!

e
9 q: vnl h
I

qt aoo

ouqEiL,

gives the outpul schedule execution index. According to expectance, prior to assurance of

monthly

load

increased

fnom 7.b

to

of

the

r r e m a i n i nr !o1 1 6

d:t,a

nf

vquq

fLhr ro!

vr

n
onnnl_
tlPvr

Ied to an observation,
wirlch may be considered
one of the essential accompar-rying resuLts of th1s research:
'r Observation of quantitative
and qualltative
characteristics
in the prr:duction process
simulation pass, durlng further bui-lding up
of the modeI , into a stage of pr.ocess study.
Reached in such a way, new cognitions raise
f he

swnf

esi

'l

errel

:nd

i n

(4rv

rt ru ev n
v qpu: L] -u

fr!

q i r rdrr

od

Dtuuy

results utilizatlon
cycles for further model perfecting,
they draw the model ever nearer Lo the rea1 picture of the process".
rA I

rn rovf u ai vnvour ]

I i fur Jr

n
v vnoqr rqu' !i rhr i

af
vr

arroli
Llutur

1 _c f i r r a
ud,LIVq

anat\,-i
dI td_Ly>I5

of the basic production sLage content by application of so called user's chain can illustrate
the afore mentioned statement. In table 6. the
istinal

r.cnont

i sJ

added

hu Jr r

quu9u

q . r' r r .vrv/.py l /

nf

Jut

]L-l ll L- r a

vr

user's chain for BPS-O4 showing the situation

within queues. It was concluded that the column
TTCURREI\'f
CONIilWSrr in the user's chain. wi^rile
offering
data on the number of those input batches fr^om particular
inputs, which at the moare

r.:rroht

wirhin

fuhr el u

q j _u c:i o
c
6u

d
v vn
g Jc q

n
i _u
r ln
v

malllq-

ke distlnction
between trtechurol_ogical" and ilscheduled'r waiting.
Namely, the naterial- entering
the stage is pr.ocessed during one month time adonred

in

]L_rhrcv

m
r r rnvducvlr

'in
rl I

r4n r rl u

tt -r htrq1u_

nmnodrrrc
IJl uuEuLf,l

nl-r.'IJt l.y-_

ica-1ly l1r*<ed wlth other input batches of material,

creating in this way a tecflrological
wtrole (in tfris particular
case the outfitted
block).
The described waiting does not represent a wasLe of time in the production process, neillrer
.n

TOTAL ENTRIES

fr n- -l , - wI sn

17.5% Trht
(ii) Hignest mean load lncreased from 1.867 to
3.4% TrM
Certain dilenrnas, ud:rich arlsed arar.rnd the inter-

rrenf

is assumed. When obse-

ac
w

Higftest

s-af

AVERAGECOI\rIN\r1.S

75

rrnnrcnarcdno55

Of

fu
t! rh e

r te
n
u nX t u

S
J tu.sa
6!p e

tLov

aer:enf
quuulJ

the input. The waiting is a mere consequence of

the respective stage interim product construction tecfurologg. As such it may be named "tecLnologica-} waiting".
It is important to remark
upon, that the materlal wirich rests in the stage

i nr

fuhf tee

sJ Uf q Ua! f e

goes no further
I rli

nqi_ a'l I ed

'i nf

n
v rf

tvev o
l
v rlur rnv n
r vl5 t u G n c r i n a

operations
n

e.t i I I

- it

r r nrnv n
v rr, n
{ Jn
f l

r^ra'if i nc

r* rr*nJ fr-l r

has been final.i

e t eu eCu l
u

n li L_vea r i , n L l i l

Lt

nt:-O_
|,l

duct of the particul-ar stage. For example, block structure

is completed, but the block is
still
being outfltted.
Conclusion : the structure 1s in the state of tecfrnological waiting
wilh respect to scheduled term for completion
of the outfited
block preassembllng. It is further necessarv to state that the materiaf in
the state of "tecfurological
waiting"
remalns
neaFqq2ri

rrL!vJo@afJ

I rr

rv ,vrf i full -t L rj L -

fl^^
ul

1g

^+^-^

JLd8c,

no mor engages the working

anrl

aIu

al l-hnr rch

d-_LLrrLrLlBlj.

capacities

.i I

-LU

in terms

76

A.S. Karpov'icz artd l'. Sintorte

of

Iahorrn.

cu ca- t |nJ qau tr - i t wu J

it

of

dnr rl'rt cncl2scq

no

q 1u q_Sav o e .

the

H o v r e rv rvcr n

r rvYvv

CUR-RENT
CONTENTS,table
ofarl

'inl-onim

\^rifh

l eqnent

qf:oc
u vu6r

nr.6qjgglS

rrrhi
.2rS
v v r r r v rr-hr
vq

!n

noncqq2nr

nnmnl

otod

thiq

i n]_ ani

D-,

rj^+j^-,j-L-.ir1o.

Uy

L]-L>

Il

rBL]I-l

tIl

Of

fo

1_hc ncxf

n r r . l -< i d o

I i rr )

n
V fL

r 6l Ii
yn rnvnuj ur u u l w

qtFr
r L l u ! ur Lr , vf r ri r - , n

cl-aaa
-uaBg

i^-

is easy to notice
f i )
\ r /

f} ranJ-'i 1_rr
w u ( 4 r ! L U J

h
q
r r:@

lvruclor In

fed

' in t e n i r r

aC

ter:hnol

UCLIt

nrndr rols.

osi r-al

*l-'^
Lllu

^An
Lwl 1-

no

'^.an]_
fr(4

nf-

i !
LL

r^rh'i nh

vn !f

is

in

the

ns

f hr- onenat

State

Of
ion

a c a

(iil

of material

Quantity

n I a]_
arl
ulu

i n t oni -

yru

contained in the com-

nn6rflr rr-rq t.

flesnaf
urJyu

Ched

tO

fhe

bUf-

fer storage for scheduled wait ing

(iii)
Quantjty of material being processed wirr^.i ^
Lr I I l r

+ L-^
L.l rs

^+ ^-^
a) ud-t3c ,

a
a n qrJl
e r l t \.luur
t c n f1-rJ
l tr
uvr

r-rh els

o
n ers
\-/l

tLrh ra
:t L

e n oLB*
2_
sr

ges al-L capacities (]abour force and space).

This information rpresents the difference between complete conLenl of the stage, given in
table 6.. column STORAGENAME- CURRENTCOIVTEMS, and the total contents of the queue/(i) +
(ii)/.
In Fig. 6 it is worth noticing that the
material (lli)
stards in certain relation verqrr<
(V

RPS
)

\r\.

n.anrr.i

r^iri I o

,/ t

J_rr in

f hp

]_ormq

in1-.al

nf

fl

rrr r:nt'i

-\^r r-2n2r-i

frr

of

r r : 1 - e n 'I i

J_l/
rl

r\4

r,^,4rlchdue to tecfl-rologica-L reasons (e.g. unco^^^ ^^- *- directed Lo the

r n n l e t e do rr l f i r t r - - \
buffer storage, must be assessed from rhe poil l r | / f v u u u

v u ! r f

L a I

- L I I I X '

i l U L

U C

(K
" ' 2 ' ) ' \/ol r rmc
Of I'VOlUme"
Of the
Same Stao'e
the hr :ffen
stonap'e musl
canac j tv of
suir
rhe

nt

rW
^ rCo ri B Io l r l -l L

rial

n fIU

fi n I] _loLrC- -l i m L r . -

p v - r \ n a c c( a
; -r-i ( ; l l
L^PI

nrv.rnr
t , ^ T!aO
Pr vvuv

in the state

rc
di)

fnlInrnri

i -i
|i
^ 1
-LII-L L-LAL

no

^+^-'
-UdE;U

of scheduled waitins.

^esrIIfino

o h q e r r !r av- qi ou nf vs r. r u r
Ul f i

-i
r n J _L - v n
r -r ^ ,

vn -nvnur lqr !

tion,
nf

^^*^^*ri
n nl m i x
o Pr
n r n\r\-1LtrL
d r r n -ui r \rr
u\rr r\,gr r rrrnrB

<rrl^rion]_

]_n

diversif

iCa-

(ii)

a possibil-Lty

Offering
nrrmhror.

nf

:irervrriirreq

qi mr:l at i on

nrnr-ess

nar'i onafization.

groundless

to

IL
! u

discuss

the

ween CAD and CAIvIfields

vA n
lr

fi r nl

ch i nhr ri I rli
- 1 r f P u u r a u l l r S nc

(1ii)

Model creation
rr*'r'i r-h

leasihilii-v

en:kr'l

nno-

ul

lu

ncnfcn1_

i no

qL

^+rri

tho

mndo

r ^ r ' if } ' r
vv

i on

of

m.nF

if

is

intenclecl-

laws

nf

i qel

nn.a.

i-^^^\/e"rent
rrrPl uvcllrcl rL,

ur

val-ue, and by evenLual

v

tLnU

d ^r . aarw. r
u

rl a i ed

for-r

with-Ln

Lhe

mOdel

the

nn9-

furLher
evef

system.

In the continuation
of the research, initiated
in 1982/83 and supported by the Britlsh
Cor.rrcil
within Lhe cooperat'ion ol the Department of EnT
U ITI anVi !rr r e n
u rs i tL -vy O f

'iek,^

rRr ri J ! r \ a r

\/.'-^^1^".
IUBU-IdVld

^-ld

Department of Naval Architecture

and Shipbuildlng, University of Newcastle, U.K., the work
on rhis nanen has been Lo a ]anse depnee contributed by : Prof. Dr. Z. WinJ<Ier, IUr. W. Curry,
M B E ,P r o f . J . B . C a l d w e l l , P h . D . , a n d M r . J . A .
Teasdale, Ph.D. The authors wou.ld Iike Lo express their gratitude
also to Mr. A. Frank, Nav.
Arch. and Pnof. F. Spindic for kind support,
and nrresentaf ion Of the research reSultS tO wirlon

q]-rinlrrriIr-lino

n-i naloq

REFERENCES
/l/

Design for Production, Die

Caldwell, J.8.,

(4q) - Dec.

R4

fnoiner rn

lq72

Y'uo, C., MacCullum, K., Shenoi, R., An Effective Approach to Strucluraf Design for
Production, Paper pnesented on SNAI'ESpring
I4eeting/STAR S}.,mposium,Washinglon, D.C.,
AnniI 6-g 1983.
/ 3 / H e g l a n d , D . E . , C A D / C A I I"nI t e g r a t i o n - K e y L o
The Automalic FacLory, Pnoduction Enginee-

l2l

-. .o,

A.ro

BI .

Pnndrrnf

inn

rnoinecnq

M:nine

u l v r r t

R e r r i o r nv rv
n r v r \

.T.an

/ 6 / K a r p o v t : - c z ,A . , C o n t r i b u L i o n t o E s t a b L i s h i n g
Data Base For Estimation of Floating Plants
Constructjon Trend, Papen presented on TI
Conference on Marine Teclnologg, Opatija,
Yugoslavia, Nov.1983.
/7/
/

' I

Crilf\n

v r

r ! !

L r r t

A.-

r ! .

Manit

jme

Sf--+omr

Cnn

Pni+g-

of

researchjng

tL- rkr r! c

nna,drrnt

y ! v u u L

inn

r-gnlpibutes
is
r r

nof

l r v v t

to
-hcr.efon
! r 1 ! r ! r v !

CAPCD as a lin}<
comouter

Anri

I qR4

/B/ Teasdale, J.A.,

! r v r l

bet-

D
l mr nvouosrsl ui nf c c

r r5-

hnolop-v

rrr

in

I Ini rronqi f v.

nf
vr

Berth Design Concepts, The

l.rnn'zinc
vlur nrl
l5

rD aa n l - rLr y

qh j nr-r" j l rt j na
JIIfVVuffufl16t
' 8fh

l r 4 a v.

hel d

n
u ln l

at

fs-r - mur ur nF /

Tf ocau -

Newcastf

1q76 .

anolicatt-

nmdr
rnr i nn
PruuutLrur1.

ql

:oc

for

L v u J r

ri j nect'1 v

nnor-Fss

tntal

1 o , T r a n s a c t i o n s N E C I E S ,V o 1 . 1 O O , N o . 2 ,

analrrqiq

' U q v t j L v v 9 v ( 4 l u r J U l U .

lanoo

I qRt

keeping in mind an aboundance of releva-

riafa

of

o
r unel P
l vnl n n o

ACI$IOVVT-E
DGE'lvEIVI

nm-vrv-

cess simulatjon on computer, are worth exposing:

(i) Production pmcess model creation appeans
to be a necessary prerequisite
in decisions
| ^r ''i *L(frar rB ,

r-eqq

fhe

rf !r vn,m
,,

urrrS

qhi
J r r ! v , nv r( raaun r l

1u_r hr L
o

noint

/a/ Vaughrrr, R., Productivity in Shipbuilding,

Transactions NECIES, Vol. l-OO, No.3, Jr-ne
1984.
/5/ Teasclale, J.A., The Organisation of Ship

mn!a
llld"L(;-

7. CONCLUSIONS
]'he

fr rn1 hen

o i n e c n i ni t o
IBr

rurrnvov ol l m
l l Jnal e
! -

ensaoi

i t

wai f i ns

Rrr

'

BaLlCCr
^
d

'he

f-n*

wj-

together

n r r r vr lu' ru^! t - i a nL r v l
v!

15

Jvr

Ai nannm
LlId"Bld.Ill

nmnoqqi
^^
dn

: qJqJ o! q q ' Ji nool r

a

q n h er ! _

: n d- v

'n-ol
LvLaa

rlr'nina
uur
artE3
T
-n
lr

r r ( r4l ,
L"+
ULf L

^!a*aa
-LaBC-

r-rn

m:ioni

vn vn,m
r rnv lreL r ^ r

6
u / ).

vn !f

near to the real

lnnri
IUau

( tri o
\rfB.

nor,-i
nd
IJU!fuu

i n n o r n nPnvar ] _
the

as shduled waiting within CIIRRENTCONTEI"ITS,

own in table 7 jt was possible to obtain a gr. -a+n)kLrL

i itrJr

a l f e n n !ar 1s L_r i r rv ev Jqt .

it
of

nnon.aii

tecl^urologg urrits,

marlne

of

nnciili vIIf I
vvJr

respect ro 'its structura-l

stage.

1U _
]U-CeL n
! ol Ul n roUi Bo- v: al
r h
l Ce
! hn

rE;

ma-

Sl.onage

i Lh r r

duction cost.

u r ! 4 5 !

matefial

hrrffer

n r n . v} u u v r ^ 1 -uaJ ,
lJ!

area of the respective

compJ.-

sfaoe-

v s

COnStrUCtiOn

nanl:

mcLion

STORACE

includes

S-pdied

the

ynIr n r r i d c

uv

n:qqino

abOUt

E-nn

r.rn-fer-hnolocrv.
iq

the

qnhedrrled

fn

r n r if h i n

6 also

Of

"volUme"

the

pq

analvqiq.

has been brought to the

i\ rhroL

qh inrrrnrl
JLlfyJc!u

w ' if h

the

n iv r
!nq: nl Jq q

view

tu' ir ! Jo q

tO COnSI-

t.

A Contributiotl to Computer Simulation Methods

77

\s-t
?si\

02

03

04

05

06

{0

01

50

10

15

15

10

100

02

50

03

50

r0

04
05

15

{ l

50

10

20

85

I. INPUT

85

85

20

100

O-OUTPUT

T A 8 L E 2 . } I A T E R I A LF L O WI . I A T
RIX (%T U'dI

I - IXPUT

Y.YAREHOUSE

\s-r
ps-o\

02

03

0{t

05

06

01

0,s

0,6

0,?5

0,e

,|,0

I-1]-PS

O- OUIPUT

02

1,0

03

0,s

T { A I E R I A L F L O T q U A N I I F I C A T I O TM T R I X O F I I A R T I T

TASLE I.

T E H N O L O GU
YI I I T I O I I S T R J C I I ( N

1,0

{ P E R T E N TO F T O T A LU N I T U E I 6 H I - 7 . I U Y I

04
8PS

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02

03
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ra

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05

1,5

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ra

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r

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LEICTU

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Lf,'rc4ts

rt

It

ft

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tb!,\ios oJ o.t o,s o,s 0,5 0,5 o.s [3rqr\ \

qb
" r! rr !s r.! ri u ,s ',r"'l\
t
1 t 1 l e

06

1?

t?

ft

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t80DUC8I0r

11

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to
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t{l!E8Il'Ir

IO SIIGES

otl rrD

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4

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2.AO
1.5O

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o

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4

IIAKED

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o5.

UIISIIG
rBotl

6r

OF q'Fn
GE 0'

sIt{ULltICt

tR@E88

SErfIS|rICl!

I-X

=INPUT ll{ 8PS-06

=Tll{E

r I I U H E E R O F B A T C H E SI I { T H S I A T E O F ' T T ( H i I O L O G I C L Y A I T I E '

' r { U r { 8 E R0 F

FROrl8PS-X

Ul{lT

BAICHESlN THE sfATE 0F'SCHEOULEO

l-02

I- 03

UAITltt6.

l-0s

TU

12

1l

t6

15

16

17

TAsLE 7

llODEIr BLOCEE WI|E

@!tur

ll:TRlx

QUEUErZ8. O?Rr. C
lssIGI Uor.oI,FI9lI(2)
r 10
ttrfEB IZA. oIAX, IFUor.or
sPl/rl I Gqro(lr)
aDYlIcE trr{E (r)
conPlRE sgrzB.ot8,E Gr vgv.'
LEAVEIZB.0PRE'VFV.5 GSIO(UO4.o,)
lrYlncE !U{E(r)
CoMPIREsFrzB.ot8x GI vw.'
LllVE rZB.0tRE,1sY.5 Ggro(Uo'.or)

'

lDfAi,t

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ffi

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o
6t+'
o
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TU

I- 01
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RETOB!

06

CUTRtrT
Cor[N8S

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r'vEE.tcE
EtrTBIES !II{E,/T&lxs

1.OO
2.80
r.0o
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4

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06

IOt !
ETSRIES

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!of.o,
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CorTSTS

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R E D U C E OF L O I {O I A 6 R A HI { A T R I X

lllEt{Ull
Cof,EE$[S

IZR. TBUP
rz8. 0t8E
PRED. sEE
loDurJ:oPB
ilort rt'
lloDIrL.oPEI

os o,s os 05 o,s o.s o.s o.s os

l<

3.

o,: 0,5 05 05 o,t o,i o,s o,s

0!
02

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02
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IHTERPRTAIIOX
OF TECHI{OLOGICIL
AilO SCHEDULEO
yArTrN6 |lr.8L0Ct(SPRf SSEr8Lm6 AID qrTFtTTlil6
s T A 6 E- 0 P S - 0 4
l A r T l f 8 E 6 n { H 60 F D E F t r E oI U l

78

Karpowicz and V. Simone

FI6,'I

S H I PP R O D U C T IPORNO C E SFSL O WD I A 6 R A M
F r 6 . 2 H T U S A H P L TP R O O U C I I OPNR O C E S SF L O WO I A G R A t 4

W A R EH O U S E

\'U

t0

12

19

16

01

H U L LP A R T S

O U T F I TP A R T S
FABRICATION

PS l+ll+lV
0l

04

ll

05

NLG
E L O C K SP R E A S S E I ' I B
A N D O U T F I T TNI G

O UT F I T
!IOOULARISATION

-S -- P S ,V + V l . V l l l

M T U -P S : V l e V l r l X +X

t , , I IU - P S : V I

ASSEM
8LIN6
ANO OUTFITTIN6

06

ll

a
slAR'r
----

F I R S TB A T C HO F l l A T t R l L
L A S l S A r C H O FI { T R I A L

Ft6.a

xtu

tU- I t|lE UN|T

ops- 0AS1C
P R O 0 U C r l oS
ilTA6t

s a l { p t t c o h s t R U c T t o xs c H E o u l t

l l T t J -P S ; X t o X l t r X t l l

8 P S . B A S I CP R O O U C I I O
NA G E
ST
s - sHlP
I { T U. T I A R I NTEE C f t i l O L OU
GNYI T
P S - P R 0 0 u ctt0 r { s T A G E

FI6.3

E A S I CI . l A T E R I A
F L O W SI O E N T I F I C A T I O N

:
;
:

A Contribution to Computer SimulationMethods

79

l":

TOTALUMT WErcHT(TIJW)

-^l

l-

L O A O | N: G
73

/ \

/,J**,.,,\

./ .wAtTtNG ..

\
./ (3lJ[f3,)

A A

KZ= /t0

// ^\ru/l,'\p,x."\ "

l " \ \

to'\

t
TEHNoLoGrcAL
wArTrNG

t . . \I
-1_r
\
I

t i m e[ 7 o l

'

FI6. 5

D I N A M I C SO F P R O O U C T I OPNR O C E S S

_PRoCE:StN6

A N D I T S C O M P O N E N T- S B P S - 0 2 - 0 6

,-'
t

---'------T+
K1-BPS

FLoW CAPAC|TY

K2-BPS

V O L U M C A P A C I T Y

TIME UNIT(TU)

Fig.6 BASICPR0OUCTION
STAGE
( 00
CAPAC|TY
LOADTNG

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r sB . V . ( N o r t h - H o l l a n d )
@ IFIP, I985

8l

] N T E N S I VAEP P L ] C A T I OONFSM I C R O P R O C E S S O R S /
M I C R O C O M P UTTOEMRESA S U R IANNGDR E C O R D ]TNAGS K S
IN SHIPBUILDING
R y o i c h i r oS a s a n oM
, ikioFukuchi
j i Takahashi
H ' i r o s h 'K
i u r o d a ,K e n
M i t s u b i s h iH e a v yI n d u s t r i e s , L t d . K o b es h i p y a r d& E n g i n e! . l o r r s

I n s h i p b u i l d i n gI n d u s t r i e s ,i t h a s b e c o mae g r e a t i s s u e t o a p p l y e f f e c t i v e l y m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s /
m i c r o c o m p u t e rasn d u s e f u l s e n s o r st o t h e m e a s u r i n ga n d r e c o r d i n gw o r k so f s h i p y a r do p e r a t i o n .
A n d t h o d a r e -Y n' r s 6 g 5 5 j psgo f t w a r e ,d e v e l o p e u
d n d e rm i c r o a n d m i n i c o m p u t esry s t e ma n d h i g h level compi'ler

'languages
h a s a c c o m pi ls h e d t h e f r u i t f u l

resu'lt.

0 n t h e p r o d u c t ' i o na n d t e s t i n g s t a g e s i n s h i p b u i l d i n g , w e f ' i n d m a n ym e a s u r i n g , r e c o r d i n g a n d
data-analyzingtasks. Theselaborious works on the production site used to require a great
a m o u n t o f m a n p o w e r st o k e e p r ' t s e f f i c i e n c y a n d i t s a c c u r a c y .
R e c e n t l y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e m a r k a b l ea d v a n c e so f t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t e c h n o l o g y m a k e t h e
m i c r o p r o c e s s o r sa n d m i c r o c o m p u t e r sa v a ' i l a b l e a t t h e v e r y r e a s o n a b l ep r i c e s . T h e s e e l e c t r o n ' i c s p r o d u c t s s t i l l h a v e s t i m u l a t e d a n d e x p a n d e dt h e i r u s a g e st o a l l k i n d s o f i n d u s t r i e s .
U n d e r t h e s e c ' i r c u m s t a n c e s ,t h e a u t h e r s h a v e s u c c e e d e dt o d e v e ' l o pv a r i o u s k i n d s o f a u t o m a t e d
m e a s u r i n ga n d / o r r e c o r d i n g d e v i c e s a n d t h e i r c o m p u t e r- s u p p o r t s y s t e m sw h i c h i n t e n s i v e l y
e q u i p m ' i c r o e l e c t r o n i c sp r o d u c t s , h a v i n g r e s u l t e d i n t h e r e m a r k a b l ei m p r o v e m e nitn q u a l i t y
and great reduction of manpowers.
T h r e e s p e c i f i c d e v e l o p m e n t sa r e t o b e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s p a p e r
- A u t o m a t e dD a t a R e c o r d e ro f C e l l - s l o t D ' i m e n s i o nfso r C o n t a i n e r S h i p s
- A u t o m a t e dD a t a R e c o r d e r o f t h e T h i c k n e s s o f t h e P a i n t - c o a t i n q
- T i m e - H i s t o r y D a t a R e c o r d e ro f A n c h o r i n g S y s t e m
M a k i n g a d v a n t a g eo f t h e s e a d v a n c e dt e c h n o l o g y t o t h e f i e l d o f t h e p r o d u c t ' i o np o s s i b l y
r e a ' li z e a s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n t a g e ' i n r e s p e c t n o t o n l y t o d i r e c t r e d u c t ' i o n m a n p o w e r sb u t t o t h e
i m p r o v e m e not f w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t ,w e s u r e l y r e c o g n i z e d .

1. FOREI^JORD
A t t h e s t a g e s o f p r o d u c t oi n a n d t e s t i n g ' i n
shipbuildingm
, a n ym e a s u r i n gr ,e c o r d i n ga n d
d a t a - a n a l y z i n tga s k s a r e f o u n d , a n d t h e s e
l a b o r i o u st a s k s o n t h e p r o d u c t ' j o sn i t e s u s e d
s keep
t o r e q u i r e a l a r g e a m o u n ot f m a n p o w e rt o
its efficiency andaccuracy.
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, e a u t h o r sh a v e
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c o m p u t e rs u p p o r t s y s t e m sw h ' i c ha r e ' i n t e n svi e l y
e q u i p p e dw i t h m i c r o - e l e c t r o n i c ap' lr o d u c t s ,
h a v in g r e s u 'tle d i n r e m a r k a be l i m p r o v e m e n' itn
q u a li t y a n d s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o no f m a n p o w e r s .
T h r e e s p e c ' iif c d e v e ' l o p m e nat sr e p r e s e n t e di n
thi s paper:
1) A u t o m a t ' i cD a t a R e c o r d e ro f C e lI - s I o t
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two cases;
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o f t h e d a t a c o v e r i n gv a r i o u sm e a s u r i n p
goints
a n d v a r i o u s k i n d s o f m e a s u r e m e nt ht ,o u g ha
s i n g l e m e a s u r e m ei ns t e n o u g hp e r e a c h , a s i n
t h e c a s e o f d ' i m e n s i omn e a s u r e m e nett,c .
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accordino the I anse of

time aq 'in the cases of

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m e a s u r e m eonf t p r e s s u r e ,v o l t a g e , c u r n e n t ,
d ' ir e c t i o n, I o c a ti o n, e t c .
F n o mt h e v i e w p o i n to f m e r i t s o f m i c r o c o m p u t e r
a p p li c a t i o n , i t i s t h e p r e r e q usi i t e o f p r o d u c i n g m e r i t s i n t h e f o r m e rc a s e t h a t o n e s e n s o r
p r o c e s s e sa l a r g e v o l u m eo f d a t a b u t o f s a m e
t y p e . W hIi e t h i s c a s e d e a ' l sw it h d i v e r s e d a t a
n e c e s s i t a t i n ga n u m b eor f s e n s o r s ,a l a r g e
m e r it c a n h a r d ly b e e x p e c t e d' i n v i e w o f c o s t e f f e c t ' i v e n e s sa n d r e s t r a ' i t f r o m h a n d il n q a n d
o p e r a t i o no f d i v ' i c e s .

82

R. Sasano et al.

M e a n w h i l et ,h e l a t t e r c a s e i n t h a t t h e d a t a
v a r y ' i n ga s t i m e e ' l a p s e sa r e m e a s u r e cd o n t ' i n u ously for a long time or that'instantaneous'ly
r e a d s t h e v a r y i n g d a t a t h o u g hi n t e r m i t t e n t s o m e
t i m e , a n d a c c o r d i n g l yt h e a u t o m a t i cm e a s u r e m e n t
w i l l g e n e r a t ea l a r g e m e r i t . l l J i t h o u tt h i s , i t
n e e d sm a n ym e a s u r i n gs t a f f e v e n ' i f m e a s u r i n g
p o ' i n t sa r e f e w .
A l s o , t h e ' i n s t a n t a n e o udsa t a m e a s u r e m e n t
e n a b l e st o g r e a t l y e n t r a n c et h e m e a s u r i n g
a c c u r a c yt o p r o d u c ee f f e c t ' i v e n e s sw h e ni t ' i s
a p p l i e d d u r i n g t h e s t a g e so f a d j u s t m e n t t, e s t ing andseatrial s.
F u r t h e r , t o e x a m i n eb o t h c a s e s f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e t y p e o f d a t a p r o c e s s ' i n gt ,h e
f o r m e r m a ya s w e l l b e u s e d s i m p l y f o r d a t a
c o l l e c t i o n l e a d i n gt o p o r t a b l e t y p e o f m o r e
c o m p a cat n d I i g h t e r u n i t , w h i l e t h e f u n c t i o n s
o f s o r t i n g , a n a l y s i n ga n d d o c u m e n t i nogf d a t a
m a yb e s h ' i f t e d t o t h e m a i n c o m p u t e r .
W h i l e , t h e l a t t e r s h o u l db e a s t a n d - a i o n et y p e
i n c o r p o r a t i n gC R Ti n d i c a t o r , a l i t t ' l e l a r g e r
t y p e , c a p a b l eo f i n d e p e n d e nptr o c e s s i n go f
d a t a s i n c e t h e r e a r e m a n ys u c h d a t a, ' i n t h e
n a t u r e o f t h e d a t a p r o d u c e d ,t h a t n e e da n
i m m e d i a t ep r i n t i n g o u t 0 n t h a t n e e da n i m m e d ' i ate comparisow
n i t h t h e s t a n d a r dd a t a .
T e c h n i c a i l y ,i t i s n e c e s s a r tyo c o n s ' i d e r i t s
p r o c e s s i n gc a p a c i t y ( m e a s u r i ndgu r a t i o n a n d
p r o c e s s i n gs p e e d ) .
A b o v e' i s t h e g e n e r a l c o n c e p to f d e v e l o p m e notf
t h e a u t o m a t ' i cm e a s u r i n ga n d r e c o r d i n gd e v i c e s
w i t h m i c r o c o m p u t e rT. h o s ed e v i c e sa l r e a d y
d e v e l o p e db y t h e a u t h o r s ' s h i p y a r da r e r a t h e r
h a r d t o b e c l a s s ' i ife d s i m p l yt o ( 1 ) o r ( 2 ) o r
i n - b e t w e e n ,b u t t h e y h a v e b e e nd e v e l o p e da f t e r
c a r e f u l c o n s ' i d e r a t ' i oonf m a n yp r e s u m aeb l f a c t o r s b e f o r e d e v e l o p m e n et ,. g . f u l l y e x a m i n i n g
t h e c h a r a c t e r sa n d t y p e s o f t h e d a t a o f e a c h
o b j e c t w o r k , a n d d e e p l y s t u d y i n gt o w h a t a
e x t e n t t h e m i c r o c o m p u t ebre a p p li e d t o m e a s u r i n g / r e c o r d i n go f d a t a a n d w h a t a m e t h o do f
d a t a p r o c e s s i n gi n c l u d i n g t h e m e r i t o f t h e
i nvestment.

f r o m t h e a b o v ed i s p l a c e m e ngta u g et o d i g i t a l
v a lu e s t o a u t o m a t i c al yl ' i n d i c a t ea n d r e c o r d
d a t a p r o c e s s i n go f f 1 i n e ,
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d a t a p r o c e s isn g w o r k .
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T h ' i sd e v ' i c ec o n s i s t so f 4 p a i r s o f m e a s u r i n g
g a u g e s ,a d a t a r e c o r d e rw i t h m i c r o c o m p u t e r
i n c o r p o r a t i n ga A / D c o n v e r t e rt h e r e t o , a n d a
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r r d a t a p r o c e s s i n go f f I i n e .
T h e d a t a r e c o r d e l i s p o r t a b ie t y p e o f a b o u t
5 . 8 k g a n d i s c a p a b l eo f r e c o r d i n gm e a s u r e d
d a t a o f a b o u t5 0 0 s l o t s .
T h ' i sd e v ' i c eh a s t h e f o l I o w in g f e a t u r e s:
1 ) T h e d a t a m e a s u r ebdy t h e d i s p l a c e m e ngta u g e
c a n b e ' i m m e d i a t e tl ay k e no u t a s d i g i t a l
v a lu e s a u t o m a t i c a1 ly .
2 ) D u r i n gt h e m e a s u r e m e natn, y d a t a m e a s u r e d
a t a n o p t i o n a ' ls l o t c a n b e o b s e r v e d .
3 ) M e a s u r evda l u e sa t t i m e o f u p a n d d o w nc a n
b e c o l l a t e d b y c o m p a r i s oonp e r a t i o na n d c a n
b e c h e c k e di f t h e m e a s u r e m e inst a p p r o p r i r + ^

4 ) T h e r e c o n d e dd a t a a r e t r a n s f e r e d o f f l ' i n e
t o t h e m i n i c o m p u t ef o
r r d a t a p r o c e s s j n go f
a b n o r m iat ly r e t r i e v a l a n d s t a t i s t i c a l
t r e a t m e na
t ndprinting of reports.
T h e o u t l i n e v ' i e wa n d t h e s y s t e mc o n fi g u r a t i o n
o f t h e d e v ' i c ea r e s h o w ni n F i g . l a n d F i g . 2
r e s p e c tvi e ly .
T h e c e l l - s l o t s d a t a a r e s h o w ni n F i g . 3 a n d
F i g . 4 . F i g . 3 d e v o t e tsh e l i s t o f t h e
p r i m a r yd a t a a n d F i g . 4 s h o w st h e r e s u l t s o f
s t a t i s t ' i c a ' l p r o c e s isn g .
(3) Merits
W ' i t ht h e i n t r o d u c t ' i o no f m i c r o c o m p u t e r s ,
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s h o r t e nw o r k ' i n gt i m e f o r m e a s u r i n ga n d r e c o r d i n g w o r k a n d t o r e d u c em a n h o u rtso a b o u t 1 / 1 0
t h a n b e f o r eb y e f f i c i e n t d a t a p r o c e s s i n g .

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' i s f o r s t o w ' i n go f c o n t a i n e r so n b o a r d c o n t a i n e r s h i p s , e x t e n d st o 2 0 0 s l o t s a n d a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0
points per oneship respectively.
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f i n e m i c r o v o l t a g et h a t i s o u t p u t f r o m ' i n d u c t a n c e t y p e d i s p l a c e m e ngt a u g e sp r o v i d e da t 4
d ' i r e c t ' i o n so f a m o c k - u p .
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T h i s d e v i c e i s i n t e n d e dt o c h a n q et h e o u t p u t

F I G . 1 O U T L I NVEI T h J

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p n o c u r e df r o m m a r k e t . T h e c o n t r o l l e r h a s f u n c t i o n s o f i n d ' i c a t i n gd i g i t a l v a lu e s c o n v e r t e d
f r o m a n a l o g o u vs a l u e so u t p u t f r o m t h e t h i c k n e s s m e t e r a n d o f r e c o r d i n gt h e v a l u e s i n t o
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o f t h e t h i c k n e s si n F i g . 7 .
0n the figure, the data of the attributes, e.9.
s h ip ' s n a m e ,b 1o c k 's n a m e ,a n d m e a s u r e d
p o s i t i o n s , a r e s h o w n ,a n d t h e r e s u ' l t so f t h e
s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s i n go f t h e m e a s u r evda l u e s
a r e ' i n d ' i c a t e.d
(3) Merits
B y d e v e l o p m e no tf t h i s d e v i c e , t h e t h i c k n e s s
measurinw
g o r k i s n o wl i m i t e d o n l y t o s i m p l y
t o u c h t h e p n o b eo f t h e t h i c k n e s sm e t e r t o t h e
p o i n t s , t o h a v ec o n t r i b u t e dt o
measuring
i m p r o v e m e notf w o r k a bIi i t y .
A 1 s o ,a s t h e d a t a i n p u t f o r s t a t ' i s t i c a l p r o c e s s i n g c a n b e p e r f o r m e db y t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e
d a t a t o t h e m i n i c o m p u t e ra, g r e a t e f f e c t w a s
g a i n e d ,s u c ha s a c o n s i d e r a b l sea v i n go f
m a n p o w e rasn d s h o r t e n i n go f t h e t i m e f o r
measurina
gnddata analyzing.

N0.
'1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

CLASS
10s-115
1 1 5- 1 ? 5
1 2 5- 1 3 5
1 3 5- 1 4 5
1 4 5_ 1 5 5
155_ 165
165_ 175
1 7 5_ 1 8 5
185_ 195
1 9 5_ 2 0 5
205 - 215
215- 225
225- 235
235 - 245
245-255

F]G. 7

10

20

30

40

I
I* * * * *
t***********
t*************
t*******************
t********************
|********************
t********************
t*****************
t*************
|**************
|*********
l****
! **
r*

HISTGRA
OM
FT H I C K N E S S

ln t ensiv e Ap pl i cat io ns of Mi cro p ro c essorsf M icro co mpu t ers in Ship bu ildin g

3.2 Measurina
gnd Recording
D e v i c ef o r T i m e HI Sf,OrV UAtA

3 . 2 . 1 A u t o m a t i cd a t a r e c o r d e ro f a n c h o r i n q
sysf,em
( 1) P u r p o s eo f d e v e lo p m e n t
D u r i n ga n c h o r i n gt e s t s a t s e a t r a i l s , t i m e
n e e d e d t, h e m a x i m uhmy d r a u l i cp r e s s u r e ,t h e
minimum
m o t o r v o lt a g e a n d t h e m a x i m u m
mo t o r
c u r r e n t a r e m e a s u r e d .A c c o r d i n gt o t h e
c u s t o m a r ym e a s u r e m e net ,a c h m e a s u r i n gs t a f f
u s e d t o r e a d a s t o p - w a t c hf o r t h e t i m e n e e d e d
t o r e a d a p r e s s u r eg a u g ef o r h y d r a uilc p r e s s u r e , a n d t o r e a d a v o l t m e t e ra n d a n a m m e t e r
for voltage andcurrent respectively,and to
record the maximua
mn d t h e m i n ' i m u vma l u e s o u t
o f v a r i o u s v a lu e s v a r y i n g m o m e n t a r i i y . T h u s ,
f o r t h i s t e s t i n g u s u a l l y 6 m e a s u r i n sg t a f f s
w e r e n e e d e d ;2 f o r t h e p r e s s u r eg a u g e ,Z f o r
the voltmeter and the ammetera
, nd 2 for the
s t o p w a t c h( 1 f o r r e c o r d i n g ) . A 1 s o , t h e m e a s u r i n g a c c u r a c yw a s n o t a l w a y se x a c t e n o u g hb e c a u s em o m e n t a r i l cy h a n g i n gv a l u e sw e r e i n s t a l l y
r e a d b y h u m a ne y e s .
T h i s d e v i c e w a s d e v e ol p e d t o a u t o m a t es u c h
m e a s u r i n gw o r k f o r r e d u c t i o n o f n u m b e o
rf
m e a s u r i n gs t a f f o n b o a r d a n d f o r e n t r a n c e m e n t
o f m e a s u r i n ga c c u r a c y .
(2) 0utline of device
T h " i sd e v i c e c o n si s t s o f a t r a n s d u c e r ,a c o n tro11er, an indicator, a printer andan operaf,ing switchbox.

M e a s u r i n gb e g i n sw i t h o n e p u s h o f t h e b u t t o n
o f t h e o p e r a t i n g s w i t c h b o xb y a s t o p - w a t c h
s t a f f o f t h e c u s t o m a r ym e t h o d . p r e s s u r e ,
current and voltage input to the transducer
a n e t r a n s f e r r e dt o t h e c o n t r o l l e r w h i c h
m e m o r i z ee
s a c h d a t a s e c o n db y s e c o n da n d
s e l e c t s t h e m a x ' i m uam
ndthe minimum
valuesout
o f t h e d a t a a c c u m u l a t e da, n d t h e s e v a l u e s a r e
r e g i s t e r e d i n a n o t h e rm e m o r y .
0 n t h e i n d i c a t o r ( 9 " C R T ) ,e a c hd a t a i s
d i g i t a ' l ' l y i n d i c a t e d p e r ^e a c h s e c o n d . D u r i n g
o r a f t e r m e a s u r e m e not ,n e p u s h o f t h e ' , R e c o r d , '
button of the controller prints out the data
i n m e m o r y . E a c hc o m p o n e not f t h e d e v i c e . i s
s t o w e di n t e g r a l l y i n a n a l u m i n u m
trunk for
e a s y t r a n s p o r t a t ' i o na n d f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f e a c h
c o m p o n e n t .T h e b l o c k d i a g r a mo f t h e d e v i c e i s
s h o w ni n F i g . B , a n d a n e x a m p l eo f t h e o u t p u t
o f m e a s u r e m e n t s' ihs o w n ' i nF i g . 9 .
t^JIN D LATE
S SS T
I STBD
]
NO.
TIME

TRANSDUCER

I/F UNIT
FOR ANALOG
I NPUT

DISPLAY
PANEL

CE N T R A L
PROCESS
I NG
UNIT

SPEED

ISEC
]

t M/MrNl

100.4

16.4

100.5

16.4

102.2

t o . I

102.1

t n

0.0
FIG. 9

V O L T A G EA,M P E R A G
& EP R E S S U R
GE
AUGE

85

PUMP
M A X .P R E S S
t K G / CMl z
7 n a

72.3
t

t a

ttt.6

1I WnJ o. J ?

0.0

O U T P UOTF M E A S U R E M E N T

(3) Merits
B y t h e d e v e l o p m e notf t h i s d e v i c e , o n l y t w o
m e a s u r i n gs t a f f s h a v e c o m et o b e n e c e s s a r y ,a s
t h o s e s t a f f s f o r t h e p r e s s u r eg a u g e ,a n d i o r
t h e v o l t m e t e r a n d t h e a m m e t e br e c a m en o t i n
n e e d . A 1 s o , r e l i a b i ' l i t y o f t h e m e a s u r e m e hn at s
e n h a n c e ad s m e a s u r i n ga c c u r a c yw a s m u c hi m p r o v e d t h a n ' i n t h e c a s e o f t h e c u s t o m a r vy i s i b i e
measurement.
4. CONCLUSION

(cPU)

OPERAT
I ON
Sl^lITCH

FIG. 8

ROMFOR
SYSTEM
PROGRAM

SYSTEC
MO N F I G U R A T I O N
BLOCK
DIAGRAM

T h ' i s p a p e r i n t r o d u c e d 3 e x a m p l e so f t h e a u t o m a t i c m e a s u r i n ga n d r e c o r d i n gd e v i c e su s i n g
m i c r o c o m p u t e rdse v e l o p e db y o u r s h i p y a r dt h a t
a r e a l r e a d y i n p r a c t i c a l u s e . A s t h e r e s t . i lI
r e m a i nm a n ym e a s u r i n g r, e c o r d i n ga n d d a t a a n a l y z i n gt a s k s ' i n s h i p b u i l d i n gs i t e s , w e
' i n t e n dt o s t r i v e
t o d e v e l o pa n y o t h e r n e w a u t o m a t i c d e v i c e su t i l i z i n g t h e k n o w h oawc c u m u l a t e d
h i t h e r t o t h r o u g ht h e c o u r s eo f d e v e l o p m e notf
v a r i o u sd e v i c e s .
F u r t h e r , w e c o n t e m p l a t em o r e a u t o m a t i o no f t h e
s h i p b u i l d i n gw o r k a s f a r a s p o s s i b l ef o r m a n p o w e rs a v i n g , e x p a n d i n gt h e u s a g eo f m i c r o c o m p u t e r s f, o r i n s t a n c e , a t t h e n e x t s t a g e ,
t h e d e v e l o p m e notf d e v i c e sc o n n e c t i n qm e i s u r e d
data with actuators.

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

9,7

T h e U s e o f t h e S C H I F F KC
0 A D - S y s t e amt B o e l w e r f
R o q e rV e r h a s s e l t

CONTENTS
C H A R A C T E R ] S TOI C
S H ES Y S T E M
FT
2 - D c o d in g s y s t e m
2 Interactive codingsystem
I n t e r " a c t i v ec o d i n g s y s t e m , d a t a baseoriented
1
I

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

MAN
I MODU
E LS
o u t l i n e o n e / o u t l i n et w o
INTER-Geo
I N T E R - S ptl ' i
INTER-Dr"aw
INTER-Nest
INTER-Panel
S h e l l d e v e l o p m e n t / gj 'si
H o u s e h o l d i ntqa s k s

l]z I -lPT
I
,a
FE - ra -tryt
L I l l :- / O ) ' O O

-lE

S O O r

rBr-rjo 't
tg[rjr-l
O D
O O , S n O '

- 3 S n D ' O l l O i

I'E

O R G AI N
Z A TI O N A LA SP E C T S

rmE

Fiq. 1A

C H A R A C T E R I S TOI C
FS
T H ES Y S T E M
W h e nc h a r a c t e r i s i n go r c a t a l o g u i n gt h e
S C H I F F K 0 - S y s t et hme r e a r e t h r e e m a i n
topics to be considered.
1.1 2-D_Coding_System
T o e x p l a i n w h a t a c o d i n g s y s t e mi s , i t
'is best to
say what it 'is not: it is
not a DRAUGHTIN
T 0G0 L w h e r e p a p e l .a n d
pencil are replacedby a gr"aphicai
s c r e e n a n d s o m es o r t o f e l e c t r o n i c D e n
I n s t e a d , a g e o m e t r yi s d e s c r i b e di n
what is called a GRAPHICA
LL
ANGUAGE
( s e e f i g . 1 A a n d 1 B ) ; i n t h a t r e g a r da
s t r a i g h t l i n e g o ' ni g f r o m p o i n t 1 t o
p o ' ni t 2 c a n b e d e s c r i b e da s :

L__
! : r - * r l
FE ' /o -ltrl /q -lm rf lfI'S ,t lliEl
L I r l ; - ' : O r ' O D , :' : f f i D ' , O D O O i i : s D , - d m O / B ! :

E'-

BiO

llriltil[tEn

Fig. 1B

GR= PA 1 PE 2.
w h e r e a sw i t h a d r a u g h t i n gs y s t e my o u
would just indicate by pen or cul.sol.
two points on the screenand then
' is s u e t h e l " e q u e s t
hat a straight line
s h o u l d b e s h o w nb e t w e e nt h e m .

F r o m t h e s h i p y a r d ' s p o in t o f v i e w y o u
can divide the available CAD-package
into two groups:
- " g e n e r a l p u r p o s eC A D - s y s t e m sa "l l b e i n g d r a u g h t i n gt o o l s a n d i n g e n e r a l
N 0 T s h i p b u j l d i n ga d a p t e d .

88

R. Verltasselt

- t y p i c a l s h i p b u i ' dl ' in g o r i e n t e d C A D s y s t e m s , a l I u p g r a d e dC A M - s y s t 9 m s ,
w h o s ei n i t i a ' l g o a ' l ( e a r 1 y ' 7 0 s ) w a s
t h e p r o d u c t ' oi n o f p a p e r t a p e s f o r
n u m e r i c a i l yc o n t r o l l e d p l a t e c u t t i n g
m a c h n' i e s .
I n f a c t , w h e n c o n s i d e r i n gt h e i n t r o j n 19 8 3 , w e
d u c t io n o f a C A D - s y s t e m
gave a great dea'lof thought to whethet'
w e s h o u l d s t a r t f r o m a g e n e f " a lp u r p o s e
C A Ds y s t e m ( e v e n t u a i y' l 3 - D ) a n d a d a p t
i t t o a s h i p b u i 'dl i n g e n v i r o n m e n ot r
s t a r t f r o m a s h i p b u i l d i n go r i e n t e d
p a c k a g e .N o w i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t a
d r a u g h t i n gt o o l o f f e r s a v e r y d i r e c t
w a y o f w o r k i n g , b u t o n t h e o t h e t "h a n d
t h e e f f o r t o f m a k 'ni g t h a t k i n d o f s y s 'i
t e m " s h i p y a r d - fr i e n d l y " , s o t h a t n p a r d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
s
c
ould
t ' ic u l a r a l l n e c e s s a r y
b e r e a d i ' l y a c c e s s e d ,h a s s e e m e du s t o
b e a t o o t e d i o u s a n d e x p e n s v' ie i o b .

cutl ne one
out Irne iwo

I N T E R- N e s t

F i g "Z
2.

INTER - Ponel

M A I NM O D U L E S

2 . 1 o u t l i n e o n e / o u t l 'ni e t w o

F u r t h e r m o r e ,t h e n o t i o n o f c o d in g s y s t e m v e r su s d r a u g h t in g t o o l s h o u ld N 0 T
b e m i x e d u p w i t h t h e n o t i o n i n t e r a c t ' iv e
v e r su s b a t c h s y s t e m w h i c h I e a d s u s t o
t h e s e c o n dm a in a sp e c t o f t h e S C HFI F K 0
system.

T h e s h i p ' s l ' in e s a r e d e fi n e d b y t w o
m o d u l e sc a l l e d " o u t l i n e o n e " a n d " o u t M0DEL
l i n e t w o " b u i l d i n g u p a | , l I R EF R A M E
i ' s h u l l . T h e s ep l ' o g r a m s
of the sh'p
r e a l l y S I M U L A TtEh e m a n u a l f a i r i n g o f a
b o d y p l a n : t h i s m e a n ss t a r t i n g f r o m
1 : 1 0 0s c a l e l i n e s p l a n a n d g r a d u a l l y
thjs by a MAN-MACHINE-PR0CESS.
REFINING

1. 2 I n t e r a c t i v q _ 9 q d i l g S y s t e m

T h e p r o c e s sc a n b e d j v i d e d ' in 4 p h a s e s :

A g a in , i n t e r a c t i v e c o d in g c a n b e st b e
e x p l a i n e db y ' l o o k i n g a t i t s o p p o s i t e , i .
e . b a t c h c o d i n g . N o wb a t c h c o d i n g r e mindsus of the days of the Punched
c a r d s , a p e r i o d c h a r a c t e r is e d b y t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e r e w a s a c o n s i d e r a b l ed e t
l a y i n t i m e b e t w e e nt h e m o m e n a
d r a u g h t s m aw
n rote his data on a paper
f o r m a n d t h e m o m e n th e c o u ld s e e a n d
checkthe result of his efforts.

Nf t h e s h i p ' s f o r m
a ) P U R ED E F I N I T I 0 o
b y a n u m b e r( a p p r o x . 6 5 f o r a 16 0 0 0 0
ton 080-carrier)of well choosen
" i ^ J I R E S t"h, o s e w ' ri e s b e i n g 1 - D . , 2 - D
o r 3 - ^D\ c u r v e s a s a p p l " o p r i a t e( s e e

| . l i t h t h e t e c h n i c a l m e a n so f t o d a y i t
'i
h a s b e c o m ep o s s i b l e t h a t s o m e o n e s
s i t t i n g a t a g r a p h i c a ' ls c r e e n ( w o r k s t a t ' io n) a n d k e y s i n h i s d a t a d i r e c t l y
w h e r e b yt h e g r a p h ic a l t r a n s I a t i o n o f
t h e i n p u t d a t a a r e m a d e v ' is i b l e i n s t a n t a n e o u s l yo n t h e g r a p h i c s c r e e n .
N o w t h e p r o g r a mh a s a B U I L D - i NE D I T 0 R
a 1 ' ol w in g t h e u s e r t o c o r r e c t b o t h S Y N I ALerrors AT
TACTICAa
L s w e lI a s L 0 G C
R U NT I M E ( m e a n i n gd u r i n g t h e s e s s i o n
a t t h e g r a p h c' i a l w o r k s t a t i o n ) , r e s u l l waY
t i n g i n a m u c hm o r e c o m f o r t a b e
'i
of working than n the case of pure
'i
batchcoding.This s illustrated in
fig. 1Aand1B.
3 I n t e r a c t i v e C o d ni g S y s t e m ,d a t a -

6es e o rTenEed
0 n F i g . 2 a n o v e r v i e wi s s h o w no f t h e
m a 'ni p r o g r a mm o d u l e s a n d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d a t a - b a s e sa s s o c ia t e d w i t h
them.
Let us nowtake a look at all these
c o m p o n e n t so n e b y o n e a n d i n d e p t h .

i 1 g .

J )

'

--l),
-ve'Y*="'--.:>

r i ^
I r v .

b ) D e f i n 'ti i o n a n d s t o r a g e o f a l l n e c e s s a r y i n t e r s e c t i o n sw i t h a n y p l a n e :
h o r i z o n t a l ,v e r t i c a l l y l o n g i t u d i n a l
o r t r a n s v e r s a lo r j u s t " a " p l a n e ,
m e a n i n gb e ' ni g d e f i n e d b y a n y t h r e e
n o n - c o l i n e a rp o i n t s . I n p r a c t i c e ,
t h i s m e a n st h e c o n s t r u c t 'oi n o f a l l
P R O D U COTNI O R IE N T E DI N T E R S E COTNI S
S 0 N T A I N I NPGH Y m e a n i n gA L L P L A N E C
which later wiI i
S I C A L P L A T EP A R T S
b e c u t o n n u m e r i c a1' ly c o n t r o l l e d
c u t t i n g m a c h i n e s( f l o o l ' s , g i r d e r s ,

The SCHIFFKO CADSy,stemat Boelverf

89

s t r i n g e r s , b u l k h e a d se, t c . ) . A l s o
t h e B U T T Sb e t w e e ns h e l I p 1a t e s a r e
d e f i n e d a t t h ' is s t a g e .
c ) D e f i n j t ' io n a n d s t o r a g e o f t h e " L 0 N G I T U D I N A L S " , i . 3e -. D I j n e s r u n n i n o
acrossthe ship's hull and l"epr"esenting L0NGITUDINF
AR
L A M EaSn d
S E A M S .T h e se I i n e s a r e N 0 T c o n t a .-i
n l n g p h y s 'ci a l c u t t i n g - o r i e n t e d
plate materiai, but ihey are essential in the further parts of the
s y st e m .
d) Definition and storageof ,,EXTENDED
C0NT0URS
w "h i c h a r e i n f a c t a c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e i n t e r s e c t .oi n s o f
s t a g e b ) , b y a d d in g t o t h e m f u r t h e r
"noh-geometric
i n f o r " m a t i o n ' ,T. h i s
1 1 _ d 9 n eb y a c c o r d i n g t o e v e r y L 0 N G I T U D I N A Lo ,u t o f p h a s e c ) a n
A T T RBI U T E :f o r i n st a n c e, w e m r ' q h t
say that iongitudinalwith ref6r e n c e n u m b e r3 0 5 i s a s s o c -ait e d w i t h
a b u lb o u s p r o fi ' le o f 2 2 0 x 1 1 .
Theresult of this is that in the
l a t e r p r o c e s s o f c r e a t i n g g e o m e r l . oy n e
c a n n o t o n l y c a l I f o r t h e p U R EI N T E R SECTI0N
L I N E ( f o r i n s t a n c ea f r a m e )
out of the data base, but also for
t h e E X T E N D ECD0 N T 0 Um
R e a n i n gt h e p u r e
c o n t o u r c o m p l e t e dw i t h a l l k i n d s o f
c u t - o u t s . T h e f o r e g o i n g . is i l l u s t r a t e d
in f ig. 4a,4b, 4c.

F ig . 4 b
b

zno.Ert

,)rF

F30JXt

I-'l
-t

"
,

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l
l

I-l

: l
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o'rl
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Fi g . 4 c

vl

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ri
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Fig.

x v

4a

;ea.,

TEvsE

aErorE

W h e ni n t r o d u c i n g C A Di n 1 9 8 3w e t r j e d t o
e s t a b li s h t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s a g o o d f o r m
d e f i n i t i o n p r o g r a mh a s t o f u l f i I I . 0 n e
o f t h e m a j o r t o p i c s i n t h ' is r e s p e c t i s
f r t a n d t h e sp e e d a
certai n'ly the como
f o r m i s g e n e r a t e di n t h e e a r l y d e s i g n
stage of a project.
T h e r e fo r e o n e c o u l d b e i n c l ' in e d t o c o n s i d e r f o r m g e n e r a t in g p r o g r a m sb y w h i c h
y o u c a n d e f i n e a s h i p ' s h u l l ' lb y g ' vi i n g
ength,
a n u m b e l o" f p a r a m e t e r sl i k e
b l o c k c o e f f i c i e n t , s p e e d ,e t c .

90

R. Verlmsselt

U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h a t k i n d o f p r o g r a md o e s
n o t c o v e r t h e s c o p eo f a l l p o s s i b l e a n d
p a r t i c u l a r s h a p e sa s h i p y a r d h a s t o
c o v e r t o d a y : t w i n s c r e w - s h i p s ,a s y m e t r i c a l a f t b o d ie s , b u l b o w s b o w s , v e r y
s p e c i a l 'si e d s h i p t y p e s , a s f o r i n s t a n c e
h y d r o g r a p h i cr e s e a r c h v e s s e l s e t c . F o r
t h a t r e a s o n w e c h o o s ea p l ' o g l " a m
s'imul a t i n g t h e m a n u a lf a i r i n g p r o c e s s :
t h i s m i g h t g i v e a n i m p r e s s i o no f " l o w l e v e l n e s s " ,b u t ' i t h a s t h e g r e a t a d v a n t a g et h a t w e c a n t a c k l e e v e r y p o s s ' ib l e s h a p e o n e c a n c o m e u p w ' it h .
B e s i d e st h e d e f i n i t i o n a n d d a t a b a s e
s t o r a g e o f a s h i p ' s h u lI f o r m , t h e m o d u l e s " o u t l ' in e - o n e " a n d " o u t l i n e - t w o "
a l l o w t h e u s e r t o p r o d u c ea l o t o f
d r a w in g s w h ic h i n f a c t a r e " v i e w s" o r
" p h o t o g r a p h s o" f t h e w h o l e d a t a - b a s e
or part of it out of different angles.
T h i s i s i j l u s t r a t e di n F i g . 5 a , 5 b , 5 c ,
representn
i g t h e b o d y p 1a n a f t o f a
1 6 0 0 0 0t d w 0 8 0 c a r r i e r a n d t h e s h e l l
e x p a n s i o no f t h e s a m ev e s s e j a n d a
p o n t o o n b e l o n g 'ni g t o a s e l f - p r o p e l l e d
o i l e x p l o r a t ' i o np l a t f o r m , r " s p e c t i v e ' l y .

t s 1 d
l V
I

h ^
J U

N o t e , t h a t a l l l ' i n e t y p e s a n d t h ' ic k n e s s e s o n t h o s e f i g u r e s a r e p r o d u c e db y
t h e s y s t e m : n o t h i n g t o t h e s e d r a w in g s
h a s b e e n a d d e db y h a n d .
2.2 INTER-Geo
T h e p r o g r a mI N T E R - G ei os r e a l l y t h e
h e a r t o f t h e s y s t e m : i t p r o d u c e sg e o m e t r y j n f o r m a t 'oi n b y u s i n g :
- c o d i n g i n f o r m a t 'oi n w h ic h r ' s i n t e r actively suppliedby the draughtsman
at the t^lorkstation
- a l I d a t a - b a s e s , c o n t a 'ni i n g j n f o r m a t io n
a b o u t t h e s h ' pi ' s h u l l
- MAKRO
D A T AB A S E .
T h e s h i p ' s d a t a b a s e sw e r e e x t e n s i v e ' l y
d i s c u s s e di n t h e p r e v 'oi u s p a r a g r a p h .
I t i s t i m e h e r e t o t e l l s o m e t h i n ga b o u t
" l ' 1 A K R 0w
S h" i c h
are PREDEFINE
aD
nd pARAg e o m e t r i e ss t o r e d ' in t h e i r o w n
METRIC
M AK R OD A T AB A SE .

Fig. 5a

T h e s e M a k r o sa l . e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l t o
define cut-outs for profiles, br"ackets,
etc. All of the cut-outs on Fig. 6 are
g e n e r a t e db y t h e s a m eM A K R 0 c, d l I e d e a c h
time with different valuesfor the param e t e r . T h e F i g . 7 a a n d 7 b a r e a n - il l u s t r a t i o n o f a m a k r om a k i n gt h e d e s i g n o f
a b r a c k e t c o n n e c t ni g t w o p r o f i I e s . B o t h
! t i l ' i i , t ' u \\ l S d \ e E e \ l e \d \ e 0 b y Z t a - \ \ S D i
t h e s a m em a k r o : t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e l ' i e s
in the fact that the value of a certain
p a r a m e t e ri s c h a n g e df r o m 0 t o 1 , t h e r e b y r e s u l t i n g i n t h e l o f t i n g d o c u m e n ot f
that bracket(fig. 7b), or",alternativel y , i n a d r a w in g d o c u m e n ft o r t h a t
b r a c k e t( f i g .
7a). This illustrates
p i a i n l y t h e c o m f o r t a n d v e r s a t i ' il t y o f
w o r k in g w i t h m a k r o s .

Fig. 5b
Fig.

Tlte SCHIFFKO CAD-Sv'sternat Boelwerf

9l

o t h e I "o n e b e i n g a s o - c a l l e d I N N E RC 0 N T 0 U R :t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f
t h e D A T AB A S ES t ^ l I T C HA. m a x i m u mo f 3
f o r m d a t a b a s e sc a n b e " a c t i v e " a t t h e
t i m e o f a c o m p u t e rr u n . I n t h e e x a m p l e ,
t h e s w i t c h b e t w e e nt h e t w o d a t a - b a s e s
i s p e r f o r m e db y t h e s t a t e m e n t s
D A T= S K D E X
1.
D A T = S K D E X2 .

and

F i g . 7a

W h e nt a k i n g a c l o s e r l o o k a t t h e c o d i n g ,
onecan see that the circular shaped
scal'o
l p i s a d d e d t o t h e g e o m e t r ya t t h e
time of the coding:This is another
p r o o f o f t h e v e r s a t ' i1 i t y o f t h e p r o g r a m .
A l t h o u g ho n e i s c a i l i n g a n e x t e n d e d
c o n t o u r , m o d i f i c a t i o n so f t h e j a s t m o m e n t d o n o t r e q u ir e a c h a n g eo f t h e
d a t a - b a s e ,p r i o r t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e
geometry.

___rr__lf=.=--_frr___T-T_
Fig. 7b
I t ' is w o r t h w h i l e t o m e n t 'oi n t h a t t h e s e
m a k r o sa r e d e f i n e d i n t h e s a m ec o d i n o
l a n g u a g et h a t i s v a l ' id f o r t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a l I o t h e r g e o m e t rei s ( S C HFI F K 0
c o d i n gl a n g u a g e ) A
. t run time, the
m a k r o f a c i 1i t y a c t s a s a n i n t e r p r e t e r .
| , J hl e' i t h i s h a s t h e d i s a d v a n t a g eo f s l o w i n g t h i n g s d o w ni n a n i n t e r a c t i v e e n v ' ir o n m e n t , i t o f f e r s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d
a g r e a t c o m f o r t b e c a u s eo r d i n a r y
d r a u g h t s m e nc a n w r j t e t h e i r o w n m a k r o s
w h ' ci h w o u ld n o t b e t h e c a s e i f m a k r o s
w e l ' e t o b e d e f i n e d i n s o m eh i g h e r p r o g r a m mni g 1 a n g u a g eI i k e F 0 R T R A N .
B e s i d e st h e d i s a d v a n t a g e as r e a v o i d e d
t o a g r e a t d e a l w h e nu s i n g E X T E N D E D
C 0 N T 0 U RbSe c a u s et h e e n t ' ir e g e o m e t r ci
constellation of contourand cut-outs
h a s n o t t o b e c a l c u l a t e da t r u n t i m e
but merely calI ed from i ts storaqe
locationon disk.
B e s i d e ss a v i n g c o m p u t e rC P Ut i m e , t h e
E X T E N D ECD0 N T 0 U RhSa v e t h e f u r t h e r a d v a n t a g e o f r e d u c in g t h e c o d in g e f f o r t
i n c r e a t i n g a g e o m e t r yt o a n e n o r m o u s
e x t e n t . T h i s i s o b v i o u s l yi l l u s t r a t e d
' in F i g . B a ,
s h o w i n ga f l o o r i n t h e
d o u b l e b o t t o mo f a n 0 B 0 c a r r i e r ; t h e
r e a d e r c a n c o n v in c e h i m s e fl t h a t t h e
a s s o c i a t e d c o d i n g c a n ' in d e e d b e k e p t
i . Bb). This example
very short (F'g
i s a l s o v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g b e c a u s e' it
i I I u s t r a t e s t h e a b i 1i t y o f t h e p r o g r a m
to use several form data bases,one
c o r r e s p o n dni g t o t h e 0 U T E RH U L L ,t h e

n
r
]L-JI

.
n
, ^UJL-JL

,.=- -)--it''"SCALTOP

L-Fi g . B a
}8i - (TESr)
tf = XA -LW YA -LAq ><Eeyn
YE 7W
OAT = SI<DCX1
ILS
0S 139
i.Z1=ePT1
5
o
i<oN oLS = xA O LLE 764 tlOH I
/.? = xl mA P Zfi
8
a,aT = SXaE\ 2
GR = rJI LAA LLE Ln4
KaNA-5-PJ)A9LA
Lq
tl
Er.tcET
\a
fND
LhIIBLE TO T\PE FIXL SCREEN
1

OUTER CONTOuF
scALLop

lNNrP

a^NTottQ

Fig. Bb
F i n a 'ily I w o u l d l i k e t o m a k ea l a s t r e m a r ka b o u t t h e i n t e r a c t i v e w o r k i n g
m o d eo f t h e I N T E R - G e o - m oed. u l
R e c e n t p r o g r a md e v e lo p m e n t h a s m a d e i t
p o s s 'bi l e t o d e s c r ib e o r c o d i f y a p a r t
starting from whatcan be called an
a u x i l i a r y o r B A C K G R 0 UGNED0 M E T R S
Y u. c h
a b a c k g r o u n fdi g u r e i s c a l l e d o u t o f a
i i b r a r y o n t o t h e g r a p h i c a l s c r " e e na n d
t h e u s e r c a n n o w z o o m i n i n t o s o m ed e t a i l ( f i g . 9 a a n d 9 b r e p r e s e n t i n ga
l o n g i t u d j n a l v e r t i c a l s e c t ' oi n i n t h e
c o n st r u c t i o n f o r e o f a n 0 B 0 - c a r r e
i r) .

R. Verhasselt

92

I t i s n o w p o s s i b l et o p i c k o u t , i n t e r actively lines out of the background

p ' ic t u r e , g i v e t h e m a n a m e a n d t h e n
u s e t h e s e n a m e sf o r t h e i n t e r a c t i v e
GD
E0MEc o d ' fi i c a t i o n o f s o m e F 0 R E G R 0 U N
TRY,for i nstance,the i ntercoastal
p
b e t w e e nf r a m e s 1 4 4 a n d 1 4 5 ( f i g .
9b). By this ability, the difference
b e t w e e na c o d i n g s y s t e m a n d a d r a u g h t i n g t o o l b e c o m e sv e r y s m a l l a n d t h e
o f t e n h e ar d r e m a r k t h a t , a f t e r a I I ,
t h e ' i n t e r a c t i v i t y o f c o d i n gs y s t e m s
r e m a ni s p o o r , i s b e i n g P u t a si d e b Y
t h i s I a t e s t d e v e lo p m e n t .

MSE AIOMETRy

I
- m r I
! z t
KCil (f,S - xt, LI4g
Ercf,T

e{(1 qA -2

r!

Fig. 9a

I rFt

dtrh

tFtF

ttFI
- rT
l.
)llz I
f(oH Cr-S - )4n LlE}OFT

\t

6.

s h i p ' s f o r m s h a v e t o c h a n g ea t a r a t h e r
l a t e s t a g e : n o wy o u h a v e t h e p o s s i b l l i t y
o f r e - r u n n i n g a l l c o d e d g e o m e t r i e so v e r n i g h t i n a b a t c h - m o d be e c a u s et h e c o d i n g o n l y c o n t a i n s t h e r e f e r e n c et o ,
let us Sdy, a certain frame.So the
c o d in g o f a g e o m e t r yr e m a ni s u n c h a n g e c ,
i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e f a c t w h e t h e ra n
"old" ot"a "new"form is beinq referenced.
2.3 INTER-Split
T
' l h e p r o g r a m I N T E R - S pi 't l o f f e r s t h e a b i
i t y t o s p l ' it u p a g l o b a l g e o m e t r yi n t o d i f f e r e n t s m a lI e r g e o m e t r ei s . T o
j l l u s t r a t e t h ' is p o s s i b 'l i t y , l e t u s
t a k e a l o o k a t f i g . 1 0 at o 1 0 d .
a n b e c aI I e d o u t o f
A G L 0 B A LG E 0 M E T Rc Y
a library onto a graphicscreen;therea f t e r a n u m b e ro f s p l i t l i n e s c a n b e
d e f i n e d a n d g i v e n a n a m e( A , B , C , e t c . ) .
T h i s i s d o n e i n a p u r e l y ' in t e r a c t i v e
w a y m e r e l y b y p o i n t i n g w i t h t h e g r a p h ic
cursor to any strai ght j i ne element
b e l o n g i n g t o t h a t g 1 o b a 1g e o m e t r y .
N o ww e c a n d e f i n e s o - c a l l e d " S U B - G E 0 M E T REI S a n d m a k e t h e s e i n t o c o m p e' l i e l y
i n d e p e n d e n pt a r t s w h ic h i n t u r n c a n
be stored in a library, fori nstanceto
m a k eu s e o f t h e m i n l a t e r n e s t i n g a c t i v i t i e s . I t i s h e r e b y n o t i c e a b le t h a t
i n n e r c o n t o u r s ( m a n h o l e s b) e i n g d i v i d e d
b y s o m es p l i t I i n e a r e a u t o m a t i c a l ' l y
c h a n g e di n t o o u t e r c o n t o u r s ( v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t o r c h w i d t h c o m p e n s a ot in)
a n d , s e c o n d l y , t h a t s o m ed e t a i l s l ' i k e
w e l d i n g s c a l l o p s c a n b e i n t r o d u c e di n t o t h e s u b g e o m e t r i e sw, i t h o u t t h o s e
l bal
detajls being presentin the g'o
geometry.

AA -2O

Fig. eb
P e r h a p st h ' is i s t h e r i g h t t i m e a n d
p l a c e t o e m p h a sz' ei t h a t e v e r y b i t o f
i n p u t d a t a , g i v e n t o t h e s Y s t e mi n
w h a t e v e r i n t e r a c t i v e m a n n e r ,i s n o t
I o s t a f t e r t h e t e r m in a t i o n o f t h e
s e s s i o n , b u t s a v e do n a n a p p r o p r i a t e
fiIe.
T h i s m e a n st h a t e v e r y ' i n t e r a c t j v e
s e s s 'oi n a t t h e w o r k s t a t i o n c a n b e r e p e a t e d a f t e r w a r d s i n a b a t c h e n v ' ri o n ment start'ing f rom that f i I e on to
w h ' ci h t h e j n t e r a c t i v e l y g ' iv e n i n p u t
data were saved.

>GaT FLC(n

FW

Fig. 10a

N o wt h i s f e a t u r e ' i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t , a l t h o u g h j t m i g h t a p p e a ra b i t o b s o l e t e
at first sight. But think of tbat
'i
t r e m e n d e o u sa d v a n t a g e t c a n b r i n g
for i nstancei n the case wherethe

I
!;
I
&.
I
t

Tlte SCHIFFKO CAD-Svstemat Boelv,erf

93

he di f f erent parts
T h . p o s ' ti i o n i n g o" bf ut m
pa n d s l i d e , '
i s b a s e du p o n a
itgor i t h m u s ,i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 Z a , 1 2 b ,
1 2 c.

GR A - ) 1.9.O
Yc 32.S t 1.9.9
\t ffi.9
GR C - ) g.A YA e9.g
) 0.9 Y O.S
- A m
ST rEsl6r
rm gf
58 S C AA lg E

It allows the user to translate a cert a ' in ' lpy a r t i n a n y d i r e c t i o n - a f t e r e v e n tua'l

h a v i n g p e r f o r m e da r o t a t i o n
f i r s t - u n t i I a p r e - d e f in e d m in i m u m
d i s t a n c e b e t w e e nt h e p a r t b e i n g m o v e d
a t o n e h a n d a n d t h e p ' la t e e d g e s o r p r e viously nestedparts at the otfrer hand,
i s a c h ' ei v e d .
75

F i g . 1 2 a s h o w s t h e t r a p e z o id p a r t o f
t h e " b u m p i n g j" n a v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n
d o w n w a r " dF ,i g . 1 2 b s h o w s i t s p o s i t i o n
a
f t e r " b u m p i n g "h o r i z o n t a l l y t o t h e
'1

Fig. 10b

a3+

L_..
>CP A - tq l.l$.9
le 32.S t 1496.9 \ ffi.S.
CR C - )A g.g YA Zn.A
) 9.4 \ g.g
Br rESrOl - A RA 1B gE
S A C AS la p

75
:

Fig. 10c

-r

I I'
F:--l

-r

Fi9.11

Br

352-re

- BTD r x

eR9.9 y

Arc
561.7 r.ll

Slldrc (8. S od.r

g.g sp g rfi
s

N) )B

Fig. 12a
F ' ig . 1 0 d
2.4 INTER-Draw
l , J hI ie I N T E R - G e toa k e s c a r e o f t h e
e s s e n t 'ai l s o f t h e g e o m e t r y , r l d m e l yt h e
p r o c e s so f c r e a t in g i t , I N T E R - D r a w
t a k e s c a r e o f t h e s o - c a ll e d " C o s m e t i c"s
m e a nn' ig t h e 1 a y - o u t o f a d r a w in g , t h e
a d d it i o n o f t e x t s a n d s p e c 'ai i s y m b os' ,l
etc. This is illustratedin Fiq. 1i.

r,

2.5 INTER-Nest
l ^ lt' hi t h e m o d u el I N T E R - N et ,s g e o m e t r ie s
o f d ' if f e r e n t p a r t s a r e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r
out of a liabrary, into a ',physical"
p l a t e w h i c h l a t e r w ij l h a v e t o b e c u t .

ST

-5a-re

Fig. 12b

- BTD

I x

&.9

AF
S1.7 uI

(8. S od.r
Slld.
g
S.O Sp O tlt

X)

)N

+l

R. Verlnsselt

94

+ -

_r

L
-l-

I ',
\

Fig. 12c

c
)

2.6 INTER-Panel

2I:LZZ

',
I
l

2t3 ) |Dq
:a 1;.aa
2A rAA
aai taa

i
i

I , Jt ih p r o g r a m I N T E R - P a n e sl t i f f e n e r s
c a n b e e l a b o r a t e di n t h o s e P l a t e s
which have pri or beendescribed by prog r a m I N T E R - G e ao n d s t o r e d i n a c o m p o nent f ibary. Herejt'i s necessary
that the position of a stiffener has
" ar'b e e n d e f i n e d b y m e a n so f p o w d e l m
a r k so n t h e p a r t '
k i n g l i n e s o r p u n c hm
'i
By iursor this line s identified on
t h e s c r e e n a n d i n a d i a l o g u e w ' ti h' i t h e
p r o g r a m t h e t y p e o f s e c t ' io n a n d t s
icaitlings get fixed. The iength of a
st i f f e n e r i s e l a b o r a t e d f r o m t h e g e 0 m e t r y o f t h e p a r t w ' it h m a n u a l a d d itions such as required terminationsrel a t ' i v e t o t h e p ' la t e e d g e a n d t h e e d g e
i n. For the
executionof the sect'o
d
e
s
i
g
n
sa r e e i t h e r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
iatter,
o f f e r e d a s a m e n u eo n t h e s c r e e n o r
b y m a k r o si n a d a t a f i l e . F o r s ' i m i l a r s t ' if f e n e r s p l a c e d a d i a c e n t t 0
e a c h o t h e r t h e s o g e n e r a t e di n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e p r o c e s s e dr e p e a t e d l y w i t h o u t t h e n e e d o f P r o d u c i n gd e t a i l s
a g a i n u n t i l e j t h e r a n e w t y p g g e t s .d e f i n e d o r t h e p r o c e s si s t e r m i n a t e d .
E a c h d e s c r i b e d a n d c o n f i r m e ds t i f f e n e r
' is d i s p l a y e d o n t h e s c r e e n j n . i t s p o sition on the plate (Fjg. 13a).Simult a n e o u s l y t h e i n f o r m a t io n i s s t o r e d i n
t h e s t i f ? e n e r s 1i b r a r y f r o m w h e r e t h e
g e o m e t r ci d a t a c a n b e p r o c e s s e de i t h e r
i o r p r e f a b r i c a t i o n o f s ' in 9 1 e s t i f f e n e r s
( f i g . t e U ) o r f o r n e s t ' ni g 9 f s e v e r a l
stiffeners on a full length bar.

@
Po1t rcsrure.

(r,(r)

lil

Fig. 13a

{ F t f

.J-Z)::tr

K 9

|F ' | i vn .

^)t'A )F .

1?h

2 . 7 S h e lI D e v e ol p m e n t / Jg' is
T h e s e a r e 2 t y p i c a ' l C A M - m o deusl a n d
t h e r e f o r e t h e y d o n o t r e a l l y b e 1o n g t o
t h e s c o p eo f t h i s P a P e r .
2 . 8 H o u s e h o l d i nTga s k s
T h e r e a r e a n u m b e ro f p r o g r a m sd e a l i n g
"householding
w ' it h w h a t w e c o u l d c a l l
tasks" like printing out the contents
o f d a t a b a s e se t c .
AA
SPLE C T S
3. ORGANIZATION
S o f a r w e h a v e d e a lt w i t h w h a t w e c o u ld
' is t j m e n o w t o
c a ll " t e c h n o l o g y " .I t
"organizational
t e l l s o m e t h j n ga b o u t t h e
p u t t i n g ' in t o
w
i
t
h
p h i i o s o p h y "c o n n e c t e d
p r a c t i c e t h e S C HFI F K 0 - s ytse m o r a n y
o t h e r C A D - s ytse m : w h a t I w a n t t o c o m e
t o i s t h e k e y - w o r d I N T E G R A0TNI .
In the "old days", one could recognise
w ' ti h i n a s h i p y a r d ' s d r a w 'ni g o f f i c e
c l a s s ' i f i c a t ' i o nd r a u g h t s m e nw, o r k s h o p d r a u g h t s m e an n d l o f t s m e n . T h i s m e a n t i n
f a c t t h a t t h e s a m e g e o m e t r yw a s p u t o n 'i
t o p a p e r t h r e e t i m e s n a d ' if f e r e n t
w d y , o n d i f f e r e n t k i n d a n d si z e o f
paper,to different scales, etc.
N o w ' it i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a C A D - s y s t e m
w i l l h a v et o a n d w i l l b e a b l e t o a v o i d
"re-doing" of
s u c h a m a n - h o u r - c o n s unmg ' i
'
i
s
t
h
e s a m ei o b ,
a
n
d
i n f act one
what
n a m e l yt h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a g i v e n g e o m e t r y . A s a p r a c t i c a l c o n s e q u e n c teh i s
' ig , u p t o a c e r t a i n l e m e a n st h e m e r g n
v e l , o f t h e s t e e l d r a w i n ga n d t h e l o f t i n g d e p a r t m e n t .T h i s I e a d s u s t o t h e
s t a t e m e n tt h a t , i f t h e t e c h n i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d t h e u s e r - f r i e n d l i n e s so f
a C A D - S y s t e amr e v e r y i m p o r t a n t , t h e
o r g a n i z a t 'oi n b e h i n d t h e w h o l e p r o i e c t
c a n n o t b e e m p h a sz 'ei d t o o s t r o n g l y : i n
f a c t t h e d e g r e e o f s t r e a m li n i n g o f t h e
w h o l e p r o c e s st h a t w i l l b e a c h i e v e d ,
w i I I d e t e r m in e t h e a m o u n to f m a n h o u r s
to be saved.
0 u r g o a l i s t o c r e a t e' o f o n e a n d t h e
s a m e " c o d in g - e f f o r t " f o r a c e r t a i n
g e o m e t r y ,d ' i f f e r e n t " e n d - p r o d u c t s " ,

Tlte SCHIFFKO CADSI'stem at Boelwerf

95

s u c ha s :
- c l a s s i fi c a t i o n d r a w i n g s
w o r k s h o pd r a w i n g s
lofting documents
material orderingsheets
bill of materialsfor wor.kshoo
d r a w in g s
w o r k p r e p a r a t 'oi n - d a t a , e t c .
T o f i n i s h w i t h , I w o u l dl i k e t o d e s c r i b e s h o r t l y h o w t h e " d a i1 y " w o r k
w i t h i n t h e d r a w in g o f f i c e a n d u s ' ni g
t h e s y s t e m ,l o o k s l i k e . L e t u s s u p p o s e ,
f o r t h e s a k e o f a r g u m e n tt h a t w e h a v e
t o d e s i g n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o nf o r e o f a n
0 8 0 - c a r r ie r .
Fig. 14b
A s a f i r s t s t a g e w e p l " o d u c ew, i t h t h e
s y s t e m , d i f f e r e n t c r o s s - s e c t 'oi n s
( t r a n s v e r s a l, h o r r ' z o n t a,l V 0 r t ' ci a l I y
iongitudinal) of that part of the s-hip
u s ' ni g t h e d i f f e r e n t d a t a - b a s e sd e s c r i b e d ' i n t h ' i s p a p e l .a n d a l s o m a k i n g
certain assumptiona
sbout height of
g i r d e r s, f 1 a n g e w i d t h , e t c . 0 n F j g .
1 3 a y o u c a n s e e a n e x a m p l eo f v e r t ' icai'ly longitudinal section from the
base I i ne up to the fi rst stri nger deck.
I n p r a c t i c e t h e r e a r e o f c o u r s es e v e ral of these sections being pr.oduced
a n d a l l t h e s e " b a s i c s k e t c h e s "a r . e
g a t h e r e do n a A 1 o r A - 0 p 1 o t . N o wt h e
d e s i g n - e n g i n e e gr e t s h i s p e n c i l a n d
puts onto this piot whatwe could call
t h e " g u i d e - l i n e s "f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n ;
e v e n t u a ' l ' l yh e c a n d o t h i s w i t h a I o o s e
h a n d . A t t h e s a m et i m e t h e b a s i c
s c a n t i i n g sa r e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d .
F i n a l l y a c o p y o f t h o s e s k e t c h e si s
given to di fferent peope
l whothen are
a b l e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e g e o m e t r yo f t h e
differ"ent parts into the system:it is
t h i s " c o d ' ni g " e f f o r t t h a t w i l l p r o d u c e
t h e d i f f e r e n t " e n d p r o du c t s " m e n ti o n e d
i n t h e p r e c e e d i n gp a r a g r a p h .I n F i g .
1 4 b y o u s e e t h e e n d - p r o d u c t" d r a w in g " ,
F'g
i s. 1 4 c t o 1 4 I s h o w t h e e n d - p r o d u c t
"lofting documents
of the various
Darts.

r--r

I---t l-r-

ll

F ' ig . 1 4 a

i
I

II

rfErlilrEl

Fig. 14c

\-

96

R. Verhasselt

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Fig. 14f

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l

Fig.

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14h

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14.|

ACCURACYCONTROL

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
E lsevier Science Pub lishers B. V. (N orth-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

99

FACILITATINGACCIJRACY
CONTROL
IN SHIPBUITDING

Richard Lee Storch

ResearchAssistant Professor
Departnent of Mechanical Engineering
University of Hashington
Accuracy control techniques applied- to shipbuilding provide the opportunity to nonitor,
control and evaluate productivity both at individual-nork stations ind over in entire ,tfp
construction project.
The prinary aPproachesare: (1) the developnent and nalntenance of E
and R control charts at each nork station; and, el the nriting anA evaluation of variation
nerging equations.
The application of conputers to perforn data base nanagenent and
analysis and to present results offers signifiiant advantages. This paper describes the
developnent of software (subroutines) to nanipulate the data, perforn the analyses and
present output results. Discussi-onof directions for future CAD/LAI,I
interfacing
is also
included.
INTRODUCTION
Shipbuilders
throughout the Horld are in the
process of adopting systens based on the

principles
of group technology.
The
application of these principles results in a
reorientation of design, planning, nork
organization and production to reflect
a
product oriented work breakdownstructure
(PI{BS). Hhen product orientation exists, nork
is organized by zone (geographic 1ocation on a
ship), problen area (sinilar nork process) and
stage (tine in which nork is carried out).
Thus, the PHBSis further subdivided into the
Hu1l Block Construction Method (HBC!|), the
Zone Outfitting Method (ZO[U) and the Zone
Painting Method (ZPTM). nithin individual
shops. such as the pipe shop, group technology
nanifests itself in the application of systens
Iike Pipe Piece Fanily Manufacturing (PPFM).
Eiqure I showsthese relationships. tll

P R O D U C TW O R K
BREAKDOWN
STRUCTURE
(PWBS}

P I P EP I E C E
FAMILY
MANUFACTURING
(PPFM}

H U L I -B L O C K
C O N S ' II - I U C T I O N
METHOD
{HBCM}

Figure I.

Z O N EO U T F I T T I N G
MITHOD
(zoFM)

ZONE PAINTING
METHOD
(zPrM)

Product Oriented Hork Breakdown

Structure

Folloning the adoption of a shipbuilding

systen based on group technology, the
subsequentproduct orientation results in the
construction of interin products nhich are
joined in succeeding nanufacturing levels to
fora a conplete ship. The productivlty gains

that have been shownto be associ_atedr.l"ith

this system come fron the abiLity to perforn
nore nork at earlier nanufacturing levels.
This work can therefore be acconplished in a
safer, better controlled location and produces
significant inprovenents. These productivity
gains can be negated if inaccurately built
interin products require considerable anounts
of renork at later nork stages. Hork at the
erection site,
for exanple, is about four
tines as costly as equi.valent nork perforned
in shops during subassenbly. Renork at the
erection site nay have even nore deleterious
inpacts, including schedule setbacks and
possible late delivery.
Consequently, an
organized systen to nonitor, control and
respond to interin
product accuracy is
required.
Although the justiflcation for such a systen
nay initially
be the need to nonitor the
construction of interin products to nininize
delays and renork during erection, an accuracy
control systen, nhen fully operational, forms
a najor part of a conplete nanagenent systen.
It involves the regulation of accuracy as a
neans {o5-inproving the productivity of the
entire shipbuilding systen. Accuracy control
can be defined as "the use of statistical
techniques to nonitor,
control and
continuously inprove shipbuilding design
details and work nethods so as to naxinize
productivity."
The use of statistical
techniques is an essential elenent of an
accuracy controL systen. EZJ Meaningful
statistical analysis is dependent on the
collection and handling of valid data.
A related benefit that can be derived fron the
adoption of a product oriented shipbuilding
systen is the application of statistical
nanufacturing nanagenent techniques, other
than accuracy control. Prerequisite to the
use of any statistical
techniques are
product
repeatable nork processes.
orlentation
provides the opportunity to
establish, standardize and enploy repeatable
nork processes. Any statistical techniques
are likely to benefit fron the use of
conputers.
Although this paper deals

100

R.L. Storch

nith conputer facllitation

specifically
of
accuracy control, sinilar conputer applications nould facllltate
the use of any
statistical
nanufacturing nanagenent
techniques.

specific shipbuilding project. A/C executi.ng

is the actual work involved, lncluding
developnent of specific check sheets and
nethods and the neasurlng and recording of
data. Evaluating, or the analysis phase of
A/C, closes the feedback control loop in the
ship production process and provides
docunentation for use in plannlng, executing
and evaluating the next shipbuilding project.
By its very nature, it inparts learning to the
shipyard (not individuals), to be naintained
and reused in future work.

ACCTJRACY
CONTROL
SYSTM{OVERVIE}I
An accuracy control systen can be considered
to have tno prinary goals, one short tern and
one long term. The short tern goal is to
nonitor the construction of interin products
to nininize delays and renork during erection.
The nore inportant long term goal is the
establishnent of a nanagenent systen that
pernits the developnent of quantitative
infornation
that can be used to continuously
inprove productivity.

The urderlytng assunption in the collection

and analysis of A/C data is that production
processesare (at l east i ni ti al l y)
i n a st at e
of statistical control. This ln turn requires
well-defined work processes, procedures and
can be
coding so that observed variations
validly interpreted using statistical theory.
A group technology approach to shipbuilding
inplies a clear definition of the varlous nork
processes enployed at a given yard, and these
definitions beconethe basis of standardizaIt is this standardization and the
tion.
repeatability of processes that cones with it,
which nakes application of accuracy control
techniques possible and the resulting process
In the absenceof group technology
useful.
( P H B S ) ,s u c h e f f o r t i s u s e l e s s .

Viewed as a conplete systen, Accuracy Control

includes three naJor parts: (1) planning, (21
ex ec ut ing an d (3 ) e v a l u a ti n g (s e e F l g . 2).
The results of the evaluation are then used to
help plan for future nork. The goals of each
part as viened individually
during initial
application
nay appear to be only narginally
related.
Consequently, upper leve1 nanagenent
nust naintain a clear understanding of the
eventual integratlon of each part, as nell as
the long range goal of the conplete Accuracy
Control systen. t3l

A second prerequisite to fuI1 scale

iuplenentation of accuracy control is the
establishnent of an accuracy control data

Briefly,
accuracy control planning prepares
for accuracy nork to be perforned on a

EXECUTING

PLANNING
PRELiMINARY
PLANN!NG
B L C C KD I V ,

OETAIL
PI-ANNING

VITAL PCiNTS
WORK PROCESSES
VITAL OIfuTENSIONS

ASS}/IBLY
P f i O C - L l U R E EXCESS
ALLC\r'/ANCES

EFECT;ON
SECIJENCE

STANDARDIZING

ACCURACIES
SHRINKAGES

PREPARATION

"l

MEPSURING

CHECK
TIEASUSINC
P O I N T S& L I N E {

CHECK
METHODS

]ECORDING

CHECK
SHEETS

BASE LINES
(MATCH MAFKS)

q:s

TEMPLATES

ANALYSIS

IMPRCIVEMENT

D A T AA N A L Y S I S

WOFK INSTRUCTIONS

M A K I N GG B A P H S

ASSEMELY
PROCEOUFES

B E S E A R C HR E A S O N
F O RV A R I A T I O N S

WOFK PFACTICES

SHRINKAGE
ALLOWANCES
COUNTERMEASURES
TOLERANCES
F O RV A F i A I I O N S

t 0

WORK INSTBUCTIONS
P I i O C E S SP L A N ( F Ag / S U A / A S S Y / E P E )

Flgure 2.

EVALUATING

NC DATA, TEMPLATES

0vervlew of Accuracy Control Systen

Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuitding

base. This data base is nothlng more than a

statistical history of the accuracy of the
work processes enployed at the yard. It is a
quantitative neasure of normal perfornance at
every nork station enployed at a shipyard as
part of the shipbuilding process. Its
preparation takes tine, and although sone
short term benefits nay accnre fron this
effort, it is prinarily a prelininary task to
tay the groundnork for effective
inplenentation of an A/C systen. It is a capital
investnent ained at inproving productivity of
the yard over the long tern. Like aII capital
investnents, it requires a firn
connitnent
fron top level nanagenent.

ffitlnlre

\
{

Once established, the data base, serves two

purposes. First, it provides the basis of
standards for lndividual nork processes. The
statistical distribution of variations nay be
used in conjunction with sanpllng and control
charts to signal nhen work processes are out
of control and require correction. Second,
the data base provides the infornation
necessary to begin process analysis, the najor
beneflt to be obtained fron an accuracy
control systen. The objective of process
analysis is productivity i.nprovenent--cutting
costs, inproving quality, and shortening lead
tines--sinultaneously,
rather than at the
expenseof each other. In fact the inpact of
or hny norx process on cnei'overauproduction process can be predicted and
anaiyzeo erifoiinq the A/C data base.

The quantity and inforaation required to

support an accuracy control systen, the
accuracy control data base, is qulte large.
It is the conputer,s ability
td store,
retrleve and nanipulate large quantities of
data quickly that nakes it so attractive when
applied to such a systen.
The accuracy
control data base consists of variations iron
design or target dinensions, angles or other
neasurenents.
In the developnent of an
accuracy control systen, each nanufacturing
process or nork station nust be analyzed.
The process nay involve the use of a
sophisticated piece of nachinery, such as an
NC pipe bender or it night involve a sinple
nanual operation, such as cutting flat
bar
with a hand san. Accuracy control data nust
also be recorded throughout the stages of
construction, i.e. for the interin
pioducts
conprise a structure. Each piece of
l\t
infornation that is tagged as accuracy
control data is associated with a particular
nork process. Once the accuracy control data
base has been created, and the data stored in
a standard fornatr progFans can be used to
quickly perforn accuracy control analyses.
Standards analysis routines t_o_
"h
arr.Rnr:rJ.i
anal.ysig-t.'e?p-1 = d aheue.c^e*h^-C^uelcrop=*,
provided the data are reduced to a standard
f ormat,
I{ORKPROCESS
I.IONITORING--CONTROT
CHARTS

Accuracy control analysis can be subdivided

into tno nain areas: regular and urgent.
Urgent analysis takes place nhen sanpling
indicates an lnterin product is not built
within tolerance linits and therefore has the
potential to disrupt ensuing work. The urgent
analysis is used to deternine the best course
of action, such as innediate renork and
rescheduling of succeeding work packages,
alteration
of succeedingdesign details or
nork processes to account for the variation of
the interin product, initiation
of overtirne to
correct variations
without inpacting
succeeding work, etc. Urgent analysis will
not be considered further here.

A large scale data sanple (perhaps one

hundred percent sanpling) of each nork
process over a set period of tine is required
to develop the accuracy control data bjse.
This sanple is used to determine the
distribution
of variations fron design or
target dinensions (nean and standaid
deviation of an assunednormal distribution).
Using these data, "normal perfornance,' for
the nork process is deternined.

1.

z'

Deternination of normal perfornance by

work station or process (nean and
s t and a rd d e v i a ti o n ).

Once this analysis has been conpleted,

control charts for each work process can be
constructed.
l{ith proper trai-ning, shop
supervisors can then use the control chaits
and randon sanpling to routinely nonitor
perfornance at each nork station.
This
quantitative nanagenent tool assures that
deterioration of nornally achievable
perfornance nill
be quickly discovered,
pernitting rapid response and corrective
action.
Thus, accuracy control data can be
analyzed throughout all stages of construction to ensure that statistical control is
naintained, and also can serve as a continuous performance check of aII production
processes.

ffT:li's:11"""5,i;"1":::"o'charts

3.

llonitoring of nork perfornance by nork

station or process, using control
c har t s.

4.

Hriting and evaluation of variatlon

nerging equations based on normal
perfornance by work station or process.

Process analysis based on normal

perfornance data and vari_ation nerglng
equations.

ACCURACY
CONTROL
ANALYSIS

Regular analysis is the foundation upon nhich

the accuracy control systen is built.
Accuracy control data are requlred to pernit
five types of analysis to be perforned. These
ar es

5.

101

The nonitoring of production processes to

insure that they are in a state of control
nakes use of infornation contained in the
accuracy control data base. For high volune
operations, such as parts cutting and
narking, the necessary anount of data can be
accunulated fairly quickly. If the naterlals
nhich are lnput to such a process are of a

lr"

t02

fairly uniforn character (e.9. steel platesi,

and the operation is highly repetitive
in
nature, then the process may lnitially
be
assuned to be in a state of control.
A data
base covering this aspect of production could
therefore
be quickly established lndependently of study of other areas.
An inportant
aspect
in connection nith
process monitoring
is
developnent of
preventive
naintenance prograns for tooting
and equipnent.
For processes to renain
in
control,
variability
of equipnent conditlons
must be kept nithin certain linits.
Platen
areas used for assenbly nust be kept flat and
}evel.
NC burning and narking equipnent nust
be kept functioning in a predictable nanner.
tathes and other machine tools
nust be
nonitored
for
wear, slop, alignnent, etc.
Gauges, jigs, and guides should be checked
for wear.
Performing
these checks, and prescrlbing
tolerances for equipnent performance and a
preventlve naintenance prograru, are
nornal
related to accuracy control in
two ways.
performing
First,
regular
checks may be
considered part of . the accuracy control
neasurenent progran.
Second, limiting
variability
in equipnent functioning
nay be
congidered part of clearly defining standard
work processes--applying group technology in
the shipyard.
The frequency
of
these and other
process-related neasurenents will have been
prescribed
in the sanpling plan prepared by
personnel.
the A/C planning
Prescrlbed
frequencies will be based on an assessnent of
the costs of measurenent and of undetected
cases of excessive varj-ation, the probabitity
of such variation
occurring, and the data
requirements
of the A/C analysis tean.
Preparation of sarnpling plans
ls
anply
covered in the statistical
literature,
and
niII not be discussed here. t4l
The basis for prescribing standard linits
for
nork processes is the information contained
in the accuracy control data base. The nean
(x) and range (R) of process varlation
are
used to prepare x-R charts--Sher,rhart-type
control charts (see Fig. 3, p.5).
Again, the
preparation of these control charts is
done
using
standard statistical
procedures, and
information is available ln the statistical
Iiterature.
t4l
These control charts are used by production
norkers and their supervisors nho regularly
plot the values obtained by process sanpling.
The charts
serve as a visual signal to
workers that their nork ls or is
not "in

R. L. Storch

control. "
As long as plotted values fall
wlthin the control limlts, nork proceeds in
nornal fashion. If values fall- outside the
prescribed linits,
the cause nust be
determined, a decision nade on rework, and a
correction nade to elininate the problem
causing the variation.
Depending on the
nature and nagnitude of the problen, this nay
involve the norkers thenselves, supervisors,
managenent,etc.
One advantageof this use of control charts
is that production norkers become directly
and actively involved in nanaging their own
nork.
This can be a source of pride and
notivation for workers. It also actively
involves then in problen solving, and nay
stinulate then to suggest creative and
workable procees inprovenents.
Such an
expandedrole for production workers can
pronote greater job satisfaction, and produce
tangible rewards for the organization.
The nethods discussed above relate to
deteruining that processes are in control and
maintaining then in control.
The long-tern
purpose of this is to create conditions which
faci l i tate
a stati sti cal anal ysi s of nor k
processes.
(neasurement) can be
Data collection
facllitated through provision of a variety of
basellnes and references markeddirectly
on
the structural parts and assenbl i es.
Shipbuilders already use a variety of such
marks--shi p centerl i ne, naterl i nes, statl o ns,
and a variety of marks to facilitate
assenbly. Reference lines and baselines are
often nost easily applied during part
cutting,
probably using an NC burning
nachine.
One type of nark nhich proved particularly
useful for accuracy control nork is a scriLed
Iine 2" (or 5 cn) fron the edge of najor
structural pi eces (see Fi g. 4). If thi s is
knonn to be 2" (or 5 cn) fron the edge of the
plate, then a neasurementfron the reference
line to the adjoining structural
conponent
provldes several pieces of information.
During assenbly it provides a quick nethod of
neasuring for fltup.
Following welding, it
provides a neasurenent of final relative
position of parts, where such neasurenent
rcould not othenrise be possible. Conparlson
of the tno measurenentsjust nentioned
provides a direct measureof neld shrinkage
Snappinga chali.
_for a single neld joint.
Iine betweenthe endpoints allons one to
check the straightness of the scribed line,
which provides infornation about accuracy of
the narking process, edge straightness, and
part di storti on.

!
i
!
I
t'
t]
Iti
lii

Facilitating Accuracy Contol in Shipbuilding

PROCESS

SHOP

NIC BURNI^JG
TYPE OF
N4EASUREMENT OVgRALL

X- +o.o7"
R- o . 4 . ! '

FR E Q ' C Y

PLATa
DruENStoN:

DAtIY

103

S A M P LE
SIZE

or buRN6.D Pae.rs

S KE T C H
NJofE .
FRoM

C)

ReficRT
VARTATT6N oF
Dt/vltN5toN
Srrourxl ON

MengrKep
D<rG.

X CHART:
A2 - 0.<{63

C
D

o
o
o
z

UCL-T+AzR =O.LB//
LCL=X_ nan =_6.t4n

d
n

o
r
o
-l-

R CHART:
D4 = L.Ooq
U C L = D + R= O . B B "

l.cO

o.
o.

Flgure 3.

tc

Typtcal lf,ork Statlon Control Chart

104

R. L. Storclt

Flgure 4.

Accuracy Control Polnt,

Offset 2" Fron Edges

only one
At various stages of fabricatlon,
side of parts is available for narking and/or
may
measurenent. The side narked originally
neasurenent.
not be the side convenient for
It
is desirable, therefore, to have a tool
which accurately transfers a nark from one
The nark
side of a plate to the other side.
through paint
should be permanent and visible
(see Fig. 5). The use of jigs, tenplates and
nhen
other aids quickly becones self-evident
A/C execution is underway. Both tenporary
(fixed) and reusable (adjustable) aids can be
advantageously enployed, to facilitate
production
worker
and to help with
self-checking and A/C neasuring.

Accuracy control check sheets are the medium

The check
on which all data are recorded.
of
the exact location
sheet specifies
measurenents, and provides spaces to record
shonn
these measurenents. A check sheet is
in Fig. 6. The heading contains infornation
necessary to identify the ship, the block,
and the part, and the stage of construction
when it is to be measured. Below this is a
sketch of the part nhich clearly shows the
Clear
of each measuredpoint.
location
is essential--the check sheet
identification
can be very confusing if there are too nany
they are too close
points
shown or if
It is better to use several sheets
together.
for a part than to have too many points
crowded on one. Below the sketch is another
in at the time
block nhich should be filled
The renainder of the page
of neasurenent.
contains the data columns.
ACCURACYCONTROLPROGRAI{S
step in developing an accuracy
The first
"normal
to determine
control system is
"NORM.FTN"
performance."
A program called
statistical
perform the required
will
Honever, before this progran can
analysis.
be executed, a data file nust be created that
contains of the necessary data.
In order to deternj-ne normal performance of a
data nust be recorded in a
work process,
Data are recorded in
systenatic fashion.
each subgroup containing
subgroups, nith
The total number of
between 2 and 20 values.
subgroups recorded depends uPon the nork
process. The data sets or subgroups that are
chosen represent a random sanple of normal
work situations (i.e. aII readings should not
of a
be taken r,rlth only the best operator
An even nix of workers or normal
nachine).
situations is required for a valid analysis.
of
Each subgroup corresponds to the results
one random sanple.
The actual data that are to be recorded for a
process are the differences
particular
and actual
betneen design dinensions
dimensions that are produced by the machine
this
information
or work process. All of
nust be recorded and stored in a data file.
Using the computer's editor, a sequentially
must be created that
accessed data file
( or
contains all of the data. Each line
record) of the file contains all of the data
subgroup. Once all
recorded for a particular
of
the data have been entered, leave the
editor.

Figure 5.

Back Side Marking Tool

The data file that was created in the editor

must be re-written as a direct access file
This is accomplished by
for the prograns.
entering and running the progran DACCESS.FTN.
The program will ask for the name of the file
Enter the
that
has already been created.
a new
name and then enter
existing file's
file nane. The nen nane will be assigned to
the direct access file that will be used by
Next, the progran will ask for
the prograns.
the number of data values recorded per
subgroup (betneen 2 and 20 values), and the
nunber of subgroups.
l
ri
n.
fr

Facilitat ing Accuracy Control in Shipbuildirtg

Sllij
!jLLiit
1:ONF
i'r')

A.n4rN

t 6d?3

105

P,>

lJrt

/'/r.J>tD

D(F*

F.
U

(o6O

I
a

\\

\r/

r.iz

Y.
r-LJ
I

o
z
c'

()
l
iJ
O

lra:AsiJ3 j D

r^or,r
I

DrV-fiSlON
AS
\1-AsUoaS

to
N
t!

'>

<L,

4L/-u
t r

t1'tl74"
H".-t | - Brca-.i,.r2.:

- ^ / 1 / < 1p.l .t / t l
.__lJ
,/tv
Ll
t ' : .

;1'tl7q"
3z''JVs"

b -

l a *
b

a t

>'6

/7

- /

/ r(,

J-

cjtLL<-<.

t{' l"
t{'

t,/*

z7

l/t"

2)

t VI

1z/1:4r'

Ftgure 6,

Accuracy Control Data Check Sheet

NORI.|.I'TN
is a progran that nlll calculate the
nornal perfornance of a work process. Run
N0R[!.FTNand the progran nlll ask for the
f ollowing infornation:
1.

NOTES

a' l6'/(.u

a/\/

lTElvl

Enter the nane of the tool or nork

procese (an abbreviation will
be
r equir e d i n n o s t c a s e s ).

Z.

Enter the nunber of data subgroups or

records.

3.

Enter the nunber of observations per

subgroup.

4.

E nter the data fi l e,s

nane.

This ls al1 of the infornation that is

required.
The progran nill
calculate
i(nean), ?(grand meanl, T-chart upper control

106

R. L. Storch

l i mit , i- c har t lo w e r c o n tro l l i n i t, R (ra n g e),

Rtgrand range), R-chart upper control linit,
and R-chart loner control linit.
This
infornation wi.Il be stored in the first
two
records of a data file
that will be
identified by the abbreviated nane of the
to o l or wor k pr o c e s s .
CNTRI.FTNtakes randon sanple data for a
particular tool or work process, dod
calculates T and R for each subgroup. The
data are then conpared to control chart data
to shon whether or not the process is
operating ln control.
If the T and R values
calculated fall
outside of the control
linits,
the conputer nill print "PROCESS
IS
" The folloning infornation
OUT 0f CONTROL,
nust be provided to run the progran:
1.

Enter the
pr oc es s .

Enter the nunber of

subgroups.

3.

Enter the nunber of data values in each

subgroup.

5.

1
2
3

b
-0.05"
0.05"
0.20"

B
o.27"
0.19"
0.95"

Zfr. = 0.20"
2R -- 1.31"
f-C hart: 3 = 0.07"
E = 0.44"
A2 = 0.483
U C L= 0 . 2 8 "
LCL= -0.14"

nane of the tool or work

2.

4.

This data file only contains the difference

between the actual and design dinensions.
By
running the prograns, the follonlng
results
will be obtalned:

records or

There are non options to:

a.

ent er a l l n e w d a ta - ty p e " 1 "

b.

ent er o n e n e w d a ta s e t - ty p e " 0 "

c.

use old data - type "-1"

I f an i- c ha rt p l o t i s d e s i re d , e n te r 0;
if an R- c h a rt p l o t i s d e s i re d , e n te r l .

This infornation nill calculate all of the

infonnation required to construct both x and
R control charts; honever, it nill only print
one chart at a tine. This is due to a
liuitation
of the plot routine available to
be run on this personal conputer.
If an
F-chart is to be constructed initially
and
then the correspondi.ng R-chart is to be
shonn, run CNIRL.FTNagain and use the old
data. Then respond appropriately to the
control chart pronpt. The progran source
listings are provided in appendix A.
These
prograns nere nritten for and executed on a
personal conputer, the Digital
Equipment
Corporatlon's PRO350.
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
EXAMPLE
RUN
The following exanple is an analysis of a
nunerically controlled burning nachine at
Tacona Boatbuilding Conpany, in Tacona,
l{ashlngton, USA. Machinesof this type can
typ ic ally
c ut l/4 " (6 n n ) s te e l p l a te a t a
ra t e of appr ox in a te l y I0 0 fp n (3 0 n p n ).D ata
were recorded in three subgroups, nith each
subgroup containing six observations ( see
Figures 7,8, and 9).
These data nere then loaded into a data file
cal1ed NCBM.DAT
in the following forn:
- 0 . 1 3 ,- 0 . 1 3 , 0 .0 3, 0 . 0 3 ,- 0 . 2 I , 0 . 0 5
0 . 0 5 , 0 .I 9 , 0 .0 , 0 .1 3 , 0 . 0 , 0 . 0
o . 2 5 , 0 . 0 , 0 . 0 3 , 00.3 , 0 . 0 5 , 09. 5

RChartr[=0.44"
D 4 = 2,004
D3 = 0.00
U C L= 0.88"
LC L = 0.0"
Figures 10 through 13 are the output of an
actual computer run of the prograns. Figure
13 is the standard control chart output. The
prograns first convert a data file that has
been created in the conputer's editor into a
file that is usable by the progran (TEST.DAT
i s refornatted to TE S TI.D A T). Then the dat a
in TESTI.DAT are analyzed in the progran
CNTRI.FTN. This routine calculates the
control limits of each procese tn question.
Eina1ly, NORH.flIN
takes actual randon data
collected fron a work process and produces
control charts for that process. t5l
VARIATION MERGINGEQUATIONSANDPROCESS
ANAIYSIS
Hhile the capability to quantitatively
nonitor and control each nork process
(problen area) nithin a shipbullding systen
is an extrenely inportant nanagenent too1,
the nost signi-ficant power of an accuracy
control systen cones fron two other uses.
These are, (1) evaluating rework
probabilities of shipbuilding projects prlor
to the start of construction to aid in
planning and design evaluatlon, and (2)
process anal ysi s as a resul t of anal ysi s of
conpleted nork leading to process
inprovenents.
Process analysis pernits
evaluation of individual nork processes that
are most likely
to produce productivlty
inprovements in the total
shipbuilding
systen.
The use of accuracy control to
identify problen areas for process analysis
provides the opportunity to develop a
continuously inproving system.

Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuitding

A0CUIAC\' 0ON'fttt)L DAtA

"
l]ii,'ru

P L A T E c' / tr a '
No. L ,Z
THK,
g T A G EO r
MEASUFEMENT
coNsrn PA /er s
D E S C t t l p - f t O Na t / e : - * 6 e U

r-Aeo:

.Fr{

Nla

PART

I I E A S UR E O

NO.

rnOrutI

'fArcscOaoL/

TO

a_

t^

c-

J
J

L.
-T

A t..'oO91
A

t .: ct:>CL!

F-,

!>

DIM. AS
MEAS'0,
(A)

s9.rt

/1

'f

WOnKSHEET

hULL

PROCES9

<l-).(-ft

Q Lf

DATE

Jr?

I
/oa

r/to

l>rrtnENslc,\J

I
H ^ l l 4 +I

tO.6'1

<-9, S9

/a,t.12 /"hJ 1<aofC d

-t'/4//+t
ltaa? Ul art L

9".6.1
lnz,Cl

t ' l2 . ) (

NAME

T A R G E TV a r l a I l o r
DIM.
N O TE S
tT)
{ X .A . T }
e9z,ul -o,rar'
t'a'irtrr/ .I/,dr.)L,L1 - o , t 5
<'q

s9. S7

to7

Xmrn:-o,7/

lr*._o,3(

Amax | *o,06

o a m p l o B l z o- - - _ _ _ _ _
ave. varlatlon------

FOItI,4ULAS:

!x
X : ::-:-

rongo----

f , rl
i,.

L
-O.O4'/

_A. a,Z? zn.

R. Xrln -X6n1

Figure 7.

A c c u r a c y Control Data--Randon
Sanple I

A0CurrA0YCONIilOL t)A]A W0til(3llIeT

D[.slGN
n A r . 1E

IYU,

STAGE OF
coNSTn
PA R-TS

P A .R T

NO.

lh{'v""

HULL

-FPG6>

I',,IEASUREMEN'I'
0ESCnlPTlol]
OVE'f<AU_

M C , A S U R E DD I M ,A S T A R G E T
I , 1 E A S ' D . QI M .
(T)
F i { O MI T O
{A)

T>1ge11Sr6rJ

N O TE S

T4lcoaao6-

3)2.oo
't-A aoaool,
r

X61q ' O'6d

Xmsx'o'/7

//

2X. o,V8

samplosize-l:C,rilf/ULAS:
! x
X : N

6
+o,oL-')

av8. vorldllon

x.

rongo----

R. a./"1 tn,

l l . X r n r n- X m a x

Eigure 8.

--N,

Accuracy Control Data--Random

Sample 2

108

R.L. Storclt

A(lcultAcY

t):-SrGN
NAfvrs

NO.

1- t.t | (> ao c) {Z
TA

too<-'ct>\

'f

STAGE OF

1-l

I)LATf
THK,

MIASUfiENlINT
0ESCnIPTION

FoD

8Ff
C b.--

r'12,'1'/"

tc, )

, r2 . L 1

/ q

S-f op

s-i. t )

Ei.g'/

+o

s-4 F

s - 7A. 1

'/) t (

{9 . (t'/

- to . o '

./).6'l

t o.oG

9Q

17 ,'cL/

+ o .e C r '

t'l 2. l:/'/

/1

T>tMe-NJSt1;N

NOT E S

PFvD

D.I:

()V...p AvL,

DAT E,
)
t/3a /t>

JrZ

*o,2( "

P-AFT

>g)

N A M E .

X.A.T )

F- FqJ)

Ye-

-< /- ,i ( -

'orlatlor

I t I E A S U R E D D r | . " 1A.S t A n u c I
M EA S ' 0 . D I M .
(A)
(T)
rnor,lI ro

FoO

iooocl)

;i | :>-oo

!vOtit(iiltLLT

2_

c o N S T R .? A R - r :

t
-l-ii

t)At/r

lrtuttlr'ro.

PI-tOCLSS
,!(|
fl,tar..rrr.J6

PNNT

Cr)Nlil0i.

l-A605

/,

i.

--=-t
Xmin

a.oo"

X.o,

o.'6{

"

2X,l,Z?,"
s 8 m P l es i z e - avo, vsrrqilon

F O R M UL A S :

'

;- Ix
t i

-_tt.4.
---

Iango-___

A. O.g{rn

R. X61n. X6s1

Figure 9.

Accuraclr Control Data--Random

Sanple 3

F'iia T=5T.DAT
-'l .130 -0.L30
0.050
0.190
0.e50
0.000
IECB]
t

run

0 .030
0.000
0.030

0 .030
0.130
0.030

-0 .?10
0.000
r 1. 0 5 0

rl . 0 ra-D
0.000
tl . 1350

dlcc;rg

T H I S P R O G R A I 'II. T T L LC R E A T E A O I R E C T A C C E S S E DF I L E .
ENTER THE OLD FILE,S FIJ\F1E
trst.dat
EIITER THE NE}.I FILE'S FIAME
tart1. dat
$ITER THE NUHBER OF OATA VALUES IN EACH P.ECORD
6
ENTER THE NIJI,ISEROF RECORDS
3
TT1
STOP

Figure 10.

Output of DACCESS.FTN

T.6,2o"

Fucilitat irtg Accuracy Cctntrol irt Sltipbttiltlittg

run

109

norm
tha

Ent:r
D:ta

tocl

-enerat"d

Dr

u.rork 9r,),::s3?s'

by

thi:

n3ri1a.

grctr=m,,riI.L

be

ln 3 f i!a wrth.this
nar.re.
NCSURN
Numbrr of deta subgroup:
or reccrCs

Numbrr

of

ger

obs:rvations

subcroug

;toreC

Enter

data

f iIa'c

n:rr!?.

TEST1 . DAT
TEST1 . OAT
-0.130
0.050
0.250
The mran of
The .vrrag.

-0.130
0.190
0.000
aLl deta
of

0.030
0.000
0.030
recordad

aech subgroup

0.030
0.130
0.030
0.069

( X t s A F . )i s a s f o L I o L J r .

SUBGRSUP* XBAR
-0.c53
1
2
0.053
3
0.203
Th; maan of tha subgroup av?rageg
or thc x(BAR,8AR) :

Thr

grand rang.

of

Tha rang. of all

SUBGROUP; RAJTIGE
1
0.270

:ll

date

r?cordrd

0.059

0.950

tha subgroups are a5 folloL/e:

-0.059
1
2
0.053
3
0.203
Thr mren of thr
e:

subgroup averaga3
tha x(BAR,BAR) -

0.059

Thc Arand rang.

of

Thc rang. of aII

SUBGROUF} RA\GE
1
0.270
2
0.190
3
0 .850
The mran ranga or

-0.?t0
0.000
0.050

etL
thr

deta r?cordad

subgroup5 are aJ follogr:

R(BAR) -

0.437

A2 ' 0.48 D3 r 0.00 D4 '

X UCL r
0.279
X LCL '
R UCL r
0.473 R LCL r
TTl
STOP

2.0A
-0.140
0.000

grG:rs regumc to continuc

Figure 11.

0.gS0

O u t p u t o f N 0 R MF. T N

0.050
0 .000
0.830

1 l0

R. L. Storch

'

.C.UT.J
C}ITP.L
: . . 1 h E ti 3 ; h :
I.JE3UP.N

nJnt

of

th+ number of

3ntrr

tfr"

toot

reord:

oy urork cro':e9:j concern*d

or

zubgroups?

3
Entar
r:ccri

numbrr or datg
subgroug?

rh*
or

urtuag

in

aach

Pro3ran Options
Entar
Enter

all

n*.
n*,

onr

d:ta

rccord

Ure old
L
Enter thc
:'accrd or

Entar

-1

dtta

numbrr af deta
subgroug?

ualurt

in

etch

Progtrra 0ptions
Entrr

all

nr*r dete

one nal

Entrr

Entrr
1

racord

Usc old

0
-1

dete

t
!

Ent*r
3t3

valurt

seperated

by commar, th*n

prcss

T R E T U R N Jt o

3Ot.

-0 .13 r-O.13,0 .03,0.03, {l .27. .96

rA
Entcr next deta sot.
r ) . O 5 r 0 . 1 9 r 0 . 0r 0 . 1 3 r 0 , 0 r 0 . 0 r A . ? a
Enter rlext data Eat.
0 .25r0.0 r0.03r0.03r0.05r0.95
Enter nrxt dete Eot.
0 . 13r0 .13, 0 .13.-0.19r -O.19.0 .25
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tt2

R. L. Storclr

The tool enployed to plan future work and to

courpleted nork is the variation
analyze
The variation merqing
merging equation. t6l
the
equation expresses both the nerging of
mean and the standard deviation of variations
of successive nork processes. There are two
separate equations, one for the nean and one
but these two
the standard deviation,
for
equations have a tern by tern correspondence.
Both equatlons express the sane geonetric
relationship
between the various parts of an
the joining process used, and the
assenbly,
final assenbly. Thus they are a function of
geometry, assembly and welding
structural
nethods.
sequencing and fabrication
Once a shlpyard, has progressed through the
of variation
development and evaluation
it is in a position to
nerging equations,
perforn process analysls, the
scientifically
type of analysis that provides the ultimate
payback of
inproving
continuously
productivity.
Process
involves

via accuracy
analysis
the following steps:

control

1.

the nean and variance of

Deternine
c o n t r i b u t i n g p r o c e s s e s;

2.

Develop the applicable variation

variance) nerging equations;

3.

nean variations
Add the contributinq
and variances to obtain merqed mean and
variance;

4.

the expected percentaqe of

Calculate
renork for the process as designed,
based on conputed nean and variance and
linits
for the assenbly in
tolerance
question;

5.

fabrication or
Evaluate alternative
fashion,
assenbly nethods in like
of
keeping in mind the effect
inprovenents on later assenbly stages.

(and

The real key to accuracy control is that the

of
normal nork
accuracy perfornance
permits
procedures is recorded, and that it
alternati-ve to be evaluated, and a percentage
of renork predicted, nithout actually having
to
first
inplenent the nethod on a ship.
procedures can be
Thus nany nore alternative
respective
evaluatedT sorne index of their
productivity
assigned to each, and the
level
between lower and hiqher
interactions
processes identified.
The basic
idea behind the generation of
the
variation
nerging equations is that if
of
components that
range of variation
comprise a structure are knonn, then the
variation
of the finished structure is the
of
sunmation of the variations
statistical
plus the variation
each conponent part
The
resulting from the joining process.
computer can be used to break a structure
all of the
down into its components and list
parts and dinensions.
the work
Additionally,
processes involved, including
welding and
assembly sequences can be deternined.

The najor
data requirements for analyzing
variation
merqing equations are normally
achieved performance by work process ( problem
area ) . This includes individual work station
perfornance and the effects of weldinq and
assembly sequences. Thus the accumulation
and analysis
of historical
data becones
critical.
In this type of application, which
involves the storage and retrieval of a large
anount of data, the conputer proves to be an
invaluable tool. Using a courputer, historical
data that is often lost or nisplaced at
the
end of a particular contract can be easily
retrieved for future reference.
Based on
these data, a user qenerated proqram can be
qt
execu\-e-S.\o ra\c.u\a\_e \\e \ana.\rq\
\.\r
entire
structure
concerned.
Eor Larqe
structures, which could be composed of a
nunber of longitudinal
bulkheads, for
exanple, the variation in the longitudinal
direction
could be calculated
at each
Tongitudinal
bulkhead so that
overal-l
variation
or distortion
could be predicted
across the breadth of the structure.
The
extend the concept even further, the
variation could be calculated
at each
Iongitudinalbulkhead at each deck, and the
results nould be a series of point variations
acroes a face. By using various
curve
fitting
routines, plots could be developed to
further
identify
the extent of structural
variation to be expected. This information
can then be used to aid in planning the
actual construction process and to indicate
specific
areas of concern. Alternative
assembly sequences could be evaluated.
Excess requirenents
could be defined,
i.ncludinq a deternination
of the stage of
construction
at which to cut neat.
Furthernore,
the implementation
of
productivity
inproving techniques could be
quantitatively
justified .
FUTUREDEVELOPMENT: CAD/CAMINTEGRATION
Data required for the accuracy control systen
are target or design dimensions and actuallv
achieved dimensions.
The former are
generated during design and the Iatter durinq
production (manufacturing).
For shipbuilders
enploying conputers, the situation presents a
classic example of the need to coordinate CAD
and CAFIfunction.
An integrated
CAD/CM
systen, nith a central data base that can be
accessed by nany users would provide
considerable benefits (see Fig. 14. L7f
In
accuracy control
application,
design or
target dimensions could be automatlcally
extracted
and comparedto actual dimensions
achieved. The variations so obtained could
then be input to analysis routines, tike the
ones presented in this paper, to quickly
provide updated control charts and to provide
direct feedback to designers concerning
actual shipyard accuracy capabilities.
Such
totally
integrated CAD/CAMsysterns and data
base structures do not currently exlst.

FacilitatingAccuracl, Control in Shipbuilding

ll3

rAolr
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}'

Flgure 14. Integrated cAD/cAl{conponentsubsystens

Development of
integrated CAD/eNl systems
apecifically
for shipbuilding are proceeding
in a pieceneal fashion at best in the United
States.
The joint project of Snan Hunter
(SHS) and the British
Shipbuilders
Shipbuilding Research Association (BSRiA)nay
be the nost ambitious currently undernay. lBl
The resulting
system ls called Britships
Z
and is
an enhancenent of Britships
1.
Britships
1 nas developed prinarily
as a
conputer lofting
systeu.
Britships Z is an
integrated
shipyard
systen
that
links
technical,
managenent and comercial
data
processing.
Britships 2 is a systen based on
the use of an ISI mainfrane conputer and the
CADAIIinteractive
drafting
softnare
package
developed by Lockheed, California
and adapted
by BSRA and SHS. It not only uses CADNI as a
high powered drafting tool, but also takes
full advantage of the additional
utility
functions that have been developed.
Ideally,
Britships 2 should utilize
a data
managenent systen that creates a central data
reserve in which all
relevant
data are
gtored;
honever, due to the scope of the
Britships
2 project, no attenpt nas nade to

inplenent
a conprehensive interactive
data
base systen.
Nevertheless,
Snan Hunter
Shipbuilders
and the British Shipbuilding
Research Association expect significant
gains
from Britshlps 2 by creating
a design
environnent
that
nill
focus on design for
production.
The detailed infornatlon
service
will
provide
not only
the required
infomation
for
designing
a system or
structure that neets the basic englneering
requirenents, but will allow the designer to
accurately
assess block breakdonns in terns
of conforning to the linitations
of
the
particular
facility
and nethods of
construction.
Britships 2 represents a new
type of
systen that is directed tonards
conputer integrated nanufacturing,
and is
redefinlng
the design and nanufacturing
ProceSses.
Britships
2 is
a concrete example of an
integrated
conputer network that is inproving
the entire shipbuilding process by taking
full
advantage of recent conputer advances.
Although Britships 2 is a step tonards
the
reality
of conputer integrated nanufacturing
in
shipbuilding,
there is still
a good deal
of roon for inprovenent.
The prine focus for
further developnent is in the area of data
unanagenent. The objective is to create one

tt4

R. L. Storch

conmondata base, whlch nust be usable by all

types and makesof conputers, and by all
types of users.
Integrated CAD/CMdevelopnents in the U.S.
are proceeding under the sponsorship of other
industrles, notably alrcraft and aerospace.
NASA and the U. S. Navy have suPported a
Joint industry/governnent proJect called
Integrated Prograns for Aerospace-Vehicle
Design (IPAD). The IPAD project obJective is
through
to inprove englneering productlvity
better use of conputer aided design and
nanufacturtng technology. IPAD touches the
developnent of nany areas of conputer
technology, but it focuses on creating a
support lntegrated'
systen that nlll
conpany-Fide nanagenent of englneerlng
infornatlon.
Exlsting CAD/CN'|systens in use in industry
or perform
are only able to conunicate
varioug tasks ntthin the constralnts of each
Data that should be
particular
systen.
shared between various conputers nust be
The
recreated for each nen application.
basic thrust of the IPAD project is to create
one co@on data base that is nanaged
lndependently, excluslve of any individual
applicatlona systen. The data nanager that
be able to store and
is evolving dll
retrieve data in a foru that nay be
interpreted by each systen in the netnork.
In present systens, users nust create
prograns nithin the CADsysten
applications
llith
in order to perform special analyses.
an IPAD type systen, the user could enploy a
personal conputer or terminal and query the
data nanager directly for the data desired.
t10I
IPAD's data nanagenentschene can be regarded
as translation units for varlous interfaces.
One prinary function of the systen is to
interpret comands fron various appllcatlons
(i.e. NC burning nachine or graphics systen)
and provide data to run the nachines, store
geonetry, oF aid ln design. The other
function of the systen is to be able to
interface nith a variety of host conputers.
This second function nilI allon data to be
shared on a distributed data network.
IPAD is unique becauseits researchers are
working on a data nanager that ls capable of
lnterfacing wtth many types of apPllcations
In order to create such a
conputers.
processorr the basic structure of the data
base nust be very flexible, and rnust utilize
a control language that allows for an
A standard
involved query capability.
language is not all that nust be inproved
The
upon for better data nanagenent.
gtructure of the data itseff nust be
to obtain the
addressed. In an effort
required for a data nanagenent
flexibility
systen in IPAD, the Relatlonal Infornation
lianager (RII{) nas developed. tllt
Easy access to data in a relatlonal nay is an
feature nhich is not available in
inportant
systens. RII{ defines the data
nost CAD/CNJI
or ganiz at ion b y re l a ti o n s (i .e ., a b o x ),

w h l c h a r e c o m p o s eodf d a t a a t t r i b u t e s ( i . e . ,
l ength, w i dth, hei ght), nhi ch are l n turn
real
defined by characterlstics (i.e.,
nunber, i nteger, text). 0nce the data base
format (rel ati ons and attri butes) i s defi n ed,
then the actual itens can be input and easily
accegged. It l s possi bl e to recal l data in a
nunber of different
nays using connon
attrlbutes.
For exanple, the systen could be
instructed to retrieve speclfic infornation
on bulkheads (relation)
nith length and
height (attributes) greater than twenty-five
and ten feet respectively. The conputer
would then search the data files and retrieve
the specific infomation on all
bulkheads
neeting the specifled requirenents. Any
nunber of conbinations of attrlbutes can be
used in this fashion to extract data.
Using RIH, data are seen in a user-friendly
form rather than in one nhich represents the
physical forn of data in nass storage.
A
great deal of enphasis is placed on data
independence, and as a result, changes to the
fornat nay be nade nithin the relational data
prograns
base nithout harning application
that reference ard perforn updattng
functions.
Also, query ard nanipulation
comands are relatively easy to learn and
use, especially for inexperlenced users.
RIU has proven to be a ponerful, flerible,
and easy to uae data base nanagenent systen.
It has been used in engineering situations
where data organization was looge, and has
produced organized, efficient data nanagement
operations. These applications of RIH have
pointed out shortconings of the sygten, which
can only help to further enhanceRIll's
potenti al i n future versi ons.
The type of data managerdescribed in the
IPAD project would serve as an ideal link
betneen CAD and CAlilsystens nhen using
applications programs such as accuracy
control.
Applicatj-ons programs could be
nritten and run on personal conputers, linked
to a data nanager. Sinple conmandsto the
data nanager nould extract both design
dinensions (from CAD input) and actual
dinensions (from CAMinput) that are stored
in one connondata base. Thus, accuracy
control nould serve as a prinary interface
betneen CADand CAIvI
through the use of such a
data nanager.
CONCTUSION
The results of this research can be
categorized in three areas. The first is a
further understanding of accuracy control in
shipbuikling,
The accuracy control systen
has been described previously in a nunber of
other publications.
Its potential for
coordinating feedback betneen CADand CAM
functions, honever, is only now beconing
apparent. The second result of this research
is the developnent and testing of subroutines
suitable for use on a personal conputer, that
nill
facilitate
accuracy control
inplenentation at any shipyard. The flnal
conclusion concerns the potential for the use
of a relational data base nanager, like RIM,

Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuilding

as a focal point for integrating CAD/CNIin

shipbullding. A coordinated data base, that
facilitates integration of eAD and CNI
capabllities,
niII directly aid an accuracy
control systen.
The critical
accuracy
control feedback function nould be autouated
by such a CAD/CN{systen, directly leading to
the realization
of the long tern accura-y
control goal. The developnent of this type
of data bage nanagenent systen should receive
the imediate attentLon of conputer related
research tn the shipbuilding irdustry.
ACKNOHLEME{HIIT
The author gratefully
acknonledgesthe support tor thls research provided Uy lne U.S.
Departuent of Transportati.on, Mariti^ue
Adninigtration,
through the University
Research Progran.
Additlonally,
the
cooperation of Tacona Boatbuilding Conpany,
Lockheed Shlpbuilding and ConstnrctionConpany, fBil, and CADAll,Inc. nere essential
to the research.
RETERENCES
1.

Chlrillo, L.D. and Okayana,y., product

Oriented Hork BreakdownStructure, NSRP,
Todd Pacific Shipyards Corp, Seattle,
llA., Decenber, L9BZ.

Z,

Chir illo ,
L .D ., ' ,p ro c e s sA n a l y s l s V i a
Accuracy Controlr " NSRP,Todd paciflc
!!!-pyarAs Corp, Seattle, 1,lA.,February,
1982.

3.

Storch, R.L. and Gribskov, J.R.,

"Accuracy Control:
A Gulde To Its
A pplica ti o n i n U . S . Sh i p y a rd s ,, ' U .S .
Dept. of Transportation, Maritine
Adninistration, Feb., I983.

4.

G r ant , E.L . a n d L e a v e n w o rth ,R .S .,

Statistical Quallty Control, HcGran-Hill
B o o k C o . , I n c . , N e wy o r k , N . y . 1 9 9 0 .

5.

Storch, R.L. and Gribskov, J.R.,

"Developnent of
Accuracy Control
Variation llerglng Equatlons," U. S.
Dept. of Transportation, llaritine
A dninistra ti o n , D e c ., I9 e 3 .

5.

Storch, R.L. and Gribskov, J.R.,

"Development of
Accuracy Control
Varlation l{erging Equations,', U. S.
Dept. of Transportation, Haritine
A dninis tra ti o n , D e c ., 1 9 8 3 .

7.

P ier ot h , C . a n d S k i rk a n i c h , R .,
"Softnare Tools
for Shipbuilding
Productivity, " NSRP, Newport Nens
Shipbuilding, Newport Nens, VA.,
Decenber, 1984.

8.

F or r est, P .D . a n d p a rk e r, M .N.,
"Britships 2 - A
Shipbuildlng Steelnork
Design and Production Systen," Third
International
Conference on Conputer
Applications in the Autonati.on of
Shtpyard 0perations and Ship Design,
Annapolis, MD, June, f983.

l l5

9.

E ul ton, R .E ., " IP A D0vervl ew ", I PAD

Synposiun, Denver, C0, Sept., 1990:

10.

IPAD Z, "Advances In Distributed Data

Base llanagenent for CAD/CAI'|,', NASA
Conference fublication Z3OI, proceedlngs
of a Natlonal Conference, Denver, CO,
A pri l , 1984.

tI.

K a r r , P . H . a n d H i l s o n , D . J . , , ' R I Ua s t h e
Data Base Managenent Systen for a
lfaterial Propertles Data Base," IPAD z
Synposiun, Denver, C0, April, 1994.

116

R. L. Storch

A P P E N D I X

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. 3 t -, rJ
drffF?'Fn,-s
betr,.reen the rrintmufr
l::

r..r.3] i1 gg.

f1=:r:: i ft-tUiit

r . -d * d .

]- Etr:r

t: : ;. L c , , - . . = I t ' l E H f . j r :, , i J
t l - r* . 3 ' . , ' e l - . 3 , J Ea f g | . 3 , t h = u b , 1 r - n u p ,
t_: {.
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t f r e r . 3 r r, i * , : i e e r h
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F i r . . ' r 3 t - . t q e r :. : {1.
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, .=I
l:
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l:: 6.
G r - . = r i l I F l a r rq e r .F l. i
t t - r e a r . .e, - r - . 3 ' 1 1 E, : i
tt-re l,:ral_
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l::

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iri

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F:

, ' i :i r i t e : i l

l:..:r:

t.=.Ufr-r,ii

: : i :l , . r i f t i , .

Fl =

r . . = u r i r ' ] 'f

Fl

l::

, ' , : . i . r n fr r . t

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=.Ut,!l-{,UF,.=..)

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.=.ut,qrnuE,=,r

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t_:
l:: l-lg'p'E,1.r-.r:rrrtrr:r1

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t_.
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Bre
l:: ,ln
the
,ii
r ru n i t ' e r
,:,b.:.erL,,Et1Bn.=.
F,Fr =ub,fr,luF,.
l:. TFr*=.* '..rElu=.e .3r'e =.t,:red
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t:: tltne ':':nrrn.=nd retrie'...,8.=.
.=lI
r . ., 3 I u F . : . .
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t]::l: -.1::l::l::1:-.t::l:
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t]::l::'l::t:-t-.*:*:A::,t::I::l::t::t:-:t:.*;;16;t1;t;
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118

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i n t s f i l e r . . . r i t ht h i s n B r n e . '
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R.L. Storch
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AE = At-ri,-RBAR
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t.lRI TE (:6 . B0 tr ) x;UrlL , XLIL
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F t ] R l " l A T ( Z X , ' FUl f , L = ' . F I [ . 3 , 3 X , ' R
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THAT ALL I-:ALf,ULATINHS FI:IR AI.I*L'i=II.IE THE !..It|Fi}.I.
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C I I ' . ] T H E U S E R ' 5 f , ' I R E C T I - - I R YA. I . . I TII" I I L L E E A C T E S S E I } E Y T H E s A I ' I E
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Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuilding

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l.'lF:.I
TE {.3 , i'i tlR
tifl 36n lJ I =L r NFI
l"lF.iTE(3,*)TfiF
3r-it-ltt Efil.'lTi I'lUE
l,{F(.ITE(3,*:111P
t,l:l 371-lL1i =l ,l"JR.
t " l F . I T E3i , * - ) i
3700 rlOl'lTIl.JUE
l.'.lRITEt.3,*if'lF
DE :_?80
tt 1 =1 , f,lR
t.tF.ITEi3.*)EnT
:3EOUCOI'ITII.JLIE
t.tgI TE q.::r,* ) i..JFl
Eitl 3300 i =L ,l'lR
t',lF.ITE r::+t * I I

tI
I

D
l.
a

Facilitating Accuracy Control in Shipbuilding

:_r9r_r0rlnf..lTI l..luE
l.'.lRITEi3,:k'tf'lF
Eltt {tJ 0 t:t I =1 : l.lFt
l..JFi.I
TE {.:3,:r: ):i:l,l I tl
4tl L"lu t::t:rf.lT
I t'luE
r::LL-'lsE
i Ul.lI T=3 )
PFtI f'.lT* , 'THE
IJ
4]- O STflP
ET-ID
i

r::ilf.lTRr:rLIHART . '

. RUI.ISII"lFLT'

125

TB FFIOT'UIE

ROBOTICAPPLICATIONS

Computcr Apflications in lhc Autonation oi

S h r t y a r d O p e r a ! i o n a n d S h i t D c s j S n\ '
f. Bard! lnl (. Kuo (Fds.)
h l s e v i c r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h c r sB . \ ' . ( r " o r t b H o L l a n d )
O II IP, I9ltj

129

M I ' J C H A N I Z A l ] OA
NN D A U I ' O ! 1 AI T
O N D E V E L O P T I E N IISN S H I P B U ] I , D I N G
I s a o O H : ' i Oa r d K e n . i 1 N I S H I U R q
O p p a m a S hi p y a r d
S u m it o m o H . a v y l n d u s t . i e s , I - t d .
Yokosuka, Ji\PAN

Itcsearch 3nd deveLopm.nt on :0echaajzarior a.d auromatio., for inproving the tabor inrensive
nature trnd !ork ervj.o:mcnt ir shipbuilding, has been uidely carried our and many improvc
m.its a. occurrirA in shipyaros.
ll,rrduarc and softr'.re lechnical developments ir mechanizarion and autornation for modernized
shipburlding ha\',.rlso been progrcssing ir .he oppima Shipvard.
Th. fjrsr
theme to bc aciieved in the pla;rni.t of shipbuiLding nechanization and auronrarion.
i s th! Li.rlding opra(ion.
lhis retoft preserts our besic ideas abour mcchanized and autonaric wetding in shipbuijdirg.
I t a l s o o u t L i n c s t h ( f u l l _ " - a u L o m t r r i c ( ' e l d i f g s _ , - s t c n( E B O CS y S T E N I f) o . r h e h L r l L a s s e m b t y
s l a g . , u h j c h h a s b c c n s u . c e s s i . L Ll yl p u r r o r e c e : r r p r a c t i c a l u s e .

I N T R O D U ClIO N
Marv rnn.rvali.rns such as conputer desigr, NC
. rr|. ts.,p.
sembLrr,'ork and speci:1 asscmbly apparatuses,
such as RoTAS and CAlSlA, have bccr used to
pronrct the automatio:i and mechanizatioll of
shipbuildirg
in J.rpan. Hoqever, there has
becn little
change from Labof rntensrve workrng p..cr lces.

uith changes in industriaL srructLrre triggared

b,v the increased cost ol energ\.
.u- .tr.-ft\
Urd r r',. .r,\
. cunsr
has becn pronoted to. the iniovation
o: design
and buiLdi:1g works i. our shipyard.
A CAD
s_"-stem
at design stage (show: in Fig. l) is
being dveloped, and lhe first
stage wilL be
completed:lext spring.

Infovation in producfion technolog], rrsjrg fh

| '\'J. oa ,r' :dl
rd .- r"
z- i
s nJ^
3 n e c e s s a . - \ ,b a s i c c o n d i t i o : r f o r l h c f u t u . e o f
sl,iphuildins.
It vill
release labor.rs from ha.d physic.lL
lork 1n cranped lorkirg
corditions :rnd cope

,\s lor the mechanization of rhe building r.rorks,

considcration should be paid ior the sinpL.,
repeLetrvc vorks and/o. operalions in hazardous
Shipbuildi.g
fabricat ior,

\"o.ks consists
about

48

O!rLitr. vi.*.i

CADSliTLM

of.bour

to 502

hull

M^tte ^! /

5Z hulL

I. Ohno dncl K. jiishturd

130

assembly and rection, about :10to 352 oulfitting, about 9 to I2Z painting and about jZ
Welding operations take approxinatcLy
others.
the works of each stage,
25 La 282 of including
L h e , e r o - e. . . r , r i T d l i n _ o r r o b U t i z a l ' o . o t
in modernization of
welding has a priority
shipbuilding.
for
constructd
oppama Shipyard L,as originally
of very
the purpose of continuous building
targe vessels but rccently automation and
for rhe ncdium and small vessel
mcharization
construction, has ben studied and tried
and
according to the change of ship-size,
various inprovenents hav been tested.
Improvements include rdeldrng automatlon at the
hull assembly stage, {hich irave been success
use.
ful ly devcloped and put Lo practicai
ALlthors describ the mechanized welding devices,
togethr with basic techniques and ideas for
nechan i zcd and autonated shipbuilding2.

2.I

B A S I C C O N C E P T SF O R M I C H A N I Z A TI O N A N D
AUToI1ATI0N 0F itELD ING WoRK
Mecha.ization and Automation of WeLding and
Cont rol Systens

a mechanized uelding device musl

cenerally,
nove the welding unit from one r,,elding position
During novement, the idelding unit
to aoother.
or trans
must pass over various longitudinal
ver-p st,,rc'u rl nenberc. .his love_rert ic
rrprinary movenent".
After
named
tentatively
reaching the desired welding location, the
\1'elding unit must \teId along the weld 1i.e
This
lrhiIe snsing the start and end points.
r'secondary novenamed
movenent is tntatively

T\ro design concepts are considered for mechaOne completely mechanized uelding devices.
nizes prinary and secondary movernentslrhi1e
the other includes nanual movement.
( l)

Manuat Primary

movenents in
and not iust

the automated/mechanized device

thc weLding unit sccondary

Project developments shouLd carefully consider

advantages and disadvantages of the 1\ and B
The concepts of A and B methods 3re
nthods.
shown in Fig. 2.
The fol lowing five controL systems, ar
generally available for welding robots:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Manipulator system
Scqucrce control system
Playback system
NC system
robot
Intelligent

The most popular weldiig robocs sold at presedt

use the playback sysEen, but this syslen has
' e d:s,dvJ.1"g.6
r-qg:rirg lo,p 'e,ch.ns
times.
Us of playback robots in shipbuilding,
\,'hich reqLlires varieties
of members l^'ith few
repetitions
of the same members, would nake lhe
Special measures, such
operation rate too low.
of the teaching systen, are
as sinplificntion
required.
Recent developments in CAD, recomiend the NC
Hovever,
system as suirable for shipbuilding.
problems Eo be solved
there ar: the following
before applying NC syslens to shipbuilding:
( l) how to adapt the extnsive changes of
p.-.e-.r "prs , rd po"it ioc a,.lrrd.y. i )\ererr i I
.r ipoui di g drd f2) \o+ ro dddpl tt. t.qu'r'd
" o . 1 ,v o . u n e ( t \ " l i r i t " r i o l . o f c " p . , . ' y i "
It aill
caused by lhe welding velocit)') tine beforc per
p.obably tak a considerable
fecting NC systens in shipbuiiding.
sysEem has I inited applica
The sequence control
tion, but cai be casiLy put to practical us at
Therefore,
che sysien is effective
low cost.
for l inited objectives.

}lovenent.

This method coDsists of the manual primary

novement and nechanicaL secondary movement.
ManuaI primary movenent requires the handl ing
device so chat an opeiator can handl many weld
Morpover a
ing units and their cablcs etclight, compacl simplified automatic welding
then an oper:ator can
device is also required,
control sevral welding units simLlltaneously.
"A method".
This method is named the
(2) Mechanical

Primary

Xovenent.
Ha.dling equipmenr

A mechanical device for one i,reldine uniE wrll

be unecononical because too 1ittle wclding \ii11
Therefore,
sevraL trelding units
be perforned.
should be nounted on the primary movement
secondary movement, including
device, and their
sensing of ueld Iines and execution of welding,
would havc to be perforned by one operator.
Accordingly, fu11 autonation or robotization,
is required
requiring no operator intervention,
including weldrng.
for the whole opcration
A systen which conbines primary ard seco:1dary
This method
required.
novemnts is therefore
"B method".
is named the
As neotioned above, it is importanE !o considr
lhe relalionship betwee'rprin"rt
and seco'1darv

concept

of

A mrhod

trIecluni2dtion u d Altt()matio Derek4)t11ettts

in Shipbui[Lling

TabLeI.

lreld lenglhs of Iull

l3l

c o n s r r u c t i o n ( 6 0 0 0 0D N l b u L k c a r r i e r )

Fo!e [. af I parrs

4 1 0|
11521
(28.0)

2n 4 1

t6i
: 0 .I

i 0 .6
15239

Li
?-ll:

(6.1

2527

1124

20

(0.11

(r1.0l
562211
(22,C)

LI Q ! 5

lotat hLLLreld

2)

rnsil.

5.i

i28tl
(5.0)

l2
0.

ti6
( 0 .t

lt7
( 0 .L

za66
(l.l)
54
0 . 0)

l0l
(t2

l2lrl
i 2 t , 5)

ll

185
t.7
9652
26t

(0.

a.tl
1t529
(5.11

liI
(4.1

617
{0.2

l r . 2)

(! , 2

294
{ 0 -I )
Lg42
(0.!

58
0 . 0)

0,l

ta21
{ L . t
tt6
0 . L t
11
.0)
?1
(!.!.)

0 . 0)
l66I

.8)

t7l

ll{2
(1,2

(t./

(13.!)

t e n . s t h: 2 5 i 1 9 2

of parenrltescs shoRs percenrag..

2.2 Objects of Aut.jnation/Mecharization and

} 1 e 3 s u r c s f o r P r a c t i c a t A p p ti c a r i o n
0 b j c c t i v c s o f a u r o m a ri o . / n e c h a : L r z a L l o i a n o
measures for thai. rcat izarion, fron rhe
p.evious viewpoinrs, are considered as Iot Lo!.js.
TabLc I shows hult wLd tengrhs aL every scage
and welding position in a rypicat vcsseL.
The amount of welding in the sub assnbtv a.d
asscmbLy stages is very 1arBe. Horizonrat
fillat
$elding jo;nrs, espcciatty, form the
majority of joi'rrs.
Somcauthorities belicve rhar nechanizarion
should either srart virh opraLions in hazard
ous environne:1ts or rhose requirinS high tvc1
ski1l.
However, ue dccided to consider conmon
weLds, which include Large amou.rs of simpte
r.rpealcd operations, such as thc horizontal
f i t l e t l r e l d i n g j o i n r s o f p a r a t1 e 1 p a r r s , a s
rhe iirsr
srage of nechanizaLion.
Auromarion
a.d mechanization ca:r be apptic{l comparat iveLt/
easi Ly to these operaLions Lfirh L:r.ge efl:ecr.
U r a v i t y r , ' e ld i n g i s p . e s c n r l t , u s e d i n t h e h o r i _
zontal fillt
!"'ctdi:1to
sf pa.allet parrs, bur ir
re.luircs consra:r conveying and mantrvetdine
n a c h i n e s N t r i c h p r o d u c e a t o r o f r , , . t dj n g j u m ; s .
The ope.ation is, rhe.efore, one of the most
h!rd operations.
Atso, from Lha jnprovenrcnr ir
w o . k i r g e n v i r o n m e L r tv i e w p o j n t , a u C o m a r i o n a n d
mechanjzation arc quire desi.abte for rhes.
l " ' or k L o . a t i o n s .
Firstly,
pracrical measures for the auromarion
and nachanizario.
oI sub-assambty srage \,,etding
aro descrrbed as foI Lows:
Thc most orthodox nethod for nechanizaLion
oi
L--d: c ,
,o ro.,r.
. u b - d s s e - Dy m F r b " r \
Jl
NC welding robor (wirh a sensor for: ueld I
inos
and slart and end poirrs of \,,ctding) on a l.].ge
NC conLrol equipmert.
Hor,'ever, thc maxinun number of rielding robors
rhich can be conirot Lcd simulra.eousty or
one
cquipnent is trro, except lrhcn rne sane shape

nembers are arranged in paraLIcl.

In sub as
sembly, a large amount of uelding nust be per
forned, so nany NC equipmcnts wouLd be required,
and the rqui.ed invesrnenL would be roo Large.
O u r s J " s t e nm e c h a n i z e s t h e $ e L d i n g o f s r r a i g h r ,
rncluding slighrly curved, joints:s
irs main
obi ., vF.
l
" ,. n"Je f.s. b - ro- uroperator to oper3te severaL qelders, by incor,
poraclng a nechanism which stops each portabl.
compact autonatic weLder autonatic.rllv
ar an
end point, usirg a temporary end iig for rhe
welder.
A I ight wcighr conpact machioe was
developcd as th portable comp.lcr auconatlc
\,'elde., to vhich uas added orher unique func
tions, described later.
To incre.rse rhe ease
of handling and oporable area, canrilever type
devices, r,'hich can turn or travcl, vere installcd on the \,'a11s of thc workshop.
r\nd fo. rhe
conveyer area, the automalic welders hang from
"wisteria"
raci( type rails so thar rhey can
move in .rl1 four dirc(:tio.s.
Secondl- ',automatic welding systcns ar rhe asrJL. iill he "u ..d,....
"-.b v
tf paralLcl part blocks are raken as objccts,
then a production sysLem.an be scLecred fron
eithcr
the line l''elder sysrent rh Iigg Box
s y s t e i n o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l a s s m b L ys y s r e r n .
lh. individual assembly svstem uas exctuded
fron investigation becausc it has no future
prospect.
The tlro renaini:rg systems i.rere
' l|pJ..d
t r . { . i . . r r i c r F r ' .] i n c o . . s r u . r i n
oi an actual vessel.
Results reporrd in the
S u m i t o m oI e c h n i c a L R e v i e u V o L . 2 9 ( N o . 8 6 ) " S o m e
I m p r o v m e n t so f C o n s r r u c r i o n M e r h o d i o r M e d j u m
-Sized Ships;n oppana Shipyard",
s h o r " e dt h e
Ijgg Box systen was supcrior in efiiciency
ro
tirc line welder systen, for mediuma.d smalL

However, the adaptility

to nectra.izarion of rhe
t$o svstems, ircluding future possibiliries,
shouLd be aLso compared. The .esulLs ar sholfi
in Table 2.
The mosr imporLant crjreria
ir
evaluating
the t\ro systens i s thoughr to be
detcrmi.ed by rhe possibiliry
of autonr3ri,.rg
fillet
welding betwee-rche Longirudiral or

T-

r32

I. Ohno dnd K. .\isllilttu

tramsverse nenbers and skid plates in the Egg

Box system and weldirg around sLots in che I ine
w eI o e r s y s t e m ,

the productio:r nethod and to deve op auto raric

ri.Lding systen oi lorgiludinal
or ..rnsvrsc
n r e n b re s t o s k r n p i a t e s .

shipyard to adopr the Egg

oppama was the first
Box system for building large vesscls and stiLL
uses the system even thoLlgh vcsseLs have
l,Jethere
decr.eased to medium and snaLl sizes.

A i u l l y a u t o m a t i c ( c 1 d i . g s _ v s t n ,r " ' i t h p r i m a r y
n o v e r n e n tc o : r L r o l l a d b y : r r l l c s y s t e n a n d
seco.dary movcmcit by tr sequence conLrol
!\"t
r. \,,a. d \
f d
gat ions.

iore

decided to choose the Egg Box system as

'Iab1e

r r d a p l a b i l i r ! o t r : g g B o x S y s r e n ra i d L i n l ] e L d . r S _ v s r . u s
r. 11chanizaLion

l,lne l^elder Srs ta

Ilpchani2ariorr is r,.sslble
8.rh transrers and
loneirudi.aL poslrioninS
operations bave been
r e l d i n e o i Lo . r ii r ! , i i I a i s ,
mechanizdby th
.!L rrans!erset.st.1onauLomatic Eeq Box
ina r!!ires a jig ea.h
a s s e m b t i n e m a . 5i . e .
t ime, so:e.hani2arion
lhe line as a liro, is
di ffi.!L I t. adal)L ro
ressel .yp.s ottre. lhan
ranters, espe.i.ilr to
tlre do!lile hutL srr!crure
r! L( carriers, erc,

I f p r es s u r f i t t i n e
eq!ipne.r fcr f irri.g
a n F E g B o x c o n si s r i n B
ol Longi!!di..Ls and

Tra.srerse f irii.g
re!!ires n3nN3Loperario.s

Plates 1s !repard,
f itting oper.rions can
a s i l y L i e f e r f o r ri d

As there is.o colLa.

p l a t a , $ el d l i n s
arounda slor arc all
s l r a i g l rt , s o a u t o : a r i o n
A LL o ; a L i o n / m c h a n zi a r i o r l
ror rhe horizonral iillet
uetdinS ioi.ts
b r r e e n
l o n e ir u d i n a L so r
rra.sverses and skin
p L a r e s n u sI L . d e f i s e d ,

].

j.I

h ' X L D I N G I U T O M A T I O N E X A M P T , EI N S U B _ A S S E I I B L Y
SH O P

ro:pLere a!toration
l o n A il u d i n a 1 f i L l e r

of

a u r . m a I i o n / m e ch . r i z a t i . n
f.r Lransv.rseliIlrs
..d aro!nc sLot ueids
I i n c Lu d i n g . o I I : r p I a t .
uLdinAl nLsr be

device is

shown i.

Fig.

DeveLopment of Hand), Type Auromacic t{e1di.g

Carr iage "SUII-AUT0,,

"A

methodrr \rhich al1o\rs rhe inrerv{ nrion of an

operator,
in the form of man machine ope.arion,
ro operare nany light
conpacr auromaric
Uelders, is nore eifecrive
rha. a highly mecha
nized syscem for the auronatio
o f r , , e 1 d i : 1 go f
sub-assembly me$bers in rhe sub-assembly stage
where a number of horizonrat filtec wetding
of various sirapes are nade.
toints
The A nechod, described previoLrsty, is suitabLe
for this role and a hardy typ automatrc weldrng carriage,
the "SUYI-AUTo", rras developed
for prictical
u s e i n o p p a m aS h i p v a r d .
.\ l.,rdt rp d,\ i.p .., r ,e
.r- dp6
porated tor prinary movement of rhe carriage by
manual operario:1.
An exarnpte of rhe handling

An

eianpre

of

rhe

handti.g

dcvice

I
I

)11t.ltuntzuIit)tt anLl Autt)naIion

'1.

Dcltclolrnt

133

tts it Shipbuilding

L_eaturcs .,f SUMI AUTO

( l) Conp;rct si ze, weight Iess than 9 kg rvith

s m a L1 e x t e r i a L d i m e n s i o n s -

\ 2 ) Can bc used to.

str.right,
gradu.rlL.v curved
ard sl igl,tl y inclincd joincs.

( 3 ) \o nagnetic rollers,
d.lr.h-d

so travelLing not
-- to
o r p . ' t r , d l.

(4) The first

and lasr 120 ffn ot a weld Iine
cannot be wclded, abour 502 rhar of other
r,'elde.s.
Tn sLlb-assembly marv shorr joints
are uelded, so reductio:r of the no. \relded
range redLrces addir ional \,'elding wirh seni
automatic velders, r,'hich greatly reduces
t o t a l w eL d i n g t i n e .

Nunber

(5) Any travelling

rails are nor required,
becaus.r of the automatic ueb plate rrackine
cype.
(6) AutomaticalLy stops r,reldingarc and travell r n g a t m e r r b e re n d p o j n r a f t e r c o n p l e t i n g
\reIdine.
Fig. 1 shows the handy-rype auronaric wcldirg carriage "SUl1I-AUTo". A modi fied
,- - .!e. !hi.\
!-.o
y
ur irle r ILe.r
fiILet welding automatically, has also ben
developed ard is in use.

ot

machin

simulraneousLy

Fig.

4.

4.I

bv

able Lo oprar
one opera ror

Conparison of uelding time

( S u p p o si n g a s s . m i a u . o m a r i c
slding Lime i5 100)

EXAMPLE OF It[]L]] INC A U ' I ' O } L I ITO N I N A S s E } I B L Y

SHOP
Basic Idea of

lleveloprrenr

Before progressing ro wlding aucomation ir the

asscmbly stage, basic developnenr ideas uere
determined, from the previous considrarions,
as follows:
( l) Automation of fillet
joint rrelding of paraL
1e1 parts, lras selccred because rhis L,elding
can be easily auEomated and Large amounts
of joints are exisrenr.
The objecrive is
f i L L e t i " r e L d i n gj o i n t i n a t a r t i c e s u r r o u n d e d
by Longi tudinal and transve.se membe.s.

Handy- Ltp
carriaq

(7)

auronaLic

tsLding

iUMl -AU l0"

Onc operator can opcrate three or foLlr

S U U I A U T o S , s o S U M 1 r \ U T Ov e l d i n g i s f a r
more efficient
than semiautomatic welding
which allows an operator to use only onc
torch.
1t is also nore efficient
than
gravi ly welding ahre one operaror uses
a plural ity of jigs.
Deformation by weldiog is also reduced to
5',: tr.Jt or g-"!:r\ J-ldi,-.
Fig. 5 conpares the efficiencies
berveen
S U ! 1 I - A U T Oa n d o t h e r v e l d i n g m e t h o d s .

(2) The device should be applicable to a wide

ra.ge of ship types for borh longirudinal
.rnd frame structure
blocks.
tt should be
applicable to both single and double hutl
blocks wilh open Eops. Table 3 shoas the
T].pical shapes of paraLlel parr blocks.
(3) The irelding of a so-called "Iatrice"
surrounded by Lolrgitudinal
and rrarsverse
menbers consisLs oI rhe horizonraL filter
\relding joints of longirudinals or transverses to skin plates and rhe verrical
fiIlet
welding joints of tongitudinal to
transve.ses.
We seLected only the hori
zontal fillet
welding in !he lattice
as the
obJect of automation this time, because a
system of welding fron beIow, before join,
ing che skin plate after assembting thc
lattice,
can be applied ro vertical
joinrs.
A device for \,'elding both horizontal
and
vertical
fil let joi.cs \rif f be complicared
in structure
and conrrol,
.lnd may develop
n i ai n t e n a n c e p r o b l e m s .
(4) The sequence coorrol systpm was selecred,
as the welder control
svstem.
Thc auromaced
device should b comparable in efficiency
\.'ith lhe gravity \,'elding system by providiIrg
two welding torches for one \./e1der, so rhar
thc velder can ueld both side fillers
simuF
taneousl y, and by making several wetders

F'

134

L Ohito und K. Nisltitua

TabLe I

fyplc6L shapes of parallel

B oI t o 0 s h 1 1 , s l d s h e l l
!pper dck, bulkhad erc

part

blocks

Upper deck, doubL bortom

dire.tion

of convetor

Ftams are 6rr6need

1 n p a r a I L e Lw i r h ! h
dlrecrion of conveyor

Eravel sinultaneously

in several lattices.

(5) The several telde.s nust be cooveyed to

'rd trJn Lh- p"pF tive l.rtti e" .utum.
r i , ) " a c o
l i r . u : ! .
l ,
N . . o - l ' o
st,stem shouLd bc adoptcd for the handling
device so that w.iders ar{] operated automaticalLy by NC tape, or sinilar
instruc
.r | .l
t
n-. p,epd, d p,ev J. ).
r . . i o r r p .I
di-p.' p""
I
latticc
vithout obstruction by obstacles
such as surroudning menbers.
(6)

The |[\c ueldinB nelthod (802 Ar aid 202

co2 gas shielded arc welding mthod),
..- -,-6 -,,d conparalively
liltle
spatte., shouLd be adopted as the
welding method.

A sysLen, b.rsed on the rbove ideas, was fil1aL

1y developed and conpleted.
The welding robot
"Egg
d a v e l o p e d r . , a sn a m e d t h e
Box ControLled
Auromatic Wefder", (EBoC) ard the device for
"PI,AC[R".
haidljng
rh EBoC \,'elders was named
The total systen is called the EBoCs-vs[em.

Fig. 8 shous the conLrol device composition of

P L A C I i Ra n d T a b L e 5 s h o w s t h e m a j o r s p e c i i i c a
. i o n o f t h e E B 0 Cv e l d e r .
! .
( l)

r e . l h e P L A C E Rh a n d l e s t h e E B O C w e l d e r s a u t o m a t i c a l ly undcr thc control of an NC tapc containirp drr,. su\n ds the "hape.din'r"iors.

- d - r o - e n ro r l , l l
-\ pt,..
d-.d re.lgt\",
of che obJect block
rig.
9 shol's Lhe flowchart of aulomatic
handl ing by NC.

( 2 ) T h E B o Cw e l d e r c a n b e u s e d f o r b o t h s i n g L e
hull structure blocks and double hull
blocks !tith alr open top because it has a
sensot for obst.cLes presence when it is
cdrried into or out of a lattice.
T h e E B O Cc a n a u t o m a t i c a l l y i n s t r u c t t h e
P L A C E Rt o c o r r e c c r h e l u w e r i r r g p o s i l i o n ,
if there is an obstacle, by sending singLes
to the PLACER.
Fig.
l0 shows the EBoC wetder being
auLom]tic:lly carried to I double bottont
b1ock.

4 . 2 E B O CS y s t e m
(3)

T h e b e a m o f t h e P L A C E Rc a n r o t a t b y 9 0 "
accordlng lo NC data.
Therefore, it can adapt to either longitudinal or transverse structure blocks.

(4)

T h e P L A C E Rc a n a u t o n a t j c a l l y
set handling
p , L L a r r s r o r t h e 1 t s o , r e l d F r " b v o m p u ti r ;
a handling pattrn corresponding to the
number of lattices aod the oumber of
r'elde.s tu be used.

4.2. I Systm Outl ine aad Composition

the sysrem conprising EBoC is shoun in Fig. 6
with an appeararce sho\,'n in Fig. 7.
The PLACERis an L-shaped cra.e which aLrtonrr i",1 y . !-ri' . t ,r"
tBO' u{. d .- iato ,rd
ouc of Lartices under NC controL.
fhe tjtsoc
Table 4
wldrs weld under sequence control.
shows najor specifications of PLACER.

I
!

t
L

,lltrltutti:t!tit)tr t

135

d llutt)ittLttit) L)(t rlt)l)t)1t ts ilt ShiphuilLlitry

ria Trpe
Inio.r::rio..i

fh.

r l..L

{sh.pE, !i7e,
ar.:n!.m..r s of larri.es,
teB

T. F!

r e.a i!E

E:ror

!:,..l,irr

ms:aAe

tr i ',1-ou I

a u r . ' : t a r r . o f e r r r r o r L pa , ' ! I

L,eldinA

I - l - A a - E F. o n r r o l
FsOar Ia.r
Aut!nari.

rrrnilcrm.l

5.tu.n.e.ortr.l
frE:.trin!

. ueldir!

r.r.h

tlne

of h.naLing p:rtErr

cor!ro1 pa..I
ol reld er

(l

rr..kjn!

.larious.h.L

I ie.

p!.rl

oI kldin(

Iroa rI.er

. celd

::.!.i ro

hair I inq ..nrroL

sel.".tion

E!0C r.Ide:

t.ldirq

.ondiriod

...ar Lions

(carriaa.)
ror.h.,s pe. ulder)
s.ns.r

sensor

DiaEr:n oi EF0a s\ .r.

./i
An

pD

'di

F o.

tbo

rF-

-\

.p.rn.

I. Ohno d|l K. '\'irltiura

136

LabIe 4

Table 5

x3jor Spcificarion of PLACER

( H a n d I i n s e . t u i p m e n L)

FBoaselder

Major specifi..lio!

lSLo(L) x t20(l.]) x ?842(H) m

370 kgf
l|elding speed: Max, 60 cm/min,
Runninr sDd . l'1ax.I n/nin.
rrarFrcooling Lype: 2 seis

?3
'leld line
lliEh/Low

sped chan6ovr rl,pe

Hieh/Lor

speed changeovt

High/!ow

speed changeover rrpe

ConGct

tra.kint

Ltpe

se.sor

S o l i d , / C o r ds i r e

600 A

currnr capacity

rype

( 1 . 2 m md i a . )

70 7.
A r e o n 8 0 : ' .+ C O 2 ? 0 i :
5qunc.ontror

Lifr
tldinA

!igitai

condi t ion

RoL.Lion an8Le : 90 dee.

preser tyPe

Self diaEnosis indica rio.

0bslacle
Land i.g

sns.

chck
che.k

senso

FLoor edgF.herl

e er . o r

u 1 di n g t r o u b l r l a r m
(ex, lnrerruption of arc, uir ider Lrout,le, lack
)
.r shi.ldinr !as/torch.oolire tatr.tc

N C t J a t a L n pr L l 0 u L p u t 0 e v i .

P L A C E Rt r a v e t

Data processor .nd edrror

control
Retay

. E B o C' e L d e r r r o u b l e a l a m
, Initjal

|jB0c qelder

seLting

lo.atron

.oaLrol

c a b l e h a n dI ! . 9 c o n f t o l

. Cy.le tinie monitor

- 0 p e r a L i o n m o d e c h a n S o v re

P L A C E RI - o c a t i o n C o n t r o l

De! ice

E B O Cr e L d r c o n L r o L p a n e l

Fig. 8

Conrrol device composirion of rLncER

sequenc

cont!oL

. 1l r t I r u tu : t tt i ) n u d . l u t ( ) ) n dI i t) t t D ( r ( k n n 1 r n t \ i l t S h i p b u i l L t i t t ! !

t37

5l.rRr

'7

YS

NO t -

Ebo(l: lniiiaL

p o si r i o n i t r g

dlO(:i

:.arr
to

of

dscenr

l.rtice

-/"*

[s

,., )---

h.."..*
t:r"::1

AuronaLi.

keldinq

P L ] \ C E R :H a n d l i n g r o n x ! l a r t i c e

(RePear operarion)
Conplerion of !eLding of aLl

PLACERA
: uro rrurn ro iniLiaL

Larrice

posiLion

au!omaric

ha.d I ing

$,"%
.,'I

FiB. l0

rDn

IJ

DF.n6 ,ppt.bd.o

a ao.olF ro,,,r

bro n

I. Ohno and K. Nishiuta

138

joints on
( 5 ) T h e E B O Cw e l d s h o r i z o n t a l t i l l e t
the four sides of each Lattice autonaticaLfron the
conditions
Ly, under appropriate
weld length data on the NC tape coming from
determined
rhe PLACER,by prcviously
The EBoC foLlows the
sequence concrols.
accuracv along
flucluation of the fitting
a weld line' using a sensor provided durrng

tlntil this fluctuation problen can be

soLved by innovative methods, such .1s
laser cutting and electron beam\telding'
mechanizetion and automation musr be
designd for th current 3ccuracv lcveLs '
(2)

w el d i n g .
'Lhis

system can be appl ied to a wide rang of

paraLl1 part blocks rangins from 30'000 Dl{T
to VLCCS
bul k carrier
Careful consideration has aLso been given to
The operator is not reqllired to enter
safety.
the $orki.g area irhile operating the system'
and various safety neasures, such as danger
have
and emergel1cy srop functions,
indicators
been prov ided .
4.2.3 ProductrvrtY
( 1) 0nIy one operator is required to inpul NC
tape and press the start button in Ehe
operator room on thc PLACER. i'Jelding work,
required nany vorkers can
which previously
no\" be performed bY one Person.
(2)

(3) Fufly automatic welding gives

un i form qual rt]'.
(4)

5.

(3)

f h r e e E B O Cw e L d e r s , e a c h h a v i n g t w o w e l d i n g
E o r c h e s , h a n g d o \ t n f r o n t h e P L A C E Ra n d
operate s imul taneous LY.
arc welding is carried
Accordingly, nulti
out and welding man-ho,rr cime is reduced
to 502 lhat of the usual gravitv welding

FLr1l automation renarkably

lrorking environnnt.

and
the mechanizstio
l,nrenconside.ing
automation of shipbuilding (a typical
a:1d small quantity producmulti-product
tion) it is nccessary to devcLop suitabLe
systems for each stage, eg. fabrication,
therc
Additionallv
assenbly or erection
"Tact
systcms, that is
are tuo produ.tion
"Con"eyor syscen", for person
system' and
ncL and materials fLor,r. ln the formcr'
the ob-iects
men move, and in th latter,
of tabrication move. The basic methods
(A method or B nethod, described in se.:tion
2), conrrol systen etc., nust be selected
by considring these producLion systems
togethcr ui th the dinensions and shapes of
etc.
objects, the timcs of repetltlon,
This report presenIs the SUMI-AUTo SYSTEM
(A method) for the sub assemblv stage and
the EBOCSYSIEM (B merhod) for lhe block
a s s e m bI y s t a g e .
Research and developnent on the noderniza
tion of production technology are curently
of lhe
progresing \"ith the cooperatio.
Accordlng to a
shipbuilding induscry.
result of this research, Ehe authors will
studies on mechanizat ion
continue further
and automation for the assembLy oI curvd
shell plates and ereclion stage.

REFERENCES

imP.oved

1 I I

Some improvenenEs of
f, otno et al.,
constructio:1 method for medium sizcd ships
in oppana Shipyard, Sumitomo Heavy
29,
Technical Review, vo1
Industries
io. 86, AugLlst \941, 46'tZ (in Japanese).

I Zi

r . o t " o e t a l . , S o m e d e v e L o P m e n t so f
ro. -i'ip . -s'ru tiore dirg .q. pr'l.1
Technical
S u m it o r n o H e a v y I n d u s t r i e s
no 94, APriI 1984,
Review,voI.32,
132 138 (in Japanese).

rmproves the

SUMMARY

Based on several exanpLes, the authors describe

the state and measures of the mechanization and
of wclding work, which' they
aulonation
to be nrechanized
should be the firsr
believc,
o r a u t o n ac e d i n s h i p b u i L d i n g .
towards mechanization and auro
Further efforts
mation uiIL be nade, but there are still
of
the furthering
several problens preventing
The marn pornts'
and automation.
nechanization
considered lo be general problens in the mecha
nizarion and automation of shipbuildrng' are:
( I) Accuracy Lve1
AlthoLrgh lhe 1eve1 of accuracy in shipa certarn
has improved generally'
building
of accuracy from the folLowing
fluctuation
c a u s es i s i n e v i t a b l e .
l\' tdb- i. ,r io" Jc.ur.cy o

pi".e
by

or deformalion
of strain
cutting, etc.

B ) Generation
w e1 d i n g ,

C ) Deformation
tenpe ra ture

generated by change of
or veather

D) Difference of
ind iv idual s

degree in

the ski1l

of

Computer Applicattons in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Ba.da and C. Kuo (Lds.)
E l s e r i e r S c i e n c e P u b L i s h e r sB . V . ( N o r t h ' H o I a n d )
o I F I P , 1 9 85

139

CI I ' I ( C ( ] ) I 1 P U ITNETRE- G R A
DTI E
1ANUFACTURING)
IN SHIPBI]ILDING
Y u z u r uF U J I T A P
, r o f e s s o r ,F a c u l t yo f [ n g i n e e r i n g ,l . ] n i v e r s i t yo f T o k y o ,J a p a n
Y u i c h i S U N A G A IC. JoA
m, p u t e r v i s i oJna p a nL t d . , T o k y o
T e r u m li . l l Z L l T A l K
ilo
, b el l o r k s , K a w a s a kHi e a v yI f d u s t r i e s L t d . , K o b e
Y 0 n o s u k le, 1 0 R l T AH, it a c h i Z o s e nI f f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m sL t d . , 0 s 3 k a

T n e r y p e sa [ d s c o p e so f c o n t r o l d a i a e r p e c t e dt o b e r e q u i r e df c r a u t ot a t i f ] _ soh j p h u l l p r o d u c i r o n a r e e x d r] | r e d ! t o g e t n e rw j t h t h e p r e r e . l u i s i t e sf o r r e a l i z i n g C I i j i n s h i p b u i l o j n g . T h e
! a t a e s i l f a i e d t o r e q u i r e p r o c e s s i | ! !l r o v e s t o b e o f v o l u n es u c na s s h o u l un o t e x c e e dt n e
c o i j a c i t yo f a s j n g l e l l o d e r f c o p u t e i . ,b u t i I c o n s i d e r a t r o on f t h e t y p e s o f d a t a a f t ds h o p
c o rt f o l , i / c s r o u l d d d o p t a t h r e e - l e v e h
l i e r a r c h i cs y s t e n t c, o n s i s t i n go f a f d g e | r e n ts! h o pc o | t r o l a r l d , i , r c l l i n ec o rt r o l c o i r p u t e r s . L o n n e c t i o n sb e t w e e nt h e c o r l p u t . e r s h o u l d b e e n 5 u r e do y
o p t i c a l L A ! o f o v e r l U i ' b p sc a p a c i t y , a n d m a c h i n ec o f t r o l c o n t p u t e rssh o L l l dh a v et h e f d n c t i o r r a l i l y o f u e l e c t i n g a r , da r n L r f c i a t i f rfga u l t s . 0 t h e r f u n c t i o n sc o n s i c i e r eidn d i s l e r s a D l ef o r
e f f e . t i v e C I . r i n s n i p b u i l d i n ga r e ( a ) l r i g h e r - l e v e li a n q u a g e
f o r l r a c h i n ec o n t r o l, ( L ) s o l i "
, , r o o c l efro r r e p r e s e f t i n gw o r I p i e c e sa n d w o r ] d o d e l, a n d ( c ) s o f t w d r ef o r i n t e q r a t e d5 r r i p y d r d
r n a n a , :el ret f a n d c o r t r o l , d n o f o r w o r k s c h e d L t l i I c .
I.

I 'ITRO[)UCTlON

\ irLe ne l qrl o'l ! .1. ' , ro rordbe o.ogress

h a s b e e f s e e n j n f a c t o r y a u t o f l a t j o nd e v e l o p n e n t
a t t h e J a p a n e s seh i p y a r d s . T h e a p p l i c a t i o no f
n u n r e r j c acl o n t r o l h a s r e m a i n e dl i n l i t e d r n a i n l y
t o f l a i r e / p l a s n rcau t t r ' n ga n d p i p e f a b r i c a t i o n .
T h i s j n t e r r u p t i o n o f p r o g r e s si s i m p u t d b l et n
l a r g e p a r t t o t h e c r i p p l i n g r e c e s s i o nt h a t h a s
affecled lhe industryafter the oil crisis. To
f a c e t h i s s j t u a t i o n , t h e J a p a n e s seh i p y a r d s
h a v eb e e no b li g e d t o t a k e d r a s t ic n e a s u r e s u c h
a s p a r t i a l l y s c r a p pni g t h e i r y a r d s, t r a n s f e r r i n ! y a r d p e r s o n n e tl o o t h e r d e p a r t n r e n t si f,
n o t s i r t l p l yd i s r r i s s i n gt h e f i . F u n df o r r e s e a r c h
a n d d e v e l o p m e ni nt t h e s h i p b u i l d i n gs e c t o r o r
f o r c a p i t a l i f v e s t n r e n itn y a r d e q u i p n i e nwt e r e
cul down to a fii ninun.
- J r i q t n i , o o , ' d p " d e o ' . r d gd - ' o ' r ' . n p y a r d i n n o v a toi n , s p e c t a c ualr d d v a n c e hs a v eb e e n
nrarked
i n t h e d o m a i no f n r i c r o p r o c e s s o rrso, b o t s
and cAlJ/cAlt.
P r e s e n t - d i l yr o b o t s c a n b e r o u g h l y c l a s s if i e d
i n t o t w o t y p e s . T h ec u r r e n t ' t e a c h i n ! - p l a y b a c k '
t y p e f a i t l r f u ll y r e p e a t st h e p a t h s a n d j o b s
d f l e r b e iI g t a u g h t o n t h e a c t u a l w o r k pei c e s.
T n e o t h e r j s w h a tn i g h t b e c a l l e d a d a p t i v e
' o , , o l L , p e . T i 5 p o . e \ p q e n < ' r qo e / L e \ ,
w i t h w h ic h j t p e r c e iv e s a n d c o m p a r e st h e p e r \pivpd 'i!r

witr

p ' q . . . 1 p a 6 - e r e , c - a o o L d ,l o

c o r r e c t a r d a d J u s ti t s s u b s e q u e ni rto v e m e n t s .
T h o f i r s t - n a n ) e dt e a c h i n q - p l a y b a ct yk p e o f r o b o t ,
i f a p p li e d t o h u lI p r o d u c l i o n ,w o u l di f r f i r e d i a t e l y b e t a k e f a t a d i s a d v d n t a ! l ei n t e n n s o f e c o n o n l ya n d a c c u r a c y , a s a l r e a d y p o jn t e d o u t i n
p r e v i o u sp a p e r s, l , . 1 2 . ' ,i n t h a t :
( a ) T r u l y r e p e t i t i v ew o r k i s l i n t i t e di n s h i p y a r d o p e r a t io n s, s o l h a t t h e t e a c h in q s t a g e
w o ud
l t e n d l o c o n s u f r ea n u n p r a c t ic a l l y I a r g e
p o r t i o n o f t h e l v o r k i n gt i m e .
( b ) T h e d i m e n s i o n aal c c u r a c yo f p a r t s h a n d l e d
is too low to pennitblind repetitionof pres c r i b e dn l o t i o n s .
( c ) T h e p a r t s p r e s e n tv e r y l a r g e d i m e n s i o n s ,
w h il e o n t n e o t h e r h a n c i ,t h e s u r r o u n d i n g
spdces
a r e t o o c r a m p e da n d n a r r o w t o p e r n it e f f e c t i v e

t e a c h i n go f t h e r o b o t o n t h e a c t u a l w o r k p i e c e .
W h i l e t h e J a p a n e s seh i p b u i l d i n gi n d u s t r y s t a g n a t e d , t h e C A D i l C At el 'c1h n o l o g ym d r k e dp r o d i g i o u s
a d v a f c e s . l , i i t h t h e i m p a c t o f t h e c o n c e p to f
m o d ei l n g , t h i s t e c h n o o
l g y r a p i d l y a n d s t e a d il y
e x t e n d e di t s d o m a i no f a p p l i c a t i o r s t o C A l 4( d i r e c t l i n k a g e ! , i i t h n u m e r i c a l l y - c o n t r o l l emda c h i n e
t o o l s ) t o C A t ( C o m p u t e r - A i dEe nd g i n e e r j n g ) ,
t e s t i n g a n d p r o c e s sp l a n n i n ga f d C I 1 4( C o m p u t e r I I t e 9r a t e d l ' l a n u f a c ! u r i n g )s y s t e n .
T o t a l a u t o m a toi n o f a l I t h e s t e p s i n v o lv e d i n
nanufacturn
i g - f f o i i ]d e s j g n t h r o u g h m a f u f a c t u r e
t o f i n a l t e s t i n g - - - h a s b e c o n r teh e t a r g e t a i r n e d
i n e v e r y n r a n u f a c t u r i ni n
gd u s t r y . l n t h j s c o n n e c t i o n , a p r o b l e mo f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c ies
t h e u n i o n o f C A D / C AwI 'iIt h t h e r o b o t .
A p p l i c a t i o no f r o b o t s t o S h i p b u r ' l d i npgr e s e f t s
a s y e t a n u m b eor f d i f f i c u l t i e s r e q u i r j i r gs o l u t i o n , a s a l r e a d yf l t e n t i o n e d .H o w e v e ri ,t c a n
a l r e a d yb e s t a t e d t h a t t h e a p p lj c a t i o n o f C A D /
C A f lt e c h n o l o g yt o t h e g e n e r a t i o no f t e a c h i n q
data should ilrnediately contribute to overcomi n g t n e h a n d i c a p s( a ) a n d ( c ) c i t e d e a r l i e r .
T h e r e n r a i f i n gh a n d i c a p( b ) n i g h t w e l l b e s ! r n r c u n t ebdy d e v i s i n gs u i t a b l e s e n s o r s . T h u s ,
! , i es e e p r o n i s e f o r r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e a ! t o f l a t e d
a f d r o b o t i z e ds h i p y a r dl y i n g i n t h e d j r e c t i o n
o f t h i s u n i o n b e t i / e e nC A D / C Aal ,nl c lt h e a d a p t i v e
control robot.
S u c hw e r e t h e c i r c u n s t a n c e st h a t p r o m p t e dt h e
e s t a b li s h n e n t o f a y i o r k ni g c r o u p b y t h e 4 t h S u b c o m f n r t t e eu n d e r t h e S y s t e m sT e c h n o l o gC
y on'nittee
o f t h e S o c i e t yo f N a v a lA r c h i t e c t so f J a p a n .
T h j s [ ] o r k i n g G r o u pu n d e r t o o kt o s u r v e y a n d
s t u d y , w j t h v j e w t o p r a c t i c a l d p p l j c a t i o no f
s y s t e m sf o r a u t o m a t i n n
grachining/fabrication
e q u ip n e n t j n c l u d in g r o b o t s:
( j ) T h e t y p e s a n d s c o p e so f t h e f ! n c t i o n s a n d
o f t h e c o n t r o l d a t a r e q u i r i f g t o b e n a d ea v a j l a b l e i n C A D / C Asl .ylst e n r s
( j i ) T h e v a r j o u sp r e r e q u i s i t e sp r e m i s e df o r
r e a l i z j n a s h i p y a r da u t o m a t i o n( s h i p b u i l d i n gC I t ' 1 )
( j i i ) T h ec o m p o s i t i o o
n f t h e r e l e v a n tc o m p u t e r
s y St e m .

r
140
so far by this
T h e r e s L r l t so f s t u d y u n d e r t a k c n
i l o r k if g G r o u pc 0 f s t i l u t e l l r e s u b j e c t o f t n e
p r e s e n lr e p 0 r r .
2.

: ] FC t ) N T R O
DTA T A
T Y P I SA I i DS C O P T( S

2.1

Survey-on re(L!:1.t9_qo]!t]!L_dat!

T o s e r v e a s g u id e f o r e f s u i n g a c t j o f , a s u r v e y
was !ndertaken lo deterNjne the types afd scopes
of the data that would be i ade by a CAD/CAl'1
s y s t e n p e r i t t i n g f u l l n e c h a n i z a t i o no f a l l a n d
every staqe of hull produclion. For this survey,
sere adopted.
t h e f o l l o \ . r i n . ra s s u r l r p t j o nw
(1)

For deternirin!l the types of data requrred

The esseftial data required for the envisaqed

a Ltro n r at e d s y s t e r r a r e :
(a )
(b)
(c)
(d)

G e or e t r i c a l d a t , r,
P r o i r e r t i e s,
0 b J e c t r e c o . r n i t i o r rd a t a , a n d
Erlernal disturbancedetectr0f data.

0f the abovefour forms of oata, (c) and (d)

rould be furnished bY pertinent sensors,which
l e a v e s ( a ) a n d ( b ) r e q u i r i f q t o b e m a d ea v a i l a b l e b e f o r e h a n db y t h e e n v i s a g e dC A D / L A si ly 3 t e r r .
0 f t h e s e t w o , ( a ) r , i o u l db e f ! r n i s h e d b y a 9 e o nretrical nodel of the hull structure. Providj n c n e c e s s a r ya n d s u f f i c j e f t d a t a o n ( b ) s h o u l d
,ln the other hand be far frofl edsyif snipbuildinq vrork. For this reasort,llhe odel block
s h o \ 4 ni I l i o . I r ' r ' a tsa l e n L l p a s b a s i s f o r e n v i s a q i n q f r e c h d n i z e da r e v i c e st o c o v e r a l l t h e
staqes frofr iSsue of stccl irlerial lirrou!h
a 5 s e N b l yt o p a i n t j f q , t o o p e r a t e v / n i c h t h e r e quired control dita uere eramjned. Suchcontrol
d a t a \ ^ / o u l do f c o u r s e v a r y t o s o l n e e r L e n t \ ' r r t h
the precise functiorls and specificdtjorls of the
e q u i p i r . n t t h n t v r o u l db e a d o p t e d i f p r a c t i c e
H o w e v e r ,t h e d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r c o f t r o l l i n i l t h e
process!{ould be jdentifjable \4ithin certaif
l j i l s , ! " r h a l e v e tr h e e q u i p i l e n t f o r l r l i q h t a c t u ally tale, because the forrrs of the pdrt before
and after .l qi ven process are al readv knolrn
it is to be noted that the devices set forth irl
t n e e n s u j n ! S e c t i o n h a v e b e e n e n v i s a q e ds o l e l y
to deternine the types of requisite control
datd, and not iftended to set forlh ideas for
practi cal equjP ent.
I n e x a m i n i n qt h e t y p e s o f c o r l r o l d a i a t h a t
should be necessaryi the prefiises adopted !!ere
tnat:

( a ) T h e p a r t a r r i v i n . l f r o t h e p r e c e d ni g p r o s e s s i f ! s t a g e i s o f p r e s c r i b e dd i m e n s i o n a l
accuracy

(b) ln the event 0f functional faull affectin!

l h e e . : l u i p m e nf to r p r o c e s s i n q , d s s e r l l b l yo r
t r a n s f e r , r e f t e d r a l f t e a s u r e sc a n b e b r 0 L l q f t b y
hu af i ftervention
( c ) H u n a ni n t e r v c n t i o n i n t h e f u n c t i c f i n . l o f
t h e e q u j D n e f t i s D o s s i b ' e v / h e f e v e rr e c e s s , l r y .
i 2 ) F o r d e t e r n i n i f ! l t h e s c o p e so f d a t a r e q u r r e d
T o s e e k t h e c o n r p o s i l i o n t 0 b e d e f i a n d e do f a c o l n p l r t e r s y s t e n t o r e a l r z e s h i p b u i l d j n ! C I l r ' ,d e t e r n r i n a l i o no f t n e t y p e s o f r e q u i r e d d a t a ! 1 o u l d
l r a v e t o b e s u p p le n r e n t e db y q u a n t i l a t i v e i n f o r flati of on lhe scofes of tne requi red dala . To
a n s v r e rt h j s q u e s t i o n , t h e l o d e l j z e d u p p e r d e c k
i I I ! s t r d t e d i n F i g . I v r a se n v i s a q e d . T h i s r t t o d e l
\ ' , s/ a r a d e t o s e r v e a s b a s i s f o r d e r i v i n g d e t a i l e d
q u a f t i t a t i v e d a t a , f r o m r ' / h i c ht o e s t i m a t e t h e
total quantity of conlrol data trlat should be
r e q u j r e d f o r a v r h o l es h i p .
( 3 ) S c h e d ui l f q d at a
E f f e c t i v e f u n c t i o n i f g o f t h e C l l l s y s t e r rw o u l d
c a l I f 0 r ! ! o r k s c h e d u le c o n t r o l b a s e d o n a p r o
g r a n ro f o p e f a t i o f s o p t j l l i z e d b y l e v e l i n q t h e
Data for lhis \!ork
fror oad on eachworkcell.
s c h e d u l e c o n l r o l c a f b e d e r i v e d i t r c o n l t l r ol on a l l
r ' r okrc e l l s , a n d f 0 r t h i s r e a s o n , s c h e d u l i n q u i l l
b e d i t r u i s a d a s a f i r t d e p e n d e n st u b J e c t .
2.2

5 - t e e l n r a t e _ r i a ls t o r a g e / i s s ! .
: !r^face lrla_t neft

frolr store;

i l ) S t o r a q e / i s s u ef r o n l s l o r e
For full aulomatiof of steel material storaqe/
i ssue fronr store , the nrost I ogi cal arranQeitent
w o u ld b c t o s t o r e s e p a r a t e l y e a c h d i f f e r e n t
tyle, grade and size of irrirterial,dfd to have
each piece of material id-"ntified for p!rposes
o f c o n t r o l . S L r c ha n i d e d l s y 5 t e n . h o u c v e r , i s
p r a c t i c a l l y i r p o s s i b l e f r o n rl i n r i t a t i o n s o f
s l o r a g es p a c e . i h u s , t h i s c a l l s f o r p i l i n q o f
rl.rtcrials, NhlcI in turn dc ]and! the e:tdblishfrent of ddta governinqthe cofditions and seq u e f c e o f 5 t o c k p iI i n E .
l f t h e a d d r e s so f s t o r e c if l a t e r i a l i s o n c e i | r
putled, the crane could be controlled to proc e e d t o t h e r e . l u i s i t e a d d r e s s . I ' J o r e o v e r t. h e
c h o i c e o f a t t a c h r r e n lt o e q u i p l h e c r a n e f o r
h a f d l i f q t h e p a r t i c u l a r m a t e r i a l c o L r l db e p r 0 ! r a f r i i c dt o s u i t e a c h t y p e a n d s j z e o f r a t e r i a l .
l f l e r f e r e n c e c 0 f t r 0 l b e t v t e e nc r a n e s c o u l d b e
e n s u r e db y a f r o n t e n d c o P U t e r .
The control pr0cedure fol lo!!s lhe sequence
( a ) c o f r n a r db y t h e h o s t c 0 N p u t e r t o i s s u e a
s p e c i f i c n r a t e r ia l ,
( b ) s e a r c h t h r o u ! l h f i l e f o r a d d r e s so f c o r r e s p o f d if g n r a t e r i a l ,
( c ) c o f n a n d i s s u e d t o c r a n e t o p r o c e e dl 0 t h e
address and pi cl up the requi red frateri al , for
t r d f s f e r o n t o t h e c o n v e y o rI e a d i n g t o s u r f d c e
treat ent station.
( 2 ) S ur f a c e l r e a t m e n t

F tE . 1

i i o d e l b l o c k o f u p p e rd e c k s t r u c t u r e

For shol blasting, infonratiof would be reqLrired

for delenrinin! tne type of shot afd blast rate/
speed, ds vrell as selectinq the blastinE gun
a d a p t e d t c t h c s L r r f a c ea r e a t 0 b e t r e a l e d . S u c h

(l,U ((oDquter htcgtat(d

i f f o n J r a t i o nc o u l d b e s u p p l i e db y t h e h o s t c o n r p u t e r , f o r t h e f r o n t e n d c o n p u t e rt o c o n v e r t
jnto the requisite control dala, usingthe filed
t a b l e o f c o n t r o l p a r a n r e t e r. s
F o r s h o pp r i m e r s p a y j n g ,t h e p r o g r a mc o m p o s i t i o n ! / o u l db e i d e f t i c a l w i t h t h a t f o r s h o t b l a s t j n g . T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o ni s r e p l a c e m e notf t h e
s h o t b l d s t i n g d a t a b y c o r r e s p o n dni g d a t a f o r
s e l e c t i n g t h e p a i n t t y p e / g r a d ea n d c o a t i n g
t h i c k f e s s . l 4 a t e r i a ln o t r e q u i r i n g s u r f a c e
t r e a t n r e nw
t o u l db e p r e v i o u s l ys p e c fi i e d a n d
i d e n t i f i e d s o a s t o b e j s s u e do n t o c o n v e y o r
w i t h t h e b l a s t i n g a n d s p r a y i n gq u n st u r n e d o f f .
U p o nc o n p le t i n g t h e r e q u is i t e s u r f a c e t r e a t n e n t ,
t h e n r a t e r i a l i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e n e x t s t d g eb y
a p p r o p r i a t ec o n v e y o r ,s e l e c t e do n t h e b a s i s o f
p r o c e ssr n g i n f o r n t a t i o n .
2.3

llqt:.!ilg! l!t!_t_t_ltg

2.3.1 Plates
( l ) T r a n s f e rj n l o s t a t i o n ; s e t t i n g o n c u t t i n g
bay
A f t e r s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t, t h e s t e e l p l a t e i s
t r a n s f e r r e d b y c o n v e y o ro n t o c u t t j n g b a y , t r ' h e r e
r t r s s e t a n d f i x e d b y s u it a b l y I o c a t e d s t o p p e r s
a f d a c t u a t i n g c y l i n d e r s.
T h er e q u j s i t e c o n t r o l d d t a f o r t h i s f u f c t j o n i s
linited to the nanra
endsjze of plate.
( 2 ) l 4 a r kni g ; c u t t i n g
I f l h e e n s u i n gc u t t i n g p r o c e s si s f u l l y a u t o m a t e d ,t h e r a r k i i t gs t e p c a n b e e n t i r e l y o n i t t e d .
I n c o n s i d e r a t i o no f e v e n t u a ln t a n u ai nl t e r v e n t i o n
i n c a s e so f f u n c t i o n a l f a u l t , a n d o f t h e a d o p t i o n o f v i s i o n s e n s o r s i. t i s a d v i s a b lteo r e t a i n
d f r n r m L renxr t e n t o f r a r k i n g ( e . 9 . p a r t i d c n t i t y
fi ttifq lines).
l l t i l i z a t i o n o f l a s e r c o u l d c o m b i n et h e f u n c t i o n s
o f n r a r k i n qa n d c u t t i n g J a n d v r o u l df u r t h e r e l i m i n a t e p r o b l e m sa r i s i n q f r o m d e f o r n a t i o nb y h e a t .
T h is w o u ld p e r r l jt c u t t j n g o u t a l I p i e c e s f r o n l
04..o!1 plJte i

o p Opo'driO'

T h e r e q u i s i t e c o n t r o l i n f o r m a t i o nc o m p r i s edsa t a
o n n a r k e r / c u t t e r p a t h s! o r - ts t e e l g r a d e , a n d o n
e d g eb e v e l i n qs h a p e . l { a r k i n q / c u t t i n gs p e e d ,
f o c a l l e n g t ho f l a s e r a n d t o r c n d n g l ec o u l db e
autonated.
2 . 3 . 2 S e c t i o fs t e e l
( 1 ) T r a n s f e ri r t o s t a t i o n ; s e t t i n g o n c u t t i n g
bay
S a m ea s f o r p l a t i n q , b u t r e q u i r i n g a d d i t i o n a l
c o n t r o l d a t a o n t h e o r i e n t a t i c n o f m a t e r i a .l
( 2 ) I l a r k in gi c u t t i f g
S a m ec o n c e p ta s f o r p l a t i n g : L a s e rt o r c h h e l d
b y r o b o t w o u l dp e r n i t m a r k i n g / c u t t i n gt o r e q u j s i t e s h a p eu p o ni n p u t t j n g r e q u i s i t e d a t a o n
part identity, fitting lines, holes, endshapes
a n d e d q eb e v e il n q .
2. 4

Parts _ar.ralllli!Ls_t-a_t_i_q!l

I t \ . J o u l od f c o u r s eb e i d e a l, i n r e s p e c to f r e q u i r e d s p a c e ,p r o d u c t i o nt i m e a n d e c o n o m yj ,f
o l o d r t : c o L l db e i n re o r a e l / p d s s e o ' t o t n e
next station for further processing.flowever,

a tlictuting) in Shl)buildi g

l4l

t o a d j u s t d i f f e r e n c e so f w o r k lo a d b e t w e e nw o r k
c e l l s , a n d t o m i n i m i z ea d v e r s ee f f e c t o n t h e
w h o l ep r o c e s sf r o m t r o ! b l e o n d w o r k c e l l , i t
w i l l b e i n d i s p e n s a b l teo a r r a n q es t a t j o n s a l o n g
t h e I i n e o f m a t e r ia l f l o w f o r t e n l p o r a r ys t o r a g e
( p a r t s a r r a n g i n gs t a t i o n s ') .
C o n t r o lo f t h e p a r t s a r r a n q i n gf u n c t j o na t t h e s e
s t a t j o n s! / i l l r e q u i r e d a t a o n t h e w e j g h t , p o s i t i o f s o f c e n t e ro f g r a v i t y a n d o f s l i n q p o s i t r o n s o n e a c h p a r t . T h e d a t a s h o udl b e d e r iv e d
b y t h e h o s t c o m p u t e ra t t h e t i m e o f g e n e r a t i n g
t h e c u t t i n g d a t a , a n d t r a n s mtit e d t o t h e f r o n t
e n d c o n p u t e r t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n e s t i n g d d t a.
T h e h o s t c o m p u t e rc o u l d f u r t h e r b e n a d e t o f u r n i s h t h e p a l l e t N o . a s a p r o p e r t yo f t h e p a r t ,
t o l e t t h e p a r t s b e q a t h e r e do n a c o m n t opna l l e t
b y t h e a s s e m b l j n uq n i t , a n d b e f o r w a r d e dt o t h e
p r o p er a o o r e s .
t s e f o r ec u t p a r t s a r e l i f t e d o u t o f t h e a r r a n l l in9 statjon for placifg on pallet, the part is
sedrched
w i t h a v i s i o n s e n s o r . T h e s e n s o rs i g n a l s a r e c o l l a t e d ! , / i t hn e s t i n g d a t a t o i d e n t i i y
t h e p l a t e a n d d e t e r m i n et h e r e q u i r e dl i f t i n g
d a t a . A f t e r t h i s , t h e h o i s t i n g g e a ri s s e l e c t e d
a n d g u i d e dt o t h e s l j n g p o s i t i o n s .
2. 5 !g!4;g1b-l y
A s d e s c rb
i e d i n t h e p r e c e dni g S e c t i o n, r ' t i s
e n v i s a g e tdh a t p a l l e t s c a r r y j n g a l l c o m p o n e n t s
r e q u ir e d t o m a k eu p d i f f e r e n t s u b a s s e mjbels
w o u l db e d e li v e r e d t o t h e s u b a s s e m bcl ye l l s .
A u t o m a t e ds u b a s s eb l y i s e n v is a g e dt o b e r e a l i z e d b y c o m b i n a t j o no f c r a n e a n d c o n v e y o r ,
g u i d e db y a s s e m b l i nm
g a r k sw i t h v i s j o n s e n s o r .
T h e s e q u e n c eo f p j c k i f g u p t h e p r o p e r c o m p o n e f t ,
a r r a n g i n ga n d a s s e m b l i ntgh e mi n d e s i g n a t e d
o r d e r w o ud
l b e p r e s c r ib e d i n a s u b a s s e m b lpyr o c e d u r ef i l e . U p o ni s s u e o f t h e p e r t i n e n t c o n n a n d s ,t h e s u b a s s e m bol yp e r a t i o nw o u l db e e x e c u t e dw i t h t h e g u i d a n c eo f s e n s o rs i g n a l s .
( l ) A r r a n gnj g , p o s i t i o r i n g
T h e s u b a s s e m b lcye l I w o u d
l h a v e a c o n v e y o rI i n e
extendn
i g t h r o u g h t h e e n t i r e p r o c e s sc h a in .
S a l I r i b s a r e e n v i s a q e dt o b e d e l i v e r e do n p a l l e t s t h a t a r e s e p a r d t ef r o m t h o s e c a r r y i n g l o n g
p j e c e s I i k e l r e b s a i l d f a c e p l a t e s.
T h ep r o c e d u r e
o f s u b a s s e m bwl yo u l db e :
( a ) P i c k u p t h e f a c e p l a t e b y a u t o m a t ecdr a n e
f o r t r a n s f e r t o s u b a s s e m bcl yo n v e y o r w
j hich
t r a n s f e r s i t t o s u b a s s e m bsl yt a t j o n ;
( b ) T r a n s f e rt h e f a c e p l a t e b y s h i f t c o I v e y o r
t o s u b a s s e m bbl ye d , o n w h i c h t h e f a c e p l a t e j s
fastened;
(c) Pick up the web,positjon it correctly on
t h e f a c e p la t e ;
( d ) l , i e l dt o g e t h e r l r e b a n d f a c e p l a t e ;
( e ) I . J edl r i b s o n t o t h e f a b r i c a t e d n E m b e b
ry
s i m il a r p r o c e d u r e .
T h e c o n t r o l d a t a r e q u j r e df o r g u i d i n g t h e c r a n e
m o v e m e nwt so u l db e l i m i t e d t o t h e a d d r e s s e os f
t h e c o r n p o n e n tbse f o r e a n d a l t e r e a c n f n o v e m e n t .
C o r r e c tp o s i t i o n i n go f n e w l yd e l i v e r e dc o m p o n e n t
o n n l e m b ear l r e a d y f a s t e n e d o n s u b a s s e m b lbye d
w o ud
l b e g u id e d b y a s s e n bil n g n t a r k sd e t e c t e d b y
vtston sensor.

F--"

l4:
(2 ) i,led
l i fc
Tne appropriate v/eldingcurrent, arc volta!e
a n d t o r c h s p e e dv / o u l db e a u t o B d t i c a l l y r e g ! l a t e d
b y f i l e . i p r e s c r jp t i o n s o f I e g I e n g t r a n d q r 0 o v e
shape. 0nce the sensor detects the start posit i o n o f w e l d j n q , l . J e l d i n gp o s i t i o n s a n d l e f q t h
could be derived fron geofietrial data.
( 3 J T r a n s f e r o u t o f s u b a s s e n r b lcye l l
T h e f i n i s h e d s u b a s s e f b l yc c n b e t r a n s f e r r e d o u t
o f t h e s u b a s s e m b l yc e l I b y s t a r t i n g t h e c r a n e
w i t h t h e j o b e n d s i q n a l . T h e c r a n e , ! il l t h e f
autofaticallv trafsfer lhe subassemblo
ynto conveyor or to arrangin! statioir, .luidedby filed
d a t a o r s u b a s s e r i r b il rye i E h t , a n d o n c e n t e r o f
g r a v it y a n d s l i f ! p o s i t i o n s .
2.6

AsJ-elrbly

0 f t h e t l r r e e f r o d e so f a s s e i l b i y p r a c t i c e d , o f ( a )
c o n v e n t i o n a al s s e m b l y ,( b ) s o - c a l l e d I i n e l r c l d
o r l o f ! i t u d i n a l s p r e - i i t t i r q , a , r di c ) a s s e m b l i n g i n t o f r r r e u , o r k m o d u l e s ,t h c r o d e l c ) i s e n v i s a q e Cj n t h i s i n s t a f c e .
(l ) Plate jc-rjninq
C o n v e y a n c cb e t v / e e n s u r f a c e t r e a t n r e n t a n d p l a t e
j o i n i f g s t a t i o n s w o u l d b e s y i - r c h r c n i z ewd i t n t h e
s L r r f a c et r e a t n r e f t c y c l e ; p o s i r : i o n j n g a l p l a t e
. j o i n i n g s t a t i o n w o u ld b e 9 u i d e d b y s t o p p e r s a n d
actualinq cylinders. Tiris vio!ld leave only
p l a t e n a f r e, r n d s i z e a s d a t a r e q u j r i n g t o b e f u r
nisned fronl the host conrouter. The \!eldinqcLrrrent ! arc volta!e, torch sfeed afd nurber of
passescould be derrved by front eno conr0utFr
b a s e do n d a t a c o v e r j f c p l a ' L el h j c k r e s s a n d g r o o v e
snape.
I f t i r e c o r t o n e rt p l a t i f g c a r r i e s u n d u l a l i o n s
cdllifg for correction, a frobileplate alj!lrjng
d e v ic e e q u ip p e d w i t h a s e f s o r f o r d e t e c t r f g ! l r o o v e
nisal ignflentsshould be addiljorally rerluired.
( 2 ) A s s e r b l y i f t o f r a m e l r o r km o d u l e s
Autonated equi prent for frarework assembly are
aI r e a d y i n p r a c t i c d l u 5 e .
T r e l r a n s v e r s e m en b e r s a r e f i r s t p j c k e d u p b j , /
f i u l t i p l c - q r i p c r a n e f r o l l a l l e t s d e l i v e r e Ca n d
p l a c e d i n p r o p e r o r i e n t d t i o n . T h e s ea r e l h e I
guided b.l data f!rnished fno the h0st conrp!ter
o f l h e a d d r e s si n p a l l e t f r o n w h i c h t o p i c k u p i
the frerbcr is thcn delivered to the qiven ad
p rh
Q
OC..o
totro , 1..oo b,
d a t a a l s o f u r n i s h c d o n r . r e r q h t ,c e f l e r o f ! l r a v j t y
a n d s l i n q p o si t i o f s .
T h e p o s i t i o n i n o o f l o f q i t u d i n a l m e l n b e r si s e n sured by havjn! the pallets carrying these c bers placed jn proper orientation at the ex
l r e r f i t y o f t h e m o d u l e a s s e f r b l ys t a t i o n . L l p o n
adjustifg the position cf oriqin, each rirenber
!"JoLrb
l de s l i d i f t o i t s f i n a l p o s i t i 0 n q L r i d e db y
s t o p p e r s . T h e c o n t r o l d a t a r e q u ir i n ! t o b e f u r n i s h e d f r o n r t h e h o s t c o n r p u t e rw o u ld t h u s b e
lifrited to frainespaceinfornratiof.
lleldinq is perfor ed by a 4-headvertical-posit i o n . r u t o r a t i c ! . / e l d e ri n s t a l l e d a t b o t t o r f o f
n r o d ! l e a s s e f l b l y s t a t i o n , b a s c d o n f L t r n i s h e dd a t a
coverjnq position of \{eld and leo lenqths. A
sensor is required to detect the location of
vied
l start.
(3) Fifal assenrbly
T h e f r a e v r o r k o d ! l e s d s s e m b l e dd s d e s c r i b e d i n
the precedifq Sectior are !/eldedonto the skin
p l a t e s . A t t h e t i m e , t h e f r o d uel s a r e g u i d e d b y
d a t a f u r J l i s h e d f r o n r h o 5 t c o r - r u t e ro n n o d u l e

d j m e n s i o n s ,w e j q h t . c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y a n d s l j n q
positiofs, as lvcll as the addressof fra renork
a t p a r t s i l r r d n f i f q s t a t i o n a r r da t i t s p o s i t i o n
on skin plate.
Tackweldin!liray be re.tuired before fifal joinj n g . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , s e n s o r sl , r i l l b e r e q u i r e d
to detect qroovealiqnflent qualitalively and
quantitatively, to detenrine the point to apply
t h e c o r r e c t i v e f o r c e , d n d t h e ! e q u e n c eo f t a c k
vJelCrfg. For this, pertinent knovrledge
base
d a t a . s o - c a l l e d e x D e r t s y s t e n r ,r e q u i r e s t o b e
e s t a b li s h e d .
E n v i s a g i n q t h e L r s eo f n ! l t r h e a d ! " ] e l d i n qu n i t s
t 0 w e l d f r o m b o t n s i d e s s i r u l t a n e o u s l y ,j o i f i n !
t h e f r a e v J o r kt o s k i n p l a t e c o u l d b e c o f t r o l l e d
solely l"rithdata on the positjons of start and
end points of seafi, and on leg len!th.
2.7

S u r f a _ cIeI g ! a r a t i o n ;

piintj!g

S ! r f a c e p r e p a . a t i o na n d p a i r t i f ! s h o u l d i d e a l l y
b e p e r f o r f r e da t t h e s t a q c o f r a w i i a l c r i a l b e f o r e
f n b r i c a t i o i r . F o r t h i s , n e v /p a i n l s a n d p a i n t i n q
r e t h o d s r e q u i r e l : 0 b e d e v e l o p e dt h a l e n s r r e
n r i n i f i u md a r a ! l eo f c o a t i n g b y ! / e l d i n g f e a t a n d
feqliqibl-o effect of coatifg on weldjn.tconditions.
I n t l r e r e a n t i f r e , t h e p a i n t i n q p r o c e d u r ee n visaqedhene is the cofventional processof
l ] , l i n t i n q a f t e r a s s e m b l yi n t o b l o c k s , u s i n g r e ' - tanqular co-ordinate robots runninq on channel
g i r d e r s , e q u i p o e dv r i t h m ! l t i p l e 3 - 4 a x i s f l n n i pLrlators.
i l ) , l n i t f o d u l e s l w o r k j n qp r o . e d u f e
T h e c o n L r o l s y s t e s h o L r l db e s j m p l i f i e d t o i f
corporate to aNj uir exteft d patter| that i s
r e p c a t e df r o | r p a r t i l i o n t o p a r t i t j o f , e a c hp a r t i tiof being constiluled of longitudinal nlentbers,
trafsverse !irders and deck platinq. This r,rould
per|rit the surface preparalion and painting procedure to be fi led as a standard pro!ram,solely
r e q u i r i n q t h e a n i p L r l a t o rl o b e g u i d e d t o t h e
st a r t i i g p o i i r t o f o p e r a t r o r i .
( 2 ) S ur f a c e p n e p a r a l i o n
For preparing the nretal s!rface in readifessfor
paintin!, the requisite conlrol data would concerr the chojce of clea,tinq tool and force of
a p p l i c a t j o n . H e n c e ,o n c e t h e g r a d e o f p r e p a r a t r o n i s s p e c i f i e d , t h e a p p r o p r i , l t ec l e a n i n c
-oo o. rb
D roo ,t -.
lL o,l dgdi1..
i n t h e f l a n n e rp r a c t i c e d c u r r e n t l y i r a m a c h i n in!l cefter. The force of applicatjon could be
d e r j v e d b y f r o f t e f d c o p u l e r b a s e do n a f i l e d
ldble !ivinq the requisite force dqainst fictors
of specified qrade of pre!aration dfd type of
t o o l t o b e s e le c t e d .
( 3 ) P a in l i n g
T h e p o s it j o r i f q o f s D r a y g u n a n d s p r a y o p e r a t j o n
c o u l d b e c o n t r o l l e d i n l h e s a | l e| l a n n e r a s f o r
surface preparalron. The coftrol data required
i n t h i s c a s e v , , o u l dc o n c e r n p a i n t q u a l i t y a n d
coatjnq thickness. Theseshould serve the front
e n d c o l i p L r t e tr o d e t e r n ] i n et h e d i s t a f c e o f s p r a y
qun froii surface to be coaled, as well as coatr f q S p c e o.
An additional factor lo be taken into accoLrnt
i s l h e a r N bei f t c o n d i t i o r s o f v J n
i d and tentpera
t u r e . T h e s ec o f d i t r o n s s h o u l d b e d e t e c t e d b y a

'
L

(l,ll ( (i)Dtl)utt,t l ltgtutrd

)llu tlJo(ntri

s e n s o r ,a r d t h e r e s u l t i n g d a t a f e d i n t o t h e c 0 n t r o l s y s t e a s s u p p l e n t e n t apr ya n a | l e t e r s .
2.ll . Tf,! e:q_,gI!|T o_p
ef _o,f-l:Cqui.si qe,cof trot

g) hl SltObuitLlitf

1.1-3

o f h ! l l p r o d u c t i o nh a v e b e e nl i s t e d u p i n T a b l eI
T h is g i v e s t h e t y p e s a n d s c o p e so f t h e d a t d f o r
t h e c a s e o f a n u p p e rd e c k n t o d e bl l o c k.

data

T h e c o n t e n to f T a b l e I i s f u r l h e r s u r x n a r i z ei d
n
T a b l e 2 f o r b o t h t h e u p p e rd e c k b l o c k d n d f o r a
4 0 , 0 0 0l l l J Tb u lk c a r r i e r .

i h e f o r e g o nr g t y p e s a n d s c o p e so f c o n t r o l d a t a
e s t i r ) r a l e tdo b e r e q u ir e d f o r t h e v a r j o u s s t a q e s
laI le I

Iypes and scopes of properti es of upper deck nodel

I ,
t . =

D at a i t e | ] s

C r e at e d

Istimated
d at a v o l u [ ] e

=
i ;
' T . . .

S h ip l i ! .
P l a t . el l o .

)i

U r d e | l^l o . o f s e c t i o n
i u l J bre o f 5 e c i : i o I s
Pilin! dddress
P i I j r i Ec o n d ti i o f
P la t e s i z e
S e c t ci f s i z e
l l h e t h re o r n o t s h o t b l d s t e d
G r a d eo f s h o t b l a s t ni g
S n o pp r rne r
ljestination
A d dr e s s o f d e s t i n a t i o I
l l d m eo f p a f t
F i t t i n ! n ar k
F it t i n g 1 ir e
Fittj fg di rection
D ir e c t i o n o f f l a n g e
F i t t i n g a n g le o f s e c t i o n
!arie of ref. I i ne
P o si t i o n o f r e f . I i n e
Secti or i,lo.
5 t e eI q r a d e
b r o 0v e t y p e
l)allet type
Part-pallet relation
PalI et i.io.

P l a c eo f p a ll e t
P ar t n ! i r b e r / p al e
l t
i . l egi h t o f f u l l p a ll e t
S l i n g p o s ti i o n
Fr a m e sp a c e

l l , l n e o f r e f l aj f t i n g n i a l e r i a l
S r z e o f r e r i l a i n i I gi l t a l e n i a l
Grade of rerdi ni n!l ftaterial
S u b a s s e f l b l y n al e
r l e ld t y p e
eld leq lcfglh
i i af e o f b l o c k
0 r i ! i f o f b lo c k
P a if t p a r t i t i o n
0 r i g i n o f p a r t it i o I
0ri gi n of surface
Preparatiof grade
Paint grade
C o a t in g t h i c k n e s s
5tart point of v/eld
End pojnt of weld

Notes:

r11,

ueslqn
Lngtneer|tg

i.,t4
N 7x t o s= N 7 o
Design
A 6 x3 = At3
Desjgn
N3x 3 = N9
E n qni e e r n
i g
ll4 x l 3 = N 4 2
tngifeerjng
A40x l l = 4 4 2 0
D e si g n
116x 3 x l 0 S = N ] 8 0
Desiqn
N6x 5 r 3 = N90
0esi,qn
Al x l 3 = A l 3
lJesign
Al x t 3 = A t 3
lJeslgn
A2 x t3 = A26
Enqineering A 2 xl 3 x / = A 1 3 2
Engjneerin! N4 X l 3 r 7 = N 3 6 4
E n qni e e r n
i !
A l u N, 1621 = A29t6
t n g in e e r jn q
A t 8x l : 5 - = A 2 7 9 0
Design
2 x^2 x )55t - :t372A
t n g in e e ri n g
Al ,i l 5 5 r = A t5 5
,esrgn
7tP = A22
D e si g n
il6 r 221' - 1.1132
I n g i n e e r in , .
A t8 x 3 0 P = 4 5 4 0
Desjgn
N6x 2 x 2 x 3 A P = v z A
Ifqineorirc
N 7 x 2 2 P= N l 5 4
D e s qi n
A 3 xt3P= A39
E n gni e e r n
i g
A2t 2x 40P =A 1 6 0
t n gi n e e r n
i !
Al x l0 = Al0
Systenl
Al x )62 = A162
Systenr
1 1 6x ) 6 2 P = N 9 7 2
S y st e n l
N 6 x 2 0 0 P= N t2 0 0
SysteI|
ll2 x I 0 0 P = N 2 0 0
S y s t er
N bx l 0 0 P = 1 1 6 0 0
5ystenr
N6x 2 x . 1 6 2 P
x2
N]J88
D e s qi n
l{6 x r 6 2 P = t , 1 9 7 2
S y st e m
80P= N480
5 y st e m
6 x I . A P = N t2 A
Systenr
A 3 x 4 0 P = A t2 0
t n gi n e e r in , c
4 3 x 29P = Ad7
E n q i f e e r r f _ a 4,2 \ 29 P . = A 5 8
Desi gr'l
N 2x l 5 5 r = N l l 0
I n oj n e e r n
i g
A3 x I = A3
Ifgineerin!]
N6x 3 r 2 = 1 1 3 6
E n gi n e e r n
i g
N6x 6 x l7P = li6l2
E n gni d er j n g
N 5x 6 x 6 x l 7 = 1 . 1 3 6 7 2
t n g in e e r in g
N6x 3 x 3 6 r l 7 = N l l , 0 l 6
0 e si g n
45x
Design
A5 x 6 x 6 x l 7
Design
N3x b x 6 x 1 7
E n g i n e e r i i r g N 6 x J x 6 1 6=
E n gi n e e ri n g
N 6 x 3 x 8 1 6=

t l l 0 : I 0 c h a r a c t e rI e n q t ho f i t ! e r i c d a t a ; A l 0 : I i ) c h a r a c t e r I e n { l t h o f a l p h a b e t i c
data

144
T a b le 2

Estinatedarount of data
( U n i t : k B)
4 U , 0 0 0D I J Tc l a s s

I Ooel

Geof,retrical
datd

DIOCk

D Ut K C a r r t e r

t 20

54,000

BO

t2,00c

10

I 0, 5 0 0

4 . 0thers

200

200

T o t aI

470

7 6, 7 0 0

Pr o p er t i e s
3 . Schedule

d al a

\ s su f L r pot ins a d o p t e d :
( a ) A 4 0 , 0 0 0l J l l T . i l a s sb u l k c a r r i e r i s n a d eu p
o f 1 5 0b l o c k s .
( b ) A n r v e r a g eb l o c k i n v o lv e s 3 t i f r e s a s
g e o l i e t r ic a l u a t a a s t h e r l r o d e lb l o c k.

3.
3.1

Fi,

..rnarfr.:t

C O N D I T I OONFSS H I P B U T D ICNI G
I'1
Intej]]^a,ted c0ntrol

A p p r o a c h e tso a u t o m a t e dp r o c e s sp l a n n in q a r e
b e j n g e x t e n s i v e l ya t t e m p t e di n m a c h i n i n qo p e r a tions, fromthe alternativedirectiJnsof:
( a ) V a r i a n t n r e t h o-d f i r s t , g r o u pt e c h n o l o g y
{ G T )c o d e sa r e a u t o m a t i c a l l yq e n e r a t e df r o n C A D
i n f o r m a t j o n . S e c o n d b, a s e do n t h e c o d e , a d e c i s i o n t a b l e g i v i n g t h e r e l a t j o n s b e t w e e nl h e
..'la<
: n/l <a.,,an.a
^f
^ , , a r : i .i . -. . . 1 5 ,I n e p r 0 C . 5 .sing nrethod
a f d t h e r e l e v a n t t i n r er e q u i r e di s
s e a r c h e d . I n t h i s m a n n e r t, h e p r o c e s sp l a n i s
a u l o m a t i c a l l yc o m pI ie d .
--+urely thec'etical
( b ) C e n e r a t i v em e t h o d
a p p r o a c hb y w h ic h p a r t g e o m e t r yi n f o r m a t io n
r e l e v a n t t o p r o d u c t i o ni s a u t o n a t i c a l l ys a m p l e d
f r o f l C A I Ji n f o r n a t i o n , f r o m v r h i c hi s d e r i v e d t h e
r e q u j s i t e p r o c e s ss e q u e f c ea n d t o o l i n g , t o d e t e r m i f e t h e p r o c e s sp l a n.

ft/cn

e l e m e n ti n v o lv e s 5 0
( d ) " 0 t h e r s " d o n o t i n c lu d e p h y s i c a ln a c h i n e
c o nt r o I d a t a .
/.\

t o p r o c e e di n p a r a lI e l .

by lgs L -c-o!r,rlt!I

T h e o n l y m e a n so f e f f e c t i v e l y c o f t r o l l i n g t h e
o v e r a lI a n u f a c t u r in g o p e r a t io n t h r o u . l h a l I i t s
c o n s t j t u e n ts t a g e sw o u l db e m a n a qt ee n t b y a h o s t
c o m p u t egr o v e r n i n gt h e e f t i r e o p e r a t i o n . T h i s
d o e s ' o t - e d n .h o w p v e .I.h a t t r e r o < l L o - p u ' e ,
has to haveoir handin real lime al I dnd every
o p e r a t i o n a ld a t a , \ , i h i c hw i l l v a r y f r o m o n e m o nent to the next.
T h e h o s t c o m p u t e ri J iI I o n l y r e q u jr e c o n t m u f i c a t i n g t o t h e f r o n t e n d c o m p u t e r tsh e s t a r t i n g a n d
f i n i s h i n g t i f r e s , t o g e t h e r! . i j t i rj n d j s p e n s a b l e
c o f t r o l d a t a; t h e f r o n t e n d c o f r p u t e r , j n j t s
turn, wiI I feed back data on actual startj ng
a n d f i n i s h i n g t i m e s , t o g e t h e r\ a i t h i n f o r m a t i o n
o n a n y e v e n t u a lf u n c t j o f a l f a u l t p r e v e n t i n q
c o m p l e t i o no f t h e p r e s c r i b e do p e r a t i o rw i t h i I
t h e p r e s c r i b e dt i m e . l l p o nr e c e i v i n ga f a u l t
r e p o r t , t h e h o s t c o m p u t e rw o u d
l u n d e r t a k ea
s i m u l a t i o nt o d e t e r m i n et h e m e a s u r feo r n o r m a l i z i n q t h e s i t u a t i o f , m o d i f y t h e w o r k i n gp r o c e d u r e a n d s c h e d uel a c c o r d in g l y , a n d i s s u e p e r t r n e n t c o m n a n dtso t h e f r o n t e n d c o m p u t e r . T h j s
r e m e d i a la c t i o n w i l l b e p r e n i s e du p o ni n t e r v e n t j o n o f t h e o p e r a t o r i n c o n v e r s a t i o n dml o d e .
1 t w o u l d t h u s b e a n j m p o r t a f tf u n c t i o n o f t h e
h o s t c o n p u t e rt o k e e p t h e o p e r a t o r i n f o n l e d o f
t h e p r o g r e s so f w o r k , b a s e do f d a t a f e d b a c k
from the front end computers.

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h y b r i do f ( a )

A p p l y l n gt h e t h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h( b ) t o s h i p b u iI d i n g, t h e p r o c e d u r en o u ld b e s o n r e ! r ' hadst
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n o t p r a c t i c a b l eo n a c c o u n to f l i f i i t a t i o f s i n
a n d a s s e m b l i n ag c c u r d c j e so f t h e
the machining
p a r t s . T h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c ht h e r e f o r e
w o u l db e t h a t o f ( a ) o r ( c ) a b o v e .
0 L e l h F p - o . e 1 9 o d e o ' l d e q L , e l L de r e d e t e ' m i n e d ,t h e p r o c e s s i n gt j m e i s w o r k e do u t . I f
a u t o m a t i cc a l c u la t i o n o f p r o c e s sni g t j m e i s
f o u n dd i f f r ' c u l t , s t a n d a r dt i n e c a n b e u s e d a s
t h e d e c i s i o nt a b le .
T h e \ " / o r ks c h e d u l e sf o r i n d i v i d u a l w o r k c e l l s
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adnn
r ii s t r a t i o f t r o ! b l e .
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This ledd, to thp reLes(itlor Lfe fo r-o-pLLer

p r o v i d i n gi n t e g r a t e do v e r a Il c o f t r o l o v e r t h e
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f o r i n d r v i d u a lp a r t s a n d s t r u c t u r a l b l o c k s .
3 . 2 A u t o m a t i cp r o c e s sp l a n n i n qb y G Ti l r , 5 r
M a n u a sl c h e d uj ln g i n t h e m a n n e pr r a c t i c e dc u r r e n t l y s h o u l dn o t s u f f i c e b o t h i f t e r m so f a c c u nr:rti.a
r a c y a n d r a p id j t y , i < < r m i n n . d n l i n , ' a . l
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thr' lac'- that tJtefiIal stares of hull cor5truc
r . i o n a r e l a r q e l y c o n r t . i t u t e . jo l o u t d o o r w o r k ,
i n h e r e r t l y d e p e n d e n to n l r e a t h ( . ra n d o n n t a n u a l
\v0rkliable to vary front one job to the next.
The foregoing situatiof has so far preverted
c o r i r l e t e b a c k w a r ds c h e d . ! l i n . lL t pt o t h e s t a g e s o f
rssue tror Store and processinq. llncertaiftjes
a t t a c l r e d t o t h e a c c u r a c y o f e s t i r N a t e do p e r a t j o n
t r m e u | d e r i t i f e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f w o r k l o a dl e v e l _
ifq.
T h e s e s h o r t c o D j n g sh a v e t o b e c o v e r e d b y
a l l o i . r n ! t a t p e n t a r q i n sj r t h e w o r k s c h e d u l e s ,
a n d t r t h e s p a c e sa l l o c a t e d f o r j n d j v i d u a l o p e _
r a t i o n s . T h i s , I n t ! r f , i I f l a t e s t h e q u a n t it i e s
o f w o r k p i e c e si n p r o c e s s , a n d c o m p l i c a t e s t h e
c o nt r o I f u f c t i o n .
The source of al I these di ffrcLrlties is the co[F
p l e r i t y o f d e t e r m in r n g t h e r e l e v a n t ! . ] o r k v o l u n e s .
lf the work voluitescan be dutontaticallyafd rel i a b l y d e t e r i r i I e d b y C A Dd a t a , a n d i f r ^ r o r kt i m e
c a f b e c o t ) l p u t e df r o n t t h e c a p a c i t y d a t a b a s e o f
f a c i l i t i e s a n d e q u i p m e f t , j t ! , r o u l dc 0 n t r r b ! t e
v a s t l y L o t h e a L r l o m a t i o no f p r o c e s s p l a n n r n g .
l ! i t h t h e n t a c h i n ea f d p r o d u c t i o n t e r n t s t h ! s
derrved for each process, the detailed vrork
s c h e d u l e f o r e a c h w o r k c e l l c a n b e d e t e r n |n e d ,
a f t e r w o r k l o a dl e v e l i n ! b a s . d o n r f r r i o r i t y r ! l e
f o r e a c h e q ui p | r e n l / a c hi f e .
l n t h e s h i p b u i l d i n g i f d u s t r y , d r a r , r i n g su s u a l l y
come0Lrt 0ne Dy one because I n ilost cases, the
eftire desjqn has Iot been corpleted by the
t r f e t h e p r o d u c t i o ns t a r t s . i h i s m a k e si t d j f _
fic!lt
l o s e t t h e w o r k s c h e d u l ef d r i f a d v a n c e ,
a f d u n d c r t h e s e c i r c u n t s t a n c e s t, n e n t o vni o n t e t h o d
p i . , o 0 , . . ,
' - 0 , j c o . . , t p - , 0 e .
c o f s t r | c t r o r c o f s i d e r c di I p a r a l l e l , s h o u l d b e
l l r- - r o : t p r d c t i c d I . r l l e r n a t i v e
:.1

t ! g [ ] q v s l _ c o m f l d n lda n ! u a q , e ; o f f - l i f e
Il ojlrarr rrrllll

1 n c L r r i . e n tp r a c t r c e , a c o n s i d e r a b l e a t o u I t o f
t i n r e a n d | n a n p o r , / errs s p e n t r n g e n e r a t r f g c L r t t i n g d a t a f o r N C m a c h i n e s ,v / i l e t h e rb y p a r t - p r o g r a m m i n go r o f i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c t e r m i n a l .
This difficully can be tr.rced to the fact that
c o w n a f d sa r e c u r r e I t l y i s s u e d s e r v o - t o t o r b y
servo Notor, vdlve by valve. This is sinrply
r e p l a c i n g p h y s i c a l b y l c I t a l l d b o r , a n d d o e sn o t
represent labor savin! in thc true sef!e of th-"

Robol lang!age is divided ifto three levels,

i.e., (a) efd effector, (b) task, and (c) object.
C o nr a f d s t o f , t ; I e r i c a l l y - c o n t r o l l e d n a c h i n e s a n d
robots are today at the lowest level (aJ, of
p r e s c r r b i f g i n d j v i d u a l t o v e n t e f t s .S t e p p i n gu p
t h e l e v e l o f l a n g u n g ec a l l s f o n t h e r a c h j n a t o
u n d e r s t a n dt h e r e l e v a f t I a n , o u a g, ea n d t 0 b e
e q u r p p e dw i t l t s e f s o r s t . i i d e n t i f y o b j e c t s . T h i s
s h o u l d o p e n t h e ! . J a yt o a h i g h e r , l e v e l p r o g r a n i f l r f g 5 y s l e D f o n g e n e r a t r n c l r o t i o n c o i l f l a n d se f
f e r t j v e l y g u i d e d b y C A Dd a t a .
5 ! c h h i g h e r - l e v e l p r o ! l r a n n l i n r! . r i l l b e p r e m i s e d
u p 0 n a u t o n a t j c j n t e r f e r e f c e c h e c k j n q b e t v J e etnh e
robol and object ard other nearbymachires.
Tfris function is essertial for ensurifq w0rk
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.o.l
,. Fre 5Olo
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r n o s te f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i z e o . p e r f e c t i n l e r f e r e f c e
c h e c k i n gi n 3 - d i m e n s i o f asl p a c es h o u l dn o t b e
e x p e c t e df r o n t t h e p r o g r at m e rs i d e .
3 . 4 " S iI v e r ' r o b o t s
T h e r . i o r k i r ! p o p u l a t i o I h a s b e e n f l o ! " r j n gj n t o t h e
i n f o r m a t i o | / e l e c t r o n i c s i n d us t . r i e s a s i h e y
, it e d v p . d . H r c p o . r ' / n r Lr .. i r . t "
I pi.!
0 u r 0 r , rI r 0 , . _ r . I d d vr 4 , t o p o . l , e d . . . h , l e
t h e e r p o y m e n t o f a q e d w o r k e r s h d s b e c o f i r ea s o _
c i a l p r o b l e mw i t h t h e e r t e n d j n q a v e r a g e s p a n o f
life.
S h i p b u i l d i n q a u t o n a t i o n i s e x p e c t e dt o b r i n g a
cnafae rn the nature of labor front physical to
e n t d l ! ! o r k s u c h a s p r o o r a f i n u i nagn d s u p e r v i s i n g .
S u c h a c h a n q e , h o w e v e r ,w o u l d b e t o t h e d i s a d v a n t a q eo f t h e a g e d w o r k e r s . H a k i n g n o f u r t h e r
use of thei r personal assets would howeven
r ean
deprivrnq these workers of their purposeir life.
I n w h a t e n v i r o n n t e n st h o u l d t h e s e a g i n g | . i o r k e r s
b e a b l e t o l a k e t h e n r o s to f t h e i r e x p i r i e n c e a n d
skills?

1 f t h e r o b o t o r n d c h i n ec o u l d c o m et o r e c o g n i z e
o b J e c t sa r d u n d e r s t a i thdi g h e r l e v e l l a n g u a q e ,
h u n a nb e i n q s , b a s i f q t h e i r j u d q i t e n to n o v e r a l l
c i r c u n r s t a n c e cs o
, u l d d j r e c t s u c h r o b o t so n t h e j r
. j o b s, u s in g v o ic e i n p u t . R o b o t sc a p a bel 0 f r c c o q f r z r n co b r e c t s a f d u n d e r s t a n d i ntqh e l a n q u a ! eu s e d\ ! i l l s t i l l b e i n c a t . a b l eo f n r a k i n !
J U C q f c n t s .T h i s s h o r t c o m j noqf l . r ' r aftl i q h t b e
c a l l e d s i l v e r r o b o t sc o u l d b e s t b e c o v e r e d
b y t h e J u d g n e npt o s s e s s eodf e g e du o r k e r s
l.raseo
d n t h e i r e x p e r ie n c e.
T h ea p p r o a c h
to automation
t h r o u g hu t i l j z d t j o i l
o f s u c h ' s i l v e r " r o b o t s s h o u l dp r e s e n tm a n ya d V a n t a q e s u c n a S S i n r p l i f i c a t j O no f j o b S e q u e n c e S
i n t e n r , so f c o n t r o l , w h i l e n t a k i n gb e s t p o s s i b l e
u s e o f t . h eh u r r a n
c a p a b j l i t i e s o f h i g h - l e v e lp a t t e r n - r e c o q n i t i o na n d e x p e r i e n c e . F u r t h e r t o r e ,
l o r t h e s h i p b u i l d i n i. nr 6 L r 5 1 w
. , h i c hi s f i n d i f g
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tl

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e Of dgFd *orre.<

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f u l l e s t e x t e n t s h o u l dc o n s t i t u t e a m o s l e f f e c t j v e m e a n so f o b v i a t i r g t h e l a b o r s h o r t a g e ,a n d
a t t h e s a m et i n t e o f s o l v i n . .tth e s o c i a l p r o b l e r l
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3 . 5 S o li d , m o d e l
T h e n o s t s e r j o u s p r o b l e n|t, / h e na s h i p y a r di s
a u t o n r a l ewdi l l b e t h e g e n e r a t i o fo f c o n t r o l d a t a ,
a n d i n p a r l t c u l a r , c h e c k i f q j n t e r f e r e n c e sw i t h
o b J e c t s . T h i s c h e c ki n 3 - d i N e n s j o n asl p a c e ,
p e r f o r n t e bd y e y e u s i n a q r a p h i ct e r m i n a l s c r e e n ,
i s, as al ready tentioneda
, n e x t r e m e l yb u r d e n S o n r tea s k .
A u t o l l a t i o ro f t | i s t a s k s h o u l r -bre r e a li z e d u y
e f f e L l i v e u t i l i z a r i 0 n o f s o l i 0 | o d e l, ! J i L r c l l
s I o u l d a l s o s e r v e i n d e t e r r i n i f ! t h e l l e i ! r n td I d
certer of gravily of !arts andsubassetL,lies,
r e ! r . r i r e df o r t h e i r t r a n s f e r b y c r a n e . 5 0 l j d
n o d c l s , f r o ! . / e v esr t, i l l r e q u i r e i n t p r o v e n t r n
r ! r , f s o f o p e r a b Ii j t y a n d e c o n o n.,
J.6

0!ti ca I 1].............].1r

l i v r s i o n s y s l e c a p a b l eo f a c c u r a t e l yp e r c e i v i n g
o o j e c t s i r J d l t e n s i o n sj s n o t c o n s r ' d e r erde -

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146

o n h u n l a na s s i s t a n c ew h e r e t r r e s y s t e r r r s r n c a p a b l e o f n l a k i n gr e q u i s i t e j u d g f r e n t .

a l i z a b le i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e c u r r e r t c e n t u r y .
I n t h e r n e d n t i n et,h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n
n j g n t b e a s y s t e ntrh a t e x t r a c t s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o b j e c t w i t h a v i s i o n s y s t e ma n d
c h e c k st h e f l w i t h t h e p r o d u c t r r r o d efl o r i d e n t i f i c d t i o n . I n t h i s m e t n o d ,t h e p r o d ! c t m o d e l
w o u l db e f i l e d e i t h e r i n t h e v i s i o n s y s l e n or r
e l s e i n t h e h o s t c o n r p L r t ej rn, w h j c h l a t t e r c a s e
t n e e x t r a c t d a t a w o L r l db e s e n t t o i t e a c h t i r e
f o r c n e c kn
j g.

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3 . d F a u l t d e t e c t i n ga n d a n n u n c i q t i n g
T h e f r o n t e n d c o n p u t e r ss i r o udl h a v e t l r e c a p , i b-i
l i t y n o c o n l y o f r e p o r t i n gb a c k l o t h e h o s t c o f p u t e r t n e s t a r t d r d f i n i s h o f o p e r a t i o n s ,a s a l r e i l d y e n t i o n e d ,b i r t a l s o o f d e t e c t i n ga n d a n n u n c i a t i n gf a ! l t s a n o t r o u b l e s r e g a r d j n ql h e s e
o p e r d t oi n s.

I n e i t h e r c a s e ! a v a s t a r L r o uonft d a t a ( t o g e t h e r
l / / ti h t h e c o n t r o l , p r o g r e s s r e p o r l i f ! a n d o t h e r
d a t a ) w j l l h a v e t o b e c o m n u n i c a t ebde t r i e e nh o s t
d n d f r o n t e n d c o n r p u t e r s . T l l is v o l u n t eo f c o f t r u n i c a t i o ns h o u l dv e r y l i k e l y e x c e e dt h e c a p a c i t y o f c o n v e n t j o n ael l e c t r o f i c c a b l i n g , a n d
call for the utilizatjon of optical fiber cables.
C o n n n ucnajt i o n b y o p l i c a l d a t d h i g h w a y! v iI I a t
t h e s a n l et i m e s o l v e t n e p r o b l e nor f n o i s e j f t e r f e r e n c e f r o n p o w e rc a b l e s s e r v j n g t h e n u m e r o u s
l a r g e e l e c t r i c a l e q u j D n r e ni nt s t a l l e d i n t h e
s n lp y a r o s .

4.1

Basic -c-olrc!!,t_o_f_shipqtllrg

(]l ll-lgf!y3l"

T h e f o r e g o i n gp r e r e q u j s i t e sf o r s h i p b u i l d i n oC l i '
\ " i o u l di n d i c a t e a b a s i c c o n c e p to f s y s l e r lst o f t w d r e
s ! c h a s s f o w ni n F i g . 2 .
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REFEREI.ICIS
il

( 2 ) T h e f o r n r so f c o n t r o l d a t a w o u l dc o m p r i s e
t h o s e c o v e r in . t q e o n e t r ic a l d a t a ( m o d esl ) , p r o p e r t i e s , o b j e c t r e c o g n i t i o n ,d n d e x t e r n a l d i s rurDances.
T h e i n f o r r ' / a t i o n r e q u i r e d w o u l d c o m p r i s ed a t a f o r
( a ) o v e r a l l c o n t r o l o f p r o d u c t i o n ,i n c l u d j n g
s c h e d u l easn d m a t e r i a l s ,( b ) c o n t r o lo f j n d i v i d u a lw o r k c e l l s a n d c o m p o n e ne tq u i p m e n t(, c )
k n o wel d g e b a s e d a t a a n d ( d ) g e o m e t rci a l n o d e ls .

1 3i

( 3 ) T h e s h i p b u i l d i n gC l t ' ls y s t e nw o u l db e o r g a n j z e d i n 3 l e v e l s o f ( a ) n a n a g e m eonf t e n t ' j r e

s h i p y a r d , ( b ) n r a n a g e m eo nf ti n d i v i d u a l s h o p s ,
and (c) control of indivjdualnachines. The

r5i

.2r

i4.

F u j i t a , Y . a n d S u n a g a wYa ., , n u a n c o n s t c e r a t i o n s a n d C o m p u t eAr i d e d F a c i l i t i e s i f
S h i p b u j l d i n g ,I C C A S
7 9 p r o c e e d i n q (sN o r t h H o lI a n d , A m s t e r d a n1, 9 7 9 )
F u j i l a , Y . , F u j i n o ,H . , a n d I c h i k a ! . / A
a ,. ,
T h e C o n d i t i o n sf o r A p p l i c a t i o f o f A r c l j e l d i f g R o b o t si n S h i p P r o d u c t i o n ,I C C A S
82
P r o c e e dn ig s ( o r t h - H o l l a n d ,A n s t e r d a n1, 9 6 2 )
I | " l a t a ,K . , C o [ p u t e r - A i d ePdr o d L r c t i opnl a n n i n g , T h e . l o u r n a lo f l n f o r m a t i o np r o c e s s i n . t
S o c i e l yo f J a p a f ( I P S JJ r n l ) v o t . 2 4 , l i o . i ,
i a n u a r y 1 9 d 3 ,i 2 - 4 0
S a t a , T . , P r e s e n tS t a t e a n d F u t u r eo f
F a c t o r yA u t o n a t i o n ,I P S JJ r f l v o l . 2 5 , l i o . 4 ,
A p r il l 9 d a , 2 7 8 - 2 1 j 2
K j n r u r aF, . , R o l e o f i r f o r i t a t j o n P r o c e s s i n q
in Factor,A
v u t o n a t i o n ,I P S JJ r n l v o l . 2 5 ,
N o . 4 , A p r i l 1 9 J 4 ,2 u 3 - 2 9 5

C o r n p u t eA
r p p l i c a t i o n isn t h e A u l o m a r i o no f
Shipyad Operation and Ship DesrgnV
P B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( L d s . )
E l s e v i eS
r cience
P u b l i s h e rBs . V . ( N o r t h - l r o a n d )
O I F I P . I 9 E5

149

COMPUTER
AIDED I'IANUFACTUR]NG
FORARCI/ELDINGROBOTS
IN SHIPBUILDING
D e r i s I 4 A R Sa n d H e r v G A L L A R D
I n s t i t u t d e R e c h e r c h edse l a C o n s t r u c t i o nN a v a l e ,
4 7 R u ed e l ' 1 o n c e a u7,5 0 0 8P A R I S ,F R A N C E .

R : 9 o l y : q 9 * h d s b e e ng r o w i n gv e r y f a s t d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t y e d r s ; b u t i s s t i l l l i n i t e d
in
s t l p D J l d l r t . L ( e d s o rosf t l " a l f d c r o r e ' e v i c v i e od n o c o F o d r i s o ndsr e n a o Fl v i t h
otLor :adusLries
I n o r d e r t o o v e r c o m et h e s e r i m i t a t i o n s , a r i n k b e t w e e nb A Dd a t a b a s e sa n d r o b o t c o m m a n d
b e c o m eas n e c e s s i t y .A f t e r a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o no f r o b o t c o m m a n d
t h, e m a j o r p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r
d e s c t i b e sa l r t h e p r o b r e m a
s r i s i n g i n t h e s p e c i a r c o n t e x to f b r 6 c r a s s e ; b r y " ; ; . ; . ; ; r ; , ; ; "
p r o c e s s :c A Dd a t a b a s e s ,c o n t e n t sa n d u s a g e ,r o b o t m o d e l i z a t i o na n d
simulailoi,-colr;iion'
d e t e c t i o n , f a i l u r e p r e v e n t i o n ,e t c . . . F i n a i l y , t h i s p a p e rp r e s e n t sne l . rt 'r e n d s o n
the inrpact
o f i n t e g r a t e d c o m p u t e ra i d e d m a n u f a c t u r i n gw i i n r o l o i s o n ! r r i p y a r a " ; ; . ; i ; ; i i " ;
u;;-r"l;;;;.

1. - INTRODUCTION
T o d a y ,a b o u t B 0 i io f f i l l e r n e t a l j s d e p o s j t e d
m a n u a l l yi n F r e n c hs h i p y a r d s .2 0 i i s d o n e
b y a u t o m a t em
d a c ! i n e sf o r p l a t e j o i n i n g a n d
f o r l o n g i t u d i n a lm e m b e rws e l d i n g - o nf l j t
p a n e sl , E v e n i f s m aIl r o b o t u s a g e . i s n o t d s
e x t e n s i v ea s , f o r e x a m p l e i, n t h e a u t o m o b i l e
rndustry, robots are usedduring the
p r e a s s e m b l yp r o c e s s , I ' l o r e o v e r ,a w e l d e r c a n
w e l d a t a s p e e do f t e n c e n t i m e t e r s p e r m i n u t e
w h e r e a sa r o b o t c a n w e l d a t a s p e e do f s e v e n t y
c e n t i m e t e r s p e r m in u t e .
T h r e ep a r t i c u l a r i t j e s o f t h e s h i p b u i i d i n g
' r n d u s t r yc a n
e x p l a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s i n a u t o m a t i-n g
t h e w e l d i n gp r o c e s s ,F i r s t o f a l l , s t e e l s h i p
s t r u c t u r e s a r e c o m p o s eodf l a r g e e l e n e n t s,
c a l l e d b l o c k s o r p a n e l s ,w i t h d i m e n s i o nos f
d b o u tr 5 ' 1 5 n , 3 - a " d w e ' q h , r gs e v e r a l
h u r d r e dt o 1 s . T h e s eb l o c r s c d n n o tb e
p o s i t i o n n e di n f r o n t o f a r o b o t a s i n c a r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g .I f w e ! , / a n ta r o o o L j w e a r e
o b li g e d t o a s s u m teh a t t h e b l o c k i s f i x e d a n d
t h e r o b o t w j l l t r a v e l t o i t s w o r k p l a c eb y
i t s e l f e x a c t l y l i k e h u m a np e o p l ee x c e p tt h a t
t h e r o b o t d o e s n o t h a v e t h e s a m es e n s o r sa n d
m o v e n e ncta p a b i l i t i e s . I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e
a c c e s s i b i ' l i t yf o r a r o b o t , w e c o n s i d e ro n l y
u n c o v e r e df,i x e d b l o c k s : a l l t y p e s o f j o i n t s
c a n b e a c c e s s e df r o m t h e t o p . T h e s e c o n d
L h a r d c l e r i s t ' c si s a b ot L r e D e L i t i v i r / :e r c e p l
t 0 r a r q e s e r ' e so f i d e n L i c a S
l 1 i p s .b l o c r s
a r e a l w a y sd i f f e r e n t d e p e n d i n o
gn the ship
p a r t : d o u b l eb o t t o m ,t r a n s v e r s eb u l k h e a d ,
s u p e r s t r u c t u r e se, t c . . . I ' l o r ep r e c i s e l y , o n e
c o u l d r e f e r t o " s c a t t e r e ds e r i e s " o f ; e a r l y
identical typesof joints. Finally, in the
s h i p b u i l d i n gi n d u s t r y , s e a mw e l d i n g i s p r e c i s e
a n d c 0 n t i n u o u sa n d c a n n o t b e c o n t p a r erd, / i t h t h e
e l e c t r i c p o i n t - w e l d i n gp r o c e s so f t h e
a u t o m o bI ie i n d us t r y .
A lI t h e s e f a c t o r s e x p l a i nw h y , t o d a y , t h e
a s s e m b lo
y f l a r g e b l o c k s i s d o n em a n u a ' l l yI,f
we want to robotize that process,these
d i f f i c u l t i e s m u s tb e s o l v e di n o r d e r t o i n s u r e

proper robot comntands.

2.- R0B0TC0Nlt'IAND
T h e w e l d i n g r o b o t s m a r k e t e dt o d a y d r e g e n e r a l l y
p r o g r a m m epdo i n t t o p o i n t . t r . l i t ha b u t t o n b o x ,
t h e r o b o t a r m a n d t e r " n t i n a lt o o l a r e c o n f i q u r a t e d . a t s o m ep o s i t i o n b y a n o p e r a t o r . T h a t
p 0 s r t r 0 | . t s r e c o r d e d ,t o g e t h e rw i t h w e l d i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n sA
. fter that, an other positio;
p l u s t r a j e c t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n s( r r m e o r s p e e c ,
j n t e r p o l a t i o n t, y p e , e t c . . . t
a n d d e l d i n gc o " d r . _
r - 0 n s a r e . e c o r d p da 1 d s o o 4 w n e nt h i s r e d ( . i n 9
s e q u e n c res e n d e d ,a p l a y b a c k o f t h e s e o p e r a _
t i o n s i s r e a i l y e x e c u t e d ,I t i s o b v i o u st h a t
t r i s - o d e o f c o - r a r d ' s n o I p r a c t i L aI f o .
v t e l d r . gw o r l d u e t o t f e w i o e v a " i e t / o f S L r u . _
1 J . a l g e o - e t r i e s . l l " e o J i r p sa - a r d n d a r o b o L
-dn by a rooor
ond iL is
. s t e d do f . e D ' d c i n a d
t r m e c o n s u m i nbgu t i f w e c o n s i d e rt h a t t y p e o f
c o m n a n dw, e c a n s e e t h a t i t c o u l d b e c o m p o s e d
o f t w o p a r t s : i n f o r r n a t i o nr e c o r d i n g a n d c o n t r o l .
T h i s i n t r o d u c e st h e c o n c e p to f o f f : l j n e
p r o g r a m m t nwgh l c h c a n b e a c h i e v e db y t h r e e
methods:
2 , 1 . - P r o g r a m n i nl a
gnguaqe
method
For this methoda
, p r o g r a mj s w r j t t e n a n d
r e c 0 r d e d0 n s o m es u p p o r t , N e c e s s a r yi n p u t d a t a
a r e g i v e n t o t h e p r o g r a me x a c y b u t h e s a r n e
m e t h o do f t e a c h i n g p l a y b a c k a n d t h e p r o g r a m
r s . c o . - e c t e di f a e c e s s a r b
y e . o r er e d l e . e . u t i o n
r ' r s - e L h o d. e q u i r e s r o b o t p r e s e (r p b L , t i s ' e s < ,
t r m e c o n s u m i ntgh a n t h e p r e c e d i n go n e .
2 . 2 . - P r 0 g r a n m i nagn d s i n u l a t i o n m e r n o c
As for progra-mmjn
l agn g u a g em e t h o d ,a p r o g r a n
rs written off-l ine and input data is givenby
t h e s a m ew a y . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e j s a b o u t r u n _
n r n g t h e p r o g r a mb
: e f o r e e x e c u t j o n ,t r i e s a r e
d o n eb y s i m u l a t i d no n a c o m p u t ewr i t h a g r a p h j c

150

D- .lldt \ .utJ H. r;dlld

s c r e e na n d a d a t a b a s e . C o r r e c t i o f s c a n b e d o n e
w i t h o u t r o b o t u n t i l g o o ds i m u l a t i o n .T h e f i n a l
r F ( u t . e ! o a d e oi n t l e o o t d 0 d \ e - e e J ' o o b /
t h e r o b o t , T h i s m e t h o di S b e t t e r t h a n t h e
p r e c e d i n go n e b u t a l w a y sr e q u j r e st h e p h y s i c a l
p r e s e n c eo f t h e r o b o t d u r i n g o n e s t e p .

D e s i g no f f i c e

2 . 3 .- C A Dp r o g r a n nnig m e t h o d
T h i s m e t h o dd o e sn o t r e q u i r e t h e p h y s i c a l
a s p e c ot ' l h 6 " o b o b . . ' u , e o l l - e c e , s a r il " f o r m a t i o . n sa r e a l r e a d y r e c o r d e di n C A Dd a t a
b a s e . l , J er e a l l y a c c e s st o a t o t a l l y o f f - l i n e
p r o g r a m m i nm
g e t h o d .l , l o r e o v e r ,w e a p p r o a c ha n
i n t e g r a t e dc o m p ! t e ra i d e d m a n u f a c t ! r i n g
!,/hich
s e c u r e sl i k e n u m e r i c a l l y- c o n t r o l l e d p ' l a t e
c u t t i n g p r o g r a n r nf gi e x c e p t t h a t w e a r e , I r i t h
r o b o t s , i n t h r e e d i m e niso n s' d o mian .

Prdparation,/
n et h o d o f f i c e

3.- CADPROGRAI,lI.lING
3 . 1 - - A b l a c kb o x
g e t h o df o r r o b o t s m u s t b e
A C A Dp r o g r a m m i nm

p\son'>-l/,..<ilp..c

-,, -'t-ldC" Do"' wiLh

i n f o r m a t i o n s c o m i n gf r o m g e n e r a l C A Dd a t a b a s e s
a n d g i v i n g n e c e s s a r yi n f o r n a t j o n sc o n c e r f i n g
t h e r o b o t m o r p h o l o gayn d t h e w e l d i n gp r o c e s s
w h i c h a r e n o t a l r e d d y i n g e n e r a lC A Db a s e sm u s t
b e a d d e db y a n o p e r a t o r . B L r ts u c h i n f o r n a t i o n s
( o n s o q L(cer .
a r e r r e o r e 'i t o l . l , a n i - m e d i d t e
w e c a n s e e t h a t o f f - l i n e p r o g r a m m i ni sg o n l y a
L l ' e o r e t ia( l d e r r g ". l h . . o o o Lf l J s l o o d p t t f e s e
t h e o r e t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n st o t h e r e a l e n v i r o n m e t ' rot f t h e p l a n t . T h is a d a p t a t io n c o u ld b e
d o n ej f t h e r o b o t h a s s e n s o r sg i v i n ! s o n e
i m o . eo f r F e . e d - N o . l d w r i , l . o u ' d b e c o - p a " e d
! r i t h i n f o r m a t i o n sc o m i n gf r o n o f f - l i n e
programmind
g e s i g n . A n o t h e ri r n p o r t a npt o i n t i s
t h e p r e p a r a t i o no f r e n a i f i n g p o i n t s i n c a s e o f
f a i l u r e d u r i n g t h e e x e c u l i o no f a p r o g r a m m e d
s e q u e n c eI.t i s n o t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e c t
e r r o r s b u t i t i s m o r ee x p e n s i v et o k n o ww h a t
m u s t b e d o n e i n s u c h c a s e . T h i s m u s tb e
i n t e g r a t e da n d p r e v i o u s l yd e f i n e dd u r i n g
o f f - l i n e p r o g r a m m i ndge s i g n . F o r e x a m p l e i, f a
s e n s o rd e t e c t s s o m ea c c o s t i n gc l e a r a n c eo u t o f
r a n g e , t h e w e l d i n g p r o c e s sf i u s t b e i n t e r r u p t e d
f o r t h a t p r e c i s e r e a s o na n d a m e s s a g ies s e n t
to the .obor ope"dLoo
r nd r" weldirg ,eq-en.e
j u m p st o t h e n e x t j o i n t .
S o , b e f o r e g o i n g i n t o d e t a i l s a b o u to f f - l i n e
p r o g r a n m i n gv ,r em u s t k e e p i n m i n d t h a t :
- o f f - l i n e p r o g r a m m i ni sg o n l y a t h e o r e tj cal design,
- t h e r e m a i n j n gp o j n t s n u s t b e p r e v i o u s l y
included.

3.2.- El!ItL_!yt_p9'"
A l I i n f o r m a t i o n s g i v e n b y C A Dp r o g r a m m j n g
w i l l b e a d a p t e da n d e x e c u t e db y r o b o t c o m m a n d
s u p p l y w h i c h s L r p e r vsie s r o b o t n r c v e m e n t sp,o w e r
s u p p l y , w e l d i n gp r o c e s sa n d s e n s o r s ,

S'*'n"o

\t

D
Robot

l,,lel
d i ng

R ob o t o p e r a t o r
( c o n t r oI s c r e e n)

Sensor

G e n e r a l l ys p e a k i n g C
, A Dp r o g r a m m i nc ga n b e
d e c o m p o s ei n
d four steps.

3 , 2 . 1 , - C o m m a npdrse p a r a t i o ns t e p
Pran;riti^n

rnmm:nn

inrlIrlo<

- l l e l d i n g t o o l m o v e m e ncto m m a n d(sg e o m e t r y
s p e e d , i n t e r p o la t i o n t y p e )
- I , l e l d i n gp r o c e ss c o m m a n d s
- L o c a li s a t i o n c o m m a n d s
- R o b to o p e r a t o r m e s s a g e s
3 . 2 . 2 . - V e r i f i c a t i o ns t e p
V e r i f i c a t i o n i n c l u d e se i t h e r s e e i n gm e a n s ,
e i t h e r s i m u l a t i o nm e a n sa b o u ti , r o r k i n a
grea
l , l hta a r e t h e s e v e r i f i c a t i o n s ?

('orlputer ,1id.Ll MataJucn|i g Jor Arc lt/altling Rohats

C o m nnad s a n d g e o m e t r i c a lw a y
( i n c l u d i n g t h e o p t i m a! / a y t o a v o i d
t h e c o l I i s i o n b e t w e e nt h e r o b o t a n d
i t s w o r ki n g a r e a)
I . J e l d i n gc o m m a n d s
Coherenco
e f i n f o r n a ti o n s e t
C o m p a t j b i l j t yo f m a t e r i a l m e a n s
t o r u n r i e ld i n g w o r k

l5l

posttl0n.
T h e nt h e r o b o t i s p l a c e d j t s e l f a c c o r d j n gI O
t h e t r u e p o s i t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n gc e l l u l e .

4.- CONCLUSION
3 . 2 . 3 .- i ' l o d i f i c a t i o ns t e p
I f r e e d e da n d i f p o s s i b l e , t h e s t e p m o d i f i c a t i o n i n c lu d e s :
- C o m m am
n do d j if c a t i o n s ( t r a j e c t o r y ,
! , / e l d i n gp, o s ti i o n . . . )
- l ' l a n u f a c t u r i nmge t h o dm o d j f i c a t i o n s ,
3 . 2 . 4 .- C o m m a ngdesn e r a t i f gs t e p
T h e t h e o r e t i c a l i n f o r n a t i o n a b o u tw e l d i n g
steps to be reali zed b'yrobotised systen are
m e f r o r i s e dp e r b l o c k i n t h e d a t a b a s e f r o m
w h i c h c o m n a ngde n e r a t j n !i s r u n ,
A f t e r _ t h e s ei n f o r m a t i o na r e p u t o n m a t e r j a l
r e s t ( d i s k , t a p e , b a n d )a n d t r a n s m i t e dt o
t h e s u p e r vsi o r ( w o r k s h o cpo m p u t e r ) .

3 . 3 . - R o b o to f f - l i n e C A D / C Apl 'rlo g r a m m i n g
I n t h i s w e l d i n gr , r h i c hu s e s t h e C A Dd d t a b a s e s
i n s h i p b u i l d i n g ,t h e r o b o t o f f - l i n e p r o g r a m o i n g
i s b u i l t f r o m t h r e e m a i nd a t a b a s e s :
- f i r s t l y , t o g e t ( a n dn o t d e f i n e ) t h e
w o r k i n ga r e a f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o no f f i c e
p e o p l e( s t e e l s t r u c t u r e b l o c k ) a n d a l s o
f o r t h e r o b o t ( c e l l u l e w h i c hi s a p i e c e
o f d i v i d e d b lo c k )
- s e c o n d l y ,t o d e f i n e t h e u s e d r o b o t . T h i s
d a t a b a s e i s u s e dt o l o c a li s e t h e r o b o t
rn the cellule
- t h e t h i r d o n e i s t o a s s o c i a t et h e n e c e s sith the
s a r y w e l d i n gp a r a m e t e rw
g e o m e t rci a l t r a j e c t o r y ( w e l d e dj o i n t )
T h e s et h r e e d a t a b a s e sa r e i n p u t d a t a . l . J i t h
L h i s . t \ a oi i l e . d r p L o r sr l t e d - o r s L d t i 5 r i . a l ,
s t a n d a r dw e ld i n g s e q u e n c e .
C e 1 1 u 1pee r c e l l u l e , a l l i n f o r m a t i o dn e f i n i n g
t h e w o r k i n gw a y a r e m e f t o r i s eidn f i l e , i n
o r d e r t o b e c h e c k e db y s j m u l a t i o no n c o m p u t e r .
In fact, the waythdt mustfollov/ the weld.
torch has to be defined so that no
c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e r o b o t f l r e e t st h e s t e e l
s t r u c t u r e :m a i n l yt o a v o j da l l c o l l i s i o n s .
0nly after this, all cellules of the block have
b e e n c h e c k e d ,a f t e r o r d e r i n g t h e m , t h e r o b o t
c o m m a n dasr e g e n e r a t e da n d s e n t t o t h e
w or k sh o p c o m p u t e r ,
I n c h a r g eo f t h i s s u p e r v i s o r ,i n o r d e r t o k n o w
the true positjonof the block (by knolrledge
o f t h r e e p a r t j c u l a r p o i n t s d e f i n e db y C A D )a n d
t o a d a p t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l w a yw i t h t h i s t r u e

T h i s s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n o f a C A D / C Ar|o4b o t
c o n n e c t i o nh a s t o b e c o m p o u nrd. r i t h t h e
f o l l o w i n gp u r p o s 3 s :
- n o r o b o t r r o g r a m m i n gi n l h e ! / o r k s h o p
o n t h e w o r ki n g a r e a ,
- l , J o r k i n ign t h e m a s k e d
time,
- o p t i m as e c u r i t y b e f o r ew o r k i n gi n
t h e w o r k s h o pf o r t h e m a t e r j a l a n d
also for people,
-

\o

SDeci'icdl

ldlqudqe proqrdlll.ling

a s s o c i a t e dw i t h t h e u s e d r o b o t .

C o p u t e r A p p l i c r t r o n sL r t h e A u t o n r r r r o no l
S h i p y a O p r a t r o na n d S h r pD e s i s nV
P . B a n d ra n d c . K u o ( F d s )
E h e v i e rS c i e n c el r u b L j s h eB
r s. \ ' ( \ o r r h - H o l h n . l )
o II;tP, l9li5

.iifLI!-.,T

153

1(iN iii,f:aIEuit

:J:

l:L!l

:1. E.

I r L i ll I

):.

:l{.iJr li!r te:. strllifri,ders

'(:r
I lsrid
ih1.r'ar.:.
T\.e:rnri

l,initec

is

fa!,cr
I.justriar
It

t,eCins

ry

ir

r{anrrles

o!

Lesr.rns
It

1s

ellectire:ies:

.i

I .

:r.il

that.

fri:L[.e

flexiirle

r'l,lf!rin!.1 thr
r.b.rtic

rdn

accura.)

d.rl:sl.ations

roirot:cs

tr,...s

intE!:raLea

a.(t

rithin

ntanrfa.t
tirogf!ass r.LS iree. maile if
tecIn{)logy
:ccause ,ri :i deslrc
on Ll:e !art
i1l1 in.,ol!ec
lo incrcase
r)r(riluct.i,. itr- and

Ine

while
a

tro!idin!j
qualil-l

qualitv
Lakcn

of

o1
lo

erharcinq

com:)eliLirencss,

treLLer se:rice

tiai

ser!ice

produci.

lhe

delir.er

il

rrctr'!'alioI').1

rcs.-Lrces

sir.ilar

sri!s

le:r,:i to:re

rhici

Ihc

drar'atic

hol,e\er,
scalc

slngle
i'i

the

la.ge

iliarket

situatior)

considfraticn

ic

is

quality.

in

thc

IeqLllrenefts

is

and

earll

/rrisj
LhaL 1aIgc

as

desire

ProdLi.t

recognisable

.
rron

ei frrts

of

oper.ators.

lo.Lriruti.n-q

Ie

effect.i!eLy

data
ileslgn

base.

fuictional
t.

It

re(l'Lirenents

at
!ia

and
at

tr-,-

I arilies"
s.ill

each

finally

degrccs

of

ca.
a

no,t

co:nnor

c..(:e!tLral
l{)

l,titacrLrJ: Ti

L.

ira'rufactLrri.g
of

i11L:str.ate

robotic
th.

Iccir..togy

at

Swax

xr)rkcctt.

!,r.icti.at

Thrcc
pcte.tial.

discusset].
shit)

n: snall
prodL:cticn

batches

(rliers

rialite

pr.{iL.rLi.:l

I h r o u g h o u l t h e w o r l ( 1, c o m p L L t e r s a f c w i d e t J l s c d
l or l-rre rroduct i o
are:rsi horie,,ref. lhe ccvcloIment anit iJ.trtemcnt
atron oi sorhisticated J.anufacturing control
sJsLerls. highly sophisticaLea inforr0atioll sys
te0's:rnn of rotiuLic hariiv,are is pro!idiIg
p.jtential for a rerolulion
in the industry rhich
rs.t)l
xidely arrl)reciatrc irl Iractising
inLlL.sLri:rllsts.
,r.ll ar'eas of shi!lruildirg
h.r'.f r)oLentiat f.r
llexrirle ar-tonati.n.
Stockyard, section rrreparat1o.. suL assenirly. assentrly, lairricaticn,
bcrth acLiritifs,
na.hine sho-n,sheetJnetat sh.f,
paint hall , r ipc factor,!, ctc. incLude robot
atplicatlons
such as !elding,
trurninA, grin.ling,
a s s e m tIr i n g , ( L . i l l i n g ,
r)ainting, toadinll/
url.iarllng rrachlnes, etc.
-:ee for exemplc
q
r l e . .i 1 l , : : 1 ,
l i l .
sonc ol tl,e ai..antages of int!{:](irrcing rol)otics
i n s h i f h l : i l d i n g a r e s i r o r , ni n T a l ) t e I .
Fej. I?I
P o t r o l ic w f l d i n g i s o n e o J L h e t a t e s t t e c h n o
logical
de!eloprents
to be im! lemented at Srran
i1'rntcr Shi!bujlders Limitcd.
r\ itinci.nati
l'1il:rcron Tl baa) Indrstrial
Robot !,as instatted
:n No!enber 1(lb2with a '.i-.n to exanining it,s
a!L,licabilit,v tc -qhif producti{)n.
In the
S'irnmelof 1o8l sv.rn HLnters sponsore.l a project
wit. the De'rartnteni.f Srip I Uarine Tcchnot{)gy
oi Lhe Unilersil-J of Stralhclyde to ex.rnine the
co.{iept and rraclical
intlementation of the
r o t r 0L w c r k c e l l .

.f

I hls parier, .iutllnes sone .rl the rcsutts

oirlaificd.
The problen exilolined \ias concerneC
!rith snall haLch nanufacturing of items
rertLrired for shitrs and the shipyarrt.
Sorc
c x a n f r le s a r e u s e d t o i l l u s t r a t e
the practical
inplemerLation and lessons tearned of the
rl]]boii c Lr.rkpi ece.

reflect

1s

er!l.dcd
r.1r|:a.trrins

all

st.zg.

tu

ie!ts
use

dc..eloper:

aid

artail

al I
t|-.

contains

an(1 is

reqrireients

i I l,JstraLe

a
ard

which
ptaniers
!.rnd

tlesig.ers.

inilially

intorrati.rr

fi|.irn.r:i

stage-r.

fonrrLrteI' t-'.irn.rlogy
has r.!i
derclcpej
wlrich perJnil considerati..
.ia systers

utilisc.l

to

inportanL

Ir.)riuct cost
can t,e ,cIier.C
: . .

are

desi gn

in

Jhis
'lnteriro

lLlentifica.lori
!i
,
, f " r . , 1
. . l i ,

the

and
of

laLe,,0's

srrch that:he

redLrction

lhe

combinc

ard

nunoer

the

c.nclL.sr!.e1v

alcxitrilit!

as

r orc c r)t ual

st)

is n1]t a||roLrLrurpcse arLonation

shi|!'ril.irg
en..ir..nent..
ioCay

Dr.iluct.

l r i t r r ' o ' "e r e n t

n.t

.f

nar1..et cl:1nges of

thc

rarintair

and

dal .

cenonstrate(1

rlat-a

ir

lroduce
eqL:ipne:rt

effec:i!e
a

the

r.rocesses capatrte .i'

speciiic
slrucLures
c.intaine(1

thc

base

Llme

orgaIisatiol
to

de!eloped

the
|)f

in

the

high

o.

f.r

iL.Lonation

niass Iiroducing
r.Jiihin ,.essels

{as

rcl:eil

trasic
Lrt
'Ihe rarket

refte.tet:

Irrit)r'nancc

shir,s

spedi I j,' h'ith

c:rsrLrncrs.

!r'i.r.

!|en
thc denand 1or
,.nr'rei, shir,l)uiltlels

lacililies.

t.

is

its

.rn.l its

ir nan

a:1d Iarine

tiitt
cnha.ce the
I)r..esses
iinalty,
{:onsidcrat,te scope cxi-rLs for
IurLher
(:ont:jr:tcrt)asel ranufactrrrifg
systens.

rring

t]'is

flrel

ttre.,rsc

iacturif!:
,rf

l..sider:rble
rt

Slip

Lrr i.rt!utcr;itl-.d

Ir_l FClrt i'i 1(rN

redLrce costs

r1- a

Lhe casf f!r

nanLifac::rring
rr.e tiren

f ir-rLit

.rl

a t ) t r li c a t i o n

a i : , L r irc a t i o n

rler.ellrInerts

cxar.ined

se.o.dlt

LIe

t.-en nat:.s

baictr

:rf!

...clutlc.l

thc
ana

snar l

StrathclyCe,

oi

shlr,',ar',1

rutlini.g

leafaL

l)rn..fits,

L,jitr

llLnter. .ih1:irild.rs

.i

Derartne':t

l ; I a s g o , , / , l - ' i c o tl a n x .

cijncerncd

Foi).t

lrniYCr.sit\'

iiear.

Irgla.(:.

Tl,is

Kal rrgerahis

i,ri(luctior.

aAliiM sisLens ha',e treen cxploretj for

-rimuIatiIr!-_
rr.rlLrctio. ot)erations. proriding
tcch.iques
for. .iell eraLuation,
fixtur.e,rtir'o,:iuct
deslgn an(1 i of f!lLrre oj f-1ine Irrogrammi.g.
Thcse lechnioues Nill al lov any .ew ap!tication
L(, be quicklt l]erfloped , evaluated an.l adopte{1.

154

SOUE OF THE ADYANTAqES OF

ROBOTIC WORKSTATIC'I{S

the
anc

and

utrdatcd

INCREASEDACCURACY
, OUALITY AND
C O N S I S T E N CO
YF F I N I S H E D P R O D U C T S .
SAFETY.
INCREASED
REDUCED
L A B O U RC O S T S .
TIMES I{I TH
ACCURATEMANUFACTURING
ABILITY IO PLAN AND
INCREASED
.
SCHEDULEI./ORK

I CGA L
TO IHE TECHNOLO
CONTRIBUTION
OF EMPLOYEES.
DEVELOPI4ENT
IMAGE.
ENHANCEDCOI..IPANY
TIABLE'L

workst:r!iori

exteIlsrte
is

Lo

ufdert:1icn

beilrg

or Lhe slr|!l Loor ' lt'_"

pla.I'irig,
s:r'stcns rnn rlata
and jn!esl:mr:n1-.

technical

oi
resllts
processing

ilc!elopncnl

iIl
ki.rilcage
thr
lr'oaf
that
at ar I I ei'l s necfss-L,ased icchn.logv
concer'.. lrhi(:h
a !,it.a1 shipbLrilding
ery {ithjn
'tithi.
su!r!'rt
the tompanv, will
is devclo!ing
ertoriles
and prosperoL.s fLture'^hich
a 1i.,elI
Tl

1s

anticitaletl

corpuler

iully
. . ,

a'r1.oirratlon ard

flc)ir'ile

.,j

concetits

the

) i r . , .

t .

i.j.)llrFhilftitil\G

THE ilA-sl_.FOli Sl1ALL BATiil

:.

c.rnLaiIr

r'\11 sfiirs
in

occrr

O U A L I T YO F ' d O R K I N GL I F E
INCREASED
FOR EMPLOYEES.

an

trogramne
intcgrate

anil

or!r'se

be(1 .obot.
!latf
Dcen cornfreteli' r'crewell

test

hr!e

iacilitics

dc."'elo!ncnt

t,/ITH
PRODUCTIVITY
INCREASED
L PI N G T I I ' 4 t
R l D u C E DM A N U t r AI U

of

insLallation

c.rtting

are

ii.ems

which

largc

rlrnbcrs

and

i(lentical

ine

llrroLghout

if(:1-LCe iLe.rs oi struct.uraL

o. sutr.rsseirtrlies
tifackets
anl gircrl
Hi ltri.
standardised

Ihese

!essel.

be

can

larg.
nuirl,ers .-ri -qir0ililr
general lv are
strLi.tufes
ard can be n.rriuiacture(l
c.nf:guration
ranLral and,'('r s.mr a.rionaLrc
!sing

creating

contract,
conponerts.
in

sifi!le

as

such

sleelwcrf:
trhich

cr

snall

ci i icicntlv

Thcse

a "asr rarge
t:ontarns
groul
of pI'oducts
conf iii'rr
CilferenL
.f liidelv
assembljes
ma.utact.rrlirg
siniLar
ati.rns bLrt reqLrilinq
ils
;rre categirrsed
w|1ch
pr.cess.
These itcms
o.:cu:
in
stcelw.rk
.Jr oLtJ lt
nlnor
eithcr

inotIer
of

wlth this ne\, tech clogJ and

l.aniliarisatlon
experience gained iIl o!erating sucL r.botrc
lras !roti(le.l nanv
equipment on the shop iloor
useful lcsson-qwhlch shorild lre oi assistance rn
of rcbols ii other
,
the future l.troductiof
apL.lication areas.
l.

C O ) l r ' l i T E R T E C i I N O L T I G IA T i W A l ! H U \ T E I I
SHIfIJIIILDEI]S

has f.ir some

sNan Huntef shi!tuilCers
t.r i)e gained 1J)'
years rccog iscd the bcneiits
.1 c(infrLir'
the Lle.-elofmcnt and inlr'oductjon
Sased svstcms throughout al I areas oi Lheif

gencralions

.rf nanagenent.

At 1aaAS, three ycars ago, ttr" computer svsLeil

jointly
.ieveloped br Swai Hunter Shiplruilrlers
: , \Las descrilreLl.
I 5l
Fritships
and iISHA
l hi s systen today Iiro'.'i.les an extensivc steel
schecrvork cAD Cata lrase from wLich planninS'
can ie readilv
ul ing and I)roduclion inforiaticn
is a !iell
C o m p u t e r l - r a s e . ll o f t l n g
derived.
It is \'ith great
establ ishcd lechnique.
pleas re that S.fi.S. are also abl to present
a t t h i s s v m p o s i u ma s u b s e q u e n t ! a p c r d e s c r i l r i r g
Cevelo!ment of non steel1'Jorli CAt)
the further
facilitics.

L9l

ne{
O n t h e s h o p f l o o r a s \ , i e 1 1, s i g n i l i c a . t
As w11 2s
developnents ar"e now takinEa !lace.

!1Lrh

aie

difficLrlt

Fl:rn in a IlanI:er.orpa'"itrlc
of corletitire
:rntl arliiti.,ns
It
is in this
shipbLil.ling.

urar-!

iras ariseI]

trLnitl

ilst)ccts

L,l]tential
Lool airl

lor

bccn

has

robots

weldirg

.f
fnr

ex!1or'e(1.

slrof
to

robot
,1e!elopn.:]nL

handling

ratcri:rl

t.

r.1

BATtll

A SlliiLl,

AELrle !!Lr'rr
11ith
to

rs
(itr'er

activiLies.

ap!licatr.ns

c.,fcerIre.l

poilrt

l
aon:p.rnl's

to

r'1Lh

srnal I

selccLe(1,

comt)onenls
a!aiIan1e

icenLlav

h:1!e 'ccureil
oIc sirl) t'

iIr

eflor"s.
dctelofmcnl
tr;is i ounc

of t he
riirge
the total
i o. eadr conponerris needcd L.r hold the

"yLres.

f ixtur-'
placc

ln

cassette,{hicL

rlictl
(1thln

vicl'J iL

o1

i il 01\'e

shi!

t.

ha-q Lcen

ap!r.ach

cost

necessal

is

oi'

uAr'LFAI--TLlFlIi"C l.llllfl,ll

sIecjflc
t)r.rduct hjnes
hatcl
sizcs
sufl icienl
justrfy
rhe a!!licatior
a

arca

lnd'rstrral

!!!lll3!!

!E

'ihe general

fron

ti

crnteJ'li

Fell:iI'g

lror

produclion

Lral)er ale
b:rt cl' naf 'rl ac t.'r 1ng.
LIis

if

cortrol

lrith

iarililx'iza'Lion
an(l lfele
operations

"nable

tr,

Lhesereas()rsth.r

oL.tl i ned

oi

ilcxibilitJ

tie

t!at

oreration

c.r.

alrd a

robot

l)e st.red

on d-'rnend.

.r'

rnese

i,.e
designs

all

tii early serentles saw tne

Thc late sixlies
introduction of NC burfljn8, I)anel constru!:t1oni
AllhoLgh
section and pipe iorning iac:ljties.
the natural consequcnces ol the
having suffcred
induslrJ
the shiptruilCing
traunas affecting
wo.l(l$iCe, S.ll.S. ia!c survi!'ed because of lh.:
d1\.erslty oi thc vard produ.r mrr '
lraditional
of its eml)love_'s
the tcchnical anrl trade skills
and the enthusiasm irnc opcn-mindcd ap!roa.n ot

Ihese

en!ir.rnncnls.

to

irc c.n.rn

II]

t-vrrcs.

estatrlisLcd,
I)1'ocucLs are
and

l)ut nav

shl:)varls
sise
lrail.
Lraditi(inal
jobIinq
in Llirerse
nadc

shj!

oi

nrnber

l)alches

small

rclaLircli

on

programne

'n

the

and

shelf

AppIi.utiL)n [,xprric c( oJ Roboti( ll.lding

Ihe trasic st.rps in\'.rlved

nanufacturi]lA
feas ili i I ilI

rn

tle t errin

arc

ing

.ut I ined

lhe
1n

Tlc NvEs'nq ToFr PROCSTS

IDENTIFY POIENTIALFAMILY

INVESTIGAIE DESIGN AND

O U A N T I T I E SR E O U I R E DF O R
PRODUCTMIX ANTIC IPAIED

I
lNVESTIGATE CURRENI MANLJFACTURING
MTThODSA\D COSTS

155

lor !alleL manlrfact.rreis illustiateC

in
Figure L
a,allet nanLrfacture and a finished
tratch
are
sho'{n in Photograths 1 and 2.
l'hotogra!hs J, q. and 5 iltustrate
the wetdirg
ot other frodncts.
.l .l

aell

Configuration

The workcell (as conllgured

initially
as
indicated in ligfe
1.
I L c o n t a i n s a C t 1T 3
hyCraulic .obot, a two axis maniputating tatrte,
r1elding equitinent ar:d at 1 ar.e interfaced
to
the robot co.tr.o1 systen.
Consecutire Lool
co or.i:inatcs are taught hy mori.g thc rohot
wilh the teach pendant. Thc co.trol
svstem
cnsLrres sLrosequent straight
tine mor-nent of
ihe tool ccntre point between progranme.t
points.
!'rnctions at cach Ioinr are enrcred
t r - r c o m m . r n C sn o r : n a l t y i n p u t a t t h e c o n t r o l
consol e keyboar.i.

E S T I M A I E R O B O TP R O D U C T I OC
NO S T S
AND COSTS OF OUTSIDE CONTRACTORS

DEVELOPA DESIGN
FOR ROBOTPRODUCT
ION
( I N C L. F I X T U RI N G)

I
PROGRESS
TRIAL MANUFACTURE
AND REFINE MANUFACTURING
TIMES
AND COSTS

l .l c .

COMPARECOSTSAND
F I N A L I S E R O B O TP R O D U C I I O N
PROCEDURE

TAI]I E 2
l'roriuct i,Iix

Three najor areas have becn identlfied

as suit
at)le lor ]relding afplications
for the CM-Tl
robot.
These are:
Iteriis fiom

AI]DA B:

taken

cxisting

Items r'rhich occur in

Lrsually specifically
r'1_'i .- r ''rrt
l'ompany -stanCards
'

Tvr)ical

thc

t \

examlles
fron

Iref .

, . d
aie

.
gi.ten

t
in

Company

small batches,
designed for a
'r
rc o r..

r t F r

and

a CAD system to

5.

t.1

check clearances

S O } 1 EU S E F T J LI t , S . ! O N S

f6 I .

For each iten, Table I gires the totat.Lrnber

na(ie for thr.ce shitis, and wetdinA Cata.
Other
processes ir addition lo rlclding are also
outlined,
Table rr pro'".ides fLrther
data on a
rectangular
nanhol e coairi g, a iecess l ashlng
box and a pallet,
selected fron Areas A, B and
ll res!ectivelv.
i'he use oi

Alternative
layouts are evotving as additional
product applications
are developcd, enabling
closcr irtegration
ot opcrator and nachlne
Doubte tLrrntabtes and autonatic
trocess ilow.
ally interchanAeable
fixtures
are currentty
being considered.
It is expected that in the
final cell configuration,
guarding wilt be
. . " - n j
c - \ - t o p - .

Many uselul lesso.s were learned during the

aptlication
of the ''\.elding robot and sone of
the main ones are dlscussed in this section.

t t - . s -

Tables

The OriginaL Work Cetl

Perimeter guarding Has Ieft welt c1ar of the

h.rrking nvelope of the robot to pernit
easy
access and controllcd storag of raterial
during the development phases.
Thls arrangencnt has pror.ed satisfactory
to lest the conccpts, I{ilhout restrictlng
the flexibit:ity
of
the cc1l.
Al I points of entry to the enclosure
are interlocked
lo prevent access during auto
".1i,
..I's .\'nr.
ir r ion I .rp s.s ..8
i . i l i J r - .
s r , o n .

P R E P A R EA P P L I C A T I O N M A N U A L

4.?

Product Redesign

It was recognised at an early date that

redesign was an important element in
maxlmising robot application potentiat.
'p3 ns for ' is dr' ds
I
as:
-

robol cycles ca. be Areatly

teach dii l icul tie
procuc t re(lesign.

pro{:luct

simpljfie{:t
by simpte

The

and

r
156

FORA IIPICAL
(IST USE!) ITEN
sHre sHre etle

A T \ P I C A L P R O D U C TM I X
RECTANCTJLAR
MANHOLECOAMINGS
(RAISED)

12

7 38

VERTICAL LADDERS
(S]NfuE RLI.IG]

r 9 5 t44 2o4 543 3 . 2

SLOPINC LADDERS
(TRED SIEP )

IiATERIIGHI STEEL DOORS

48

49

.,r l oo

2e 8J

--=" lrs+
t1

2t

,- . loe

t2

Ji

./' -zl .,l

.,/,../

',t'_J

,'/ i

../

{CONTII{.EUS STEP LADOERS)

RESSESEDLASHING BOXES

6J

24

9.5

32

29

a
IN THE OROER
OF FE\I lOOS/SHIP

a
I I A T E R I A L H A N D L I N GS I E E L
PALLEIS

A.alysis

lirkca. inLrin
producl-.

is
of !r.r:!.ts
lhe firt!ring
sically
lo lbe desig. 1])t !hc

of

it

it

is

articipalfd

thaL

vil

cofrpl i cat--d

oi fer

lhc

desiqns

(ilh
limiting

iL'i

ilcxibil

tLe

adrent

Intclligcnce,
l.

for

functio.

fornerl

of

accuralely
by

I)resenled

for

ro:r!Lic

thc

corponet)ls

fof

ioi)ot

or

ivelding.

thc

locatc

l'./,

antl

.1cc:rratc

r.rb.il

allclr

cas)

an,1 !Li.li

.rccessll)il

Io.g

g o . r ( Lr o i r u s l

the

onto

to

dcsi!tn

all

r.m.i',:rl

disL()rtirri
trt

seans.
aflcr

l.rauseil

-quitabl.

and narL'lacLure

i.r

liic.
(le-qigr and
iixL'.re
th.r c.s1..i
.":li ies irrcor(ling
t.
the cr)nflcxitti

a.nseauently
of

it!

! t o : ' i i r )i c c .

rr':,ssjbl!-, ri.irise
heaL inr,'.1 ,
w.lding

bj

l.rcatl.in

tal,1L-.

go.d

{().klieces.

lteldrng
tre

h'orI:fie.es

sea:ns

oa
t

I i{LLrri.r:

fLcxiblr

firt.':.e

r:'rul(l

l,r

Iras lieen

t'sr-ii t.r

frodL:cc
]c!iccs
its
cla]rfing
!r.rLLrct iI
Itcrc citirer
.elo.iatalrle
.r
strat.gi.al
l.r placea
sires
a.,l conllgLrr
to ac.,)n.rr(Late (Lifffr.llt

norf

reteatelLly

./

nrst:

ruir:l:

Tfre {:.x.ept

fixtLrrc
and

cot'e Ltith

4 . 2 The Role ,rf ,,i xtrrre

to

.,,/

./

allon

exr,lorrd.

i s

I,.Z

the saire tin:e rt

manL:facture

f.r.tor.

I
,

qhere

!r()iresses can 5e j.L.o(Luced

of sensors a.d basic Arlificial

product
nrL t)e a
reilesign (i11

"

be of

However,

LIre !t)sitioring

plodLrct redesign also corlributcs

signii!l largcI
b:1r-.il
lo thc dcveloprent
icantl)
f.r fl exiirle
sizes and creatcs !otenliai
jigging ]lhich e.atiles:nore than one IrrodLct
lo lrc pr.duced by rc-seLling a t rxture
rather t ha. rep'-acing it.
fricndlJ

.,,/ ./

all.ra

The

some .{;t licatr(rns

the ot)erational l.lerancs of comporenL

nanulactLLri ng processes niust be conslrlere(l
if repeatabil il:/ ol i{e1d scan posiLion-r a d
is to lre guarantee(:.
a(lequacyof fixlures

r.bot

.,/i.,,/,,/.."/ J

J./

IN THE ORDER
OF FEl,l IOOS,/SI.]IP

TABIF. I

,,/

50 IPE fEPE PECENILY

Fobcts

"/ l

a0

lJ
/ i , . /

.."/

ta .,,/
1+

''/ t

t2

i'/i,-/

J..,/ ,"/

'r,/

lQ

"/

'',/

1_

/1

l60

5.5

S M A L L W A T E R T I G H TH A T C H E S

.'/

./

* u "l e o

MANHOLECOAT.IINGS
( F L U S H)

ELIPTICAL

'i,2'J

ror^L

than

eti.n

of

exanflc
irg

onc

cont)oncrts
oi

rrl

Lsee

l_ig]re

r).el-at,1e .lamr)ing

a.{r.nr:r!dat irn

t.

limile,:

I1.r

a.

d.!iccs

offcr

nrrn:tref.i'

c onl i !urat.il)r:s

I
i

AlI.)li(rtt 1t)t) L:.\p(ri.ncr

al Robotit

157

lltttting

EXATIPI-E FROM AREA A

EXAMPLE FROT' AFFA B
RECTANCULAR
14ANHOLE
COAII]NGR E C E S S E DL A S I I N C B O X

EXAIPLE FROil AFEI C

PALLET

'":......
._;-.

TOTAL WELD LENGIH ;

N O . O r V J TD
|r

N 0 .O r P I E C E S

;
N 0 . 0 F r A B L EV o V E S ;

AaC TM
ROBOI DUTY TII4E

P R O G R A M M I NTGI M E ;
cosi dr iss|GrrrcI rtlonr]
IN II]USE h,{NIJALLY
clsr F AssElEL c t ELOifc
IN.FrcUSERSOITC

t6

N0.oF WELDS

4
I

-,ns
i 6.25

FLOORIO FLOOR
TIME i

aY c!rstcE coNTpAcroRs
crar G assr'Lnrs
d rELonC

ToTAL WELD LENGTH;

t840

mrns

7 ntns
0.5

dcr

aaZ

/.52

2352 hm

T0IAL TJELD
LENGTH
i 8160 mm
N0.0FWELDS

r16

N O .O F P I E C E S

N O .O F P I E C E S

3I

NO.OF TAELEMOVES

N 0 . 0 F r A B L EM o V E S i
ARC -r'41
;

24

aRC T Il'4E

9 mlns

R o B 0pTu r Yr r f 4 E ' 1 1 1 I
r0 FL00R
tI1E lj!l'."
tu00R
PROGRAIIMING
TIME t
a6r d rqslorlrtr s r,Lollr1

I,]OT

cosr oFAlstcrr|{c raLoL\E

-^".

cml rr rs*ror r,+ r *rorrc

IN r0J5a pcaollc

TABLE 4

WORKPIECES

Three

, .,

l'roductlon

27 "
ljl
t r O B O ID L T ' T T N 4 F ; 4 J . 5 . I r s
c L 0 0 o- 0 r 0 0 p ' I " E
, "ltt6_,",
P P 0 6 a A V V t \ Cr I v F
crer rr .sstlor.t|{,c rElDIrc
3\ cllT9I0 aoNrp^cToRs
crsi a rs*rer-rrc c rtonc
l ro.lsE MrruALLl

ri.iT3ir,"**

F I XTURE

N , A . U N L O A D I N OI S T N I H E D I R E C I I O N
aaaon o A\oID ot,rrooTJor.
i l It N 6 ' T
, L OQC- K
I IORKPIECE
ON II]E FIXIUEE

A Siiple

;2
.

h do/s
;

"

,_

^.,

.2 b".

Exam

//

FIG.

15

'F1exib1e'

Fixtf,re

RELOCATABLE
CLAN4P
ING
DEVICES

A.J. 'lldtth rt al.

158

tn the first
used for simi
chal lensc is
and apply it
'lhis in turn
al ive iixture

fixLrires rould

Flexible
-

overall

fi xtLres can tre

lnstance flcxi:rle
llor{evei, the
1ar lvorkpieces
to take the conce!t bevond thal,
to qultc ,:iissinil ar work!ieces .
a creatiTe and inaginiequires
designer.
reduce rn':_

design

fjxturc

and nanuf.rcturing

batch production lime.

i i xlurc

handlina

need for

a large

tine.
IixtLrre

storaEe

area.

of the iixlure
The 1er-el of autonation
can bc increased bv replac
workpiece relation
ing all manual claml)s 1{ith hr"draulic or pneu
by a robol comnanc.
matlc c1:rnirs acli!ated
Also, an.Jther robot could be used to load and
whlle the
un]oa.] the pieces on one fixture
le.g.
weldlng robot is lveldlng on anorher.
Through the use of doublc turntablesl.
lhe need
to elininale
A further step is likely
the elenents
One robot holdi.g
ior fixtures.
of the workpiece, while the irelding robot is
Llnkage 1,l'ith the CAITCT\I]
tacking then in p1ace.
systen and seam tracking lvill tre
systen, vision
parts of such a system.
necessary integral
nethods, off-l lne
cell simulation
craphical
also be
programming and feedback svstens will
are
necessary to ensare installations
effi cient ly
5. J

utilised

Hunan Factors

au!o
a.d flexible
of robotics
The introducti.Jn
in a manuallv
mation has many implications
industry
such as shipbLrilding.
intensive

.qkills

ib)

14ilh nanLial lcach mcthods, robot tcachinrl

skills orusl be developed lrlricn a.c aljcn to
indusLrv.
I .ir
traCitional
skil l s {iLhin lIis
it has tieen f.urrl Ltrat
wel,:iinga!pl icatio.s
Neldirg ,qkills are nrit ne.ress:rrl
lradilional
{hi I e a technical
Linder-qlantling .i the pfocess
is,
Jr.rniliaritt {ith conluLerise.l nachlnerv is a.
inpartant irspecL ol an ot)erator's ccrrlort in a
robolic
The advent of the h.rL,re
enviro.:nent.
conputer-literacy
ard
con!uler \as floyided
profortion
famil iarity
across a signiiicant
oa
the ,orkforce dhich can bc cxploi ted as
flexi!1c
a L r t i i m : r t i o ni s i n t r o d u c e c .
tn n.rst
'ith
r.rbotics is seen as
instances ir!ol!enent
rather than a threat and a
i1n optorLunity
' r c r
: o r '
. . g
o r :r l o
o f .
shi pvald v;crker.
In malntenance. the skills
reqllred to sulrliort
robotic installaLions are bey()ndLhase normallJ
feq!ired
in a shltyard.
Tratiilionally
, even Nll
installations
i'ar,e treen i airly
robL'sl and an
.
:f cq, ?
Ihis
r.ent is not in !,ristine c.ndition.
is dilierent
lor the generatior cf
situalion
.obots .rf which ve have exterience $hich
iequiie checklng and corleclior
to:naintain
p : l
- r ' l . r ' " ' i . s .
o

(cr

lieal th

Relations

of the ce11 at
Prior to the installation
S . H . S . , r e p r e s e n t a t i 1 ' es o f a l l s e c t i o n s o f l h e
Far iron belng
workforce werc consulled.
1"ork of lhe nalure to be
against investigatory
undertaken, repre sent at ive s sLpporte(L thc
anri wcre keen to learn lhensel"es'
initiative
harre
Throughout the developnent represe.tatives
been kept informed and acceplance of the equipnent fol production rvork was reacheC without
This process has assiste.i bv the
discontent.
to a far
agreenent, ieached in febrrarv,198a,
reaching review of working IJractices which
ol
provided a nechanisn for the intloduction
Regular features appear in the
new technology.
S.H.S. newspaper, lnforming tire workf.rce about
the progress,
to
l,re have foun.l that taking the lnitiative
inform the work force and their representa!ives
has given them an understanding of the ieasons
Gcnerallv ' the
why we are I ooking at rolrotics .
representatives of the workforce ha!e expressed
ot nel'r
support for the introduclion
their
technologr- and are keen that thelr nenbers
should play a full and actile part in its use
at

all

1eve1s.

Sai e L

'lhe

introduction
of artom.rted equipnenl ofters
great potential
foi irnpro!ing the opcrating
in shipbuilding.
environneni
Safety require
me.ts guidance and I etislation
were considcreC
irom lhe conceltlral develofnent.rl
the robotic
installation.

theie

(a)

and

n.r

t , -

ha'./e been
p . - a s i c

tie

responsjble

attltude

a .,1

Accuracy

i r . t J
'lhis

accidenls.

, . - , v

of

weldinS

robot

rFpF,(noil:.\ ro
produc t ion run

post ional

c . r n ! o n e nI
-

to

d n

welding ce11. anr.Jng

(in a combination of

componcnt r0anipulallon
of

t - <

th lror'kforce.

i it up and assemLrly accui:rcy

fixt ur ing accLfacy )

control

. I

duc

Req.rir'enents

The success of a roboti.

other paramelers, relies
the follorring: -

J L
is

accuracy

proccss

parameters

accur.ac,v
o " i . r p r,

I)art accuracy

progranrning accuracy

( incluCes

Application Experic rc al Robotic Welditlg

Sone of
(al

thcse factcrs

Fit-up

wilt

nou be co sidered.

& Assembly Accurac.,

In Lhe absence of an adatitive controt system it

is esse.tial
lhat corponents are precisefy
located.
The difflcul ty i. achjeting this is
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e c o n p te x i t y o I t h e
directly
workpiece,
Adapti!.e controt
systems reduce the
demand
s in this respect,
(b)

Fobot Positional

Accuracy !

Repealabilily
has to do with the expected
variance in position each line the arn retu.ns
to a taught point along the same paLh and at
t h c s a r n es p e e d . R e p e a l a b i l i t y i s e s ! a b t i s h e d
by statistical
rneans frorn test dara.
Accuracy on the other. hand, retates
to the
ability
of the iobot ro fot tor,rconmands rather
than nove belveen points physicalty taught.
For example, assune a robot is lnsLr ucLeo ro
tnore rl5.b9 cn., the actual mo',e is measured and
found to be 15.16 cn.
Upon succee{ling runs,
the arm conlinues to nore exactty 4-. la, cm. ln
thrs case the repeatabitity
1s Irerfect 1,hite
rne accuracy 1s not.
Component Part

Accuracy

Tdeally,
the i.dividuat
cornponents of 1!orkpleces arriling
foi robot llelding shoutd be of
exact specified dimensions, but thj s is unreal
.sli, dS il dpterdson.r.h nre!jors lt
ess.s
as f larnecutting,
sariing, rotting,
e!c. Nhich
natural ly exhibit toterances.
Tolerances on conponent sizes which we have
experlenced have been betheen + 0.5 nn and
+ 2 nm.
Provisions
har.e been ma{]e which accomrn_
odate these.
:iomedifficutttes
have occu.red
because the tolerances exhibitcd by sufpoiting
processes nave not ireen under control
theie
has been var.iation in the mean positions
of Lhe
di stribut ion of variations.
Statisticat
Quality Control roethods aie now Lreing
im!lemented as a feature of workstation
organi
sal-i.,n at S.H.S. which together wtth rvor.ker
self-checking assist in this respecr.
(dl

Programning Accuracy

Due to the possibte toferance of the inclividual

components, programning inaccuracies
may arise,
as the robol path is taught.
Obtaining ideal
("as designed") dimnsioned pieces toi
I ) I O g r a m r , 4 1 nm
8 ay be impracticat
and expensi,,,e.
Wooden models may be less impracticat
and tess
exlensi\.e but stitt
the need here is for off_
line progranning,
so that accurate pr.ogramnes

Accuracy Control

Accuracy Control is a pr.oduction phjlosophy

uhich continuously
reiines
production processes
by actions based on anatyses of them and thetr
infrastructure.
It terrades the approach to
de\.elopnent and productivity
improvement at
Swan Hunter Shlpbuilders.
R o b o ti c i n s t a l l a t i o n s

Hepcatabitity

Hhen on line programning, th operator is

concerned with the repeat:rbility
of the arm.
With off line progr.anning, the accuracy of :he
arn becones lmportant.
Many peoJrle use the
terns 'accuracy' and 're!eatability"
as if they
'ihis is
neant lhe same thing.
not the case.

icI

lcl

r59

a bs o l u t

with:

consistency in

highly

conLrol labl e operating

l it

predicatable

natural ly

Optrnjsar

in

quatity

cycle time6
characteris..ics

an Accr.rracy Controlled

on ol

F.b

pdlt.

It has been our experience that alnost

lnilial
robot programme can be further
to gr ve shorter.obot
cyctes.
NLrnerous routes exist
reaching the starting

cvery
refined

for the robot arn, in

point of a ,retd sean.

The route decided by the robot progranner

not necessari1v the "optlmum', ole.

is

Welding considerations for a!oiding distortion

determine the wetding sequence but not the
rorJot routes.
Although,'optinun,' routes for
tne robot arm are highly desirabte as they can
save considerable tine (e.g. originai rcbot
cycle for a pattet:
thr lOftins as comlare.i with
refind: Ir3.5nin6), it can be quite tjne
consufoing in finding
then depending on \rork
piece conplexity.
u ^ e \p r . ^ i r h o r ' - i n p
o r o C r- - . i . g r s i n g
graphlcs, such optimisation witt becone more
riable and cost effective.
5.f;

Scrne Problems During an Initiat

iLrn of a Complex product

production

During any initial

production run of a product,
problens aie likety
to occur and sotutions
must
be found so that they can be etirninated for
subsequent !roduc t ion runs.
As an ill11Stratio.,
some problens from the
pallet
manufacture with their
effects
an.i
paltets
solulions
are given in Tabte t.
are
th most conplex products in terms of fixturing
and priogrammlng that we anticipate.
Their
production has hightightd
categoiies
of
problens \{hich may occur on any product.
Production of ,simpte' prc,ducts, did not reveal

160

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P r o d ! . ce d b y t h e R o b o !

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i rilie:
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il:ho.,glr
lterirte
.1rtrrai_i(jn .a.,:rt
j !r.ti.ns
ied tl,r'(rLr!jr.r:i: tlrr
r1 r

sii:irjar.il.

s !tr,

.,el

th.
e\istin)a
icctL| )tr!t! is srr1.i.i..r,.
',-stirJrit:
. c a : e r . ] L j i l tl . . t
rjf ate\iirte
1LrtL,111-r,r. rfitrlf
thi
L(,tat r)r,ir:!r.it(,n
t.

aflt,

16).

facilitj".
section
ha1l,

Thc

machine

assirt)l!

sa.i]-.. sub

bar',

bay, fiLre iaL:t.r1 . I,ai.t

trctarati.rr
shcetaelal
,.hof , eLc. are all
l.lr-ntial

iiorf:
aonIuLer

!_e1l

E'.alf,al-ion

g.n)h:cs

L{ith

!3in;]

s.,lirl

l) (lraIhi.s

I:]!(Lelling

t..(,1 irr. desi!:ning

el:ecLitelr
IroreriLl
.,.'al-'al i n!: 11)|r,1.i. r,)!ii cells.

L , fa - 1 ,i n "

is

anil

lr !
Ir.,g.anfceI.s

(-iff-1ine

as the
L,I,ograno'ing can lie (:eli're.l
of !rogranning
r.,bols
tLroLgh
lhc
usc of
generate.i poirt
reniolely
c.r-o.difal.e
ual2,
iunclion

data,

neeil

slaada.d
Nith

lire

generatd.

Thls

ncans

prodrctitc

tirc

ass.ici at.ril

equifnenL,

Su.l.

srste

for

nill

devclopc,l,

will

anC

and

to

lhe

difrc.tly

{.rrk cel ls ti)

robt)ti.
prr)granJ'e,l oii
irre
This

I)fo(Luc:ion.
thc.l:lnqcrs
of

s!ecificd
lo

l]leir

life

associated

lrLrch

;rre

so

language

rirlrot

roi)oL.

lhe

rith

naxinti-qe

l()

ai(1 1t's

tine

n.lnui a.turers

l catrres

jn

r.nirins
herng

FLrllv
ct)nsuiing.
gcncratcd
ar.
Irrograrnes

and

rt)trot

evalLra:cd
acc.r'ding
.utt-],rl
pr.rridc

ncthods.

al ai I afl e

tcs,
trotct]
inciridLrals.

on

exfensi',c

using

liie

si)nie cr

on .()h.rtic

equit)trrent
rerv

elini.ate-r

1.re ..t,oi.

allor

icsted

elininale

tests

I I

tre taLg]lt

morc

tr)th

i:iter.u!hing

wlthor)t

to

flogr:rn0ring
tic
robol
frogranrning
r\,]lile a new urograirnc
is

off

oLrerati.rn

be

log'c.

;lnc cyc'.e

f.jr each I).irrt

"1ea(L througl"

lhe

task

the

an,:

!Lr.rh s!stens

idc

Lrse of

Ianae

of

rohotics

on

off
l ine L.rogranninil
capirbil ity
el lninales
"tea.l"
methods
depe.dancy .rn tracitional
p.ogfamning
a.d the stsler'sgrapiic
ol robot
(Listla-!
allous
rolrot
nr)! .inl,v lo
!rogfanncrs
'
' ' i ' \
l
L _ "
and to aloid
col lisions
beir)r'e lLe Irr!grarnrres
the

in

thc

inaustrial

inplcnen-

LaLlr)n ol o{f
line
the ne.:d to
!fogf.rrni:S.rre
wilh
a t : J L r s r lf o r
inaccuracics
associated
the
physical
oi
1-\e ,ork
real
enr.irorneat
r:-.11 Fher
\rill'

conparl]d

Hith

controllel
For

the|]ff

ir'

thc

Iinc

ad,rt,Led is

solution

L,i{)be ir.in a tcol

nu Ler of criticdl
lo

fri.,r
arlv

notlei
of

cor.pLtcr.

thc

inaccura.ies

ol

the

changing

r.bol

t.

slaLi(in

Li.rrnls .i
otreraLlons

conrncncing

adj ust

lir'

t o
flogranne
Lhe loa(Lirg,

l.

sense

I .rr

flxrur:ng,

sLich rrrobes can

{)n Lhe en(1 effect1]r
dcsign.

any

lhrough

rial-line

Iobrt

also

bec{rnes

l.rre

lotal

m:rnr{:ic-

turing
the
base

lhat

of

ini

in

shit,-vaItl

l 6 l

txe
in

rs

acco:iflishcd

ornati..frofi

i-q s\]red

nanLrfactLiring
slep

This

sJslens.

use

bt' olhe:

syslcm.

riirec!ion
liLi.h

ti.
This

.t

imtl ies

r)r.rtlLrct i', itt

through

rlADlill
.len.rnt.s

t!e

i lexible
is

i'rodLrclior lines can be noted.

iiract arc cy.le
-Datch
til:lcs, dutt cycl-. tines,
cor!letc
r)ro(l
uction tinfs, etc.. sill
helt inm.nscly tIe
!lanners and schedulers in their functions.
'l

he lca.l tinre
inplenent:rnd nodilt i,ork cells
sig.i f lcant1y rcduccd.

can be

The deslgner car conpare anlj e-ialu:rle the

rrerfcrnances i)i se!cra1 robots in the saae
'{ork .ell
.r lhe sane rolrot in se..'eral ldoft
ccl l s and iind ti]e mosL cos- eifr!:ive

Ihc dcsigner car test anrl an:rlysc many alterratil'{]s rn a sh.rt

time, pr.oc.uci.g tietter
designs at a redrced cost, and rc.lucing the
re ed to build r)r.itoLvtes.
Protrlens aiLI lhe !rrrk cc11 car l)e i.lenlified
:1:ld oflinlsed
to actuallt
c,rnslructrng
frior
thc ccLl.
T h e r e s u l t i s L i n e a n d c o s t s a r .i n g s
iri th cfficient
worl,,station la!.rrrt..
l.

FLTllflE TRa\DS

crc.

tre ifcofirorele(1

L r l r ) g r a r t r n : i r gt h e
integrated
iito
thc

Ireal tirr
sinuLation will also alloN the uscr
lo work eiiectrvelv
t.wa.ns high util:saLion
of 1rorkstation.

autonatic

ac..rL:nr

Allernirli!e1v,

ljft

Lhe uorkIiece
a.d

litferent
arailatrle a.r custoniscd robots,
ro:,.rt i-nd effectul's, {o.k cel l s, rorkpicccs,
$orktabl fs, naterial
handli.g equilmel]t, j igs
an(1fixtures,
rtc. can Ie coJnrrared
iiiLh res!ect
t.i srreclfic firoductlo. linc constraints and
their irter reta:ionships cfaluated.

lhe

robot

)1.iN
s!recial
!ost
froccssors.rre
Nhich n:rk.
lhat
link
!facLical.
"ai.irsl-nei:t.'
to Lhe resl
,r.r1d,
thc

Regar.ding
a

ect

liI]nagc

laLLer.

the

alailable
onc

peri

Ltre

an(L the

corluter,

l r e l a i l s r , i e a c t , L : , t ) e( i e l e r e n t . r f t h e r o b o t i c
work ce11 can be maintalned IrerJnanently on lhe
system and thus cnable lheir
design geonetry
and parts specifications
to be retrieved with
ease,
Such ixfrrnation
i,rill also rleflre t.Ie
linitati'r.s
ar(l cap:rhrlitirs cf sjreclfic rolots
ard 'rther elere.Ls ol lhc iolk cc11 l\'hi.h (iarl
be chcc;:cd rgainst the req'rird functions ilid
n o ' "e n e f t . r f t i c r . f o t .

the

The

The r:rin.ibstacles

cre:1te a I:l
orlel
)i a r.obrt
an(l
(lei ine thr
w.rfliing 'rn!ir.nnent
a.d tlei
.i:r-ie.t!r rt, is l-,) n;riiirul:rle.

ils

dat.r

.r1 tire
!eL another
au:oraled

J:ariirised.

It lras realised early in our in!esligati.n

thal rvelci.g sh.ul(1 not n.r thc only pr.ocess
cap.rt,1. of irerng autornate(LaL lhis ,{orkstatioi.
Indeed. nost ninor steelwork, an.l .Lrtfit itcms
r-.quire a rumbcr oi different
l)r,.rcesses. iSec
Tatrle I I .
hi Ll a tool charging station,
{ FIG. 4 ) r.b(,ts are able t.r use a !.ariell
ol'
tocls t. rrerf.rrn a nunber o: pr.occsses on the
sanc ,{orkpicce, thus elinirating
tf:c
.pcrations that aild no ralue Lo the produci.
ranelJ:- rat cr j a1s handling.

.11)!) l tLltt it )t t L \ l) r ] i t:t1cL o.l Ro bt ) t i ( hrt,l d i g

163

iti

n''l'

rrl ,'

PHa)r! a

.F
rr

t.Ia.

tlte

;Lql!II!!

t])f

e !.rr).rLi.

'

'

TL)(jl

i, I has '.een
!lr.itrirrr ilHIrr
:r|(1 tcste(:
!h:it
coLrtd I r)al |.st
.,f

I'or!t.

l:dustrv
fron
lrn
tit-.

Inc basis
of
()!j nior
iha:

h.rs Lcnerir"tc:t
.jiefcd

--rter:i!ei)

tr\ ;]i]!.t

sJsters.

erLrcrier!:e

iie a.c
i:a1nea,
h : 1 rc a a i n p o r L a l l t

r.bois

.ri.

i,art.
Lhe autrLle ol t.h. siri;.hLritrtifg
t,laI i.
indu-qary vhicli
t.rs Ierhii!,s
nr)rc t.
gai:L t.tar
!|rer
i.rdus ir ie s .
t!

|rc!iorsll

wit\i.

n.anLrf:.lLrfin{
desltn.

shiflrri

Iar.e

ltre

al,l]li.atior,
st:rnd.rrrlisation.
iirrite
iIexibl.

irr.!dIcti.,I
tr--.,n s.rjsht

If

r-r!L.rj tL,ctrfr)l.rgt. an.j

nt I .fe
stitt
infnrtait.

s !porterl
bt the high
,.|,Hfl.rl
!ecr,i::ng a',aitilIte,
{itt
r,er.ice
thr,rterrenrtirnci
|.
tiese
a:icroIs.

rioi

1 1: i l n ia i . 1 c a 1 1 J
cufrenl
Hr)l).Ls

l-:.n,1 in
sustrei

lfd

shit,r,!itrti.g
or

r:

j.!r,:

rn

lht-

i'rtLrre i{c ar.

iiriils,

1..!r|..ali.!
5, , I : l, lilt

ieatLre

rl

.xt)-Ali
o!tif,i

thr

H.t,otic
:rl".Lens.

{!rli

cclls,

Lislrnds

rsc.

itE-\it,tc
oi

ol

ir

ship

.!j!:lrrrcs

.i(inl,rter
sati.rL

fi\ar:

nrtti
I

ijecone

-r\ stcns

.l

ft\(

the

I_irat..tr!._ic
raser

I.un.tionat

i.j

i,_r)r,r)rr.i.e!:r
j)rocess, as
1l I
essast
i.
the

Lrrott.rct,(,i l1L)c.-!s.

hL,ilifihfi

1
:1(ilrotrc r,1]r!:stations
for
lrnor
steelwcrii
anri ouLiit:trms
ca. .j.fr
increased
tr.oLiLjct
:!r lr" :fri redLi.eLl mirrrLiactrrr.ins
cosLs.
. I
I m r r r . , .i . U t h e a c c u r . a c J t ) i t l L e d i i . t r r e n L
ri]nLLi.rcturirltj i)r'.jcesscs if
shitl.Lildiltj.,rit
l
enIe:Lce luI't.rcr
trc
jr.,r]:
r)f. rolr.jtr.
I,otcr:Li.]t

lr
,!tr!licaLirin:r oa riet.llrg
:..r)r)ts .an t,rrciil
sr'rr, Ir.(,drctio|
:.d
Liith tlre ailait:( | ,,1. sca]l
tra.l.:j.!
s-.rst.fs an.l litar,'!i\c (:orrrrLj
i.|]{,rI'
lLll
is crrecte,t 1.o Lr ac.rr,fe|.
r,.lertirt
rI
lrli
Ii.e;,roijfarrring
anrl intcs.atl.n
r (,not1( s inl,,
tIe
a,t,)i.rtiLsrsr.fi:
Iara's
r'ee..n ii
tt e futt
:.n--tits
,,f f.t.\iirtc

irortirrrle

r nregra

rr)brtics

c.nflrlert

shi!i,uilding

r)i.
ar..
:r,rt!l

rre exI trjLed.

f!nsi(leI'irLite

scoj)e is

tlre:,.I-irrli.ali.:i.t
rt)Lr!ts

an.i

st:.Lr.Lrrrcs

l s e e i l l r .
-!n.rll

IE

frt,grajlri
r ! t r r . t "bJ e r o n e

the Irotr:riat
rf
Alrear:.v a ,:ujiher

tI
!'aJtt.ir

l ine

tiif
t,.i

hardnare

s.itwarf

The

litirg.

ot,eraiio.s

ofi

stsrers

8.

in !lener:rt
i lcxil)ititr-

the

ol

flli'ri

i;r,i!r,er

sj.h
as Jll:.
i"lacI).,nlet I Do!gtas.
a.n fincinnatj
r,lilacr.n dre (ifferi:rg
ot.f tine
progra:rnr:ng.i.
r'.ir-rors en(t are ro:.kinf
towards
tru.
f .L!.

r-:rc plet:es r.(iuircd

ior
the !rodL{:Lior: .i.
pal le:s.
an-l a ',.i.:.tl
.f
rlru.a irars. ior
th!
.f
sLrr)|tjrts t,v a sint, . l.er(ling
t,rod!cticr
!rife
r.tcn1.ej
rr:c'r.porat,-il
in Ltrr n.riking
en!eiLir)e
oi

oi

l).rii.ling.

nLlti-!Lrrr,ose

L j . : re l o f e d

usc

!1or

-AXrl.iLirg

.
n

l he

Tlre Mutt-! llllqit

f tcrit,t!

ll

-rnrt t.,rr.

l,tan.ri'iiL.tL:r,irg
_
aLiL!rlti!n

ine

slrt,

:r'.dr.ct:rr

stitt
r!l,ots
in.|il
pro.fss.

] , , . : i jl ] i , t e
.r

e.frs

i!r
(.i.

i,i t. \t i t l,J I i] it E i,tt. \'f :

-h.
to

!L.t]lnrs
ii:,iLis.r

irerrrsji!:i
lr.I'liirr.e

ri:rtr t,r e1r,r,-ss tIrir

i:t,frr.iat
i.:r
jirjt,tru: t,le:.s f!r.
theif
.:i.,1
t.(, l,L.It..sl thj.r f:rj,er., . r,j Ll, itr
.i
i:!iiir: |.-rI::er rjhitrr!rtcers
frf

T--

16.1

r : : L l i i r ' r :i t ' l , r
:i|r, i:liil,

strlr

rL,:riri..
t . l.
ar':l Ii.
rrhiJ,fLil,lLr,: l, r i-rrriI

:rr..:.r

!.

i,,,r,:::

1 ' . - 1 - , )i i : : : r s .

t1 ari::l

r. :.
l l i L (i ' : ' , . i l l .
1:rrir it ,,r .!riir' il .,.i!:
r:r(1,j1

.,rr''ir,r:ls irr.:

r{,lgl.!i
,ral.,!ti'r'r!.ir.
r ' . . r , . , 1 l . : .1 1 : L : , . .
l . i i i , ,! . .
!r.fIii:11.rr,n
,,: l,t 1,,4r. .tt rrllr
t:1LrL,!
ilaLh !( nltr'e:rr: ,rr '.rf
: : : i i : rr -. i ' i rr, , I : . s i i t - L t !
-..ti:,
Ii1i..
or' i:r:i3ria. li:1.1ir':. \.r:r

1l

f,r (,g.r'iriiis

r:. . il,,ii 1.i lr: , rrr:.1,i

rlfll
fr.frI'ir:rEr:L :,1 : rr : arj(l
: . i a ri l e
.:.1rr",1,r!\.. tli,..r:::t:
.:
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riLr..tl.11Ll.. :., t-.r; I
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l.

fl'e::ir.

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SHIPOPERATION

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda anf C. Kuo (Fds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North,Holland)
O IFIP, I985

16'7

CANSY,
A COIIPUTER
SYSTEII
FORSAFE
ANDECONOMICAI,
SA]LIN(; ANDI,{ANAGE}.IENT
, { a r a r ^ k uI u ! u d c : ' , v l * a n o b uS u d o h : ' : ,P y o , r r k oF u j i n o t o ' : " : " ' "
0samuYamamolo'i":',
|,{orio Inoue'! and Yuji Hirakara**'l't

| ] u r c f f o r t s h a v e b e e nd i r c c L e d t o t h c d e v e l o p m c not f s o f t \ i a r e t e c h n i q u e si n s h i p o p e r a t i o n , v h i c h h a v e
not been dcveloped as muchas have hardware techniques. trlehave developeda cohputer-aided navigation
s v s t c m ( C A N S 'Y )n h i c h a s s i s i s t h e o f f i c e r s i n s h i p o p o r a t i o n . A t f i r s t , t h e N a v i e a t i o nD a t a A u t o n a t i c
R e c o r d i n gS v s t e mh a s b e e n d e v c l o p e da s o n c o f t h e m a i n f u n c t i o n s o f c A N S y ,v h i c h h a s b e e n a l r e a d y
installod on six ships. Subsoquently,thE
c n e r g ys a v i n g N a v i s a t i o nS y s t e m( c a l c u l a t e s o p t i t l r . r n
r ip
sh
s p e c d sa t v a r i o u s s e a c o n d i t . i o n s,) a n d t h o R o u g hv e a t h e r N a v i g a t i o nS y s t e m( i n f o r n s o f h e r d a n S e ra n d
h c l p s i n d e c i d i n g h o v t o a v o i d i t ) h a v c b e e nd c v c l o p e dt o a s s i s t t h e o f f i c e r s i n i n c r e a s i n gs h i p s a f e t y
a s v e l l a s s a v i n g e n e r S y , r h i c h h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l c d o n o n e c o n t a i n e r s h i p . A l s o , t o s u p p o T ta b o v e
svstems, the shore basr:d Analvzing SvsLernhas been developed, bv ',hich the fundanental data arc
o b t a i n e d t o m a n a g et h c s h i p , s u c h a s s e a n a r g i n , a g i n g / f o u l i n g e f f e c r , , e r c .

1 . INTR()DUCTIOIi

a n a l y s e sh a v e b e e nm a d eo f l h e i r d a t a .

A u t o m a t i co p e r a t i o n i n s h i p s h a s b e e nr e m a r k a b l y
d e v c l o p e di n r c c c n t y e a r s , r o s u l t i n S i n i n c r e a s e d
safety as rell as saving on both rnanpoverand
c n c r a y . O f f i c c r s ' j u d a e m e nbl a s e do n t , h c i r e x p e r i c n c e i s , h o v e v e a ,s t i l l a n e c e s s i t y f o r e f f e c t i v e
total ship operation, sincc the various automatic
o p e r a t i o n s y s l e n s ( l J n o a n n codp e r a t i o n o f n a i n
eneine, Auto-pilot of rudder, etc.) are separaLe.
F o r s h i p s , a t t h e p r e s e n t t i n e , t h i s o e a n st h a t
s o f t r a r e t e c h n i q u c so f a u t o m a l i c o p c r a t i o n h a v c n o t
been developed as muchas havc hardware techniques.

d
A l s o , o u r " S h o r e - b a s eA
n a l y z i n gS y s t e n " h a s b e e n
devcloped to makedetailed analyses of ihc data
o b t a i n e d b y t h e s h i p b o a r d" N a v i g a t i o nD a t a A u t o m a t i c
Rccording System', using the host conrputer.

r--.*;

." - r;a l

Therefore, our efforts have been directed to thc,

developmentof soft{are techniqr.resin ship opcr a t i o n . l e h a v e d e v e l o p e da c o m p u L ear i d r : d n a v i
sation system (CANSY)
, in cooperation 'rith the NYK
L I N E a n d t h e S h o v aL i n e , L t d . , * h i c h a s s i s t s o f f i cers in ship operalion. As the first step, the
d e v c l o p m e not f t h c " N a v i g a t i o nD a t a l i u t o m a t i cR e c o r d i n g S y s t e m ' r a s b e g u ni n A u c u s t , 1 9 8 1 . T h e
f i r s t s u c h o p e r a t i o n a l s y s L e mv a s i n s t a l l e d o n t h e
b u l k c a r r i e r i n J u n e , 1 9 8 2a n d e x p e r i [ e n t s l e r e
carried out rith it.
T h e s y s t e n p r o v e da s u c c e s s ,
a n d s o t h e s a n e s y s t e my a s i n s t a l l e d o n f i v e s h i p s .
S u b s e q r ] e n t l yt,h e d e v e l o p n e n ot f t h e " E n e r g y - s a v i n g
N a v i e a t i o nS y s t c u " a n d t h e " R o u g hv e a t h e r N a v i s a t i o n
System" vas bcgun in September, 1982 and complcted
in |4av, 1984. CANSYincorporatina these lunctions
ras installed on the container ship in June, 1984.
O u r e n g i n e e r sc a r r i e d o u t s e v e r a l e x p e r i m e n t so n t h e
vessel's voyage in December,1984 and no* sone

Fie. 1

Constructionof CANSY

l.Ship and 0
o"i",
Eneine()ringand Ship Buidine Researchcenter, ::.:r::::
llaval ship TechnologyDept. Tsuruni vo.ks, ;;::r.i!*
Ship Design
D e p t . T s u ' l o r k s , N i p p o nK o k a nK . l (

t68
OFCANSY
SOFTI'ARE

2.

i s s h o w ni n F i g . 1 .
Thc constructionof CANSY
CAIISYconsists of an 0nboard Svstemend a Shorebased Analyzing System. The onboard Svstemhas the
fo I lo'ring threc functions.
N a v i g a t i o nD a t a A u t o m a t i cR e c o r d i n gS v s t e n
Energy-saving Navigat ion Systen
Rough_seathcrNavigation System

e t c .) .

/':\ ^,
..
"
! 3 J r ' a l . u l 1 l ' n . l ^ a m h r p : nn l . l i o a t i o . . .
I t i s v e r y i n p o r t a n l .f o r s h i p m a n a a e m etnot b c
a w a r eo f v a r i o u s a s p c ( : t so f s h i p ' s p r o p u l s i o n
p r ' r f o r m a n c en, a m r : l ya c L u a l ( l a t a o f . r . ' a m a r g i n , s l i p
ratio, etc. Seamarginis defined as the differe n c e o l p r o p u l s i o np e r f o r m a n c ei n a c t u a l s e a s f r o n
lhat in cal0 seas *'ilh a clean bor-r-om.
(a)

E a c hs y s t e d i s f i l c d i n o n e 8 " f l o p p y d i s c s e p a rately. After settinS each floppy disc, eachsysteD

r u n s a u t o n a t i c a l l y . P r o g r a m n easr c m a d ei n F o r l r a n
l a n g u a c ee x c e p t f o r t h e d a t a s a m p l i n gr o u t i n e .
2.1

N a v i s a t i o n D a t a A u t o m a t i cR e c o r d i n gS y s t e r

i) 0ata sampIing
T h i s s y s t e r na u t o m a t i c a l l y m c a s u r e st h e n a v i g a t i o n
data vith a ensinedata loeger, 1iA0S1) (computer
a i d e d o p c r a t i o n s y s t e mf o r p r o p u l s i o n p l a n t s , v h i c h
h a s b e c n d e v e l o p e db y N K K ) , v a r i o r , t sn a v i s a t i o n
e q u i p n e n t sa n d a c c e l o m e t e r s . T h e s en a v i s a l i o n d a t a
a r e i n m e d i a t e l ya n a l y z e da n d d i s p l a y e d . A b o u t2 0
i t e n s o f s a m p l i n gd a t a a r t : s e l c c t e d f r o m l h e f o l L o t ing itells.
E n e i n ed a t a . . . o u t p u t a n d r e v o l u t i o n o i n a i n
@
engin(}, consumption, pumpmark and tcmperature of
f u e l o i l , r e v o l u l , i o n a n d a i r p r e s s u r eo f l - u r b o
charger, etc.
V o v u e "d a t a . . . . s h i p s p c e d ,s h i p ' s h e a d i n e ,
@
location (latitude & longitude), time (Gl{T),'rind
s p e e da n d d i r e c t i o n , r u d d e r a n g l e , e t c .
Hull """lon.n data...acceleration (vertical,
@
latcral and loneitudinal), deck slress, ctc.
Also, officers should inpul lhe data of (late, tine
( l o c a l ) , s h i p d i s p l a c e n e n ta n d d r a f t a n d r a v e
( h ei e h t , l e n e t h a n d d i r e c t i o n ) .

Actual sea marsin

T h e p r o p u l s i o np c f f o r n a n c ei n c a l m s e a s v i t h a
c l e a n b o l t o m c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o t h c s h i p d i s p l a c e m e n t
a n d t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h a n g l e i n t h e a c t L r i r lv o y a g c ,
i s c a l c u l a t e d . A n e x a m p l eo f r n a i nr : n g i n eo u t p u t
v c r s u s s h i p - s p e c di s s h o v n i n I i i g . 2 . C u r v e I i s
c a l c u l a t e d f r o m L h e r : h a r a c L e r i s L i r :osf h u l l r c s i s and propcller,
t a n c e , s e l f p r o p u l s i o np o r f o r m a n c e
v h i c h a r e o b t a i n e db y a n r o d e l . a s t i n a t o v i n g t a n k
a n d b y s o a t r i a l i n r : a l ms p a s . I n r : a s ca s h i p r u n s
v i t h a s h i p s p e e do f V r , a m a i n e n g i n e o u t p u t .o f
B H P fa n d a p r o p c l l c r r e v o l u t i o n o f N n ( P o i n t A i n
Fie. 2), lhe fol loving values are siven.
P o i n l C . . . B l l P c ( m a i ne n s i n e o u l p u t i n c a l r ns c a s
\ { i t h a c l e a n b o l t o m c o r r e s p o n d i n gL o
Vr)
P o i n t 0 . . . V c ( s h i p s p c o di n c a l m s r : a sn i t h a
c l e a n b o t L o mc o r r c s p o n d i n st o B H P V )
E a c ha c l u a i s e a m a r g i na r c g i v c n b y t h e f o l l o n i n g
c q u a li o n s .
Ilain engineoutput sea margin ,
r 100(1)
Sl,{- (Bl{Pv- BHPc),zBIlPc
Speedsea margin ;
(Vc Vv)/Vc' 100 (X)
Propeller revoiulion sea margin,
( N v - N c ) / N c, 1 0 0 ( * )
vhereNc : propeller revolution in calmseas vith a
c l c a n b o l t o mr l r r c s p o n d i n g t o V v .

ii)
A n a l y si s
S a m p l e dd a t a a r e a n a l y z e da s f o l l o n s , a f t e r
e l i 0 i n a t i n g a b n o r n a ld a l a ,

r
\
/ i l r j t F A i . ltl t T T 0 l . l
s F A , , 'T
N il!-lJ
i f f l , l L . l : F l 0 l ' L I L S! \ l t F l F i l l l l , l / n l l _ E
.

C a l c u l a t i o n o l m c a nv a l u e , s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n ,
@
p e r i o d o f f l u c t u a l i o n , n a x i n u ovt a l u e o f e a c h i l e m .
/a\
E s t i 0 a t i o r o l ' n a i n c n a i n po u l p u L . . .
lU
Thc oain eneine outputs other lhan that neasuaed
by shaft pover meter are estinated for studying the
a g i n g c f f e c t o f m a i n e n g i n ea n d c o n f i r m i n g t h e
val idity of measuredvalue. The measuredvalue
o b t a i n e db y s h a f l p o g e r m e t e r i s s e n e r a l l y u s e d
f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f s e a m a r g i ne t c , r h i c h i s e x plained belo'r. If a shaft poser meter is not in
a o o do p e a a t i o n , t h e e s t i n a t e d v a l u e s c a n b e u s e d ,
E s t i n a t i o n s o f n a i n e n g i n e o u t p u t a r e n a d eb y t h e
four methods, based on the nain engine's shop test
r e s u l l s ( L h c r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e nm a i n e n a i n e o u t p u t
a n d e n g i n e r e v o l u t i o n , f u e l o i l p u n pn a r k , f u e l
o i l c o n s u n p t i o no r c h a r a c t r i s t i c s o f t u r b o c h a r g e r ,

5 l lL P ! P t t 0

Fie. 2

D e fi n i t i o n o f s c a n a r g i n

at 1,\s )j
( b ) C o r r e c t e ds e a m a r g i n
T h c a c l . u a l p r o p u l s i o n p e r . f o r m a n cseh o u l d b r :
m o r i i f i e dt o t h e t i n c a l m s e a s , c l i m i n a t i n gv i n d a n d
\ r a v ee f f c c t , i n o r d c r l . o a n a l y z e t h c a a i n g e l f r : c t
and t-hcfouline effcct on the propulsionperfor'lhe
mance.
correctodsea marginis defined as thc
d i f f e r e n c r : o f p r o p u l s i o n p e r f o r n a n c e i n c a l r ns e a s
from thal in caln seas vith a clean botton. So thc
c o r r o ( : l . e ds e a m a r g i n o f m a i n e n c i n c o u t p u t i s g i v e n
a s f o l l o n s ( 0 u r v eI I i n F i g . 2 ) .
f n r r n . . ' o dn r i n . " , u i n , , u t f u . \ l . i Jn b r t l :
r c1 0 0 ( t )
Strl'= (BllPs BHPc),'BIIP
n h r : r eB l l P s: m a i n e n g i n { ro u L p u t i n c a l n ts c a s
corrr:sponding to Vv.
( c ) V i r i , u a ls l i p r a t j o
V i r t u ' r s l i u - a L i o o f o r ,p p l l a - i c s : v ^ n . r \
iollons.
V .S .R . = ( 1

3 0 . 8 6 6 x V r . r(

" N r )) " 1 0 0 ( i ( )

vhere Il : propeller pil,ch

R u l t i n s , p i l c h i n g a n d y a v i n sm o t i o n . . .
@
l . a L e r a l a n d l o n g i t - u d i n a la c c e l e r a t i o n sa t t , , ? o
p o i n t s i n t h { - 'd r : c k h o u s ea r c m e a s u r e d . R o l l i n s a n d
P i f . r : h i n gn o t i o n l r r : r : a l c u l a l c d f r o m 1 - h ed i f f e r r : n c e
o f l a t r : r a l a c r : e l e r a t i o n sa n d t h a t o f l o n g i t u d i n a l
a c c e l e r a t i o n s r c s p e c L i v e l y a s s h o , r ni n F i g . 3 .
Yavinsmolion can bc given from data of ship s
heading.
i i i ) B a si c d a t a
The follocine data are filcd
f o r i : h c a b o v c c' a l ( : u l a l i o n .

b a l l a s t e d c o n d i t i o n s . A p r o p u l s i o n p e r f o r m a n c ei n
a n y r : o n d i t i o nc a n b e a i v e n b y i n t e r p o l a t i o n .
P r o p o l l e ro p e nc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . .
These data are aiven by propeller open rater tests
o r o s l i n a t i o n s b a s e do n t h e p r o p e l l c r d e s i g n
c h a r t s . I n c a s c o f C P P ,t h c s e d a t a a r e f i l e d
vorsuspropeller pitch angles.

n a a " ar c s i s t a n c e b y v i n d a n d v a v e . . .
@
'Jindrcsistancecan be estimated
by Ishernood's
nelhod2) as fo I lovs.
I
, Pa\\d2
r h e r c C * 1 n 6: v i n d r e s i s t a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t , r h i c h i s
a lunciton of the relative dind
dirccl ion.
: t h e ' i r . n s i l vo l a i r
oa
: transverse projectcd area
At
:relative sind spced
Va
R vi n . J= r w i r d

Addedvavc resistanco in regular vaves can be

p r e d i c t r : db y S a l v e s e n ' st h e o r y 3 ) a n d l i u j i i T a k a h a s h i ' sm e t h o d . 4 ) T h e a d d e dv a v e r e s i s t a n c e i n
shorl crestcd irre8ular raves can be predictcd by
u s i n a t h e a b o v ei n r e g u l a r v a v e sa n d v a v e s p c c t r a
as lollovs.
Cruru'llw2

i n C A N S tYo b e u s e d

P r o t u l s i o n p c r f o r m a n c et / i t - h a c l e a n b o t t o n i n
c a l m s e a s .. .
T h e s ed a t a a r e e s l i m a t e d , b a s c do n t h e r e s u l t s o f
t a n k t e s t a t N K K , i n v a r i o u s c a r a o l o a d e da n d

Hv

L31er3r
i.c.1 A .r 1rl: isr;:ryn.. I + F,iX r. ri
t . i e , aA
r . . n l B , r , , l l i 1 : . r r tn . c I + F , jI 9 1 l
a . ,i t t

|]biti

iR,.

3111

c {l

ti,. X 3 lll

.rilll

_-

:rr.llil

,' :]nr.,r,t

:r!Lir!r , r-'i..il
1,.

!||f

Lrli:1riil: t

l"ie. 3

r69

A nethod of calculating

rolline

: a d d e dy a v e r e s i s t a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t
which is a function of significant
rave lreight, rave period, vavc
e n c o u n t e r c da n s l e a n d s h i p ' s d i s p l a c e
menI
: s i g n i f i c a n t y a v eh e i e h t

C h a r a r : t r : r i s t i c so f m a i n e n g i n e e t c . . .
@
S e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s l i c s o f m a i n e n a i n e , b a s e do n
t h { ) . r e s u l t s o f l h e r n a i nc n a i n e ' s s h o p t e s t , a r e
filed lor calculation of nain ensineoutput.
ii')

Funr:tions
S
. a m a r e i nr o . o r d i n q f u n c L i o n . . .
)
This is a mainfunction of the llavisation Data
A u L o m a t i cR e c o r d i n gS y s t e n . S h i p ' s o f f i c e r s c a n
r e c o r d n a v i g a l . j o nd a t a i n l h i s f u n c t i o n a t e y e r y
vatch (6 tines a day). After officers input the
d a t a o f s h i p ' s d i s p l a c e m e n t ,w a v e ,e t c . b y h a n d ,
n a v i s a t i o n d a t a a r e s a m p l e df o r 2 0 n i n u t e s . A f t e r
L h a t , t h i s s y s t e mo a k e s t h e a n a l y s e s , f i l c s t h e n i n
a floppy disc, and displays the data automatically.
T h e f i o * o f d i s p l a y s a n d a s a m p l eo f d i s p l a y a r e
shovnin Fie. 4 and Fie. 5.
The navisation data for abt. 50 days can be stored
i n o n e f l o p p y d i s c , v h i c h i s e n o u g hf o r a b u l k
c a r r i e r n a k i n Sa r o u n d t r i p o n t h e J a p a n - N o r t h
A n e r i c ar o u t e .
N a vi z a t i o n d i s p l a y f u n c t i o n . .
@
This function aulonatically repeatsthe flov of
saoplins
a n a l y z i n a - d i s p l a y i n eo f n a v i g a t i o n

170

ti.,'.-.,

'..
/';, ,
'-..:11

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a,,:-"

Fig. 4

Fi e . 5

Screen of result

D i a e r a no f N a v i g a t i o nD a t a A u t o n a t i c

Systeh

in llavisat ion Data

A u t o s a t i c R e c o r d i n gSysteo

data to monitor the latest data on a graphic disp l a y a t a n y t i m e . N a m e l y ,a l l n a v i g a t i o n d a t a c a n

be nonitored in one display, vhich is available to
officers for optinun sailing.
/ ? \ ^
! J 7 l u e p a r ' u r pa r r l v a l l n p u r l u n c r t o n . . ,
T h e d e p a r L u r ed a t a a n d a r r i v a l d a L a , r e s p e c t i v c l y ,
s h o u l d b e i n p u t i ' i t h a k e y - b o a r di n t h i s f u n c t i o n
b e f o r e a n d a f l e r u s i n g t h e s e a m a r g i nr e c o r d i n g
function, These data (voyage no., dale, route
n a n e , p o r t n a m e ,e t c . ) a r e f i l e r l i n a f l o p p y d i s c ,
v h i c h a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r d e t a i l e d a n a l y s e so n s n o r c .
T a bl e -n a ki n s d i : p l a v l u n . t i o n . . .
T h e n a v i g a t i o n d a t a a l r e a d y f i l e d i n a f L o p p yd i s c
can be printed out and nonitoredon a display in
t h i s f u n c t i o n . T h e n a v i g a t . i o nd a t a c a n b e p r i n t e d
out in several formats, vhich can be used as an abs t r a c t l o s b o o k e t r : . A s a m p l ei s s h o v n i n F i g . 6 .

t i e . 6 P r i n t o f r e s u l t j n N a v i s a t i o nD a t a
Automatic Recording Systcn

U oi n t o n u n "fnu n c t i o n . . .

C A N S sYh o u l d b e o p e r a b l e i n o p t i m u nc o n d i t i o n f o r
l o n g y e a r s o f c o n s t a n t u s e , A c c o r d i n g l y ,t h e
f o l l o v i n e f u n c t i o n s a r e p r c p a r e dt o s o l v e a n y
n a i n t c n a n c ep r c - ' b l c nrsa p i d l y .

(a)

Interface tr,.st
T h i s s y s t e m i n s p e c t s t h c i n t e r f a c e boards using
t r i a l s i s n a l s i f l h c s a f t p l i n s d a L a brr;one abnorma
I.
( b ) R e c o r d i n go f r a v s a m p l e dd a t a
T h e s a n p l c dd a t a b e f o r r : a n a l y z i n s r:an be rccorded
i

tr
t
I

4,1\sy

111

'.1,.,
,." z

. :

f ie. 8

Scrt-'cnof input in Energy-saving

N a v i g a t i o nS y s t e m

Fig. 7

D i a g r a mo f E n e r g y - s a v i n gN a v i s a t i o n S y s t e m

i n t h e f l o p p y d i s c L o c h e c k v h e t . h r : l-he
r
sampI ing
d a t a a r e n o r m a io r a b n o r m ; r l ,
( c ) S c t t i n g a n dc h a n g i n g
o f v a l u e so f t h e p a r a mclcrs
V a l u a so f t h . . p a r a m c t a r s( c a l i b r a t . i o n c o e f f i e n t s
o f c l e c t r i c s i g n a l f r o n n a v i a a t . i o ne q u r f m e n LL o
C A N S Ye,t c . ) c a n b e s e t a n d c h a n a e dv i t h a k e y -

2 . 2 E n e r B y - s ai vn 8 l { a v i g a t i o n S y s l - r : r n
T h i s s y s l . r : nc a n p r e d i ( : t o p l . i m u m
n;:vigationin
, n r8v .av'rE nu p,..o..
va_' u /a! ,- ndi"or, f
l l f u e l o i l ( : o n s u m p l i odnu r i n g a v o y a g c , f o r a g i v e n
t i m e , a l o n g a g i v e n r o u t e , i s d r : p e n d e not n t h e
s c l o c l . i o n o f s a i l i n e s p e e d s i n v i r r i o u s r , r a v ir:: o n d i t i o n s , i t i s o f f e c t i v e l o r e n e r g ys a v i n c t o s a i l a t
o p L i n u ms p e . ) ( Ji n v a r i o u s s e a ( . o n d i L i o n ss o a s t o
mi n i mi z c f u e l o i l c o n s u n p t i o n .
B o f o r c d o v c l o p i n gt h i s s y s t e m , o n e o f l h c a u t h o r s
s t u d i e d a t h e o r e t i c a l l r e d i c t i o n m c t h o df o r f u e l o i l
c o n s u m p L i o irn i r r i , i j u l a r r , r a v cas n C a l h c o r o t i c a l
n c L h o df o r d t - . r : i r l i nogp L i m u m . h i ps p " c d t . 5 ) ' 6 ) A s a
r r : s u l Lo f r : a l r : u l i r t i o nf so r t v o k i n d s o f b q l k c a r r i crs along t\ro voyage rouLes, i1. ',{asfoLrndthat the
s c l c c t i o n o f s h i r , s p e e d si n v a r i o u s n a v c c o n d i t i o n s
i n l l u e n c e s1 . h eL o L a l l u e l o i l c o n s u n p t i odnu r i n s a
S i v e n v o y ; r r < c .U s i n g L l r i : i m c t h o d ,t h e s o f t r a r c o I
t h e L - n e r g y - s a v j nNg a v i g a t i o nS y s t e mh a s b e e n d c v { ) l o p o dl o h e l p o l f i c e r s t o t ) l n a v o y a a es r : h c d u l c .
T h e f l o v c h a r t o I t h i s s y s l . e mi s s h o r n i n I ] i e . 7 .
i ) T n p u td a t s v i t h a k r : y b o a r d
R o u L c . . . l o r : a l i o n1s1 a t i l - u dEe l o n g i t u ( l c o
)f
@
d e p a r l u r . rp o i n t , r c l a y p o i n l . s a n d a r r i v a l p o i n L o f
a r o u t e a n r j r o u t ; n g s b c l $ ( ' ( j na d j r c c n t p o i n t t i ( t h { ,
g r e a l .c i r c l c r o u L i n S ,e t l : . ) .
(2-,1 Sca condit,ions.. . v inri (spr-'crlanrJd irt:r:ti on),
yave (hr:ight, pcIiod and dirct:t.ionl and currinl.
( v c l o c i t y a n d d i r e r : ti o n ) l o r e a c h z o n c o f 1 0
d c i t r ' i ) o sq u a r r o n l a t i t u < l c a n d l o n E i t u d c - ( c u r r ' , : n l -

Fi e . 9

Print of resull in Enr:rgy_savine

N a vi g a t i o n S y s t e D

d a l . as h o d n i n p i l o t c h a r t c a n b e i n p u t l o r c a c h
n o n t h .)
S u i l l n * c o n d i t i o n s . . . v o y a st e
ine, the lovcr and
@
u p p e r l i n r i t o f n a i n e n a i n eo u t p u La n d s h i p ' s d i s
p I ac.lncnt.
Dataof a routc and its sea conditions are disp l a y c d r i t h a r o u l . o m a ps o o f f i c e r s c a n c a s i l y
i n p u t a s s h o v n i n F i g . 8 . 1 5 a r o u p so f t h - " s ed a t a
can be filed in a floppy disc and be called to usc
f o r c al c u l a t i o n .
i i ) C a l c u l a ti o n
N denotes thr) nunbcr ol sea zoncs rhich occur dur
i n g a v o y a g c ,L i d e n o t e st h e d i s t a n c c o c c u p i e db y
t h c i - t h s e a z o n c a n d V i d o n o t e st h c s h i p s p e c d i n
tho i_th sea zonc. If the total timo of the voyage
i s p r , " s c ri b e d l o b c T , V i t r t u s ts.a t i s f y l - h e f o l l o r i n s
e q u a ti o n .
N t.i
T : I
i=1 Vi

. . . r t t

S i n c e t h e r o i s a m a x i m u sn h i o s c e e d V i . - " a n d
rninimum
s h i r , . ! ! , e c dV i m i n i n L h o i t h s o a z o n c , V i
n u s Ls a t i s f J ,

v i m i n :v i 5 v i | l . r x

...(2 )

l
t72

ilt. Fukuclu t,t u[.

T h et o t a l q u a n t i t yo f f u e l o i i c o n s u m eddu r i n aa
voyagecan be expressed
as follors.
F .

N
f . f

I,i
f i ( V i -i l

I:I

shere fi(Vi)

. . . (3 r

VI

: fuel oil consumption

per hour in the
i th sea zonc vhich is a function of

vi
llinimization of thc Lotal quantity of fuel oil cons u r n e d u r i n g a v o y a g ec a n b e o b t a i n e d b y s o l v i n g a
gr o b l e m , ' r h i c h i s d e f i n e d b y
n o n l i n c a r p r o S r a n m i np
(
1
)
(
3
)
cqs.
. E q s . { l ) a n d ( 2 ) a r e c o n s t r a i n sa n d
F o f e q . ( 3 ) i s t h e o b i e c t i v e f u n c t i o n . O n eo f t h e
a u t h o r s d c s i a n a t e s t h e o p t i n u ms o l u t i o n V i o o f t h e
n o n l i n e a r p r o g r a m m i npgr o b l e ma s t h e e c o n o i i c a l s h i p
speedin vavcs.
i i i ) R e s ul t s o f c a l c u l a t i o n
T h e r e s u l l s o f l h e o p t i n u ms o l u t i o n ( r o u t e l e n s t h ,
ship speed,nain cngineoutput, fuel oil consump
tion in cach sea zone, the total fuel oiJ comsumpt i o n d u r i n e a v o y a g e ,c t c . ) a r e d i s p l a y e d a n d c a n b < :
p.inted out as shovnin Fig. 9. lf calculations
a r e n a d c a l o n g v a r i o u s r o u t e s , L h e o p t i m u mr o u t e f o r
e n e r g y s a v i n g c a n b e g i v e n . T h i s s y s t e mc a n h c l p
o f f i c e r s L o p l a n a n e c o n o m i c a vl o y a g c . T h e v a l i d i t y
o f t h i s s y s t c n c a n b e c o n f i r m e db y n a v i g a t i o n d a t a
i n a c t u a l v o y a g e sr e c o r d e db y t h o N a v i g a t i o nD a t a
Autonatic Rccording System.

/-:- ----..

ilr

t--:::)-

i.-]

L ! i
a .---- -

;:.:.;

=1
L '

- - - i -

2.3 Rough-'JeathN
e ra vi s a Li o n S y s t e m
T h i s s y s t e n n o n i i : o r st h c v a r i o u s r r : s p o n s c so f a
ship in rough seas. Uhen a rest)onsecxceeos tne
c r i t i c a l l o v e l , i t i n f o r m so f f i r : c r s o f h e r d a n s r : r
u s i n g t h e d i s p l a y a n d a n a l a r mb e l l . f u r t h c r i t
h c l p s o f f i c e r s t o k n o v h o r rt o a v o i d t h e d a n g o r o u s
conditions.
T h i s s y s t e mr u n s c o n l i n u o u s l y , s a n p l i n g , a n e l y z i n g
and displaying the information. So officers can
obtain the latcst infornation at any timc.
I i g . 1 0 s h o ' r st h e f l o , , { - c h a r to f t h i s p r o g r a n m e . I n
L h i s s y s L e na b o u t l 5 k i n d s o I d a ] l aa r c m e a s u r e df,o r
e x a m p l eo u t p u t a n d r e v o l u t i o n o f m a i n e n g i n c , s h i p
s p e e d , s h i p ' s h e a d i n g , l o < : a t i o n ,n i n d s p e e da n d
direction, ar:r:r:leralion
of :;hip 0otion, deck stress,

i)
Fr.rnctions
0 f l i c e r s c a n b e c o m ea y a r c o f d a n g e r . o ussi t i u a t i o n s
b y u s i n g t h e r n o n i t o r i n gf u n c t i o n a n d a l s o o f h o v t o
a v o i d d a r i a s et o t h c s h i p u s i n s t h o p r e d i c t i n a
funct.ion.
Uonitoringfunction
@
S e m p l i n gr o u t i n e i s c a l l e d o v r : r y s o c o n { u
l slng
i n L e r r u t r tf u n c t i o n o f C P t l ( 8 0 8 6 ) . I t c a l c u l a t e s m o a n
v a l u c s o l a l l t h e s c d a t a a n d s l a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n s o f
n o t i o n s a n d s l . r e s s e s . T h e m e a nv a l u e s a n d s i e n i f i c a n t v a l u e s , n a n e l y t v o t i m e s o f s t a n d a r dd c v i a L i o n ,
I o r t v e n t y n i n u t e s a T e d i s p l a y e do n t h c g r a p h i c d i s ,
p l a y a s i n f i { r . 1 1 . T h o h ( ! i B h Lo f c a c h b a r
sraph
n e a n st h e r a t i o t o e a c h c r i t i c t l l e v c l o f f c s p o n s e s .
T h c s c c r i t i c a l l c v c l s r : ; r nb c c h a n e r vol n b o a r d v i t h a
key-board. Uhena ratio exceodsorrr:hundred per
c o n t . , t h e c o l o r o f t h e b a r a r a p h c h a n g e st o r e r l a n d
the alarmbell sounds.
t ' r e d i c t . i o r or f r r : s p o n s ef L r n c L i o n. . .
@
T h i s f u n c t i o n i n f o r m s o f f i c e r s h o r l o o p c r a L et . h e
s h i p s a f e t y a s i n F i g . 1 2 . T h o p i r : L u r es h o l r st h e
p r e d i c t e d r c s p o n s el e v e l i n t h e c a s | o f c h : r n g i n g

l
I

/ ,

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i'.,,

i l

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I

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r I :

Fi e .1 0

D i a g r a mo f R o u g h - w e a t h eNra v i g a t i o nS y s t e n

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=
.;;,:

S c r e e ni n o o n i l o r i n s f u n c t i o n

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t73

Dcckf e t n e s s ;
I

12

-;
exp (-

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S lamrn
ing ;

,,

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q : cxp (--t

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L

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i : :

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i

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h2
) r exp { - ------t )

2Rz'

Propeller aacing ;
A,.2
q = e x p ( - * )

,
t

2R:"
Fi e . 1 2

Scrcen

s h i p h e a d i n ga n d s p e e d . T h . r e s p o n s cl c v e l m c a n s
valuc that rill occur for a period set
thc n:lxitnum
b y o f f i c e r s i n t h e i m m e d i a t cl u t u r e .
O f f i c e r s c a n s e l e c t v h i c h k i n d s o f r e s p o n s e sa r e c a
lculated. And in addition to the itens monitored,
s h o r L l e r m p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e c k v e t n e s s , s l a m m i n ga n d
propeller racirrgcan be predicLed.
T h r :g r a p h i c L e r n i n a l h a v e a c a p a c i t y o f t h r e c
pictures of predicting function at a time. So at
any tinc, olficers can obtain onc of thcm instantly.
i i ) R c s p L , n sf ci i r :
F o r p r e d j c t i n e h u l l r e s p o n s e s ,a l a r a e a m o u n to f
data arc prcpirr..d using a hos1,(:otipul.cr. Standard
d c v i a t i o n s o f e a c h r e s p o n s ra: r e c a l c u l a t e d b y t h c
n c v s t r i p m c t h o d . T h c s r :r r : s p o n s r :asr { r f u n c t i o n o f
d i s p l a c e n c n t , s p c o d , v a v o p c r i o d a n d v a v r :d i r e c t i o n .
S h o r l -t c r m p r o b a b i l i l i r : s a r r : d t , f i n r : da s f o l l o v s .

r,rhere f : freeboard height

df : fore draft
V z : t h r e s h ol d v e l o c i t y
d p : p r o p c l l e r i m r n e r s i odne p t h
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 : l h e s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n o f v e r t i
c a l r c l a l i v c m o t i o na n d v e l o c i t y
at fore and rclative notion at
a f t , r e s p e o ti v c l J

2.4

S h o r e - b a s eA
d n al y z i n s S y s t e E

S h i p ' s n a v i g a t i o n d a t a i n f l o p p y d i s c s r e c o r d e db y
the liavigation l)ata Autooatic Recording Systemare
stored in a host cooputer. This systenrsupports thc
n a n a g e m e no tf t h e s e d a t a a n d t h c i r a n a l y s e s . F i g .
13 sho'rs the flo,r-chart. of this systen. ljsine the

-:

ItLi '

g-r ;.1

E-' ;-.
'r - i

:i

.--lt:'-l
l-- i

]i'. lr.

:';|

l
Ei

!-i

, '.. -.:l ,

l
''T

:i
l
tG.l

n.l
!

j :

Fi g . 1 3

.,1

D i a e r a mo f S h o r e - b a s o d
A n a l y z i n gS y s t e m

Fi e .1 4

A n e x a m p l eo f n a v i g a t i o n d a t a o n v o y a S e

t'74
eraphic display of the host conputer,a large anount
o f d a t a c a n b e c x a m i n e de a s i l y a n d s p e e d i l y . l l a v i a a t i o n d a t a d u r i n a e a c h v o y a 8 ea r c p l o t l e d a s i n
F i e . 1 4 . l l a v e d a t a t h a t a r e o b s e r v e db y o f f i c e r s
are correctcd 'rith fairing curves. ljsing these rave
d a t a a n d r i n d d a t a , a s h i p s p e r f o r m a n c er n c a L n
seas is estinated as in Fie. 15.

f ' D P S6 0 ( A i E l c c t r o n i c s C o r p o r a t i o ni)s u s e d .
T h e g r a t r h i cl o m i n a l , k e y b o a r d a n d p r i n t e r a r e o n
t h e c h a r t . t a b l e i n t h e v h e e l h o u s c . T h e m a i nu n i t
a n d j u n c l . i o n b r - , ra r c i n t h e c h a r t 1 - n b l c - 1 h e f i r s t
s y s t e mh a s b c c n n o r k i n g v e l l s i n r : e J u l v 1 9 8 2 .

3.

C A N S hYa s b e e n i n s t a l l e d o n f i v e b u l k c a r r i e r s a n d
a { : o n t a i n e rs h i p d s i n T a b l e 2 . T h e b u L k c a r r i e r s
h a v c o n l y t h e N a v i g a t l o nD a t a A u t o n a t i c R e c o r d i n s
Systom. Thecontainorship has all tht ee systens.
T h e a u l . h o r sa r e a n a l y z i n g t h c n a v i g a L i o nd a l a o i
thr: bulk carricrs for t*o yoars nith an otnor using
the Shorc-based
A n a l y z i n gS y s t e m . O n eo f t h c
authors did tesLs on tvo of lhc systens on thc
c o n t a i n e r s h i p o n a v o y a g eb c l p o e nJ a p a na n d N o r L h
Anrcrica last Decernber
and Lhose data art: nov under
i n v e s ti a a l i o n .
T a b l e 3 s h o n s t h c m e a nv a l u e s o f n a v i e a t i o n d a t - a
for eachroute.
0 n t h e J a p a n - A L r s t riaal r o u t c , t h c s e a j s n e a r l y

HARDWARE

F i e , 1 6 s h o { s a b l o c k d i a g r a r no f t h e h a r d r a r e a n d
T a b l e 1 s h o n s t . h e s p e c i f i c a l - i o no 1 c n e s a n e .
A t f i r s t , n a i n u n i t v a s a 8 - b i t n i c r o c o m p u t e r( 2 8 0
A ) , b u t n o v a 1 6 - b i t m i c r o c o m p u t e r( 8 0 8 6 )s y s t e r n ,

\,C N0-

l-fcnr

:at:!ii1r: l

Fi e .1 5

An exaople
o n voyaSe

!1,'fi,|.l,j....]l

o f s p e e d a n d n a i n e n g i n e ouLpu!

4.

ACTUAI,
RESIJI,TS
i)F'NAVIOATION
DATA

c a l r n i n a l l s e a s o n s . S o t h e m e a na c t u a l s e a m a r g i n
is 20j(, and 1.hcmeancorrectr:d sca margin is 3tT h e s ev a l u e s s h o r L h a t t h e m e t h o do f c o r r e c t i o n i o r
r , r i n da n d v a v c e f f e c t s i s s u c c e s s f u l .
0 n t h e J a p a nN o r t h A r n c r i c ar o u t e , t h c a c t u a l s e a
n a r g i n i s a b o u l 5 0 1 , b c c a u s ct h t s o a i s r o u g h
especially in rintcr. Thecorrectedvalue is 141,
v h i c h m e a n st h c c o r r e c t i o n v a s n o l . s u f f i c i e n t i r
L h i s c a s e . T h i s m a yh a v e b e e nc a u s c db y e r r o r s i n
t a v e o b s e r v a t i o n , b c < : u u stoh r : a d & : o v a v o r e s r s L a n c c
i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o a s q u a r eo f y a v e h e i g h t . T hi s
p r o bl e m v i l l b t , i n v e s l i g a t e d t h o r o u g n r y .
It has beconeclcalr that the differenr:e of sea
m a r g i n a c c o r d i n gf r o n r o u t c l o r o u L e r s v ( x . y l a r g e ,
I t i s i m p o r t a n tl o c o n s i d e r t h e a d d e dr e s i s t a n c e i n
roughscrs and Lo select thc best ship in tarns of

:I4!!FE':LL!!L

f :r* li Lr;;; r,
L

Fie.16

B l o c k d i a g r a oo f s i g n a l s

Table 1

S p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f h a r d t a rc

a:l-\S Y

1'75

d i m e n s i o na n d n a i n e n g i n e o u t p u l f o r a s p o c i f i c n a i n

l n g c n e r a l , a s h i p ' s p e r f o r n a n c eg r a d u a l l y b e g i n s
l . o d o l - o r i o r a t ev i t h u s c . l J e t h i n k t h i s p h e n o n e n o n
i s c a u s e db y t v o m a j o r f a c l o r s : s h i p d e t e r i o r a t i o n
i s p a r t i a l l y c a L r s c db y , r h a t i s c a l l e d t h e f o u l i n g
e f f e c t . l , l i c r o b e sa t l a c h t h c n s e l v e st o s u r f a r : eo f
t h c s h i p ' s h u l l a n d p r o p e l l e r , a n d i n c r e a s ct h o
roughnessand Tcsislance of thesc surfaces. '*hr:na
s h i p i s c l e a n e di n t h e r e p | i r i n s d o c k , t h e f o u l i n g
effect can bc almosttotally rcmoved. Secondly,
s h i p d e t e r i o r a t i o n i r ; p a | t . i a l l y c a u s r : db y v h a t i s
c a l l e d t h e a g i n g e f f e c t . T h i s e f f e c t i n c r e a s e sm o r e
slorly lhan thc louline r:ffe<:t. Iris.17 shovsthese
phenomcna.
l e e x a m i n e dt h e s e e f f e c l s u s i n a s e a r n a r a i nS l , l '
c o r r c c t e d f o r n i n d a n r j s a v e . F i g . l 8 s h o y s S l . 1 v' e r sus days after delivery of ship A. Studyinsthese
d a l a c o m p i l e do v c r t l d o y e a r s , v c f o u n d t h a t . t h i s
ship's agine/fouling effects vere very snrall. This
m a yb o d u c t o L h r f a c L t h a l . l h i s s h i p i s c o a t c d y i t h
s e l f p o l i s h i n ga n t i f o u l i n s p . t i n t .

i'.'
,'-

.'...
'i -

i , , .
l

L ,-. t , .

T a b l e3

I r.. f i
,. l

r ' ' ] ' rI "

i " 1 . . '' '

, . i

:,i

i ' l L
]-l,,
.i
l

t . l

Sea margin in each voyaSeT0ute

a)i l

F i g .1 7
lable 2

D e f i n i t i o n o f a s i n s / f o u li n g e l f e c t

R t : f e r e n c el i s t o f C A I I S Y

Fig.18

i:l

lt'I::

'.,

i ' tl

. , 1 ,

, , . i , ,,

.,_4..
._,.

D a i l y c h a n g co f s c a r n a r g i nc o r r e c t e d f o r t i n d a n d r a v e e f l e c t ( s h i p A , B )

L-1

t't 6
6.

ION
C(:)NCI,US

C A N S aYp p l i r : d n i c r o - c o m p u t e r sa r e i n s t a l l e d o n s i x
havc been
ships, Navigation data recorded bv CANSY
s a v c o b L a i n e dv a r i o u s u s e f u l
a n a l y z e da n d m a n a g e r h
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
u n o b t a i n a b l ef r o n a b s l r a c t l o g s
results
h
a
n
d
.
T
hc folloving bcnefits can bc
\{ritten by
of CANSYthe
use
fron
expected
of thcin
i) Officers can iudge the performance
s h i p i n s t a n t l y . T h e yc a n a l s o r e f e r t o p r e v i o u s
v o y a g e su s i n g n a v i g a t i o n a l d a l a r e c o r d e db v t h i s
syslen.
ii ) Novadaysmost ships are designed to savc
energy. But there are fe\r methodsaccuratelv
e v a l u a t i n g e n e r g y - s a v i n gm e a n s .C A N S cYa n s u p p l v
useful data for this evaluationprocess.
A n a l v z i n sS v s t c n ' n a n a
iii) ljsing the Shore-based
a e r s c a n o b t a i n f u n d a m e n t adl a t a f o r n a n a g i n gs h i p s
s u < : ha s s e a n a r g i n , a e i n e / f o u l i n g e f f e c t , s e a s o n a l
effoct and route effect.
i v ) t J s i n gt h c E n e r g ys a v i n s N a v i s a l i o n S v s t e m , i l
i s p o s s i b l e t o s a v e e n e r g v ' , r h i l ea t t h e s a m et i o c
e u s u r i n e h i g h p e r f o r n a n c eo f s h i p s h a r d v a r e .
v) ljntiL nor, it has beenusual for officers to
d e t e r m i n ea s h i p ' s o p c r a t i o n i n r o u g h s e a s b v t h e i r
Ys s i s t s o f f i c e r s i n m a k i n e
e x p e r i n c ca l o n e . C A N Sa
r e a s o n a b l ea n d o b j e c t i v e j u d g e n c n t sd u r i n e d i f f i c u L t
periods of a vovage.
B y d e v e l o p i n gj t s e l e c t r i c a l a n d o t h e r t e c h n o l o c v ,
v e h o p c t o i m p r o v eC A N S Y .f o r c x a m p l et h e a p p l i c a
t i o n o f s a t e l l i t e c o m m u n i c a t i o na, u t o m a t i c i n P u t o f
forecasting veather data, vave sensors and a total
onboard systen are p Ianned.
N o v a d a y tsh e r e i s s t r o n g d e n a n df o r s m a l l c r o f f i
cers on board ship. Thus the officers nork has bcc o m et l o r e c o n p l i c a t o d , i n v o l v i n g g r e a t e r i n d i v i d u a l
r e s p o n s i b i l i i y t h a n b e f o r c . l l e h o p eC A N S tYo h e l p
o f f i c e r s i n t h e s e r i g o r o u s c i r c u m s l a n c e ,b v a d d i r ' e
o t h e r u t i l i t y p r o g a a m n el sh a t r i l l b e f o u n d n e c e s
sary in the near future.
The authors are grateful to the NYKl.lNE and the
S h o i i al , i n e , L t d . f o r t h e i r s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n s .
T h c a u t h o r s e x p r e s st h e i r t h a n k s t o t h c A i E l e c t r o n i c s C o r p . f o r t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o ni n d e s i e n i n ga n d
uranufacturingthe hardware.
REFERENCES
1 ) S a , , r a n oK,. , e t a l . , C P PC o n t r o l B a c ku p S v s t e m
l i t i l i z i n s a C R T ,J o u r n a lo f t h e M . ES J , V o l . 1 8 ,
No.2 (Feb. 1983).
2 ) I s h e r r o o d , R . l l . , U i n d R e s i s t a n c eo f f l e r c h a n t
S h i p s , T R I N AV o l. 1 1 5 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
3 ) S a l v e s e n ,N . , S e c o n d - o r d eSr t e a d vs t a t e F o r c e s

a n d l l o m e n t so n S u r f a c c S h i p s i n 0 b l i q u e R e g u l c r
l l a v e s , i n t . S y m p .0 n t h e D y n a m i c os f l ' { a r i n c
V c h i c l r : sa n d S t r u c l . u r c si n U a v c s ( 1 ! 1 7 4 ) .
4 ) F u j i i , H . a n d T a k a h a s h i ,T , E x p e r i n r e n l aSl t u d v
o n R e s i s l a n c el n c r e a s eo f a L a r e c F u l l S h i p i n
R e g u l a r0 b l i q u e ' J a v e sJ, o u r n a lo f S . l l . A . J . , V o l l l l T
975).
5 ) Y a n a m o l o0, . a n d N i s h i g u c h i , A . , S l u d v o n
E c o n o m i c aSl h i p S p e e d s( 1 s t a n ( l 2 n d R c p o . L ,)
J o u r n a lo f t h e K . S . | 1 . A . J .V, o l . 1 9 1( D e c .1 9 8 3 )
a n d V o 1 . 1 9 4( S c p . l 9 8 4. )
6 ) Y a m a m o t o0,. , I r u e l S a v i n e A t t a i n e d b y a N a v i c a
t i o n u n d e r E c o n o m i c aSl h i p S p e e d s ,N i p p o nK o k a n
T e c h n i c a lR e p o r t O v o r s c a sV o l . 4 1 ( A u g . 1 9 8 4 ) .

( onnJlrr Applr.dtors
l n . h e A u t o n . d l , o nv '
S h i p ) r d O p ( r a t r o n J n J S t r o D e ! p- ! \
P. Banda and c. Kuo (trds.)
flrvrer\L.en.e Prbt.her\ B \ i\ontr-I|oltJnul

11'7

aoflPUTfR AfDSD OU -qO.ARD

COI]TAI T:E.R I.1A].]AGE}18,\"7

Departrnent
of ljaval
Archi Lec.ure
Indi an Institute
of Technology
Kharaqpur.
,iesi 3engal. INDI A

rl)1s paper

con.erns

Li:e developxrent

oi an effectiv
qonenrm.rhcd r,iith rhe-heip-;r'.,-;;.;:r;;
;#il:::
inino the need

;il.t;.T3."::;r.i:.;"^31il_

for an eff:::i,:fe proceclur-e of prann_rng rne

arranqement of
conrarners on boarc the containershjp.
rt tnen proce6ds to i"viJ,
!iiti..rly
the existing
s_vstor of allocatino
d t e s e c o n t a i n i i-sc n " a n c t h l q h l i q h t s
the r,{eak_
ness- o:
s j-' e -/.t.1.
,s- on t.t. r-vj-.^,
_
onpur-ris_
, r - 3 " i __, r e d
affocaticn procedure.."
1:o,r..J i"-j.,",,....".
:rnt
: _eractl\,e
::l::11".
ano a ser of
computer Dro_rar1s ievelop.d
to enable
t.',r,,
ttie carqo p i"."-.i-i".,i*pr_
ore Lire various feasltle
contal"".
u'.iu"qur,u"i!
_r.r,o" at an efficient
one. The com.uterised proceoure ot containei
.ifo-lu_ron is then tested for a
containlrship
operatlnq betueen aurope and usa. rinarfy,
th. ;;";;';;;r."ih_
resrlts
fr]lrn the co,npuier can be usei for futurc
i,o rt are outlined.
1.

fNTROI]I]CTION

A-n irnportant
area in the stuCy of
cont aineri zati on has been the afloca_
ticn
of containers
at !roper
loca_
t-ions on bo.rri the conlainershrp.
:he
nelJ qeneraticn
ot contajnerships
are
br qger and faster
conlared
to breatr
bul.l. cargo sbips.
the propor:tjon
of
tfme spent in port
has been reduced
t::!_ouqh contai neri z ati on by at least
2 A ) a , 1 , .d e l a f
in loading
and unfoao_
1ng ot containers
frln
containerships
cdn easlly
wipe our cqe ga-lns a.q!u_
r:9.flo.
faster
a:ld bigger
strlps. Ar.r
e r r-'rcl ent arranqe_.nent of containers
on board the conl_ainership,
!"hich
reduces the foadino
unloedjng
time
and thus the port
r,rill
time,
oreatly
enhance the earnin.rs
of the shioo,!,E_
The loadinq
ajlC unloacinE,process
for
'.lly
conLd.neli-ed sl ip is more
difficult
than it
apl-iears at first.
A
rnedlun sized containership
has arounci
one l-rundred and fifty
cells
and eight
tiers
in whictr coniainers
can be
stacli ed. The container
placeiiLen!
problem
becomes -imporaant
f r.orn a ship
desiqn
as r,ve11 as a ship utilization
polnt
of view.
i " , ,ehn a l l o c a t i n g
cont_
ainers,
st.rb:lri1i
rather
than maxim_
um 'i'e1ght is the dominant factor.
A
planner,
container
titerefore,
has a
conplex
t a s k i n t _ he a l l o c a c l o n
ot
contalners
on board the container
_
siitp.
He has to keep track
of the
varlous
contaaners
on boafd the con_
tainership.
The characteristics
of
these containers
,"vergnc.
tike
sizIj,
type.
weight
and port
of dischaige
are irnportant
for Cetemining
how to
load the containers
so that
lor sub_
seolrent ports
of c.rf f thel/ can be
Cisc]rarged
1.'itir the minlmr.m nunber
of contajn--I. mo\remcnas. Ary contafaer

arrangelnent must a1\{ays result

ina stip
navrng a +ve transverse
metacenl,.re art'
a 1:rlm within
pennissible
limits
and a
zera heel.
The planner
has numerous
loalrtlons
where a containcr
can be
alfocateC,
coupled wi th constraints
of
a complex nature
anC an objective
which
is dirficu.l
to
lL _s, Lhere_
luar.:t/.
rt)ra, ol I l-u L for hi1 Lo arr-ve
afways at an ef:ective
contdiner
arra_
ngerneni lrhich minimises
restoirs
and
makes the best utillzation
of contain_
2.

PRESEIiT I]A]JLTALAFF ROACH

The present
riay approach of allocating
con!aaners
on boari
a containership _ i;
based on a manua.l trial
and errcr
'\o..
As a r-sult
certain
.
! aoa-d,rra"
na-re evofved either
throuqh
necessity
or r r--jud-c.. Tr e rlanner ros
a -onL_
alnoJ Io 'd no oldn sne^L illustrlL.ng
the differeni
bays on the con-"aaner_
ship.
The containers
destineq
for the
varicus
ports
are inCicated
by a uni_
g,-re colour
code. h'hen the snlp arrtves
: o:_t L.r- I lat ner mrr(s t\e .onLc_
lL
ln-T sLot:s On a new loddin j
plan
sheet after
the containers
marked for
port
this
are re..novecl. Concalners
wait_
ang to be loaded at this
port
are next
grouped together
according
to their
suDsequent ports
of discharge,
in the
port
route cycla.
containers
to be dis_
chdrged at a particular
port
are
sort-ad acco.Cinq
to thej r size
(20 feet.
or
feet containers),
(co.Inorr,
tlpe
-40
reefer,
hi:rzardous) and weiqht
(Iiqht,'
'reo:ur
l-ed\.y'. These .onL:inoas dre
ttre. pfaced at the avaifable
locations
compatible
w"Lth tlte container
types.
-he
r
i
.
'o )|.ou, Lt- ^onLaj_
pl cnr-r
n a . r s .t o
Lhe sd:r- nort oI di-_h-rga in
a. hofd wifl-r the heavier
contaj_ner;
dt
tn,a l)ottcm. ;,'hen containers
for two or
nore ciiflerent
ports
o: dlscn.trge
are

178

TO

ALLOCTTEO

Fiq.

I ' 1 A l : U A LS O R T I N G F R J C E D U R E
USI- :.T A SllIFFING aollPg-l'l

2.1

iil tha salnc ircld t]re

to be alloc:rted
port
of
for the elrlier
contai.ners
r t.
ir s^l .r^o rra nor
l _ . . e. o n - h e
tlle nur.ber o! restows
top so that
are
has no cfue as hoi,'to
'I
oad i nq conrigrriLion
loading
operation
his
ConLdil' r.- co-p.r:ble
n i c-.rr^a
i'

ci

rl.6<o

ra

}i'r'c

olrtain the best

he con 'er t rdLes
on a fe',,rbays.
\ i : f h L ] -e p o r a o I

to lcad
sequent

:nd

_n'l

r^^:

'

i-

or partly
erlty
used for the other
fillco
b ) y s . ' n c e r - I l l - - o n E : : r^ : s
have been allocated,
the planner
chec.--r

''

^-ffii-(ilil^
16r-

l
in

At

ri-

hoi^h'

of the
and trin
.-e no! within

heel
a n d t h e- . f i n a l
,t --mirc

ha
l-

-.1 ,'
.l-r

, c

ri

COnt-

:
i

*
6

'

l- /-^
^).e.Ua

nols

r r i n a r
' ' r l '

metl:oC of

1 r r - n d o m o .
y r

i Ot

d-)as

is or to:ned
to

the

l ^ . 1

con-

. -

c: e planner
6!-n.Or?

MAliUAL 6SilTAINEF,
TIEIiT PROCEDURI

or unlo..cr cont-tir,ei:s
po t L:i o, cafl.

1 . Ri l J l l ; i l -

at

sur-

Th^ next sec-:on ouLLin-- 1 procacurto facilit.rte

a mor3 ef fectii./e on boa.d
con'a ai n -ar arrangernent.
3.

MOD'LLII]C

O!

C!NTAI}.]DR I]AIIDLII]G

The process of flo',.' of contalncrs

through a container
haniling
ternjnal
is
s:ioh.l1 in
fiq.
3.1 . The portion
narked
r.rit:l dotted
line
concerns
tite probfon
of on board container
nan3geinent. The
L h r e e i " 1 !o L _ l ' r L J l j s / s t
s dr- Li. r o:t
tenninal,
the contajners
and lhe
contai n ersh ip.
3. 1

'!.\-T AI i.]ER T'FJ.IINAL

. ' , m h a . < r n o

cTt svc_so s'.1of the s:lip all

- r - . . l o

d9dr

^ard'tion

ua

_ , a r ,

c L ' r r - l

n,- rs ' ds -o chec: th?

bility.
heel and triin
u v c!

pfanning

.s

.'h-r--(

works Lo a-ri-yr'" icl. t - plann^desi rable container

arranqement.
The manual

?.2

l-m hl

or both
-o
-: j ^on-:r'on
until dosir oILiig. 2.1
illustretes
the
obtaincd.
'

F\q.

LJ

are oLher conLain-r

arra-rgerents
could
redrice the nr.mber of crane

fin-

Lo-r-

which
moves

l'1ost container
port terminaLs
have two
shore cranes per contarner
berth
simulLane usll lo 'd.r ' a,o rn o.cir I , ^6nLain-r s:tiI . : 'c:, conrd r -nc i.
specially
cor'rstructed to lifi
contalners one at a time an(j Dlace th e.n in the
various
Holiever, the two cranes
celfs.
nn on

LJ6.kin-

contalnershil-r

cimll+ira^

must

be

. - c. _L y o _
seI)arat-ad

Ll.e sa1bv a+,

C()tiputer .4iLl?d otr Ba/trd (bntditl.r

Flq.

3.1

t19

,l4unag(nlc I

TIJTEi<,-1CDAL CaIRGO FLO:.]

DIACRAll

least
one hol(].
It +-akes al)pFxlmately
2 to 3 minut--s to loai
or dischar.Je a
container
and it t-al<es the same tine
to remove or replace
The time
a hatch.
taken by the crane to move from a holC
aft of the deck house to a hofd forward of tjre decl< house is ajrptDximateflr 15 minutes.
Thls relatilrely
long
time is b-ocause the boom of the crane
must be raiseC to clear
the c.eck house.
-he

h 111ino ti-o- 6 c.rtoinership

.t d oOrt o-o-nds uoon
w.en -ic 6Irives
the nurnber of containers
to be loaded
and unloadeC and the e:iectjve
use of
tne port
crano facilities.
The time
for handling
contalners
at aort
can be
Ineasured quite
accurately
frf,m the
nunber ol crln_ mo./os. T- :elri16
oncrane move to load or unload a contain--r whereas it
requires
two crane
(On-- cramovcs to restow a container
ne move to unload the container
plus
cne crane nove to load it back).
3.2

Fig.

ETUIVA.LENT HOLD D]VIDED

INTC BAYS

CONTAINaRS.IIP :

For moCelling
purposes,
a containership is considered
to be a box of
^l .n- ^,,,i.ed inLo
v.r./.n. s,crivdr .oLs corpa-Lm-nLs or I equivd_ ent
holds'
wiich
can dcconmo.iate containers both insjde
and on top of the box
lf.iq.
3.2).
An equi.-'al ent holi
is a
3-dimensional
space that
can accorLnodate t\vo lengths
of 2A feeL containers
or one fenqth
of 40 feet container
befol,i deck and abor,/e decl<. To foad or
unload a container
inside
the hold all
the containers
on the hatch cover
a l o n q v " ' ti h t h e h a t c h c o v e r h a v e t o b e
removed.

20 Fr.
CONTAIN
ER

Fjg.

Eit.

- 1 .3

3.2

CONTAINER SHIP D I V I D E D
INTO ITUIVA.LENT

3.4

40 FT.
CONTAINER

@NTAINER DIVISIOU ACCORD_

ING TO ST ZE A,\D TYP E

An equivalent
hold fitted
with
20 feet
cel1 quides 1s divided
into
four bays
while
an equivalent
hold fitteC,,.dth
40 feet ceI1 guides is divided
into
tjrree bays. Bay 3 and Bay 4 are deck
bdys anc can acconmodate
20 feet
and
40 feet containers.
A 40 feet container olaced -in 3ay 3 wiII
ex!.end upto

Cotnputer Aid(d a B.)ard C()ntuinetllurugemenl

Fiq.

3.1

t'79

INTi--.*iCDAL CalRGl FLO;.J

DT AGRAIJ

least
one ho1d. It takes approximat--ly
2 to 3 minutes
to load or dlscharge
a
container
and lt takes the same time
to renove or repface
The time
a hatch.
tal(en by the crane to move from a hold
aft of tlre deck house to a hold forlu'arC of ttre decl< house is airprox-imatThis relat1..re1y lcng
ely 15 minutes.
tine
is because the boom of the crane
must be raiseC to clear
the ieck house.
tr- h '"l'lLin clre o- 1 cortainershiI.
when it
arrives
depends upon
at a port
the nu.nbcr of containers
to be loaded
and unloadeC and the effectjve
use of
the porL crane facilitles.
The time
for handling
containers
at i,ort can be
measuaed.,.uite
accurately
f rom the
nunb-r OI c. rn5 moves. T- :-ruire-. ore
_ L c r- r o / e t o L o - o o r r n l o I I
d container
whereas it
requires
two crane
(one cramoves to restor,r a container
ne move to unload the container
plus
cne crane nove to load lt back) .
3.2

ECUIVAI-ENT iiOLD Df VIDED

INTO BAYS

CONTAINfRSHIP :

:or modeflinq
puriroses,
a containership is considered
to be a box of
var/ing
secLicn
snape diviced
into
/ rr-o.c compartmcnts or requivalenL
holds'
which can acconmooate containers both inside
and on top of the box
( fig.
3.2) . An equil,ralent hold .is a
3-dimensional
space that
can accommodate t1ro lengths
of 20 feet contalners
or one fenqth
of 40 feet container
befow deck and above decl<. To load or
unload a container
inside
the hold all
the containers
on the hatch cover
afonq v,'ith the hatch
cover have to be
removeo.

2A FT.
CONTA]NER

Fig.

Fig.

3.2

CONTAINER SHIP DIVIDED

TNTO ESUIVAJ,ENT

3.4

40 FT,
CONTAINER
(40'r8 18.5')

aONTAINER DIVISION ACCORD_

ING TO SI ZE A,\D T1? E

An equivalent
hold fitted
with
20 feet
ce1l guides 1s diwided
lnto
four bays
while
an equivalent
hold fitted
with
40 feet cell
guides is dlvid--d
into
three
bays. Bay 3 and Bay 4 are deck
bays anc can accorNnodate 20 feet
and
40 feet containers.
A 40 feet container ol dced in 3av j vr'll exLend upto

Iu0

0.I'. Shu

Bay 4
3. 3

( fiq.

3.3 ).

C O N T A I I i I E R:

sizes
container
The t'ro most popular
6 inch
x I feet
x 8 feet
are 20 feet
and 40 feet x B feet x B fe-'t 6 inch.
t]'Pe of
of special
The percentage
are sma11 compared to the
containers
conlrnonTlpe 9 IMaO class containers.
size
in container
The simplification
fiq.
3.4 . The
and type is shown in
of these conplacerenL
restrictions
tainers
are therefore:
(i)
Coftmon rMaO TIT) e 9 conlainers
!./ith onl fthat
can qo to any locat-ion
Loc ation
restricting.its
the length
the ho1d,
inside
(i i r
spec'al conLai ners ( r^'riqerauthat
can qo to a Preed,/hazardous)
on1y.
location
scribed
4.

PROPOSED 'ON'IAINER
PROCEDURE

;IAIiDLING

and
A computer based data pr:ocessing
is of great
ass1ststrateqy
handlinq
.in thc efficient
ance to the planner
aliocation
of the container
execution
Durinq every stage of contaaner
task.
lnust be prDvided
the planner
loading
-eqdroino
w-iLh a hosc or infon'laL:on
to
load and
moves
the nrr.nber of crane
of
at the port
unload the containers
port of disloading
and at the first
with
IIe must also be prcvided
charge.
heel,
regarding
additional
informatlon
trim
and moments about base due to
of containand renoval
the addition
will
ers. This feedback infoin3tion
tne
to reerrange
help t|te planner
al locdted ^oncdjn"r rl-o _xplor_ vdrarrangelnenLs.
container
ious feasible
the Prabls-n b7
The ldea of sofving
p roordr['r in r tecresearch
opeaali'1s
It was found
hnique was lnvestigated.
locatithat
t h e n u r n l ce r o f a v a i l a b l e
ip vrh_r'
ons on bodrd t\e con!-iners'
can be Placed was too
a container
The nature
of the vari.l-bl es
farge.
(e.g.
and
char.lcterlstics,
container
trhe
on boarc),
location
conaainer
(e.g. s abi l icT, loc-rion,
consLraints
objective
function
t
h
e
size)
and
that
enormous time and
suggested
to explici\,roufd be requ-ired
effort
model the problem matilonaticaLly
tly
rrronoand obLain the best ^onc-jn_r
techement by using an optimization
of such a
niqrre. The effectiveness
conEdj ner arrdnqemenL for cny port oF
w o n l d a i s o d e p e n o L l p o n L h e p x T )a call
of
of containers
cted dlstribution
of call
a.bout
the subseqLlent ports
which the cargo Planner has verl
liLtfe
advance knowl edge.
appeared more
approach
A heuristic
the complexlty
in tackling
reasonable
handling
and size of the container

The heuristr cs are basically

irroblan.
ci tl-rLr.nb w:ric:r outlines
a set of
rule
metirods o! 3rr_anq.inq contain1o.jrcal
to arrive
ars on j]oaid a containerslip
conl-ain--a .rllocrtion.
at an effactive
'lhe heuri:r+-ics
suitear to
3te also b:at
o : s r r c i r a r ] ) r o b l . : i - Lb e c a u s e
t1e srlrltion
of the
tire! a1.Lov ior the incofl)oratioi
logic
! . r hi c l - , e r e u s e d i n
time t"sted
the r.anr.ra: metlroC of plann.inir the ccnThe heuri stic
inettainer
arr:rngsr,ent.
.-. no.
j.o o. . I/.n, i. . or a,-st soluaLways leati :o an oitinal
1t, ho,.r:ver, ouilr.lntees
ticn.
a scluttlre heuristi.s
ar. corr..tly
icn (ii
,irich is rncrc or Less
iicorapcratr:C)
Tie ei-pirasis is, ti.r.fcfe.
on
oltinal.
obt.iin ia: a i.'orkrble
soLution
1..41ich
tire lo:1ifn!- and unlo:liin.i
minirnises
time of the containersh-io
ani redu.es

The .on:ainar
stritegy
is
arlranqerent
cas-d on the assu'n!,tions .les,:rilted in
1o_.ic,..4rich,.rcufd
section
3 . , A .l o n d i n !
helq the p-Lanner to arrive
,rt an optiium or near optim!,n container
arr.rngement r s shol.n in
f 19. 4 .7 .
A , i i r a r - - . i . - t *
r ; . . O - O n1 O . r d
.onL.tin-r
. ! r I n , g r + n L , . /r s J e v e l o r e 4 o n
'I mic-c-co. puf er ( :P-aa458' *i.h
h 10
graphics
dispfay
and a
an inter3ctive
fu iLcrac-' 'e orondro copy prinLor.
gram was best suited
for developing
a
heuristic
method as it
enabled the
planner
to b-- in complete contral
of
p l anninll
the container
arrangernent
prccess.
The gr4phics
displal,
faciliinside
the program provioed
an
ties
to communicate
excef f ent opl-.ortlrnity
with tae us er.
INFORIIATTOTI INPUT

5.

There are three

put information,
(i)

broac areas
nameLy :

in

the

ln-

ROUTE CYCLE OF T:IE CON?AINERSTjIP :

is about the trade

This infoirnation
ard incLuoes
rouL6 ol !:re contdinership
of cafl
the nunber of pots
and a
unil )- code number for eich po.t in
the route cycle.
( i i)
1'^-

c o : T A I J E R S: I t
ih'

,,T

i h F^fr:+i

^n

rod

i .6^

a^r

-is r-9tsrdir g ErE arrlnocontdinecship

hoLds
cont.riner
ement of the various
''r the pldano any ue ghr ccnsLr-inr
above and below
cem,ent of containers
<ieck. These vafves have to be fed into
the cornputer only once, and are i1lusin
fig.
5.1 .
trated
(iii)

C!NTAIiiERS :

'r,,lh
en a containership
to loao in conlainers
ar

n^-1

owing

<

in

ire

information

mrlt_

for

arrives
at a port
othfor varlous
-_ -r LJL ' Y,

eaeh container

(bneuk,r Airled o Board (itntainu trtunugentcnr

P
R

s
s
R
E
P
E

l0a0 rrrs ioL,l wrN aoNra[rRs toR

IN lrre poRr-F }sca^icE

T
D

o
R
2
0

roRI fF 06cruncE roR n] :onraARs rN itr s roLll

N
D
T
H
E
N

F lOFa CorlTANt-FSFOF rlia 5 ! O5.lMnO! rO 3E

!0^oa0 niN Lcro rNa! aN l)][ aEOv rOLC OaK^lra]a

4
F
T

o
N
T

I
N
LaAo aauraiNtPs AEF56-. TO FOR: JF 4RFVaL

REVANINCCOIITANTRSTO A LOID'D
USINCLOADINCLOCICA5 SUIIED

CHCX FOR IU!AEi OF

CRArE YOVES(0ID^NTOAO)

RESHUFFLE
CONTANERS
oR a-sE Sltt.As-r To
ATTAlr,r
06rR@ FESULI

Flg.

4.1

CONTAINER ALLOCATION STRATEGY

l8l

0.P. Sltu

182

rFPoRTr
in t:e
file
The containers
quick sort
then sorLeC by a vector
!.ra','
in the folloiring
algorithm
-

are sorted in the

all
containers
ports
of
order of their
reverse
Cl sch arge.
orL oT Cjscha:oe,
for a pani- -ltsr
are sorted
accorCinq to
containers
t].p e containers.
nonrial
and special
port of discharge
for a pafcicular
tl4) e, contaiand for a particular
to
according
ners are then sorted
thei r size (20 feet or 40 feet).
port
of dischdrge,
for a particllar
rr t\l e rnd
concain- s o[ d pa-i_ul
sorted in th-- dessize are fina1l1'
_endjng oroer oI t: "i r wei hLs.

the sorting
After
^r'r r.
.rifor the
repeated
charge.
6.1
:
:
t
r

|I{JUECROF Cell-a
NU!Am Of C8.ls-a
NU!aA OF CA$-7
Nusdtl 0t Ctl$-7

ruY6n
NUtrOfi
Ruref,
N!!Sa.{

oF nER:i -5
OF nFS -5
0F nER3 -2
Ot IfR3 -2

locrno|s fiRt cofir^NEisc^lNor 3 roc.^raD

roRa Yal cdr.rl.ndll i cdrra.nEial
FOR
MYl2 Cqtrl,r8rl N CAU6.nSll
Fig.

5.1

NUIISEROr CELLS AND TIERS

lOR Al{ E UII"/ALEIJT.EOLD

dwaj Lj ng Lo be alloc-]-^.
-

container
contalner
container
container
container

15 a' Juired.

cooe number
unique
Port of d.ischarge
( 2O/4a )
size
( SP/NR )
tlpe
wei ght.

about the containerThe inforrnation

by the
ship is storeC interactlvely
TFMAIN',
files
p rogram 'PSHIP' 1n three
'FHOLDP' and TFNULLT . This has to be
condone only once for a particular
The program 'PORTIN' enttainershlp.
awaof the containers
ers the details
'IrID4P'.
to be foaded in file
iting

The
are
ner
The
are

The progra,rn ' Al,Locr ra'noves f rcm the

that
are
containers
holds
all
various
supoosed Lo be unlodoed dL Lhis port.
reqLh- containers
D,lri ng unloddino,
uiring
r-stow are sLored LefllporariLY
' FREMOV' and are combined
in file
'FIEI'IP' and stored in
the file
with
'
F
P
O
R
T
'
.
T
his is done so that
flle
to be restowed can be
the containers
manner.
in a more efficient
allocated
crane moves
The number of additional
alonq with
for such resLow contdiners
and moments are
the change in weights
' F S T O R E '.
in file
stored

He!.rlett-P

98458

acka rd
6i^h{

a-ll-

oesk-top

Lalr<

:..1

rhaea

useo os menu k"ys to did Lhe nlanof the contalners.

in allocation
6.1)
of these keys (fig.
functions
as follows:

]JOLD STATUS !
of
the contents
This menu key displal's
hold on r-he qraphics
a particular
Table 1 is
Fig. 6.2 afong uith
screen.
ouL of - pdrticuldr
d ha.d copy print
hold status.
LOA,D I]OLD

rni s n-r
, l ^ )- s l - l - e u s e r t o l o a d
to the
holis
the varioris
accordinq
'lg.
4.1 . Th'
strdtegiy descrioeo ir
user has Lo spec-fy tne hold, the oosit-on
f r o m \ ' I he r e h e r d n - s c h e l o t s d i n q
of container
he
to begin and the tl?e
The loadhold.
!{ants to load in this
i h i

{nor

PROCESSING OF INlllRl'lATlON !'IHEN

THE C1]NTAINERS.:IfP AFRIVES AT A

is done for a partiF.n^ fhe o!o--s.

is
other ports
of diis-

COMPUTERISED 'OIJTAINER ALLO'ATfON:

l-'-c

-LvPr

6.

are

rha.

^.^-oode

rrit.mit

'^_-

vrrr]
frm6

h:c

}ioon

i.rl

I v

iculer

l-:dad

-omnl

:nd

c o nt a Ftal

v-

is no more space in the Paror there

t icul dr hoId, or che cont-i n-r weights
have oxceeoed Lhe pcrmissiln r cell
The user is also prompted
ble limit.
by the computer whenever he viofates
any of tlre con st raint s.
REI1OVE I
Th:
' r"9
r

!y

-Ls a us6tul

Lrr")

"

^^r

w'

' '

aor rosl uffhrc

' ' ' r' r-v^l

vo)
- J

LLLE

Tf
tainers.
.n6 prescnl
eu

menu key
'

LU"

wr.erehe
. o m ^ l r i

containers
allocated
porc o- load no dre
: - -r t.'

-nt'6r

at
r?Tovh--t"-

'fPORT'.
However, .if any
into
file
are rarnoved by this
other
containers
'FSloV'
'.e sEoroo in ljle
key they,uil
b
a
c
k
b
y
the
t
o
b
e
h
a
v
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
o
and

Cbmputer Aided t)n Boatd Contaiter Management

183

a,ruIvriLErl Nr,L!r:

l o --FnF-t
a E L L t U I 0 L--_9)
-----

:f

,flet-T_rrrF.
: c Ej l6lbl6l'l6lEl

'El;.EEEffil

r 2 r { 5 E r 3 9
F F r . I + r u s E D: i F - 3

1 4 3 4 5 7 3
F I I . 1 U I U 3 E D' F P ' I O
t E r3 D

TEG];E];E
r GTE-TdleTia

, -ltr-. Flll

E F rI

-61
L:]

Fi q.

6.1

I
E
{q

M B N UK ' Y s

l L r N L r s E ! : r r P -o

cot{TANR PORTOF OGCT]FCE rS '6

lott

coNtl1{ER W A^yrs anD]oNG TO B^yr4

. INOICAiESlli T CoNT ER A-]-OC"|nOXtN tHrS

Ctr- {or FT|l\USm
sPcllr t\?E coHTA ER aOR PORTOf orsclufica
,6

]iOLD STATUS DI SPLAY

T:r:i5 i5

A 40!T

NUll,:ER

T
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6

2
3
4
I

901
8063
303
2A

2
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
4
1
2

+
2
3
4

5350
't
629
2 6 93
27A
7 85 3
6950
5 95 3
6 6 ' /4
3494
3 4 83

s6

94
6 A2 5

tioj,D

DISCHARGE

6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

()a

4^|\

/l,rD

4A
4A

NR
NR
NR

40
40
40
40
4A
40
40
4a
4A
40

N.R
NR
NR
n*R
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
SP

c-r

-:,-,---

TONNES

25 . 0 0
23.00
2 3 .O a
23.A0
23 . 0 0
23 . 0 0
23 . 0 0
10.00
8.00
8.00
'7.0O
?.00
7.00
7.00
5.00
2 4. 5 0
2 4. 5 0
24.0O
24.00

0.P. Slta

184
BAY
CELL

t
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

2A
20

NR
\R

5 . 00

9 316
'/6A
3
7941
'/ 't
1
EJlFTY

6
6
6
6

2A
20
2a
4A

NR
NR
I:R
SP

1i3.0c
14.00
10.00
1 3 . 60

6 A ' t2
5100
E::F'TY

6
6

4C
40

NR

2 4. 5 C
24.5A

6
6

4t
40

iiR

24.5A
24.aO

6
6

4C
40

ilR
IR

2 4. 5 A

6
6

4A

l: P.
tiR

6
6

4C
4A

!..,]R
liR

6
6

20
2t)
20

tiR
liR
IIR

Ni{PTY

3
1
2
3
1
2
3
I

2
3

E!1PTY
4645
1190
tr 1"TY
1556
213

2
3
I

2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

a
I
9
9
9

],]E]GHT

TYIJE

(\R ,/ sP)

293
3'75

2
3
1

4
4
1
5
5
5
6
6
6
'1
'1
'7

S TZ E
(2o / 40)

COiiTA]}]ER
I:iut{tsER

TlER

2 4. 5 A

E:.]FiIY

1533
2334
EI.lPTY
444'1
444
7114

22.'7a
6.0c
6.C0

B}-Y

I
2
3
1
2
3

1
I
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
5
'7
't
'7

2
3
L

2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

menu

key

4
4

1)lTa BAY
IiITO BAY

4
4

]]!TiJ BAY
II']T' BAY

I\TJ
BAY
4OFT COI.]TAINIR EXT:].]II:C
40m CJ).laATr:ER EX'lENDIi.r'allilTo lAY
E: iPTY
40FT CC}ITAI ]IER ']iTE}IDI:.]G INT'] BAY
4OF"I C'NTA]T]]R EXTEi]D]i]G ] IITL-] BAY
E: :PTY
20
6
4IB5
6
2A
4343
6
2A
3065

4
4

4CFT CONTAIT"ER DiTal:DIllc

40Fl COIJTAIiIER EXTEillril:G
EI.iPTY
40 I"I Ci]iiTATI!-ER EXTE\DING
40I'I COi]TAINER 5]iIEi:DI]]G

2
3
1
2
3
I
2
l

B
I
8
9
9
9

El1PTY
E:.iFTY
Ei,'IPTY
20
6
638s
6
2A
6999
6
2A
920
40 I"1 co)]TA i il ER E-{T EilDIl1'G Ii.lTr-l BAY
Ei,lPTT
E:.:PTY
AI Ii :I !]{TEi]DI\]G INTO BAY
40FT CO]..I'I
4O!5 3Oi{TAII.]ER EXTEI]DI)IG INTC BAY

I LOAI) ilAl]UAL I

PORT STMUS

tlreir

)]R
NR
NR

6.iJ0

l.tR
lirR

size,

tlpe

and port

of

dischar-

r
LOAD UAi.;UAL :

This menu key enabl es tne user co

out tl-i e type
and n a t u r e o f c o n find
tainers
are tabul ateC

This
'I

^-.1

menu ke',' enabfes

-^nr

ii

hara

^.a

l-\,
r

the
- - ," :

user
"!

to
'n--

i
I

(!)Dtputt:r.1idrl

Rt)o1l (t)t!tait(r llunug(Dt.\tl

.lar sp..i f.j,-.t lo.ation.

lar:ic
lhe
+- ,ltis
lo'rC j nq oa cci',.iine.5
trryju.lt
r
.
r
.
a
1....
-.:. ,. .:,r.,f g- 9.
thls
ket', ho',rai.er, is Ljlat it enables
- _ u . r |
1 o . . s ,
| . L . r_ r r ' V n o
c
L . : n t r s r r : :
I r : o t r . i r : _
u(ie-i 1n fi le ' .!CRT'
. The user .an
also allocfte
hazarcous
atc: o,,ter/
un(rer sizea aonLainars ona iJ-/ arne
'
..
.. :e
1,.:
. .
r-,
-.
;
loar.rtion.
r.:cl.:riYi':itK

NO O!

).io:"ras

185

This in=.tu l(ey enables the user: i:o know

crte nuncer o,- crane noves for the ore_
S-r," OO^ O: lO:o no |]O
r il.
n \,_
f--oit of diischarqe.
The uaer can ctere_
fore hrve a| idea of the eifectiveness
cf his conLa.ineraaffo.ation.
Table 3
prcvi.les
a ha.d co!,.y su,,tun
ary oi
le
resrrlts
obtain?o
bv tilis
key.

:
T h i s m e n u l < e _ vi s u s e c a f t e r
rne cont_
ainer
arranqarrent
has been finafised.
It pr.,vides
tite user a finalised
hard_
copy ouliut
of the hold detajls
the
p(rrticuf itras of adcutional
monent anc
tlre nr-Lnber of crine
moves.

Tlris m,^][r kev c.r] crrlat,-s the additicn,-,rl inonentg for tlle lo.ced
or unloroeC containais
(iurjro
t...: allocdt'r.rn orlcess!
Taols 2
is a haai
copJ,- outiui
clesctairinq the additiijnaf
''rei qlrta al)d;itcmenLs.

Tacl e
Srxniiary
r] ;
1'.

L r Ej - r . :
.t

)t

rlEI:BI r:

r frE|i.:
rrr"r
FrFT rF ]FLL

ci

AddrtiOnal

ir I

r/r

'u1-;

i.tomel]:s
r,L |lE t ;dT:
llt--n;

liflt

r:rnE l.i
'

r-i:u.?l
rn TI |:.
r',F1,.:
:r '
I !E:FEB:-E !f! uEIr;rl

IF rrl-rl fllrT ':

,,.r!
F.?,:
ir r. rrr:lr.:

rri j l
T:tiIEt-ftTp{::
ib,: ,,
T F I t l - f , r [ | l l E , p r ]l . l _ . i
t

-i
FEL-r'r l,Er.T I i i,.r;'rr.,l
1 n r I UE . i- | E T F { r - : r l :
il ,; r,,rrlj:: HEEL- OfE|T t? rirEl.

I II ! : H I F

!'

EITIFE-FLillE

Tr,;
E F r i : F L 1 1 ! f l E l r T 1 - : n : : . ' r p d ' r i i r - r t l l E Jr 1 T F E :
it:.l',EL
..i
i
r l , t r h r ) r , . : i'L FtIrIIl':jrrh_ f/EFT 11r Ellr rL,:,r,
{,i
r-+rlpE:r_LTt-__--

nIratTI' frnL !EI,lHr:

rl:
r,:l]|lE:
Fli III -rrFL TPIft-fl!frEitl:
lri.r
T l l r i E : 1 1 lT F E :
htl.lTI:,rrFL HEEL-r'r El]Tt
- r L : r , - , : : T - f I I I f _: . I I r F
E
t :
11!IIlIrrriL,Epit
: F L - | l L : r f l E t ] T i 1 1 . | , : , :. l
T,!rrE. _ ETFE

H LI r

l
.l

uEI]ltt
, T '
.- I ':,. '-rrr
t!.0r,1
:51, 'lt
'r, DB
rr. rl8
'1. 'l L-r
l.r!. B9

rlnlI
'rlti'l
I F l l T- r ' r
' T,fl
I ' r : : a . ' r' l l
-l::l.Lr!
I i: l nrl

" E EL - ' r .r E r r T
T rl
-:i.:.1
'r. :1n
- r t.t. i r:r

Ei I-fr':r EIT
T - r ' 1,

-trll.:rl

: ' . 1 : n a. :

a. '!,r

, 1 .n 4
L : r . : j :

, ri : r ; . I I

T -

t86

O.P. Shu

T abl e
Sur:adry oF , : , F T, l F L n i !

:r'rn

-o

ctlo c 1)...-

| r

r . t f r L ' l r t l l rr r T r B I :
I L r l t E F 1 : r Ft r t T n M F ' .
r l , r f l l E : - r F ' l ! i l l I F I l . l E Pi T 0 B E L l A ! E i , r l T

TITFl
TrrlriL

r 1',,i!l

fl rrllEF
:!F rJflLr:'rltr liU r,i
rlr.lr'llEF :rF L0BD t 0V!

F I,PI T PrIF I

rF

H,rL I tt
L
:
:

IFEFr
LLrlr!

I r : i L , l fFt r : r P , - r F I ' I

'1
.

'l

AF! Ll'lAf rJ,,

D1S1:;33rOi.

Tlrere tr.: icrr]] .ri,--.1: 1n trla

r.rlricl, deserv_e atte:rtlon
;
(i)

Keli' J':rctc rs

rl
E': l
L 'll

J'l

:-t)

3rrlnqeThe cornprrteri secr cantriner

I ry L-s-^o
!. . s -^caaf
ro. . o!-ogra
for a 5111 TaU .fi:'e fr.rf1y cellu]ir
The slliir nai:ed
contai nershiP.
r ' { O L S T e a R I I I S E RI P l y e C o e L r " ' e e n
anC Ligbon
Sousse, ;,j vorno,:'jarseilLe
3al+-inore
an.l
in lurope
ar.d lle!'i.ork,
In U3A. The detail.-q of
Charlesrorth
the ccntainers
al.,']i'. n. to be loa.i'_i
po rLs ior:r
pal:iriat the.ji:'.--ren:
f ro:n -.ie
r.Jeac obtainear
cuf ar voya-a
lurope
arlci USA bouni ccntfinaliseo
ainer bay pLan. Uslnq tlre menrl lieYS
in s.rcLi.on 6 the af Locar,dcscribed
r./aitinq tc be loa.rion of con!:inars
ed rras srlicessf,r Lly aerionn--d ds
tlr.
in
fL.i. 4.1" . Aat:r
descrilre.i
"l,e
n.as l)eei fiaal.isec
arran?encnt
hofd s1-airll5 for e:rc: ho1a, tlre moi:_
a..l the nu,'n!.r r oa
el-lt palticuL:tls
crane oi crra,-- iaoves '"tds obtainad.
cotal|i9a
iio:1
re3uf;s
Som. t!'!)iaal
ti_,is toaCrn.l lr:.rrt.j]ar.r.rnl he-re l:e:n
y . n q r ' . a r. i n
If.le
.rrI
6.2.,
:
fig.

8.

T.lL

:.

!'l
l l
'l

:n:

,llL rrtl rlrr\E:

l f r _- t i ! r 1 , E
a'
n

llilr/E9t
1'l
B
l.{

lfi:

F rFT =
ll:
] PEII: ]ET]:

n
:

l': r,lEd

I JI r , : H F t P , l E | t 5

r r . r 1 ! E P, F t t i r r B I r E F . i T t E E
L ' : i t r E l rH i
Ir rrrEF ,]F E lTFrt rl0rlTilrEF'r T H I I T N P E I I

BL:rLfttl:E

cir acnLlineri

l,Jal:
ta.'rrcn:

is a i'lclrnolo.ty oa
Contajnerizaticn
foar
traa.rpotin.t
caroo in uniLiserl
ill thesale
lo c:rrri!r
irom carrier

..r'--tirr- t-rrrcliinr. t -t .'ita.rc

car:ri: -r'f
p - L : - , c e . li n ' ! l r ' : c o n r - a f n . r a - ; . i h e o r i . r i niL 3hi! !a:r l.l:: th. c.)ns1'rilee . 1-n ifi]l,ortia.;
.,!aci, in t]l:s
teclrnofo(_rv is th3
' r l - .
o
preroira
the co.t.-rnersl:lp.
a.r.:,ful
. . . . . . . ,. 1r . a : o - . o n . . : .
. - . _
i i:t orjtain
tial
ail aaran.e:,re..t v,'lricll
3v.Ji.:is rastc1..,s of contaj n..as ana Llrus
oi tl-e .-cralenhirnac: tre Dr-.clicti vi1,
ta: n.rrslrip. An ineir'ici.ir-crrntajaer
arrarn.tejien+r !'iar:fal re':rtrira a loniter
tinie fo!: unlo.rcljnq a.d Loarailn- r!:r,iLt_ '
' .
i t . , : n
. n '
o *
.
( ' .

. . : o . . : - .

. i 1l r ,

I:r _-lta ri:)tal: aieScri,jea h._ra., _. CC::l]utar

basca. c!n!a j Lar unlo:r(:inrl .rirl int:rritcti..'c co:r'Lriner alLo.:ahicr
irr.cerii r.
on .-. .rcs . Lol) michtrs been aevelo.eC
ro-c.jinfriier
\HP 9845I1). .! heuaist:c
,Je-s pra'rerfec'
ir ro q rairfLin:l ari.roieli
becaris.r o: t:ra l.rcc
n u ' n l ) e r c . r : , t iI- i : j i
invafv.r.l in thc rno.:ellino
oa
vari'rbl3s
':o :aciLfha prrqr.:i.s
s rc:r .r svslei.
-L,
.rl rtlf aF ot : r. ,
a.
r\'ere stlanctureo
Llr.r r.llaious
sar th-t
sLrb-ro.lti1.5
ci I ere.'. loaciL.er.'on c.
rnal ana cl:ccl:inq fL)nc+-:crs. Tlris ,r','aa
dcne +,o er]rale tlrcse filncr-iaas
iro be
for futur.:
!!'orli.
exp-a..'lea or modified
a jr a p h i c
inLeraction
! . ' :sl i n c o r r o r . l a ( l
tc eia tlre user to |laa:ris
arr:tl]oe:en+- effectively
b!' Droyiding
a !ictoriaL
vLa'.. Lra tlre pr,asrent contain.ir
s t atus o;r ic arC tlr e sh.iJ] .

L..t,l,trt,r

(iii)

Ac:ri-vemenL:i

, L,tt

a|C Contrlbrrtion

'
tt..r
'. -:n
. ^
Th
.. s
r
arrc..,ssf,rLl!' te;tea
foa unlo.rCinq ana
allo..r-.in.l containe:s
on a 613 TEU
s izL- c.nr- ,ainersl.1ilr o.eritirq
bet,,reen
po:sible
Errlr)p-- anc USA. '/rrious
ccntainer
arr,tngereits
be explore...
coul(
t;rrjt: easif.l befcr.e fin.tlislng
the
Thc valL.rjs of aiCitionaf
arr.1n.c,.ent.
momL-nts ani nunaer ol c:-tne t1o\-es pran inportant
oviclei
ieeCjrac!: iniLcatir.: ho'"r the cont-ainer
aar:tnq!-:-ent
- o I
.
e
d
n
o r ^ 1 , . . Jr. - : : : ] c c - - s t a 1 .
The ef fectiv,-n--ss
of a cLrDtainer arrr,h! stabitlri.ieren'c lrhicir satisfici
it-'1'ccns,draints'/.u1a.
o - a e r . i a lu a t e i
frci.L t:r,- resrtlts
ol t.e
tctaf
n,r,-nb--r
ancl i:striblltion
of crane rnoves.
(11')

Ar.'-3:: llee.rr nc F'.1rth:r

:levelot;ient
:

lle
of nornent paiti.Lllars
resrf!s
(.rdcllLi'rnrl
weiqhj-, trjm moment, heel
noment a:d vertical.
nornent) o.tajned
from the .tllo.jation
i--irlorai.r can be
develojred f rrlther
to detem.ine
i : he
siiip's
ballast
req,iiremen-Ls. The holdw i se brea-l{cjown of th e crane
Loaci ano
unfoad moves pro.ri cies iniornatlon
for
of the proqrarn to
a luture
extension
make optimDm r.rse of the port
cranes,
s:ich tha-- wiren a ccntainership
is
servec by two or mo:e cranes one of
them dces noa beccme idle
after
some
L

.o-..64S

CD

lla''JBirti,tt

187

to arrive
at an ef:ective
container
affangement
and explore
other
feasible ones.
(iv)
lh,-re is a scope for fr.rtur.
rcrk
from tl-re results
of addj.tional
mo:nents and crane load,/unloai
move
after
finalization
of the container
arrange]nent.
ACKl.lo i/Lftca\iiNT
This work vas perfomed
at the Departfient cf Ship anC l4arine Technoloqr). at
the University
of Strathclyde
as a
part
of l.lSC course,
and tie
autlror
wrstr--s to thank
:rofessor
C. I{uo
for his lnvaluable
help,
encouraqernent
ani orridance. The author is also
inCebted
to
Prof.
R.P. cokarn
f.r
the preparation
of the manuscript.
He
vro,rlc) aLSO like
to thank
Mr. pranab
Banerjee
for tl.l]ing the same.

(1)

E.C. Nehrling,
Conputer Ship
L o a d i n q a n d U n _ l o . r d in g S i m u l a t i o n ,
SNA,'.'iEIl ar^.'aii Section
1970.

l2)

Tranq Ouang Thie,

A praqranmed
Loading F rccedure
for Con+_a.iners_
ei Cargo Ships,
US Naval postqraduate
School Master' s Thesis,

(3)

:I.P. Cojoen and p.Van Dyke, The

Automated Pfanninq
.rnd Se.ruencing of Containers
for Container_
sl-l.ip Loading and Unloading,
IaCAS
79'l6 .

(4)

;',I.:. 'rlebster
ana P.r,ran p",,l(e, A
Container
AfIocatic:r
Model, Com_
puler
Aided Ship Design and Eng_
ineering
Conference,
Univ. of
l4ichigan,
Ann Arbo r., 1970.

(5)

por.ts 'System
Dee! Sea Container
Appraisaf
aild Simulation
l,1oCel ling'.
Open University
Publicatic'n \1o T 24 L/2.

(6)

E. Rath, Container
Systems, A
i,ii I ey- l ntersci
enc e publication,

.no

in ano qoing out frlm a precise

location
on bcar.
ttte containershlp
the
infoII,.atian
can be lrsed in futr.rre to
ex-.end the progrrin tc generate
a set
ol seoue.tLal
loaiir)g
3nri un-Loading
instructicns
!or tlte containers.
These instrlrctions
in turar cor]lC be made
use of by the iiort
authorittes
to
plan anc coor.iinat':
th-- movern,Antof
varioLrs units
of contain,-r
Dort lift1no eouloment'.
9.

B',rtJ It t'trt'tt,

COr.CLUSlarl

Ttre foflolrin.'
conclusions
h.rve been
drar'rn :rom the w- rl. described
in
tl:i s p61-qr ;
(i)
Thcre is a ne--o for an e::ectivc
of containers
allocation
on coari
a
j, ersl r-o uo r^ Lce Iorr--c-ne.
cor(ii)
The present
manual ai!roach
of
pre-stow
container
allocation
based
on trlal
methoCe Coes noL
ano error
provide
a scope fcr evaluatrng
other
a - e S . O l e ^ O . - t L , - 1 - r 1 T : e ! . j c l .e . c : .
(.iji)
It
is essentiel
to have compuplanning oi ccntainer
terised
allocation
besecl cn time testeC heuristics

C o m p u t e rA p p l i c a l i o n sn t h e A u t o m a t i o no f
Shipyard Operation and Ship Desl8nV
P B a n d aa n . l C . K u o ( E d s . )
E l s v i eSr c l e n c eP u b l i s h e rB
s . V .l N o n h - r l o l l a n d )
o I F I P , 1 9 85

189

COMPUTER-ATD
FORFI]]ATN.IG
DOCKOPEFATION
S P I R OA . M A T O S I N
University of Split
Departnent of NavaI Arch rtecrure
FESB, Split 58000, R. Boskovica bb
1 . TN T R O D U C
TN
IO
This paper deals with the systern CASD
for the planing and supervision ol the
fl-oating

dock operation,

shown in fig.

-\-9

as the basis

for the optimdl and sdIe doLkino procedure, for the floating
dock with its
specaal service requirements, large
size and very flexibfe

(_\\

structunes,

c.tlon
Gybo|rd and
dkplay

S.nltrrphlcrl
dlapky

PFlnt.r

as

1.

T h i s s y s t e m C A S Da s a v e r y i n p o r t a n t
docknaster-s

tool

provides

the infor-

mation for

the nanual controt

docking procedure.

of the

The system consists of:

- systen conf igurat ion
- sensors

Corput.r ulth flopy

dirk and int.rfac.

- softvJare:
programs for

operating

Paograms for simulation

real docking proced ure

system

Str.lr,
drauaht
lovcl t.rrurln3
conrola

.nd

ano
Fig.

2. Dock control

system

configunation
This paper is nainly

oriented

the cornputer p!'ogran for

and supervision

toward

the sinulation

of the docking procedurg

with

the new rnathematical approach. The

sinufation
of docking procedure,
which
is carried

out before the real docking

on in critical
situation
during the
dockinq, gives possjbility
to predict
the situation

which will

the docking,

to prevent

ship or dock condition.

dure is

Fig,

1.

Floating
docked

dock r,/ith
structure

defined

rnitted

states

ferent

draughts,

docked ship,

appear during
any unwanted
Docking proce-

by a series

of the per-

of the dock on the difin conection n'ith the

ships or "loating struc-

ture s .
During the pumping process

(dock lifting)

T-S.A.trlutosin

190
in

any tine

ballast

optinal
dock

the

within

usinp

consists

the

forenergy.

definition

dock

the

the

over
-

\lllrvrn.v

.hri.al

or

of

the total

hull

s:oniri^rnt

the stress
i-

Dlar'ps in

sensors for

t^Fo:+,r/ljnal
dre

stress

cont-

-ransverse

anl
as

situated,

docl

Ihe

shown

in

dire+.

Iig.

+ ships )
\FlldsL

^"

i<:tinn

0 -

wdter

. ^- f-

p u m p r . n gP r o -

r-h- . e

lifting,

rel-ation

of

c,,naFt,ici^h

to keep an energy

l-ho

on the

based

.l^.ki.o

graphic

on the

If

values,
are

dnd

be pne-

display,

procedure,

docking

stress

will

and cal-culated

neasured

dev ice s

indica-

draught,

Such values

measurenent

nrnned,,-

continuous

tank levef,

of

lnclination.

the

lhF

devices

weight

et minitnutn and the optinal

ship - dock.

sented

--

measuremen!

the dock

consunption

tion

3.

.irctnihlti^Il

^6r-im:1i.:+i^h

is

Fig.

and

cess during

re

shovrn in

ion

distribut

Tra

is

distribution

h'eight

of

dock

Structures

and breadth

(dock

distribution

Iongitudinal

qh'rq

by the

fength

calculation

the

of

1o.F'pd

the

in

Stress

cLion

rr:ncwancp
in

2.J

-.

foLlo!^'ing

procedures:
-

sensor

keep

ninirdl

of

the

conditions:

nornents and shear

trirn,

without

The program

to

alLowed

the

for

searchs

distrjbution

bending

minirnaf
ces,

program

the

the

during

beyond

the

dl,PEdr.

fn

same cases

witl

be

ing

will

2,

the

docking

and

stoped,

of

consists

measurement device s

3.
system configut^dtion,

the

follo!.'ing

giups:

^ ^ h ^ i , + a F

--...! - ---

sys Eem

, 1 M - i n ; a . L

SOFTI,]ARE

The operating

the

dock

.-1^^L

^^hln^l

includes of:
disk

cwcram

contlol

leve1

rrintp-

rneasuring

key-

a seni-graphic

in.l e stress

console,

as

and

sholin

in

tig.2.
Levef

AIl

the

the

tank

tank

an analog

an alarm

presentation

the

dock
level

bottorn.

tanks

are

sensols

equipped

with

The flow

situated

on the

simulation

The position

of

the

level

input

for

procedure

of

diagram

of

and real
is

and measprograrn.

tables

pnograns

and the

the

the
fon

Fig.

intthe

procedure.

program

docl ing

shown in

includes

of

program

docking

plot

program,

reader

sirnulation

real

includes:

progran,

program

procedure

programs

supervision

measurement devices

programs

and calculating

The docking

together

software.

progran,

uring

and the

are

comunication

ended docking

2.?

prograns

system

an operating

a eonunication

board and a display,

i

iorrr:r'inn

a computer with a floppy

and interface,

dichl:w

nnnf

prograns

system

procedure

docking

The operating
'th6

stress

new parameters.

HARDWARE

The dock control

r+. Dock hull

and dock-

simulation

with

restart

Fig.

procedure

for

suf'ervision
5.

( - ' t t p t t t i t - l t L l t . r f l , a u ' t gD , L L O p i r t r t , t t

l9l

NITIAL DATA

OPTIMLISATION
OF BALLASTFOR
MX, REDUCTION
OF
. BEMING YOI"IENTS
- SHEARFORCES
- TORS
IOIIAL
TOI/ENTS
WITHCONSTRAI
I]TS:
- Tl1
<
Ttlr
0
- Bl,lL BI4LA<0
- Bl'lP
- sFL

BMPI t 0
SFLi < 0
- sFP ,SFPn< 0
- m tR It4

- IN SIDE INCL,

BENDING
MMEI.ITS
LONG
I TUD,

DATA FOR
REALMCKING
PROCEDURE:
II'IAL TANK LEVEL

NR,i POS
ITION
OF OBJECTOR
MCKING I.IOT
POSSIBLE

SII4UI-ATION

FIG.5. FIOI.I
DIAGRAIII
OFSII'IJI-ATIr)II
AI'DREAL
MCKIIIG
PR]CEUffi

3 , 1 P r o g r a ml N P U T
I

t.

,t.A. lluto\uI

t92

3.

D A T A

I^r-i-1,t.

N .

2. A1l

irrna?^-

theoret

between

vessels

"Xj .

Y.
l
L.
t
-1

= ship's
'

R
- -l l .

NP = number of

docked vessels

nunber of

inex:
longitudinaf
transversdl

position
ation of

ica l

in

rell+. Uai dht<

1ensth

^-

hrp:rlih

^F

ding

hF.l

-"1

chin

rlef inc l
'n:.1.-o

hv

,rni fdnm

hptween

buil-

frames
n rr\pr
.'lif

(+ bY bow)

fhara

of

f6h6hr_

sn.ces

with

ch:^ac

k = 1 , N B F = f r a " r e s p a c Fs
P A . , _ , k = 1 , N B R= l i m i t s o f d i f f e r e n t

GS. = t otal

nf

t-.rno-:nj,lAl

NqD :

= lPit

spaces

i = 1 . l J PT / Y

located
located

lv

coordinates
dock

theoneticdl

02. = loadins.

01..

included

LP. = position
J
j - ship
0 - ship

TT.

hu

frames

SHlPS
1.

chih;6fihaa

loading

idaL

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N R E G A R D I N GD O C K I N G

^f

R P. l _ ,

s\-ip-s weight

frane
0.. fRA.. fRP.
L '

or

l,Jeishrs o

space s

0' 1a .' . 0 2' . .

1 '

oel ineo

snip

l-RA..fRP.
1 '

bv Darria-L

!,'e i ght s
va

II

SHIP /

l .

Vessel delined

by

,,i +r.

-n-,,

C. = weisht.

S T R U C T U R EW I I G H T S

^--i--

^f
srrfy

totdl

weight

of

foading

between

NP :
Q.,

ship

number of

defined

theoretical

frames

act ion

rlJrcou

ul

wcrB'L

^f

dF:\,

Lr
i fv

III
T:nL

D O C KS T O R E S
I a!,ol

^n

^,,a-l-ifrt

spaces

loading

theore t ical

of

by un-iform

theoretical

i=1,NR = uniform

QLi
XL.

T
M

^ " j - - = , . . . = U r 6 I o v r L y '

Weights

\eoinino

the
L

and

i i,,
wclBrr

wsrtsrr L>

between

franes,

T/M

I V G E N E R A LSTMULATIONDATA
^F

dra,,ohi

vr

tr

3. llinirnal

.^n.l

i tinn

L rIR

uuL^

ha'r:c-

4i<|-i\,Ir

ur

dvts

in-

rr L

nr- i rn-

isation
i

I
f

Conlputer-Aid Jbr Fbating Dock OperatL)

4.

IqA?HEMATICAL IIODEL

A. I

N P U T

D A T A

1.

GENERAL INFOWATTON

2.

DECK LOADING

Docked ships
i)

Main

ii)

floating

sh ips/ struct

Deck positjon

iii)

ii.)

structul:es

ures

of

docked

j=1,N

71)(1,6 !

T
q'. = t'(x),
1
jv)

Docked abjects

* s Lo

o 3 x !- a

totaf

weight

r . { r
q s =

r
q .

L q j ,
j=t '

'

3.

Docked ship buoqancg

appfoxTnatton

far

3.

DOCK CHAMCTERISTICS

'Ianks

iii)

characte.rjstics,
leve1,
buogancq f foi

iv ) Cranes
v)

ttin

- no dock

heel
less

betileen

than

than

allawed

allawed

t,tran a_l_lot'ed
tanks

_less tlan

RESUL'IS

TANK LEWL

IS

h.: = f (dock drauaht),

FOR DIFFERENT

i=I,NT

fi]e)
of

VALVES CONIROL

draughts

dock weights

of ,V-dock's trarsaver breadth,(5f,)k

quantitq.
tank
stores
and ballast)

fran tine t till

D+LD sinulating
j,,

ii)

iji)

i)

D tiII

of pipino
arranqenent
file
nenorg

Fron tank ievet ll

quanctcq Q. has to

to h.l+Lt, o=t,NTL,
be pnnped [ron
tank

I-th
tank valves wiTl be opened in time t
on t,he lrasis
of the punping
p.t ocess slmujatior
resu]ts

T I M E

MEASURED VALVES OF ?ANK LEVELS AND DOCK

DHIUGH'I

BALLAST WATER

t+dt, ot froh draught

the punping process

Characterjstics
(resistance)
in

C. R E A L

O N

QRB = DECK LOADING + D(fK

deflection

SIMULA?ION

1.

1. AVAILABLE

- no dock

less

_less

approxination

characteristics

M U L A T I

Dorrerts

forces

AnaiuLica I buoLtancq approxinatiani

- 1ong-itudi-nal,.(rti)X=t.u
- transvetse.
*
rar anq dock drauqht

B. S I

bendjng

= ) a ;
i-I

(in

AnalgxicaT
approxination
over length,
4
ri) Analgticai
apptoxination
yerse seq,7'ents weights,

a-l-l shear

dock draught

different

i)

all

LIS'I: OF OP"IMAL

4,
v)

- differences
alloned

objects

Analqtical
apptoxination
of docked veiqhts
over dock lengtb
and breadth far a docked
object,
qL =
t

constraints

- dock

ciardcterjstjc.

all

niti

193

ON LINE

ranks quantitg
cafcufation
natical
xank alesctiption)

(based

on nathe-

WEIGHT - DCTCKBUAYANCY
ii)

Dock buogancg

and ships/structutes

buogancg

Lo
QRB =

I ' t lu_

iii)
tq^

q_)

dx

o
i)

If

iv)

QRB < A + docking

is

rot

BALLAST TANKS

Nininal
(fonqitusun of pondered nor?nts
dinal,
BML, transverse,
BMp, bending noiF
ents ard tolsjonal,
?M, nonents

'=

k1'M^^* * k2 "rtr.*

Alam

ca]cu-lation

conttof

of

'onerts

Calcufated

and siea_r
vafues

poss_ible
2,

MEASURED VALUES OF .s?RE.sS AA'D DEPLECTION

i)

Hish

2 . OPTIMAL BALLAST DIS?RIBUIION

ORB - OVER (N'I)

Bending
forces

* *ro\r("ror.)r

jj)

3.

level

Possibi.ljtq

aLarm controf

of

punping

of

Deasurd

ya]ues

stoppage

VALVES CONTROL (BASED ON) SIT{ULATED VALVES

t94

S.A. ,Ildtositt

r l. 1 A p p r o x i m a t i o n
uuuy

d Icy

ship-s weights,
-':dr
forces
rlr

of

fvdqf'rts,

.rn' 'Fn.iino -onents

lrrr

5r'rP

finite

L " c

-^

---

o L L ! 1 1 6

!s6fr"rr,'Bt

p,ravitv,

xCj r as
a '

.i;stnibution
"

dac

M, of

nunber,

w r L "

Y i r

wcaB"r>

ur!

rided

L
a

i-1 cos 2nrx

x"
dx
J:-

; r
L
! J
J
o -

.o--

--r-FTojrii-

F.-

rhp

the

coefficients

2nrx
--f

i-1
x.*

_ 1

6 and 7.

fig.

"

d l

into

the partical
weights
' ^---\.
r c l L L ,
e . .. d c t i o n
_\e centre
of

s h o r , r ni n

2Qi

-'i;

OX

f. (x):c.
r
-

+c.
l

are i
g .

c)

i r 1 . i
i , .2rllx
a :i - (c^x+c- l sm-Tn

Tn:na?^i

a:

f^nm

t:l
I

i
^
c
^
)
? n t l | y\'
a
.
z
n
n
x
I
+c1, cos
+
l
t-srn1-

ir
a

^f

: _"

rr'!Pr

wElE,iLL

Lrdf

Pd!

. a : t,- ; ; 1
( c, 2 xr
Dn
Fig.

2nnx ,
-T-

eqral

Lhe par-iaL

tlre sum of

proxirnation,

as

l'1

d P tr r o x

wertsrr L

i r n dt i o n
we-ights ap-

fo f lolrs
A

2nnx+ 2rrx,
'5nsrn --T-,
cos -I-

q,(x) = f q,(x) --# * I f\

\.rhere are I
M
r l
l a

A ^ = 1 . 1;

-ar

M
b

The buoydncy approxirndt ion,

7.

Fig.

Paraboloidal

forrn

ficients

. u.
o'
n'

hr^.p.l,,rp
If

rha

f^Fm

r -:\rr

idl

^f

i<

K
f . ( x )= l . ]

rha

h : F t i :- ' - - f
r_-

le'inF.l

hv

we rHrL L

qf

s-

Funct Lon

d r . 3 xa s d a. + q- . = aq .

function
over

tha

m:fhprai
of

!^'eight

ship

i^-rl

distribution

length,

L,

defined

nn

af:

coef-

\v

rhe

Icj-d

hiohen

discrete

area ) .

aw
'''o

us:

z n n x+
2rnx.
----rOw Sj.n ---.?- )
L
n
l_

nith

equals

2nnx * . i
2r'nx,
, i
, . a
o' r. t x r : a , ^ + e) ta cas --Ion sl-n --I-'
n
o/t
n

with

f ,,n.1-inn

: ---F- + .) , (aW_ ClS

L
I
n
n

"nlroxination

follows the same

Loading curves are defined

* l - ' .

i=1
'hp

^-

( franes

values

W\ X,
'hen

L'ifh

lln"ren. .ry)-

v.
n-

c . L

..--n

to

= 0:

a v r = An - u n .'

b$r = B - v
n
n
n
Shear

force

in

the

section

cimnlifiorl

i l
L
.a| - t-r1
9 i ( x ) = 't ao -. a n .- u - l = l d l - - r

hrher.e the

Fourier

coefficients

L",1
^
9*=-X-L
t;
n
Nr

: r.l

are i

l_ha

Z:rnx
? r n x ,r ,
,. + Dl''n(
| cos -T-.' I I
awn s]n--I-

hahrliho

m^mFnf

(unlu

_2
.:. I I.: ( 1 l+r_ n n_

Longitudinaf

trim

noments

tut I l,,rt|tg bot I, Optr,t o'.

cos2H) - u"r,..,
sir$

_2
L

, t-.l

L O N G I T U D I N AOLI S T R I B U T I O N

rnidship

bw

about

195

n
v , i ie g h

oistribulion
, 3

.1 ==

rc6|Lc"

- . -

rr

B
n - - -ni j )
|

A^/r
-

( -/- -

/
n

-nonenr

inertia

l'n'

- L +

l - - 4

wEatsr'L

^z

lx1,

qrr={Y-* I { |e^"i'r;- e,,"o"3ff

|}
4.2

T R A N S V E R S O I S T R I B U T I O N
SEGMENT
A
SEGMEMB

L&,

hreight and buoyancy distribution

over

11

x2

For

dock

lenght

purDose

the

of

and breadth

and supervision

cedure,

the

fourier

hod rnas used,

by

programs

the

ulation

of

for

docking

appr,oxination

taking

proximation

the

dock

as shovJn in

fig.

8,

sirn-

fength

length

of

or

fig.

9.

Weight

rnet-

The optimal

ap-

wate.

breadth,

distribution

can be carried

search

equal

with

j-th

docked vessel

lengrh

LA = dock

approxination

length

= 1)

IF(LP.

Fig.

the

ction,
Fig.
L,l

on the

LA = dock tength

loading

LA .

The reduction

dock b.eadth

B. Approximation
total

weight

longitudinal
for

new optimization

three

1ength

vessels,

wilL

is

dire-

to

the
forces

free

of

presented.
method was
the

lodding

thisicd

of

the

liater

it

The available
difference

ballast

water,

!./i11 be distributed

tanks,

as

shown in

ination

of

and for

reduction

longitudinal
tor sional

QRB as the

beLween oock weight

yancy,

the

,
QT.

Fig.

trin,

out

buoqancg area.

9\oE

tongitudinal

by transfering
a su.place

vejght

lrcLlN4rqv

of

10 for

the

dock

QLL, transverse,

ql

z - g

dnd buo-

over

QL, the

theory

dock

the elim-

heel,

tbe

distribution,

from

Qp,

loading,
Qpp, and

10

curves.

which are proatuceil

etiff be nininal

loading

shown in

dlstr'ibJ(ion

dock

variables

9.

0pt-imal bdlLasr

free

curves is naxirnun reduced.

be carried

ballast

distribution

and transverse

basjs

Lcs of

the

become uncer-

rntroduced

transverse

The sheme of
in

o)

the

Due to, the

curves.

direct

constraints.

and noL easy graphical

bq loading

ballast

number of

process

The nonents ard srear

(LP.=

If

the

number of

characLerist

to

optimization

tain

the

method with

a number of

Fop a large
the

of

ouT by the

optirnization

variables
tanks,

L.

shenLe distribution

pro-

BaIlast dist.ibution

or
wL,
the
atea

rt96

S.A. Ildtositt

!r

1vo

LrrE

only

with

the

x2

'^-^

u r,,R

not

include

.l^.1.

eamahl_c

buoydncy surpldce

x1

area
The total

!L

! rrj,

will
in

rf.

qud"L,

Ly

wrrrlrL

b e l o a d e d t h e d o c k s e g - n e n tw i l l
reldtion

lodding
auou

between the belonging

curves

dred,

dnd the

mr,rl dx

tank

area

Mr=lt Mr.l

be

Lotal curve

monent

-Lrp :^-).^.-iitp
4.,.\

trnr

hil

;n

lFct

i-tL

for

the

srorant

side

iS

r "B

'fha

r-:hL

lrf6.l

^,,hr'6

1]r,

+}|o

l ^ : a .i n-d ^
a - , ' > + i ^-n-

r .n ..

,.-

dit,,

'..

--.

is

la
en

as shov/n in

xl

a.:=

IMT.I
a
^-

ca 1cu-

Fig.

12.

^
wf dx

x7
where x1 dnd x2 are lhe dock segments

u!.!!J
--1 -

lirrits.
Trp

l.r

rl

h r^wF-.w

0" = ) 0.1
The available
\e

nnr;rrlw

<aomi^l-

QR;

0. .

ha

water,

f illcn

a.
Q^
Ri.+Q
a"

lisln:hr'pd'f

,.'i l l

li

.fi-,
-- ---l--

if

balfast

,b* .1-

's

:-o:

--t-.I

QA, will
i-th

^,,t

hr,

dock

-,'rnlir\r

t l-9,.

Reduction

I I

of

tors iona 1

rnone nt

A
The t\ro

r F ( Q P: o ) Q R .= o

iree

variables

a.e

R1 and R2, as shown in

oprimal- spl iting
fdr

ra.i,,.i-;^n

verse
nL6

of

rha

fig.

volved,

10,

in

the balfast

l^ndit,

and torsional

the

wdter

d:

mornents.

rr^^L_:^6.,6

Jced fon to

in

ion

mcthod

was

s e a r c h t h e m i n i r n dI o b j e c r

funct ion .
-lr6 c^.rn\i^.
sp) it ino is

dc<nr:r.i^shown in

of

rhe bdl last

1l.

lig.

l-l
i-th
1 r . LD r r r j n o
11.

0n the basis
def

The reduction
the

appropriate

ha .:--jpd
tanks
relation
of

of

torsional
water

h\'.il'ino

QT, will

the dock
quantity
area

incri

i r

of

the opt:-ndl rank levels

ChFDtcr

rr

thp

paocess s-imuLation profran,

Fig.

1'r, searchs

ooenin"

durine

ior

the

n',mn i no

shown in

tanks

valves

the dock Iifting.

.in

distr"ibution

5.

C O N C L UISC N

m o m e n t.! m wL , , a n d t o t a l
The nelr met\od

area.

hal^ndino

rnonents erith

ball-ast,

segments with the

with
the "tank

trdnsverse

nonent
Tha

^,-

<i-'r'dtion

m^mani

:FA:

of

warer^ lisrribucion
tage

for

the

fast

the

optimal

baLlast

g:ves a prdte
and accuracte

ddvrnca1cu1-

CaDtt)utL'tlti(l lir'!batitlg

arL-a|o

|6

Dack Operu!ion

197

fR0Y D0.L DRAUCITT..^.. TO "1T

s:nNI

3M- + BENI N6 Maff \r

r!

\"'

iI.R5CML

M O M E !T

F o R A L L r A N K SI

f--->l

F"-'".-a9aE

li

:r

gi

TOTAL P U M P E DO U A N T I I Y0 T = [

fig.

13

Graphical
of

ation

during

vision
ldith

of
this

nale'5e
also

the

simulation

nethod,

the

cvsrer

C4 |

of

rnp ordlhical

where the

and the

the

of

50.000 T L.C,

computer

lrith

311 l.i, which

is

in

the

shipyarcl

the

oocK. sHtP Ds?tacEt'tEryf

lrater.

program

length

under

t\e

ballast

were tesLed on The floar:ng

of

the

disflay.

any f)o rring

control

can be done by

The theory

can

dnd control,

observation

con b6 usoo in

structuaes,
loading

dockrraster

sirulal:on

visual

loddino curves in
This

an.l super-

procedure.

the

ion

opt ini zat ion

docking

o?tj0al

by

C es c r i p t

ballast

dock

over

all

constraction

Brodor..osor -

Trogir.

9
I

The program
corr!uter

CAD, !"ith

the

configrrratiol]

be installed

in

tris

the

most sopristicated

for

the dock

l;0RCOI]TROL

anc

sensors

:loating

dock,

systen

will
as

ever built

service.

AC(NO h7L:DGL I,II]Ii S

T,"reaLltor
ation

to

lrished

Yugoslavia,
bu-ilder
ing

this

pro;ran

to

shipyard

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proxirnation
to ship weight
iistrib: hi p D ui I d i n E
ut ion", VI Sinpozj' ol
Theory and Practice,
Beograd 1984.

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( ompuler Aptlicrljons ir lhe Autotrr!ri,)n oi

Shrptard Oter.rt!rn and Ship Llesn Y
P. Banda and c Kuo lFds )
h l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u h l i s h e r sI l . \ . ( \ o r t h - H , t l r n d l
O 1 f I P , l 9 Ei

199

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RN T R lS] IY S I I ! IF I ] RN E A V LYI F T I 4 O N I T O R IANNGDP R E D I C T I O N
A s k oK . K i p p oa n dJ u k k a - P e k R
k ajj h e l ;
0 y t l ; r t s i l ; A b , T u r k uS h j p y a r d
T u r k u ,F j n l a n d

0 f f s h o r e c o n s t r u c t i o ni s l h e m o s t e x p e n s i v ea n d d e m a n d i npgh a s ei n t h e o f f s h o r e i n d u s t r y .
T h e u s e o f c r a n e s h i p i n t h e d e e pw d t e r c o n d i t i o n sn e e d s - f o rd r e r i a b r e a n d s a f e o p e r d t l o n
a n a s s i s t i n g o n b o a r dc o m p u t efro r d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n , f o r p r e r i m i n a r yl i f t c a l c u r a t i b n sa n J
f o r m o n i t o r i n gt h e r e a l t i m e m e a s u r e m e ndtusr i n q t h e h e a v vl i f t s .

1. INTRODUCT]ON
D u r i n gt h e l a s t t e n y e d r s o f f s h g r g q 9 n 5 1 . r a t i o n h a s b e e na s a t a r g e t o f w i d e d e v e l o p m e n t sa n d i n c r e a s e dp r o d u c t l o n a fl u r c t j o n s .
This enthusiasm
h a s b e e nd i r e c t e d o v e r t h e
p r o d u c t i o n ,s p e c a
i l type of shjps andplatf o r m s b o t h o v e r t h e o f f s h o r ec r a n e a n d o n b o a r de q u i p m e n tH. e a v yl i f t c r a n e s h j p s h a v e
a l s o b e e nc h a n g e da c c o r d i n gt o t h e n e wv a s t
r e q u i r e m e n t sT. h e y a r e g o i n g t o w o r Kt n m o r e
d e e p e rW a t e r s ,w i l h a l a r g e r c a p a c j t yc r d n e
! , ! i t ha l o n g e r b o o m ,w i t h a r n o r ee f f i c i e n t
m o o irn g s y s t e m a n d t o g e t h e r w it h t h e o p e r a t j o n a l e x p e r i e n c ea n d a s o p h j s t i c a t e dc o r p u t e r d i d e d s y s t e mt h e y a r e g o in g t o h a v e
m o r ew o r k i n gd a y s p e r y e a r . T h j s d l I r e q u j r e s
1 o t o f e x p e r i e n c e e, x c e l e n t a n a l y s e sa n d
p r e d i c l i o n s o f e n v i r o n m e n t ac lo n d j t j o n sa n d
r e l i a b l e r e d l t i m e m e a s u r e m e nf o
t sr s u p p o r t i n g t h e d e c j s i o nn a k e r s .
T h i s p a p e r d e a l s w i t h l l ] a r t s i l ah e a v yl i f t j n g
a n l y z e r , w h i c h h a s b e e nd e v e l o p e d
to assist
t h e o p e r a t i o n a lp e r s o n n e bl y p r o v j d i n gt h e
g u i d a n c et o o p t i m i z et h e f u n c t i o n s d u r j n g t h e
h e a v yl i f t o p e r a t i o n sa n d t h e p r e d j c t j o n o f
t h e m o v e m e n ot sf l h e s h i p a n d b o o mt i p .
2 . P R I N C I P ADLI I 4 E N S I OANNSDC H A R A C T E R I S T I l ] S
l / ] a r t s i l ai n i t j a t e d i n 1 9 8 1a n e x t e n s j v es t u d y
t o d e l j v e r a m o n o h u l cl r a n e v e s s e l c a p a b l eo f
h a n d l i n q1 6 0 0t o v e r t h e s i d e . l . J h elnj f t i n g a
'odd
o f 1 6 0 0t i L w a sd l l o w e da . r a { i n u n
c h a n g ei n a n g l e o f i n c l j n a t j o n o f a p p r o x j m a t e l y 5 d e g r e e s .T h e v e s s e l h a s e x c e l e n t s t a t i o n k e e p i n ga n d m a n o e u v r j ncqh a r d c t e r i s t i c s .
T w oc o m p d s st h r u s t e r s a t t h e s t e r n a n d t w o
b o i ,t{h r u s t e r s a l l o w f o r o p e r a t i o na t c l o s e
quarters.
A c o m p u t ecr o n t r o l l e d b a l l a s t s y s t e mm a k e s
r a p j d s l e w i n gm o t i o np o s s i b l e . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e np a i d t o t h e a n c h o r i n gs y s t . e m
w h i c hc o m p r j s e se i g h t 1 2 0 t p u ll i n g c a p a c i t y
w j n c h e se n s u r i n gs a f e a n c h o r i n ge v e n a t w a t e r
d e p th o f 3 0 0 m e t r e s .

S h i p ' s e q u j p m e ni tn c l u d e sd i v r ' n gg e a r t o 5 0
m e t r e s ,a h e l i d e c kw i t h r e f u e l l i n gf a c j l i t i e s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o ne q u i p m e n\ t. / j t hp i l e d r j v i n g h a m m e r s ,d r i l l i n g e q u ' i p m e e
ntc.
T h e d e t a j l d e s j g no f t h e 1 6 0 0t h e a v yl i f t
c r a n e v e s s e l h a s b e e nm a d eb y t h e b u jl d e r s a t
f l d r t s i l d T u r k uS h i p y a r d .T h e c r a n e d e s j g nh a s
b e e nm a d eb y G u s t oE n g i n e e r i n o
qn the basis of
s p e c i f i c a t i o n si n c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o nw i t h
d e \ i g n e - so ' r , J ; r t s i l da . d \ o n e .
T h e p r i n c i p a l i n f o r m a t j o no f t h e v e s s e l i s d s
f o l l o w s:
Le n gt h 0 . A .
B r ea d l h m ld
D e p t hn lrd
D r a u g hw
t h e nl j f t i n g
D i e s e l e l e c t r i c p o w e rp l a n t
T r a n si t s p e e d
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C a p a c i t yo f t h e f u l l y r e v 0 l v i n g K 0 n e - 6 u s t o
c r a n ei s f o l l o w i n g :
r - i f t j n g c a p a c i t y a t 4 8 . 5 n r a d i u s 2 * 800 t
L i f t i n g c d p a c i t ya t 6 7 . 0 m "
1 * 800 t
Auxiljary hook at 86,6m
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sYSrt[4

I m p r o v e m e n tj sn t h e p e r f o r m a n c eo f c r a n e
v e s s e l sa f f e c t e d l a r g e l y o n t h e r e q u j r e n e n t s
o f t h e c o m o u t e r i z endo l j L o r i n g a n d p r e d i c t j o n
t u n c t r o n sa s s i s t i r q t h e o p e r a t j o n sI.n c r e a s e d
c a p a c i t yo f c r a n e sr e d u c e dt h e n u m b eor f
l i f t s t o b e m a d er e d u c i n ga l s o t h e t j m e n e e d e d f o r h o o k - u po f f s h o r e . S h j p s h a p e dh u l l s
h d d g o o dm o t j o nc h a r d c t e r i s t i c sa n d t h u s j t
w a sn a t u r d l t o f o c u s a t t e n t j o n o n t h e r e a l

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200

t i m e a n a l y s i so f t h e w e a t h e rc o n d j t j o n s
( w j n d , w a v ea n d s w e l l) a n d o n t h e m o t i o n so f
t h e c r a n e v e s s e l a n d b o o mt i p i n o r d e r t o
d e t e r n i n et h e d l l o w a b l ev e r l i c a l c r d n e h o o k
m o t i o na n d t h e m a x i m uaml l o w a b l ei n c l i n a l i o n .
T h e a i m o f l h j s a l I w a s t o q u a r a n l e et h e
m a x i m unmu m b eor f w o r k i n gd a y s o n t h e m o d e r ate seaconditiofs.
T h e c o m p u t ecr o n t r o l s y s t e mf o r h e a v yI i f t
n o n i t o r i n g a n d p r e d i c t i o n w a sb a s e do f o p e r a s .h e b a s i cf e a s i b i l j l y
t i o n a l r e q u j r e m e n tT
t h a t t h e o p e r a t o ra n d s u p e r i n study showed
t e n d e n tb e i n g i n d n y c a s e v e r y e x p e r i e n c e d
n e e d e ds p e c i a l i z e di n f o r r f a t i o nw j t h a s j m p l e
p h y s i c a l p r e s e n t a t j o na n d w i t h a n e a s y a n d
r e a l i a b l e w a yo f o p e r d t i n gb y a p a t c h p a n e l .
T h e a c c u r a c yo f t h e f u n c t i o n s w a s i m p r o v e d
b y m i n i m j z i n tgh e p o s s i b l ef a u l t y m a n u ailn p u t d a t a a n d b y u s j n g s o m ei m p o r t a n tr e a l
time medsurements.

l j f t j n g c o n d j t j o n st h e s u c c e s s f u ol p e r a t i o ni s
d e p e n d et no n
-

t h e e n vi r o n m el an I c o n d i t i o n s
t h e l o a d j n gc o n d i t i o n s
t h e c h a r a c t e r j s t i c so f t h e s h i p
t h e e x p e r i e n c eo f t h e c r e w

'ifting
T h el ' e a v y
a n d l y z e rp r o v i d e st h e o p e r d t o r w j t h k e y i n f o r f l r a t r ' o no f
-

the real time measurements

d i f f e r e f t p r e d i c t i o n sa n d s j m u l a l i o n s
statisticdltrends

T h e w h o l es y s t e md e v e l o p e fdo r t h e 1 6 0 0|
c r a n e s h i p l j f t j n g o p e r a t j o n sj n c l u d e st h e
f o l l o \ dni g n a i n p a r t s ( f i g . 3 ) :

T h e p r i m a r yf u n c t i o n s o f c o m p u t e r i z em
donit o r j n g a n d p r e d i c t i o n s y s t e ma r e :

5 , 1 l , l a v ep r e d i c t i o n

t o p r e d i c t a n d t o m o n j t o r t h e w a v ea n d
s w e Il s p e c t r a a n d d i r e c t i o n s d u r j n g l h e
desjgned
l i f t i n g o p e r ai to n
t o s i m u l a t ea n d t o m o n i t o rt h e e f f e c t s o f
l o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n sa n d l i f t i n g o p e r a t i o n s
o n t h e m o v e m e n at sn d s t a b i l i t y o f t h e
shrP
t o p r e d i c t a n d t o m o n j t o rt h e m o t i o n so f
t h e s h i p a n d t h e b o o mt i p e x j s t i n g d u r i n g
the I ifts
t o p r o v i d e t h e o p e r a t o rw i t h a p r a c t j c a l
' o o l t o d e s i g n ,t o a . s i s t , t o g r i d e d r d
t o f o l l o w t h e r e a l f u n c t j o n sa n do p e r ati ons

i)F
E T H ES Y S T E 1 4
4 . B A S I CS T R U C I U R
T h e m i c r o c o m p u t es ry s l e mc o n s i s t s o f t h e
f o l l o w i n q e q u j p m e nst h o w ni n f j g . 2
-

the mjcrocompute
u rt i l i z e s a h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e1 6 - b i t m i c r o p r o c e s s o r ,0 . 5 f 4 b y t e
R a mm e m o r ya n d d i s k - b a s e dm a s so e m o r y .A n
a d d i L , o n d dl i s p l d v L r i t , s a 2 0 ' g . a p h i c
c o l o u r m o ni t o r

the digital instrumentatjon

s y s t e mi n c l u d e s m i c r o p r o c e s s o r sI /, 0 i n t e r f a c e , A / D
c o n v e r t e r sa n d m e m o r yC. o n m u n i c a t j obne t w e e nt h e m i c r o c o f i p u t e ra n d t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t j o ns y s l e mi s h a n d l e dv j a a s y n c h r o n o u s s e r i a l c o m m u n i c a t i oc n
h a n n e l .T h e
functionsare performed
b y d p a t c hp d n e l
i n s t r u m e n t a t j o cno n the basic measuring
s i s t s o f a w a v e r i d e rb u o yw i t h a t r a n s mitter anda receiver, pitch, roll and
h e a v es e n s o r s ,w j n d i n d i c a l o r , c r a n e
p o s i t i o ' r d n d l o d d s e n S o r sd n d L h e p . e s s u r e t r d n s m i t t e r so f t h e a n t i - h e e l t a n k s
printer ds a resulting device
n o- b r e a k p o w e rs u p p l i e s

5 . D E S C R ] P T IO F
NT H ES O F T I , { AFRI O
EDUI-ES
T h e b a s i c o p e r a l i o n so f t h e s y s t e ma r e
c d r r j e d o u t t h r o u g ha n e a s y h a n d l e dp d t c h
p a n e l v i a a c o l o u r e ds c r e e nd i s p l a y s w h r ' c h
t o g e t h e rm a k ej t p o s s j b l e t o o p e r d t ew i t h a
siflple andpractical way. In the difficult

c o m mnui c a t i o n s y s t e m
m a n d g e m eonf t t h e d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n
w a v ep r e d i c t j o r l
l o a d i n gc a l c u l a l i o n s
p r e d i c l i o n o f w a v ej n d u c e dm o t i o n s

T h em e t h o d p
s r e s e n t l y i n c o m m ouns e t o o b t a i n
t h e r e s o o n s eo f t h e s h i p t o w a v el o a d s u t i l i z e
t h e w a v es p e c t r u mw h r ' c hc a n e i t h e r b e e x p r e s s e d m a t h e . n a t i c layl o r b e b a s e do n m e a s u r e dd a t a
r e d u c e dL o s o e c L r d lf o r r ( f i g . d r . T h e p u r p o s e
o f t h e w a v ep r e d i c t r ' o nm o d u l ei s t o p r e d i c t
t h e w a v ea n d s w e l l s p e c t r aa n d d i r e c t i o n
e x i s t i n g d u r i n g t h e p l a n n e dl i f t j n g o p e r a t i o n .
T h i s m o d u l ec a l c u l a t e sw a v ea n d s l l r e l ls p e c t r a
f r o m t h e i n p u t d a t a g i v e n b y t h e o p e r a t o r .T h e
i n p u t c a n b e c h o s e nt o b e e j t h e r l , i a v ed a t a
c o n s j s t j n go ' t h e p r e d i L t e ds i g n i ' i c d n tw a v e
a n p l i t u d ed n d t h e d v e r a g e/ e r o - c r o s s i n gw a v e
p e r i o d o r w i n d d a t a c o n s i s t j n go f t h e w i n d
s p e e d ,d u ra t j o n a n d f e t c h .
T h e s w e l l a n d t h e w a v e so f t e n h a v ed i f f e r e n t
d i r e c t i o n a n d p e r r ' o d .B e c a u s teh e s h i p m o v e m e n t sa r e h i g h l y d e p e n d e notn t h e d i r e c t i o n
o f t h e w a v e st h e s p e c t r a o f t h e u / a v e sa n d
s w e lI c a n n o t b e c o n b i n e db u t t h e y b o t h h a v e
t o h a n d l es e p a r a t e l y .T h e o p e r a t o rh a s t o g i v e
t h e d i r e c t i o n a l D a r a m e t e r sp.r e d o m i n a ndtj r e c t j o n f r o m t h e n o r t h a n d s p r e a d i n gd n g l e f o r
b o t h w a v e sa n d s w e l l i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n et h e
resultantdirection. This is valjd also for
t h e m ea s u r e dw a v es p e c t r u m .
T h e p r j m e r e q u i r e m e ntto k e e pt h e o p e r a t i o n
a s e a s y a s p o s s i b l er e s t r j c t e d t h e p o s s i b j l i t ' e s f o r o p e r d t o rt o c h o o s et h e t y p i c a l w a v e
s p e c t r u mt o J o n s w a pO. t h e r s p e c t r ac a n b e
e a s il y l o a d e di f r e q u i r e d .
5 . 2 I , o a idn q c a l c u la t i o n
T h e l o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n tr o l e
t o d e t e r m i n et h e m o t i o n r e s p o n s e so f t h e
c r a n es h i p d u e t o e x i s t i n g s e a s t a t e . T h e
m a i n p u r p o s eo f t h e l o a d i n gc a l c u l a t o r i s t o
s j m u l a t el h e e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n a n d
l i r t o p e r d t i o 'o1' r t h e s h i p a a d i t s s t a b i l i t y .

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T h e m e a s u r e m e no
t sf t h e f r e q u e n y c h a n g j n g
input data are connectew
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T h e m ea su r e m e nst a r e
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the
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liquid level in the anti-heettanks

c r a n es l e w a n g l e
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w i n d s p e e da n d d i r e c t i o n

T h e o p e r a t o r c a n u p d a t e o t h e r l o a d ' i n gi n f o r m a t i o nc o n c e r n i n gw i t h t a n k s a n d b u n k e r s ,
d e c kc a r g 0d n d s t o r e s , c r a n e l o a d a n d d i r e c t i o n a n d m a d ep r e l i m i n a r ys i m u l a t i o n sf o r
future operatjons.
T h ef i x e d i n i t i a l d a t a l o c d t e di n t h e d i s c
m e m o r ya r e a s f o I I o w s :
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the
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t a b l e s o f B o nJ e a n
h y d r o s t a t j cd a t a o f t h e s h i p
t a n k i n f o r m a ti o n
b a s i c i n f o r n a t i o n o f t h e e f i r p t ys h i p

T h e i n i t i a l i n f o r n a t i o n h a s b e e nb a s e do n t h e
N a v a l A r c h i t e c t u r a lP a c k a g e
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h a v e b e e n a p p r o x j m a t e db y t - e w i sf o r m s . T h e
h y d r o d y n a i n icco e f f i c i e n t s h a v e b e e n c d l culatedin advance
f o r a l l p o s s i b l et r i m ,
d r a u g h t a n d e n c o u n t e r e dw a v ea n g l e a n d s t o r e d
i n t o t h e d i s c m e m o r yT
. h e r e s p o n s e so f t h e
s h i p i n j r r e g u l a r a n d m u l t i d i r e c t i o n a ls e a s
f o r t w e l v e u s e r d e f i n e a b l eh e a d i n g sc d n b e
c a l c u l a t e di n o n e r u n . T h i s c a n b e a d v a n t a g e o u sw h e nd e f i n i n g t h e r n o s tp r o f i t a b l e d i r e c t i o n a g d i n s t t h e w a v eo r s | l . / e ldl i r e c t i o n s .
T h e d y n a m i ci n t e r d c t i o n so f t h e s w j n g j n gl o a d
a n d t h e m o t i o n so f t h e s h j p a r e c o m p l e t e ' l jyn c l u d e d i n t o t h e d y n a m i cm o d e lh a v i n ge j g h t d e greesof freedon. The motion spectra are calc u l a t e df o r a l l e i g h t s t a t e s o f t h e n o d e l , f o r
t h e m o t i o n so f b o o mt i p i n a l I d i r e c t i o n s .
S i g n i f i c a n t a n p il t u d e s a n d a v e r a g ez e r o c r o s s i n g p e r i o d sc d n e a s i l y b e d e t e r m j n e fdo r a l l
a r b i t r a r y p o i n t o f t h e s h i p i . e . h e l i d e c ki s
f u l l y p o s s i b l et o d e t e r r n i n e
i f n e e d e dT
. he
user hasthree possibilities to approximate
t h e d a m p i n ge f f e c t o f t h e w i n c h e s :
-

T h e l o a d i n gc a l c u l a l o r i s e a s y t o h a n d l ea n d
p r o v i d e st h e o p e r a t o rw i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
results(fig. 5):
-

d i s p l a c e m e n td, r a u g h t ,t r i m a n d h e e l o f
the ship
l o n g i t u d i n a ld i s t r i b u t i o n o f v e r t i c a l
s t a t i c s h e a r f o r c e s a n d b e n d i n gm o m e n t s
c o m p a r ew
d i t h t h e i r m a x i m u aml l o w e d
v a lu e s
c 0 r r e ct e d m e t a c e n t r j ch e i g h t
s t a t i c a n d d y n a m i cs t a b i l i t y c u r v e s
c o r r e c t e d b y w i n d n o m e n ta n d f r e e s u r f a c e
monen
ts

T h e r e a r e t h e t w o m a i n m o d e so f f u n c t i o n i n
t h e l o a d i n gc a l c u la t o r
-

m o n i t o r i n gt h e p r e s e n ts t a t e , j . e . c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r e s e n t l o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n a n d
c o m p a r i n gi t w j t h t h e m e a s u r e m e n a
t sn d
t a r g e t v a lu e s
p r e d i c t i o n a n d s i m u l a t i o no f t h e e f f e c t
o f t h e f u t u r e l o a d i n gs i t u a t j o n a n d t h e
levels of the anti-heeltanks in order to
a c h j e v et h e d e s i r e d h e e l o f t h e s h i p . T h e
t i m e r e q u i r e df o r L h e t d n k c h a n g e sc d n
also be predicted.

5 . 3 P r e d i c t i o no f w a v ei n d u c e dm o t i o n s
I n t h e p r e d i c t i o n m o d et h e m a i n p u r p o s eo f
t h e s y s t e m i s t o d e t e r n ' i n et h e m o t i o n s o f t h e
s h i p a n d b o o nt i p i n t h e e x i s t j n g s e d s t a t e
d u r i n g t h e l i f t j n g o p e r a t i o n .G e n e r a l l yt h e
d e t e r m i n a t i o no f t h e o p e r a b i l i t y o f t h e c r a n e
s h i p i s n e e d e dt o d e c i d ew h e t h e rt h e h e a d i n g
s h o u l db e c h a n g e do r n o t i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e
s a f e r o p e r a t i o n a lc o n d i t i o n s .
T h e m o t i o np r e d i c t i o n m o d u l ej s b a s e do n t h e
m o d e lo f t h e m o l i o n so f t h e s h i p i n a l 1 s ' i x
d e g r e e so f f r e e d o m .- h e h y d r o d y ' r a n i cp r o p e r t i e s o f t h e h u l l h a v e b e e nc a l c u l a t e db y
s t r i p t h e o r y a n d t h e s e c t i o n so f t h e s h j p

20t

n o w i n c h e s ,t h e l o a d s w i n g sf r e e l y
o w nw i n c h e s ,t h e s w i n gp a r a l l e l t o t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f t h e h o i s t i n g b o o mi s d a n p e d
b o t h o y r na n d o u t s i d e w i n c h e sa r e d a m p i n g
a l I t h e s w in g

T h e i n i t i a l d a t a o f t h e m o t i o np r e d i c t i o n
m o d u l ec a n b e f o r m e db y p e r f o r n jn g t h e t a s k s
o f t h e w a v ep r e d j c t i o n a n d t h e l o a d i n gc a l c u l a t i o n s (, f i q . 6 ) t h e f o I l o w i n g i n p u t d a t a
i s n e e d e:d
-

t h e w a v ea n d s w e l l s p e c t r a
t h e s p r e a idn g f u n c t j o n s
t h e p r e d o r n i n a ndt i r e c t i o n s o f w a v ea n d
sweI I
t h e h e a d i n go f t h e s h i p
d i s p l a c e m e n td, r a u g h ta n d t r i m o f t h e s h i p
c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e c e n t r e o f g r a v i t y o f
the ship
m o m e n tosf t h e j n e r t i a o f t h e s h i p
c o r r e c t e d m e t a c e n t r i ch e i g h t o f t h e s h i p
s l e w a n g l e a n d r e a c ho f t h e h o i s t j n g b o o m
m a s so f t h e l o a d t o b e h o i s t e d
l e n g t ho f t h e p e n d e l u m
wire
the use of v,iinches

T h e a d d e dr o l l d a m p i n g
c a n n o tb e s e t a s a
d e s i r e d d a m p i n gr a t i o . I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e d d d e dr o l l d a m p i n g
t h e r e s h o u l db e p e r f o r m e r e de x t e n s i v e m o d e lt e s t s f o r e v e r y p o s s i b l e l o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n t t o a v o i d t h e e r r o n e o u s
v a l u e s . T h i s c a n b e a v o i d e db y s i m p l e a s s u m i n g
t h a t t h e d e g r e e so f f r e e d o mc a n b e d i v i d e d
i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s ;s u r g e , v e r t i c a l a n d l a t e r a l
n n t i o n s , w h i c h a r e o n l y c o n n e c t e dt o e a c h
. h e c o n n e c t i o n sb e t o t h e r s w i t h t h e p e n d e l u mT
w e e nt h e n o t i o n s o f t h e s h j p a n d t h e p e n d eul n
l o a d a r e d e p e n d e n ot n t h e u s e o f w i n c h e s .
6. OPERAE
I TI Y
L
T h e o p e r a b i l i t y o f l i / A r t s j l ah e d v yl j f t i n g
a nal y z e r i s b a s e do n
-

e x t e n s i v ec o n p u t a t i o n arl e s u l t s w i t h i n
s h i p d e s j g ns y s t e m sa p p l i e dt o m i c r o c o m p ut e r o n b o d r ds y s t e m

. 1 .K . K i p t , ) t ! t t d J . - P . R t i l t t l u

:0:
-

7. CONC
UID-I N GR : I 4 A R K S

s t e a d yd e s i g na n d c o n s t r u c t i o nw i t h i n t h e
o p e r a jt o n o f c r a n e s h i P s
t h e l e d d i n gd e s i g ne x p e r i e n c ed n d t h e
e x p e r i m e n t akl n o w l e d goef t h e d i f f i cultjeswithinI ifting operaljons
a n e n t h u s i a s t i ci n n o v a t i o ni n t h e d e v e I o p m e n tt e a f i l

A l l t h e o p e r a t i o n sc a n b e p e r f o r m e db y a u s e r
f r i e n d l y p a t c h p a n e l i n c l u d i n g t o u c h a b l ek e y s
f o r t h e L a s < sa n d ' t u - e . i c a l r n p u t s . T h e o o e r a t o r h a s a m e n uo n l h e s c r e e nd n d l h e r e s u l t s
c a n b e p r e s e n t e de i l h e r o n a b l a c k - w h i t eo r
o n a c o l o u r m o n i l o r s c r e e n .T h e s y s t e n i s
m a i n l y i n s t r u c l i v e a n d a d v i s o r y ,a s s i s l i n g
o p e r a t o r , s u p e r i n t e n d e nat n d c a p t a i n w i t h i n
t h e i r d e s i g n , l e a d i n g a n d d e c i s i o nm a k j n g
work.
T h e s y s t e mi s p a s s i v ei . e . t h e m a i n f u n c t i o n
o f t h e s y s t e m i s t o m a k em e a s u r e m e n t st o,
c o l l e c t a n d t o a c q u i r e i n f o r m a t j o nf r o m t h e
o p e r a t o r a n d f r o m t h e m e a s u r e m e n t st o, u s e
t h i s j n f o r m a t i o nt h r o u g h o u t h e w h o l ec o m p u t a t i o n a l s y s t e m sd n d l o g i v e c l e a r a n a l y s e s
m o n i t o r e di n f o r m a t i o na n d s i m u l a t i o nr e s u l t s
a b o u t t h e l i f t i n g o p e r a l i o nt 0 t h e o p e r a t 0 r ,
w h o w it h i n h i s o w n e x p e ri e n c e a n d k n o \ ,el ld g e
h a s t o m a k ea l I t h e d e c i s i o n sa n d c o n t r o l
f u n c t i o n s b a s i n go n t h e r e s u l t j n g s c r e e nd i s p l a y s . T h es i m p l i c i t yi s t h e k e y w i t h i n d i s p l a y s . 0 n l y t h e r e l e v a n ti n f o r m a t i o hn a s t 0
b e s h o w n .T h e m a n u a il n p u t d d t a h a s b e e n
m i n i m i z e dA. l l t h e m a i n l i f t i n g p h a s e sh a v e
b e e nt h o u g h tc a r e f u l l y . S o m ed i s p l a y s w j t h a n
a r t i f i c i a l d a t a c d n b e f o u n di n f i g . 7 - 1 2 .

:.,,: ,
1t

--

';:.,]iqet'*r::'::---

T h e f e d l u r e s o f f l l i r t s i l . i h e a v y I i f t m o n-i
t o r j n g a n d p r e d j c t j o n s y s t e mh a s b e e np r e s e n t e d . T h e a i m o f t h j s l l . / o r kj s n o t j u s t t 0
c o m p u t e r i zseo m eo p e r a t j o n a lp a r t s o f t h e
s h i p b u t t o a s s j s t a n d t o s u p p 0 r tt h e e x p e r i e n c e do p e r a t i o n d lo f f i c e r s w i t h i n t h e i r
d e m a n d j nl gi f t i n g w o r k s , T h i s s y s t e mp r o v j d e s
t h e o p e r a t o rw j t h s j m p l e a n d r e l i a b l e t o o l s
t sn d m a t h e m a b a s e do n r e a l t i m e m e a s u r e m e n d
t j c a l a n a l y s e sw h i c h t o g e t h e rc a n e n c h a n c e
the safety andthe effjciency of the ship.
T h e s er e q u j r e m e n tssl a t e f o r t h e d e v e l o p e r s
o f c o m p u t e rs y s t e n t h d t t h e d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n s a n d i n t e r v i e l l st o t h e r e a l e n d u s e r s
a r e i n d e e dn e c e s s a r y .
T h e s y s t e r d p s c r i b e oi n t " i s p a o e r 1 d s b e e n
t a i l o r - m a d ef o r t h e 1 6 0 0t c r a n e s h i p . H o w e v e r l h e n e e do f t h i s k i n d o f s y s t e mc a n b e
t h o u g h tm o r eg e n e r a l l yw i t h i n o f f s h o r e o p e r a t i o n s . A l l t h e m o t i o na n d s t a b i l j t y s e n s i t i v e
s h i p s i . e . h e a v yt r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,p j p e l a y e r s ,
d r e d g e r s ,d r j l l i n g a n d d i v j n q s u p p o r t i n g
v e s s e l sa r e t h e p o t e n t i a l e n d u s e r s o f t h e
c o r r e s p o n d j nsgy s t e m s ,I t c a n b e e s t i r n a t e d
lhat in the future the jnteractive,operator
a s s i s t i n g a n d s u p p o r t i n gs y s t e m sf o r t h e
m o n j t o r i n ga n d l h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e o p e r a t i o n s w i l l b e c o m se t a n d a r da n d r e l i a b l e t o o l s
in the ships.

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Computer Applications in thc Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Des'gn V
P. Banda and C Kuo (Eds.)
E l s e v l e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r sB . V . ( N o n h H o l l a n ( ,
o llIP. I e65

109

COMPUTER AIDS FOR RISK ANALYSIS

O F S H I PO P E R A T I O N
lJ. Rabien
G e r m a n i s c h e rL l o y d , H a m b u r g , G e r m a n y

D u e t o i n c r e a s i n g c o m p l e x i t y o f o p e r a t j o n a l s y s t e m s i t i s b e c o m i n g n e c e s s a r yt o m a k e u s e o f r a t i o n a l
t e c h n i q u e st o q u a n t i f y r i s k s a n d t o m e a s u r ei n f l u e n c e o f c o m p o n e n tf a i l u r e s o n s y s t e m r i s k s .
R e l i a b i l i t y t h e o r y a n d f a u l t t r e e a n a l y s i s c a n b e u s e d t o p r o v i d e t o o l s f o r s a f e t y d e c i s i o n si n s h i p
o p e r a t i o na n d m a r i n e t r a f f i c .
C o m p u t e r a i d s f o r m o d e l i n g a n d g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o no f l o q i c a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e d e s c r i b e da s w e l l a r s
anethodsfor structural and quantitative analysis of risk models. Importance measures to iudqe influence
o f c o m p o n e n t r i s k s o n s y s t e m r i s k a r e d i s c u s s e dM
. e t h o d sa r e e x a m p l i f i e d u s i n g s u b s y s t e mm o d e l s o f s h i p
operation.

I. INTRODUCTION
Safety of ship operationis a matter of high relevance
t o t h e p u b l i c e s p e c i a l l y i f m a r i n e t r a n s p o r t a t i o no f
hazatdous material is concerned, Modern technoloqy
has become more advanced in search of efficiency
a n d c o m p l e x i t y o f o p e r a t i o n a ls y s t e m s ,e . g . s h i p s i n
maaine traffic systems, has reached a level on which
analytical methods to predict probability of failu.e
s h o u l d a t t r a c t a t t e n t i o n . E x p e r i e n c ea n d e n g i n e e r i n g
judqement in this case is used as an input to system
m o d e l i n g r a t h e r t h a n t o s u p p o r t d e c i s i o n so f r e g u l a toty bodies directly. LJndef the prevailing circums t a n c e s ,i t s e e m st o b e c o m e n e c e s s a a yt o m a k e u s e o f
m o r e r a t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e sw h i c h p e r m i t q u a n t i f i c a t i o n
of risk. By using an analytical approach based on
reliability techniqLlessafety assessmentscan be made
at deslgn stage as well as at opefational stage.
T o c a l c u l a t e r e l i a b i l i t y o r u n a v a i l a b i l i t yo f a c o m p l e x
system fault tree analysis can be applied, which
allows for modeling of system behaviour in case of
failure and foc quantifying risks and influence of
s u b s y s t e ma n d c o m p o n e n tf a i l u r e s .

This paper is intended to describe some computer

aids for fault tree analysis and to examplify the
m e t h o d w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n si n s h i p o p e r a t i o n .

2 . L O G I C A L S T R U C T U R EO F S Y S T E M
A fault tfee modelinq a system with respect to
f a i l u r e o f c o m p o n e n t si s b u i l t u p b y c o l l e c t i n q a l l
events of relevance to a curtent top event (system
failure, e,g, collision). Events describinq states of
c o m p o n e n t s ,w h i c h m a y c o n t r i b u t e t o s y s t e m f a i l u r e ,
ere linked toqether according to their causal relat;onship using loqical operators (AND, OR). Linkinq
two or more basic events by a logical operator results
in another event which usually is called a gate.
Fig. I shows a sirnple fault tree which was used to
model very roughly the loqical structure of a steering
gear system consisting of two qeafs (acting on one
rudder), an automatic gear selector and the external
steerinq gear control.

R I l A I \ I S C H ELRL l ] J D H A

Level 1

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Fig. I

F a u l t t r e e o f s i m p l i f i e d s t e e r i n gg e a r s y s t e r n

tl0

S y m b o l + i s u s e d h e r e t o i n d i c a t e t h e , , i n c l u s i v eo r ' , o f
the set theory ("either i or j, of i and j',, which is also
^rllFd t\- Llion of i and j. ana sy-rbol . is uc.d to
represent the rrand'r of the set theory (also called
i n t e r s e c t i o n o f i a n d j ) . T h e f a i l u r e o f a c o m p o n e n ti s
indicated by the abbreviation LTA, i.e, less than
aoequare,

MethodII rules

] . G R A P H I C A L R E P R E S E N T A I I O NO F F A U L T
TREES

As foa qraphical rep.esentation of faLrlt trees no

e x a c t b a l a n c eo f f o r c e s i s r e q u i r e d o n l y f e w s t e p s o f
iteration afe necessary.

A q r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o no f a l o . t i c a l s t r u c t u r e a s
shown in fiq. I is based on a data file containing
structural as well as desc.iDtiveinformation. Using
fault tree plot program FRTPLT /l/ first segmentof
d a t a i n p u t m u s t c o n t a i n a s e q u e n c eo f g a t e d e f i n i tions (structural information).A gate definition cons i s t s o f a n a l p h a n u m e r i cq a l e n a m e , a l o q i c a l o p e r a t o r a n d a s e q u e n c e o f c a u s - o s i,. e . n a m e s o f o t h e r
gates or of basic events to be linked toqether usinq
the loqical operator given, A qate definition, the
1 a m . o f w h i c h d o e s r o t a p p o 3 1a a ^ a u s F i . l a r )
othef qate definition is a top event. An event the
n a m e o f w h i c h i s l i s t e d a s a c a u s eb u t n o t a s g a t e i s a
basic event. Data format is sarneas for fault tree
a n a l y s i sp r o q r a r nF T A P , s - . es e c t i o n 6 . G r a p h i c o u t p u t
i s p r o d u c e db y F R T P L T l e v e l b y l e v e l , a f t e r p r o c e s s i n q s t r u c t u r a l d a t a . V e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n i n qo f e v e n t s c a n
b e ; n f l u e n c e db y a d d i t i o n a l i n p u t . O t h e r w i s e t h e p r o gram determines the mjnimum possiblelevel with
r e s p e c t t o c a u s e c o n s e q u e n c eh i e r a r c h y rs e e F i q . l .

F i g . I s h o v / se v e n t s S G I a n d S ( 1 2m o r e l n a n o n c e r o
avoid cross-connectionsF
. venLs plotted repeatedly
are marked with triangles. Different qeometrical
s y m b o l s c a n b e a s s i q n e dt o o t h e r b a s i c e v e n t s , s e e
leqend in Fiq. l. lJsing another rnode of qraphic
r e p r e s e n t a t i o ns a m e l o q i c a l s t r u c t u r e c a n b e p l o t L e d
a s s h o w n i n F i g , 2 . T h e r e i s a l s o a n o p t i o n s u i t a b l ef o r
o t h e r t r e e s t r u c t u r - o sa s e . q . p r o g r a m s L r u c t u r e o f
FRTPLT, seeFig. L

H o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n i n q ( x - d i r e c t i o n ) i s c o r n p u t e df o l low;ngtwo different methods.

Method I rules
-

x-coordinate of a gate should equal the arithm e t i c r n e a no f x - c o o r d i n a t e so f i t s c a u s e s

n e i l l h b o u r i n ge v e n t s a r e k e p t a t a g i v e n m i n i m u T no t s t a n c e ,

f o r c e s a s s u m e db e t w e e n c o n n e c t e d e v e n t s i n
crease lin-.arly with horizontal spacinq of
events
repulsive forces arise if distance belv/ecn
n e i q h b o u r i n ge v e n t s b e c o m e sl e s s t h a n a c e r t a i n
critical distance.

4. EDITINGOF TIIEE STRUCTIJRES

I n c a s e o f m o d e l i n g c o m p l e x s y s t e m su s i n q f a u l t t r e e
technique computer aided editinq of logical stfrrctures is a helpfultool.
O f t e n s i m i l a a o r i d e n t i c a l s u b s t r L t c t u r e sh a v e t o b e
generated or portions of the structure have to be
deleted of.eplaced, Proq.am FRfcEN /2/ was writ_
t e n t o s e r v e f o r s u c h p u r p o s e s .A s d e s c r ; b e d i n l .
l o g i c a l s t r u c t u a e a n d d e s c r i p t i v et e x t i s c o n t a i n e d i n
a d a t a f i l e . S t r u c t u r e c a n b e c h a n g e db y e d i t i n c lt h e
d a t a f i l e u s i n g s o m e s p e c i a l c o r n m a n d s .f x t r a c t i n g a
p o . r i o n o f a t r e e i s p e r f o r r n e db y i n s e r t i n q a S T A I I T
a n d a S T O P m a r k o r b y e x p l i c i t d e c l a r a t i o no f S T A R T
a n d S T O P e v e n t s . C o p i e s o f s u b s r f u c r u r e sc a n r ) e
q e n e r a t e da n d a d d e d t o t h e s t r u c t u r e u s i o q i n t e r n a l l y
q e n e r a t e dn a m e s .
T h i s f e a t u r e i s L r s e f u l ,i f s u b s t r u c t L r r - -asr e i d e n t i c a l
or similar hut probability data of basic events are
d i f f e r e n t , s e e e x a m p l eo f F j q , 4 .

0[]F5C
-.1

:::_ l

r;l'-]
Fig, 2 Fault tree with cross-connections

Fig. I

T r e e s t r u c t u r e o f p r o g r a r nF R T P l T

(lrnputt,t

liLl\ lbr Risk |l

dl\\it oJ Shlp OpL'tutbn

tl I

I
:;
Fig. 4 Fault tree with proqrarn llenerated substructure MFC)2

c /\,\
2
2

tc?
/rra2

c5
N2

CARGH
O' L D F ^ I L O l E T O S N I F
F
F

Er5?

G6

J I s y s t e ' nf a i l s
I 0 s y s t e r nf u n c L i o n s

The function S (y) can be written explici y as a

Boolean equation usinq Boolean operators or can be
represented by an algebraic expression of the followinq form, /l/:

s (-y ) = r -

OPEF^IION

D U aT 0 C o L L I s t O !
DUI TOIIRE TTPLC]sION

T r ( 1- T r y . )
i r t) . r
'i = t

I n t h i s e q u a t i o nL i s o n e o f t h e m m i n i m a l c u t s e t s o f
the logical structLre. A minimal cut set is a minimal
set of elernents which cause system failure if failinq
together. lJsing (5.4) the system of Fig. I can be
repfesented by

Table 1 Data input for FRTGEN to producetree structureof Fiq, 4

s ( y )= r - ( 1 - v o r r ) ( I - y 4 y ) 0 - y j y ) ( t - v r ) ( 5 . 5 )

Table I shows the data input fof proqram FRTGEN,

which led to expansion of tree structure shown in
F i g . 4 . S u b t r e e E O 2 o f o r i q i n a l s t r u c L U r ew a s u s e d t o
g e n e r a t e s u b s t r u c t u f eM E O 2 .

L J s i n qn o t a t i o n s
s'li.y'

t"1.....u,_1.'.ui,l,...un

s ( 0 i , y )= s ( y 1 , . . .y, i _ ' , 0 ,l , * r , . . . v n )
5. ANALYTICAL REPRESfNTATION OF LOCICAL
STRUCTURF
To achieve an analytical instead of a graphicaldescfiption of the logical staucture the Boolean failure
indicator y. of element iis introduced. All basic
events of a structure, i.e. those eventswhich are not
caused by others, are called elements. The state of
a n e l e m e n t i i s i n d i c a t e db y y . a s f o i l o w s :
,/ ,i --

!I
l0

elementifails
e l e m e n ti f u n c t i o n s

(5.1)

A B o o l e a n f u n c t i o n i n d i c a t i n q t h e s t a t e o f a system
c o n s i s t i n qo f n e l e m e n t s i s d e f i n e d b y
) \ Y r = 5 l Y , . V ^ .. , - -v l

\5.4)

(\.6)

f o l l o w i n q i d e n t i t y c a n b e v e r i f i e d ( r e d u c t i o nt h e o r e m )

s y ' = r . " / 1 . \, r . ' l - y . 1 s, 0 . y. ,

6 . D E T E R M I N A T I O NO F M I N I M A L C U T S E T S
To gain an arithmetic expression representinq loqical
structure of a fault tree as given in equation (5.4) all
minimal cut sets of the system must be known. For
obtainingthe minimal cut set families a number of
computer programs are currently available. A very
capable package which deserves mention is the FTAp
proqram /4/.It has a number of features that make it
weil-suited for most fault tree applications. The
input to the proqram may specify the system state as

2t2

[ . R r h r tr r

any loqical function of substructure or basic event

state variables or complements of it. Using the
complement featLrre also exclusive or relations may
be formed. For this purpose the prime implicant
concept was introduced as a generalization of the
minimal cut set concept. The proqram offers seveaal
methods of generatingcut set families which difter
i n e f f i c i e n c y . A l s o i d e n t i f i c a t i o no f m o d u l a r s u b t r e e s ,
dual trees and other featufes are included.
Most impo.tant output of FTAP is a data file containing minimal cut set or prime implicant information. It is used as an input file for quantitative fault
tree analysis proqrams,

In this section Y represents random values of the

Boolean failure indicators, introdLrcedin 5. The proba b i l i t y t h a t c o m p o n e n ti f a i l s i n t h e s y s t e m i s t e r m e d
risk Q.

[",=

Ci(t) = I - erp (- ).. t)

(7.r)

t] = r[",]

E and Y. denote expectation and random value of

B o o l e a n i n d i c a t o r y, l. , r e s p e c l i v e l y . S y s L F . n r i s k i s

Assuminq also a constaot repair rate u. in case a

renewal p.ocess is considere.l, r;sk function tl (t) is
r e p l a c e db y u n a v a i l a b i l i t yU . ( t )

)..
Ll.(t=
) - * 1 . 1( 1- e x p( - ( \ , . + I . ) t ) )

r.(t) = v..tl.(t)
l

(7.10)

Using the above definitions quantitative risk and

unavailability calculation can be carried oqt given
the failure rates I . or renewal rates v . of basic
events.
U n d e r t h e a b o v e a s s u m p t i o n sm e a n f a u l t d u r a t i o n T .
I
c a n b e u s e d i n d a t a i n p u t i n s t e a do f v . a c c o r d i n gt o
1

r Is{v)i

If S (Y) is a sum of products, which contain a variable

as a factof only once, it is termed SR (Y) and
following equation holds

as = sRrr [f]r = sorSr

l7.J)

with component fLrnctionsassumed uncorrelated.

In practiee So is often difficult to establish but
another valid it'ructure function follows from (5.4)
m

s^ (Y) = 1- rr (1- rr Y.)

(.1.4)

I ( l,
l

l=1

I n / 9 / i s s h o w n t h a t f o l l o w i n g a p p r o x i m a t i o nh o l d s f o .
uncorrelated events

o- = s_ (o) < s^ (G)

This upper risk bound is the closer to the exact result
the smaller component risk values are.
Numerical evaluation can be stabilized using the
followinq algorithm instead of (7.4) l6/
S = 0
o

{I s ,J

T T o , + ' r - n G .\ s . , I i r . . . . m
. } r7.5\
'
i
I
J-r

itt.

)
sL^ ( G- ) = m
s

i.t.

(7.rr)

= t/v.

8. MEASIJRESOF IMPORTANCE
Classical system safety analysis aims at the calculation of one single number to describe system safety.
LJse of probabilistic measures of irnportance in system safety analysis yields a number for each component failure or rninimal cut set failure (failure
scenario). Thus, ranking of components or minimal
c u t s e t s b e c o m e s p o s s i b l ew i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r i m portance, i.e. influence on system risk. Definitions of
measures of importance aae given in the following
and practicsl benefits are discussed, Cornputer program IMPORTANCE /7/ is used fot sample calculat ions.
8.1 Marginal Importance
A most natural approach to measure the importance
of failure of a component i is determininq the partial
derivative of aisk of system failure with aespect to
r i s k o f c o m p o n e n tf a i l u r e , i . e .

.,

'i

Irvl

ao-(t)
a Or t l

aS- (o (tD
aOft)

(8.1)

IM is called marginal or Birnbaum's importance. Frorn

( 5 . 7 )f o l l o w s

a s = a . ( s R( 1 . ,q ) - s o ( 0 , O ) )+ s ^ ( 0 . ,a ) ( 8 . 2 )
Hence,

With T. denotinq the random time to failure of

c o m p o n S n t i a t i m e d e p e n d e n tr i s k f u n c t i o n c a n b e
defined representing the probability that 0 < T < t
for a time t, given that component i initially functions

G i ( t )= P [ o < r , < , ]

(7.q)

glven oy

o - = P [ s ( Y ) = r ]=

(7.8.)

If u and al-functions are exponential the renewal

density'un.lion r. t' is qiven bv / (/

7. AUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS

ci(t) = P

A s s u m i n g e x p o n e n t i a ld i s t r i b u t i o o a n d c o n s t a n t f a i l drF raleq )
for all comoonpntqeorponenl risl,
TUnCtton
ts qlvenoy

,/

t .t ( s )d s

fr(t) is the distribution density function of T. at t,

Q.1)

l Y = s R ( 1 . ,c ( t ) )- s R ( o i ,a ( t )

(B.l)

Thus, marginal importance is the probability that by

time t the system has failed if component i has failed
b u t f u n c t i o n s i f c o m D o n e n ti f u n c t i o n s . T h i s i s a l s o
c a l l e d t h e o r o b a b i l i L yl h a l c o r n p o n e ' ' lit i i F r i t i c a l . q
d i s a d v a . r t-O.(t)
a q po f t h i s d e f i n i t i o n i s I ' r a l l ' , ' ' d o F s n o i
depend on
or U.(t) in case of renewal and is not
'on
conditioned
systbm failure, To illustrate these
effects followinq component data are assumed (con-

CottputerAids lar Risk Anulvsisol Sh41Operatiotl

stant failure retes tr .. fault duration times T.) for

,

-J

r'rP systPn sTown ln t tq, r, soF I aole L

name
J
4
5
1

sGC
sGI
5G2
AGs

I.
I
l/hours

2t3

T h u s , c o n d i t ; o n i n g on system failure is a basic requlfement.

r.
I
hours

.0000025 5.0
.0002070 Iz.a
.0002070 r2.B
.0000622 2.O
o_

Table 2 Component data for sample

sysler of Tiq.

=
F

R e s u l t i n q i m p o r t a n c e sa r e s h o w n i n F i g . 5 . H i g h i r n portance of SGC is due to structural position, not to

u n a v a i l a b i l i t yd a t a .

J
:
F

o.l

cr
0,2

1.0 r

0"8

T I I I E ( H O U B) S

F i g . 6 C r i t i c e l i t y i m p o r t a n c e so f
e l e m e n t s1 , 4 , 5 , 7

0.ri
I

B.J Diaqnostic Importance

cc

=
4,2

600

800

1000

T I A E( H O U B S )

a.irin.lit.

m,

F i g , 5 M a r g i n a l i m p o r t a n c e so f
e l e m e n t Js , 4 , 5 , 7

A ?

Obviously, it is possible that a failure of a component

ican be contributinq to system failurc without element i being critical. This is felt to be a disadvantage
of measure of importance defined in the foreqoing
section. A component iis always contributinq to
system failure if a cut set containing this element
fails. The following expression defines a logical substructure consisting of all m. minimal cut sets containingelement i.
l

sf,'v4''

t-

n't
J=r

rr

y, rrrl

(8.5)

ketl
)

lmn^rf.n^o

Disadvantages of previous measure of importance are

overcome by another definition of importance, called
criticality importance

ry o,(t)
Ii. = reJ,f

(8.4)

Numefato. of (8.4) is the probability that the system

is in a state at time t in which element i is critical
and component i has failed by time t. Component i is
not necessarily the initiator of system failure since
other cornponents could have caused system failure
before time t. The denominator of (8.4) is the Drobability that the system has failed by time t by failure
of any component oq-set of components including
component i. Thus I:- is the probability that the
system has failed bi time t when element iis
critical, conditioned on system failure by time t.
When renewal is considered G has to be reolaced bv U
as with marginal importancF. As can be seen from
results sflawn in Fig. 5, influence of time is now
e v i d e n t . I : i s m o r e s e n s i t i v ew i t h r e s o e c t t o a a n k i n o .

Since all minimal cut sets containing element i fLlnction if component ; functions it follows

sl (0.,G(t))= o
Thus, from aeduction theorem follows
s f , r 1 . , q 1 1r '

6.11r

s:1611

An approximate value of the criticality

of the sub-system is qiven by

'i

I - -

(c(t)
s^
t s^ (o(t))

(8.7)
tmpoaIance

(8.8.)

This is called the diagnostic impoftance of,corr'ponent i. Usinq Sp and Sa in*ead of S- and Sf, woutd
.1im
lead to an etai'I valucbf l:. :fhe diaonostic
Dorta n c e i s L h F p r o b a b i l i t y t ' r a t r e l e m e n ti h a s c o n t r i b u t e d
to system failure, coFditioned on system failufe. For
the sample system I:-values do not diffef signific a n t l v f r o m r e s u l t ss h b w n i n F i 9 . 6 .

L. RubiL'tt

214
8.4 Initiating Importance

All above measures of irnportance are influenced by

t h e s t a t e o f a c o m p o n e n ta t t i m e t b u t t h e y a a e n o t
influenced by the history of chanqes of states before
that time, i.e. they are not dependenton the seo u e n c e i n w h i c h c o m p o n e n t sf a i l . H o w e v e r , f o ' d e f i nition of initiatinq importance it is assumedthat
c o m p o n e n t sf a i l s e q u e n t i a l l y i n t i m e , P r o b a b i l i t y t o
f a i l a t s a m e i n s t a n t i s a s s u m e dt o b e e x t r e m e l y s m a l l
. h ( l s ,o n l y o n e e l e m e n t
f o r a n y c o u p l eo f c o m p o n e n t s T
can initiate system failure. The probabilitythat element i initiates system failLlrewithin tirne interval
( t , t + d t ) , i . e . t h e p r o b a b i l i t yt h a t e l e m e n t i i s c r i t i c a l
ai time t and fails immediately after t, can hre
expresseoDy

A n o t h e r d e f i n i t i o n o f i r n p o r t a n c e ,t h e e n a b l i n g i m portance,shall only be mentioned in this contert. lt

i s a m e a s u r et o q u a n t i f y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f f a i l u r e o f a n
element i if another eLement k initiates system
failure.
8 . 5 M i n i r n a lC u t - s e l I r n P o r t a n c e
M e a s u r e so f i m p o a t a n c ec a n b e d e f i n e d f o r m i n i m a l
cut sets in the same way as fol comPonents. A
definition of importance of minimaL cllt set I, corr e s p o n d i n qt o d i a g n o s t i ci m p o t t a n c e o f c o m p o n J n t si s
allven oy

n'(t)
'1,.

r?=

(B.e)

( s R( 1 i ,a ( t ) - s R ( 0 i ,q ( t ) ) d c i ( t )

The probability that element i has initiated system

faiture by time t is obtainedby integration of (8.9)
over (0, t). The pfobability that some element has
initiated system failure is obtained by summlng up
such integrals for alL components k ' K with K the set
o f e l e m e n t sw h i c h c a n i n i t i a t e s y s t e m f a i l u r e b y t i m e
t. Thus, initiating importance Ii of element i can be
d e f i n e db y t h e p r o b a b i l i t yt h a t e l e m e n t i h a s i n i t i a t e d
system failure by time t, conditioned on system
failure /B/

(8.2
r)

)
G is replaced by U in case of renewal. Diarlnostic
m i n i r n a l c u L s e t i m p o r t a n c ec a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e
p r o b a b i L i t yt h a t m i n i m a l c u t s e t L h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o
system failure, conditioned ory.systemfailLlre. Results
of sampLe calculation of I'ri for the simplified
s t e e r i n q q e a r s y s t e m a r e s h o v i hi n F i q . B . N u m b e r s o f
e l e r n e n t s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s a m e c t l t s e t e n c l o s e di n
p a r e n t h e s e sa r e u s e d a s i d e n t i f i e r s .

III

)
o

I I ' : t ( s ) f t. ( s )d s

I
k. K

0,8

(B . l 0 )

t
o

In case of renewal the probability that elernent I

i n i t i a t e s s y s t e m u n a v a i l a b i l i t y ,c o n d i t i o n e do n s y s t e m
u n a v a i l a b i l i t yi n t i m e i n t e r v a l ( t , t + d t ) i s q i v e n b y

ry (t). ri(t)

III
Z

L t K

o-

I r':' (s) f. (s)ds

(B.rr)

0,6

F
O

a
0,2

I '' i ' t t l ' r , . 1 r 1

R e s u l t so f s a m p l e s y s t e m a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 7 '

200

r00

600

800

1000

T I I l E ( H O U B) S
Fiq. B Diagnostic minimal cut set impoatances
f o r m i n i m a l c u t s e t s o f s a m p l es y s t e m
In a similar way also a measuteof initiating import a n c e o f m i n i m a l c u t s e t s c a n b e d e f i n e d ,s e e / B / .
d

The example shows that unavailability of both steeri n g q e a r s( m i n - c u t ( 4 , 5 ) ) i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o s y s t e m

L r n a v a i l a b i l i t yt h a n u n a v a i l a b i l i t yo f o n e s t e e r i n g g e a r
and autornaticgear selector (min-cuts (4,1), (5,1\.
The high importance of external steering gear control
(min-cut (l)) is evident. RankincJof minimal cut sets
( a l s o c a l l e d f a i l u r e s c e n a r i o s )c a n s e r v e a s a g u i d e
l i n e f o r d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e f a t i o no f d e s i g n o r o p e r a t i n q
p r o c e d u r e si n c o r n p l e xs y s t e m s .

=
(_!

=
*
F

0.a

=
0,2

9. MODELING SHIP OPERATION

200

800

1000

)
T I I1E ( HOURS
Fi9, 7 lnitiatinq importances of components of samPle sYstem

Modeling risks of ship operation requires a specific

methodology. Computerized fault tree genetation
from definition of system design as applied in some
other fields of enqineering will hardly be possible due
to lack of detailed definition of the systern, Thus, the

Ct)ntputtlt.1ids.ft)r Risk.ltlal) siso! SltipOpctutio

n o r m a l a p p r o a c ht o b u i l d u p a f a u l t t r e e m o d e l i s t o
concentrate on the essential component of the syst e m , e . g , a t a n k e r t r a n s i t i n g a t r a f f i c s c h e m e ,a n d t o
analyze system malfunction with respect to certain
t o p e v e n t s a s q r o u n d i n go r c o l l i s i o n . A l l e v e n t s w i t h
relevance to these top events are collected, subs t r u c t u r e s a r e d e v e l o p e d t o a n a l y z e c a u s e so f r e l e v a n t e v e n t s e t c . S u b s e q u e n t l yt h e m o d e Li s a d a p t e d t o
the conditions pfevailing e.g. in a local area the
tanker is transiting, Substructurcs not relevant in
that arca are omitted, Probabilitydata of component
failures may vary from one such area to another.
F i g . 9 s h o w s a s u b s t r u c t u r ew h i c h i s p a r t o f a f a u l t
tree to rnodel the risk of a tanker transit frorn the
North Sea to a Jade terminal, seeFig. 10. The Lanker
Jollows a narrow channel within the estuary facing a

h i g h r i s k o f g r o u n d i n q ,T i d e f a l l a f t e r g r o u n d i n gm a y
cause risks of stfuctural damage due to excessive
1oads.
Fault tree analysis was carried out usinq the comp u t e r a i d s d e s c r i b e da b o v e . T h e t r e e s t r u c t u r e c o n tains hardwaae failures as well as human efrors.
Probability data assumedin this example are estimates proportioned to each other and to known data,
e,q. lrom /9/, on the basis of engineering judqernent.
Some of the basic events in Fig.9 represent subtrees of the total model. Probability data of such
events are outcomes of fLlrther sub-tree analysis.
Table I shows minimal cut sets of the system.
Tables 4 and 5 contain results from importance rankinq of components and minimal cut sets with respect
to measures of diagnostic impoftance.

CUI SET OROER BASIC EVENIS

1
2
J
5
6

a
10
11
12
13
l5
16
17
18
19

1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
/r
,t
:r
4
1
4
4
4
4
1
I

Table I

C21
CJJ
8705
SG
87015
8-7012
870J1
8708
87044
8700
8701!t
CJ5
C2
Ctt
CJ4
A
CJ1
CJ2
C26

Xt1
ltr
t11
Xll
Xl t
Xt I
tl r
X11
X11
xl1
Xri
111
X11
t11
tl1
tlt
X1l
Xtt
Xtr

I13
xlJ
x13
x13
XlJ
X1J
XIJ
x13
x1f,
x1J
xlJ
xr3
tlJ
x13
x13
x13
x13
x1J
xll

I5

x52
x32
x32
xJ2
xa?
xJ2
x32
xJ2
xJ2
x32
xf,?
x32
x32
,,J2
xJ2
xJ2
xJ2
x32
x32

Minimal cut sets of fault tr.ee

s h o w ni n F i q . 9 d e t e r m i n e d
by program FT Ap l4l

F i g . 9 G r o u n d i n gc a s e , p a r t o f f a u l t t r e e ' , s h i p o p e r a t i o n ' , g
, r a p h i c o u t p u t o f p r o g r a mF R T P L f / l /

216

L . R a b t ,t t

,"

of considerable impoftance for system risk and to

develop effective measures for safety improvements
rather than to calculate the probability of system
f a i Iu r e .
[Jsing computer aids a]so complex systems can be
m o d e l e d ,s e n s i t i v i t y s t u d i e sc a n b e c a f f i e d o u t , c o n sequences of chanqes of design, of opefating proceduresor of rules of the road can be studied. The
thfee steps of the fault tree approach (devetopment
o f l o g i c a l s t r L r c t u r e ,d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m i n i m a l c u t
s e t s o r p r i m e i m p l i c a n t s , q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i su s i n q
m e a s u r e so f i m p o r t a n c e e t c . ) c a n s e r v e a s r a t i o n a l
basis to quantify risks and to support safety decisions.

IOnKet

-__--:_-t

MINIVAL CUT SET IIFORIANCE, PRO OF IOP EVENT- O.17OE-O/T

VISSION TIM =
1 0
Y E A R S , T I l r o E P E N D E N IC A L C U L A T I O I i S
RAN| (J

I
1
2
J
5
5
5

Fiq. ln Tankertransit to Jadeterminal

l { I S S I O l . ll l M -

1O

RANK EASIC VENT

1
1

2
2

x32
x11
trJ
c2
8700
c26

sc
ct5
6
6

a
I
9
9
9
9
9
9

87044
c24
8705
87012
ct 1
87014
87013
c31
8704
c33
c34
870f,1
cJz

1 0 0
1 0 0
r 0 0
0.947
0 987
0 987
0 975
0 459
0 859
0 62E
0 624
0 628
0 .J 9 1
o.946E-01
0.9468-01
0 . 9 E 9 E0 2
0 9E9E-02
0.969E-02
0 989E 02
0 9EgE-02
0.9E9E-02

19
10
13
16
4
9
12
I
6
r

|llpoF_afict

0 r58
0 168
0 i6E
0 134
0 101
0 6 7 3 E0 1
0 67Jt-0r
0 JJ6E-0]
0.336E-0r
0 J.l6E 01

FANr CJ] SEI NO ]MPORTArcE

6
7
7
8
8
E
a
a
8

14
11
5
E
7
15
17
18
2

0168E-0r
o tf,7E-02
o.3J7E-02
0 337E-0J
0.337E-03
0 3J7E-03
0 3J7E-0J
0.J37E-03
0 337E-03

l a b l e 5 R a n k i n q o f d i a g n o s t i cc u t s e t i m n-rr.nnac
. n ,, .! f.nr, , f. . -n { D r o r l t a r r
I M P O R T A N C E/ 7 /

YEARS
]YPORTANCE

5E- NO

FAI LURE RATE

0 11:1E O0
O 22EE 01
0 57r -0J
0.571E-oJ
0 571E-03
0 571E 0t
0 457E-0f,
0 342E-0f,
0 22aE-03
O 2!8E 03
0 114E-0J
o 114E-03
0 114E-03
0.571E-04
0 114E-04
0.114E-04
0.I r4E-05
0 114E-05
0.1i4E-05
0 114E 05
0.114E-05
0.I1,lE-05

HOURS
HOURS
FlouRs
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
TOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
HOURS
flOURs

Table 4 Rankinq of diagnostic irnportances

of components, oLrtput of
program IMPORTANCE /7/
All 19 minirnal cut sets of the system are of ofder 4,
i.e. consist of 4 elements. In contrary to fankinq of
components in Figs. 5 to 7 (steefing qear system)
ranking of components of grounding example is in
a c c o r d a n c ew i t h f a i l u r e r a t e e s t i m a t e s .T h i s i s m a i n ly due to the uniform structure of the tree and to
s o m e p a r a l l e l i s m b e t w e e n p o s i t i o n so f c o m p o n e n t si n
t h e t r F c a n d v a l u p so f f a i l u r e r a t e s .

' I' I .
lIl

Scharref, M., FRTPI T, Graphical Output of

F a u l t T r e e s , U s e r M a n u a l , G e r m a n i s c h e rL l o y d ,
Hamburq,1981.

l2/

Rabien, U., Proqrann FRTGFN, Fault Tree

Editing, LJser Manual, Gerrnanischer Lloyd,
Hamburq,l98l.

/l/

O s t e r g a a r d ,C . , R a b i e n , L J . , L J s eo f I m p o r t a n c e
Measuresin System Safety Analysis, Schiffstechnik,November1984.

/4/

Willie, R., ComputerAided Fault Tree Analysis,

ORC 78-14, Operations Research Center, LJniv e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y ,1 9 7 8 .

/5/

B a r l o w , R . E . , P r o s c h a n ,F . , S t a t i s t i c a l T h e o r y
of Reliability and Life Testinq, Holt, Rinehart
& W i n s t o n ,N e w Y o r k , 1 9 7 5 .

/5/

Murchland, J., FundamentalProbability Relations fo. Repaifable Items, NATO Advanced

Study lnstitute on Generic Techniques in Syst e m s R e l i a b i l i t y A s s e s s m e n tT
, he University of
Liverpool, July 17-21, 1911.

/7/

Lambert, H.E,, Gilman, F.M., The IMPORTANCE Computef Code, Report UCRL-79269,
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,tJniv.of California, Berkelev, 1977.

/B/

L a m b e r t , H . E . , F a u l t T r e e s f o r D e c i s i o nM a k i n q
in Systems Analysis, Ph.D. Thesis, Lawrence
L i v e r m o r e L a b o r a t o r y , l J n i v e r s i t yo f C a l i f o r n i a ,
U C R . L -5 1 8 2 9 ,O c t . 1 9 7 5 .

/9/

Haaslert, W., Analyse der Kollisionen und

S t r a n d u n q e na u f d e m E l b r e v i e r 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 1 ,
HANSA No. 4, 1981.

10. CONCLUSION
T h e a i m o f r i s k a n a l y s i so f s h i p o p e r a t i o n a n d s i m i l a r
problems is to identify components and sub-systerns

REFERENCES

II

EXPERTSYSTEMS

C o m p u t e rA p p l i c a r i o n isn r h e A u t o m a t l o no f
Shrr'a
r . J O p e r r r r o na n d S h , pD e \ u n \
P B d n d a n dC . K u o t E d s . l
ElserieS
r c i e n c eP u b l r s h e rBs. V . l N o r t h - H o l t a n o l
@ I F I P , 1 9 85

A t , t , R l t X I t . i / \C
T ,t t L I U L , t T I 0 \ SI \

219

f R F L I t . t I N A Rt\) E S t c \

U r K . J . t . 1 a r : t a l l U ral n d i . l ) u f f v
0 e l ) a r t m e n t , r f 5 h r l . r n d l . t r r l L n cT c , h n o l { r q v
U n i v e r s i t ! . J i 5 L r a t h c l \d e ,
U l a s ( l ' r r { 1 4 t i L/

'\ clr:rract_'ristic of the l)rerr'rnira\ shi{r desi.rn proce!rs

i s t-h c n o d e r l r n q a n d r e [ ) r e s e n
t;)tton of tfr-- product b! a :rfiall number(rl cnaracteristrcs,
r \ s a c o n s e q u e n c et h c
IcpfesenLaLlon 1s alrlroxiriate. Althou(lh lhe use of apprt]\imalrons
at Uris star;e ol
t . r ' r eL l a c c e p t e d b ; e r p e r i e r r r : e d r J e s i g r r - - r s ,r t i = n o t _ s o r c t h l n . t
,hich compLrters
:d]o: . tw! ?e.1 1 , a n d i s
a iactor Llhj.h rnfrjblts the efiecti!,e use of.omputers rn
lrre]rrnln.rr\
deslr;n. Tlre paper presents tfre resurts or a stud! into rnerhods
of frandrin(r
a p p r o x r r r a i e c o n c e p t s o n t l l e c o m p u t e t i n s u c h a r . r a ! t, h a t
a desrrlner citn co t/ilunlcate
m o r e L r r o d u c t r v e r ) r ' r i t h f r L Sd e s l q | m o d e L . T h e i d e a s f r o f i
t h e s t u c r \ ,h a v e b e e n i n r p l e n r e n t e d
a s a d e v e l o p re n t o f t h e L J E S I C N TsRl s t e r n , a n e x p e r t s _ v s t e nfi o r
numerical design Lrhrch
f r a s [ r r e s e n t e d r n I C C l l j 8 2 . E v a ] u i r t j o n s L . r h i c hh a v e b e e n
carried oul for a prJlin,inary
slrtp de!rilln nrodelare preserltect.
,I
.

INTRODUL.TION

5h1P desi(ln is concerned wi r rdentilyrng

and st)ectflinq a srrlutjon to a se! or
requjrerent:j under the influence of a
nunber of constrirints.
In essence Llre
process involves :r search lof a sLritable
t r \ ' p o t f r e t i c a L s o l u t i o r ) f _ o l l o L . r eua) 1 L s
rcpresc|tatlon b! sone simplif red jnodels
rll order to Lest and evJluate the tdea.
l l a n t d r f f - - r e n l t ! j r e s o i m o d e l s r n a yb e u s e d
ranqin(l from ph\stcal and (lraphtcal, to
nuner-tcal and m.rlhemirtical. A ke\ featut-ot the process is lhe abstr]ctlon oi some
ful ure rea.Ltty into a lornr sltrtabl-- for
rommlntcatron and evJluation,
It rs in lhe
nature of desrrln tfrat
re more cornrlex the
end Irroduct, Llre greater the deqree of
:rr)stractlon required at
te errL) staqes.
Indeed desi(ln c.n be observed to prorliess
ffom the abslract lo the concrete. Tfrls
1s evrdent rn shil) deslqn, in whrch flre
desrqn evolves throuqh a numberof I)hasesi
feasibrlity r concept, rletail, anrj
production (1). A corollarl. of this
ptoqression is that earl\ design models
use a qreater degree oi appro\imrtion in
lheit representation.
T o s o n r ee x t e n t , i h e
a p p r o x i m a t i o nr e f l e c t s t h e l a c k o f d e t a i l ,
t)ut it also reflects uncertaint) in the
desrqner's rnlnd either about the nature of
trre Jrropcrsed
s o l u t i o n , . r r ' h o r . ,r t w i l l
perforn,
f v e n i n n L r n ) e r i c a lr e l a t l c r n s h i p s
w h i c h l 1 l r . r a \ sa p p e i r r t o c a r r ! e c e r t a t n
a r n o u n to f a u t l r o r l t t a n d : r c c u r a c ) , t h e
rdeas ol uncertaint\, and approximalion
I lqure sttonql_v.
l-oml)Ltterh
s ave been used interactivel\
to
r o ' . t , . " h . t d . g r . . . . | , . 1-, s . n , - " b o . L
tfre mld-6t|s.
Hofrevcr, dest)ite rapid
d e v e l o p f i t - 6 n t isn c c J n p u t e rg r r p h l c s a n d
nodellinq, the overall st\le of usc fras
been to provrde . sophrstlcirted tool for
t h e d e s r ( l n e r . T h e d e v e l o p m e n Lo l k n o r , r l e d g e
b a s e d n y s t e r n sh a : j p r o v i d e d t h e o p p o r t u n l t !

Lo provrde a more aclive aqent in th8

oestqn Irrocess; a computet based s)stefit
\lnrdr acts as a design colleaque. Such an
a p p r o a c h d e m a n d sa s y s t e D r . r h i c h i s a b l e n o t
on1! ro re[]lesent models and the kno,!led(le
aboltLthem, trut rs able to reaso| aoo!r
them in;r mannerwhiclr is syfiprthet_ic to a
O e s L q n e r ' s' , a y o f t h r n k i r r r l . I f s L r c ha
: r ! s L e J rc a n b e a c h i e v e d L h e n t h e r e r s t t r e
o p f r o f t L l nlr) f o r l e a r n l n g , s e l i _ a b s t r a c t i o n ,
and assistancc in solution searchinrl.
. e . - J t h I l . - , rL ! - r . , . o . , l r " l , I
JF
Int ,r ll.
.\ lu
. r . l , s o : r .. r
oeveloprng an ex[)ert s]sterns approach for
fru,rerrcal desrrtn. Ihe DFSICNER
slstem (2)
p r c s , - n t e d a t I U a A S8 2 a l l o w s l h - - f l e r i b l e
specif ication and investilirtion of
n L t r r e r r c a lr e l a t i o n s l t i p s i n ( l e s j ( l n . l l o L . r e v e r ,
a sfrortcomingof the earlv version ol the
s\ster rvasrts inabilil\
to hanole
r p p r L r x i m a t i o n s . N o m e c h a n i s nw
t as avai Lable
to handle lhe uncertainties associaLed
rrth-tfre use of relationshlps or r.r'ir the
tesults (lenerated from a particular model.
Tlre aim of this paper is to descrrDe nor./
the DTSICNER
syslen is beinq extended to
cope wlth this shortconin.l.
B e l o r e i d e n t i f y i n q n t e t h o d so f f l o d e l l r n g
uncertainty it Has important lo obtain
s o m e u n d e r s t a n d i n q o f ! . r h a td e s i { l n e ! s d o
and rrolr lhe) communicate their own
a s s e s s m e n to f a t ) p r o x j m a t l o n , r l b a s i c
requirement ol anv syslem will be that it
rs able to behave in a way whicr) ls
c { i n s l s t e n t \ " rti h d e s i g n e r , s e \ p e c t a t t o n s
anclcan accept desir;ner,s expressions of
unceltalntt, and can also explain its
Denavrour tn an underslandablc and
J U s tl f r a b l e w a ) ,
To help in thi:r r series of- evaloation
t e s t s v r a st : a r r i e d o i . ] t u s i n { l D E S I t j \ t R ,
lhese tests involved presentinq ship

t--220

K.J. Ma(Calh|ti dnd A. Dufl)

desi!rers

lfom industr)
d , u

l c r

'lith a warship
,
Thc
l u d r i

{rit.h the s)stefl !r(]re lorJrlcd

interactions
.rd di....r.01: ..it' llF Jp :,r-r dur:n,
BoLh oi
the sessions vJ--rerecorded.
t f r e s e r . r ' e t ea n a l ) s e d 1 n a n u m b e r o f
.o(,
, I

F.f<

in.l"nrnn

-.1

In

,ir I

' --Frr:

thF
T'F

,r-

,- Y
irF
LL leo

I Or
rn

this paper l)elore |resenting the rethods

l , ' .
l , ' ^ 1 . f . r l - . f l a er c o [
. T,\-. .r
l 5 - c , F l \ o d .\ .
I.r- . r'r-rr
ship dcsiqn are rliven.

O t U N L IR T ' l I N TI t ! J I \
NATURE
llllIf,DESiC\

2.
-,

.qrl t- ,,

is

. r a e -

^ T

, n - o ,

t - ,

I t-,'
n t

,.

\IJI.ILRIfAL

, 1 . _ . -d i t t , . . r r
st I'r ro .-q

l h Q . t ,

a s s o ci a t e d w i t h :
(a) tlre specrfication oi ob.jcctrvesi
(b) the identrfr(:ation ol solutionsi
a n d ( c ) L l r ee v a l u a t i o n o i s o l u L i o r s .
r L

F i I i \ - -

- . .

i ,

, , , a f

r f

L h c \

should be {lulte st)ecrirc wrlh lrLtle

r--m

F-r

\/rrt.n-o

^ , . , Q '\ o r

l'

'

l l l ' l - o

this is seldom the case. Even a clear

staternent o1' ae(luired funcLi{Jn is norrfall\
' d

'

, 9

'

' l

,.,

c.l "hl c

petformance L.,rllhln that functlon,

Tlpic
.l-.
._,
'F
t
-i ton ,.1
qiven they are in terms of ranges of
acceptable valtres, consttainLs
on values,
'nd P| ras-r'n
f - e'cr-r ee.
or
e\a rllP. :1
rr it dF .91. l\e
..lo-d
0b.jectiv-. stated as:

ideri--tlrrrLrun
oi thcsc ranrl--s comes f rom
decrsiofls alrer(l)
ia(le and f_rrrt:; .lferrd!
kno',n. for e\anrl)le, if dclri(tnlnq::r frrrsaLe
for a roLe :rirfll:r t(r exi:rtrn.l fri(lates,
this cont.xt coLrld lcirl to an crr I !
conclLrrrion that the IellLltlr of tlre rcsscl
is
I i ke I v lo be betLJeen l lltlm and I 50m. An
ir(ldrtronirl fc(luirefienl on tlre \4eapon:ito be
lit-led r1(lfri firrthel rarror'r llre I.:]lr(te.
Jhese fan.le!; rel:rre:rent Lhe uncerlarnlies
r r i f r e s u L u t r o n s p a c e i n n L r n r e r i c a lt e r m s ,
I. l"
l. -nJ.r | .
a r. t . o . l d
, .1 , I
frxcd.
\s rloals ;rre
of the deslrln alre.d!
elaboraLe(l the rar(les ra! tre feducecl to
: r 1 l r r r . ,r f o c r s s r r r r t i r o n a s a t r s f a c t o r r

ln! Irrolrosed solLrLion has to bc cvirlLrated

trr see rf it does lrdeed perlorm accordin!
lo requiretrents,
T l r r s c v a l r a t L r r r rr n v o l , , , e s
tlre model ol the solLrLion, a nodcl of 1ts
etternal
ervironler]t
and a notlel of the
Faoh ot these
[]erftrrrance (ri i-hc s(rlul ion.
in!,olve irssurnfrli(rnsa|(i sirt)l if ications;
and so e..'h of these i plf unccrtirift;
in
_r.Frl't.t 'r I
t
,
r-..|i.
T,- - .t 6
/
rnaccufac) are r an\ and their
interactrons
are conplex.
for exarple,
a porier -.slimat-ra) be c:rrried oLrt irt diiferent
Levels of
deLarl, each correspondirq to (liflerent
derlree:r oi rel iabr tit!
Iihen
in its resuLt.
Lhirl esli|l:rLe Ls furtlrer used fof a lrqhtrnass estirir:rle, f !rLher approxirnatlons are
'lF
Ur.l-rla.r' .r
carr.ied Lhrou{lh to the ne,r rcsult.
l.luclrof'
the art of clesi(ln is LlraL of identri\ inq
ttre chrrract-.r.i!rtics ol nost significance
f-o be inclLrded rr th-- rnotlel, and retainin(l
sorne measure ol the axtent of Llre lncertarnt\ rnvol'red in using the model

"lo

c;rrry a ma\ifirufil dcadr'reirltrl of

5tl,0Utltonnes ...rr

may actua lfy

],

rnean:

"jf

i t s m a x i r n u md e . d w e i . l f r t i 5 l e s s
ll ,n 60,000 I r.l-s. ' re rp.r,rFr
'rrll bF ten.l. ed
r n - r" r . l l . r
| 'l r' ,rF 'cr rl .'c 1'L
matter, so long as other require' ' r's rro
.rr,e
F t , r td t 1 .
doesn't increase. "

llalholra
,r.
tL,r
n:rl_

.F

(l)
lhc

rdentrlres
the
, . 1 . t . 1,
.lpci.n

importance
,t _rr, ,s

of

al ia ' ' .

si\lF

, ," :..\

It

ler' s

,'

nunrerir:aldesign srrneof the overall

, .a, F, l
c.rl"in
overall

-. iL ,.i11 bc er- F l.h

l -l
ly,c of ,5ip, .rri5 d
l-fFl--l
geometry, able to operate in

P o r L r i ! r ' r l

. ^ r , . . .

d F . , n n a r

.oncernpd v,irh repre5-nl in 1 1, 's

vrithin the concept.
of solutions

i -

ble r rr je.
The

U).]CtRT,\INTY?

The srmple rnsr.rer lo the alrove que:rtlon is

thaL there arc no iLrrnirlise(i nellrod:r.
Desiqners rel! on their exl)ertence;rfld
intuition
to c(rlJs flrttr Lrncertaint) i
but rrl
r0ost cascs the\ rrre n(rt exl)lj(-rt about
tlielr concepls of ul]cerlaint\
or tlre
neasures ol uncertaint!
rilriclr i-frel, use.
llorrever, if ,,.1e
eranrne more carelull\
eirch
oi tire cale(lories ot Lrncertaint\ discussed
above, il
is pos:rrble to rrlcrrLilr srnrptoms
(rl lfre des i gnc.r :r Jrethod.
1n qoal uncertainL)

' rn.pc<

Identr ficat ion of feasible solutions

involves the most creative part of the
desiqn process, and consequenLlyis llre
most difficult
to formallse.
Howeverj it
is cofirforting that there are few ideas
wlricfr are totally orirtin3l and Irast
practice usually provldes somebasis for
L

I l I I 1 1I ) I I ] F 5 I t ] \ E R S I ] A N D It

qoal
".ll rF ,
o n t f r - - i r o r 1 ' ne x p e r i e n c e t o i | L e r l ) r e l
qoals,
but tiill
also use drscussion and nerloliation Lo develop a|d specifv qoals.
Our
ex[]erLence r.{ith evaluation
of DtSICNLI? rn
\varshil desirln exercises enphasised thts.
Desprte the users bein(l rliv--n.pecilic
(loa1s, ttre praclising
designers arion(j
therr lelt
atrle to ilt.erpret
these accofdinri
lo.o1i..1.
T l - 1 - . 1. i r F l p t I . J t ! - r . . 1
rrjnir urn values rere interpref-e(l differently
tsilual tor,
tr\ each user, e.q. 'closc lo',
'any
,\ sub lective
prcferenr:e
value above' .
,,as telt tor values closer to Lhe requifed
trut sat.lsfactron
decreasecl if the value
r . r a so n t h e w f o n ( l l p e n a t t y )
side or as Ll)e
tlr-- rd--a of
'-r

--

/ll)prl)\ittt4t. (ul(ulutio)t\ in Prelitni lr.\'D.rign

valrre bcca e too far fron tlrrt re(lLrire(1.
i r '
L I r l
. ' | er ' - o l ,
l - r r "I
likelt
to obtarr :r tr.rlancc (rt lalucs frlrtctr
lre considcrs I he nost s:rtisfeclorr
for l
reirsonablc ;r oLrnt ol el_1or.t. for'erangrl--,
Ln one evirluatirrIl tfre desirln rras co rIleted
ruith disLretrancics of
1uq lIrd +1!,,, tri)
t.lre tro fliri, !m rcrluir.er|ents.
The
irdrjitronir I efl!rl
rerluired to rnpro\e cn
these virlu--s, lr:rrticrilarl\ rn th. t]arl!
plrir:;es, u.rs n.rt coIsidered
b\ Lfr-- Ll:c. io
tr--.jLrrillll:rbLe. It rilln IrorIted out tfret
the condrt ion of tlre dest(ln rould re(lLtire
chanrle in on! casc rlren t.l.lnij into
; r ({ o u n l r n o r e d c t ; t L l i n d ! r l t e n u s i n ( l r r o r c
reliirbl-rel Lirn:rhips irt- the.e\t
sla(lc
In lhe desrLln proc--ss. This intcrprcl 3ti(rn
ol rr rlesiqnerrs acti(rI shoul(l |(lt be t:rken
trr rrcrn thai lre has ur could irr nIl isc ;r
srnqle ob.j--ctrvc fun.tror,

at

t - f r e L J r i j n r le n d ( J f a r i r n i t e , r . e .

' ' L

l l o

r ,

t ' , . -

1 . ,

t F , . ,

1rkel1 rt i!j to be:r s:rtisfactrrr', valLr--.

1l does not even sa\ an\tfrinq about thc
r--Lrrt1\,c I ikelihood!i r.rrthlr the ranrJe.
fl{:rlever, otlrer contcxilral
rnfor;lation,
or
lhe c\;)lr)ration (lf a particular
desiqn na,,
(Jrve addrlronal inforn:tion.
Tfre conse!uen{.e oi lfrrs is lrkel,, Lo be to :)ro!i(le
rore likelv
rrcJ:i r.rrthiI rr ranitc.
It rs rn Lh--e!alLrJtion of sol!tiors
thal
dcs Lrlners ;rre Iost explir:il .b!rrl thelr
rnccrl irrnt\.
Tlris is evrdent if ir nLtirLrcr
oi w:rr:;: use of tolerarc--s or rrcur.ar\
rirnrles, r(rundinq anrl lruncirtirrn of
\ . J - . . ' r 1' l L r r I
o'
flo!.{ever, lhe) ilre not cons isLelL rn lh rs
l , . o H
a
u l ' . r l - 1 . o - l l '
l . r .
The r:;pects llre\ attcn Irt t o cope fritlr irr-t h c c o n r t r i n e dc f l e . t s
ol Lrncerlain valLres
f!f
indcl)--n(lerll variatrtes
:suclr as the
e \ l - - r n a l e n v r r o n n e n t l : r r r r ll a c k o f r e l r a t)ilit\
rn em]]]iricat relslronshlLl)s useo Lo
l.r l\- .' l ,
t
\ ,_.,o.p eq roll l. I I.d
as ir fLrnctrOn of l)eptfr, tl--airOrauLlht, {1.1.1.,
lonrlth and D.il.T.l.
As an eranple, e
(lesirlner usinrJ a standard pror-edure rlay
derive il value t or E characlerislic
of
' 2 . . . 4 L ) ) . . .
. r
r o - , e J e ! I .
r n
rvlrjcfr llray onl! be lltrited
b! thc IlLrnbsr ui
.lrqlts
rlhich his calcul.LLor or c.rrputer
wr11 lroLd.
How--ver, 1n r.rrrtintl the result
l o . . . tL r - r . . r a n s ' o t
lt t.. .,tU- .,
numb--r of rrars.
For instanl-e, he rnir\
_ r r
| . . l ?
r .
r ' p
. J
. r . . . . ' t r . .
c o r i \ r - - n tr o n l h i r t h e c o n s i ( i - - r s t h e v a l u e i : l
no nore accurirLe than + .llll5 unrts,
He
na; indcetl st)ecif\ :r r-nrle br irritrnr;,
ior
r n s t r r r r t : e1 2 7 i , + 5 , a L 1 - l r r ) u l ht h i s i o r m i s
less likel),
A i-hir.l Irr)s!ribrlrL\ and !|c
frhiclt is quit-e co[fn(]n ls fof lrUr to
lritfo(tUce an error ttr t_lle nu[]bct frhiclt
reduces his risk ol_ the real va)ue beinrl

' .

. i ,

i 6 ,

il salcL\
1 , .

. l o \ p

n L r t J e r 1 2 9 1 1t h u B r d d i f r l : r : r a l e t \ n a r . t j n o f '
1tr.
I i Lhls valuc i:i usc(l in later c.lculirtrains, tire t)csstlttstic \,alUe NilI increase
tlre ltkclilrood
r)l a sirl i:rf.r:tor\
rr::jult.
llnl] ira\ rri lookrnq it tftls rs thri
re
tolcrance irl)|roa.h s|ecilies
a nosl likel\
\ . . - |
l r , .
l
r , . o t
r ' 1 .
l)rob3ble !alLres. Tlre ce.l:rint\ of betnrl
L.,rLlrrnthe rirrrle 1s howcv--f, sub.lert_:ive.
Th-- elfecl
of usrn! a saFet\ rar(lin is to
sfrifL the iluot-c(l value to rrre --ncjof lh-Iikcl\
\'alUt] ran(le, lncre:rsin(1 the r.ertajnt! thlt
tlie actual r--sult r.r'ill Lre on one
srtie rlllrer Llran 3nother.
The precision
rrrLh r/trtIh a virlue is (lLlote(l rellects
the
e\lent of the Lrncerlirint! rI thD va1ue.

1.
l/e hrve alread\ seen t_lrat a clesir;ner i,r I 1
!:je context to rdentif\
r i l l 1 i J - o :or f v i r l L r e s
t(rr' Iikcl\
:rolution:r.
llo!1eyer, the
st)ecrllcrl
ion ol :r ranrlc is not lrrl jcul.rrl\ I)recise.
It indic.rie:r lrr(Jtrfrobirbi litr
of thc best valuc or vaLues beinrl
s r ) n e r . / h e r ei n L l r e r i l r t r l e , b u t i t d o c s n o t
lndicrrte conJrlele certarnt\.
Tfre d-o.lree
of ccrt:rint) is enlt.el\
s!t).iecttve.
All
t.hirt cirn be said is tfr3t the frrttrcr
:ri.ra!

221

n t t ' f l L t i F \Ti A T1 ! N L l

it)t)R0\I,.1AT1il\

l r e i r i r o f I ) r r ) v i d 1 | ( Ja r c p r e s e r t a t i o n
Ior
alIroxrrnatior
is to nodel the (lesi(lrlerrs
rn bui I i lder!r of urcerlrinL!
;rnd his
e\{)ressi(rns ol I l)ese ideas.
l.lajor
chif icullr--s
are the \,:rrioLts t\l)es or
uncertirlnt\
used, tlre :jub.ie.trve nature oj.
agrplorination .rnd lhe lack oF forfir. Lised
exf)fessiors of uncerlaint!.
,r.nere one
t\pe uf uncertaint_,, inLcracts !!ith lnothcr,
i r r n o d e l r r i l l n e e d t r h a r , , ei r c o n n r o n b l s L s .
I or cxlm|le,
r f a des rltner exIr--:jses his
urrc--rtaif]t! aboul thc s--Leclion of an
inclel)endert valuc in the form of:
If <situation>
'<ceftalnl!>j
|i

Tllt\t IT I5 t IKr-t\
T l l E V , I L U Et I E S l t L T I , l E t \

trnd \2

llr-o s)stenr ha:j to be at)l-- t(r accetrt thrs

anrl t-ranslrrrn iL if necessarr LLr Ln-a ccrmmon
tr:r:relOr rts 0Lrn prucessinq,
B\, thc sarne
lea!ronfrtrt 1t has to trc able to retrrrn
re:il]]lts and Irovidc
a conIr:rrison oi r-.:;u]ts
f;rlh rjoals in a Lr.v frlrich is rneaninrltul to
L h e d e : ri r l n c r .
Trr date thc tilrtiLsfentatron on the Dt5I[N l
:i!sta1 has concentrated on t_lreproblens of
firod--llrr](l airl)ro\in.rtion
iI the Iooel
cr.1uati(l|.
The trasis of tfre apl)roach
hcrn{l adofrted is a Irobatrilrsi.ic
one.
In
tlrr:r, a val!e rrfrich h.rs uncertainty
assoc
iated r.rtllr jt caI be reJrrescnted trr a
'
I r , |
, , r i t . , 1 | .
L r F . t . r r Lr . l
value r!r laken ES the e\t)er.ted value, and
tlther v:rlues havo decrersinq pfobabrllt\
l
ut 'r-t tp. .rp tlo
tio
o I LLc .
.to r- - s
\'l-,
li o.,'r .' |
L, .t ,
' o
o ,
I
l r i r - o t L l e
o . t \ r- e '
rlrstrrbution
as norntaLi
tfris I)rovides a
irasls lrhiclr ts fanrliar
in prubablllstrc
shil) desi(ln analysrs.
To relate
tfrrs
internal
repfesentrrtion
ol uncertaintr
to
' P |,,cr'
.lof \Fr rFlurrp.
o,ttc.\
af] rdentificalion
of his e\pecte(l likeLi
hood of the !alue llin(l
in
re rarrrje V_r
Lra ,u F of ,1, {]1,t .-r
|
\- r.
. . , . o tl
ip
dcsr rnars thcre is no unique ansr.rer to
this.
llorever, it ls f-.asible usinq the
rlrstfitrution
a p p r ( r r r c h t o 1 . r o r kr r l t h
d r f ferenl interpretations.
A suitable
assrnnption is tlrat r is one
rnrtial

222

K.J. Md(C(rlllon u .t A. Du \

s t a n d a r d d e v i : r L i o no f L h e p r o b a b r l r t !
densit\ t unction.
lJncrertaint! crf a value derives iro r the
r e s ! l t o i u s i n g a r e L a l - i t ) n s l r r i ra r r d d e t ) c n d s
(i)

uncertalnLv of inptrLv:rlLres
toqether L.riththeir atrtre.ilrance
i n t l r e r - -l a t i o n s h i p : a n d
the re.LiabiLrL\ol the relatron
shitr ltsel f.

lri,

can
Tlrc measurcof relationshil) reliabilrt)
be equate(l to i-he uncertaint) irhllch rlould
arise in the result il all the rnf)ut
v:rlues lvere exact, or cornpletel) certatn.
This def rni Lir)n can therefore be related
, d , . r

t i

l | F

c ,

. . , r

- . , . e :

r o r

o f

I f , i o r e x a r n p l e ,a
valuc uncertaint!.
designer sLates Llrat a relationship is
accurate to :l 5%, tfren this can be taken
to mcanthat Lhe vaLue of r in the result
w r l l b c 5 i o l V . T h i s t h e n l r r o v r ( l e su s
!,rith a for ralised expression of value
a l ) l ) r o x i r n a t i o na n d r c l a t i o n s h i p r e l r a b i I i t ! .
In a series oi reLationshjps, aplrroxim
..f i.',c

.ot

, r..r.rta.l

Frn'n

v a l u e t o a n c r l f r e rt l r r o u g f r

' l -

r - -

, r ' . l

, l

L I

I L

possible to deline e generaL nechanismfor

t l r s r o p . ' . , r io n L \ r r g I T - ) l o r ' - r r F
a p p r o a c ht 4 r .
\ \ i , . r F l | , n 5 :

z = f(x,.x.

- . , . .- e l r n t r -

- r

I ' l h e nL h e . l u a r r t l L r e s x . , -

are not

sint;le v:rlues but t-ake a ranqe of values

o i v a r ) i n g l i k e l i h o o d L h e n L f r e T a ;l o r
S e ri e s e x p r e s s i o n g i v c s :
n
n
!

ili.

ilirt

take thc ranrlcol urcerl;rtnt\, r

transform rt

into lhc frrr r

'l0n
s r
r i h e r el < s < 1 0

l2l

round the ran(le and llrc v:rllre

l

As an e\a[l{]le lfre number12l6.Jtt9? -! J . 5 t - 2 9- - r 1 r ) u l rbl e r e p r e s e n t e L al s 1 2 1 6 . 1

In prircticc roundrnrl rdo|ted b! a desi!ner

m.r\ inc(r![)orate sone additiona] knorled(l-.
o i t h e m e a n i n t ;o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s L i c iln
obvious sit!ation is one in rrlrich :r \rLue
caf onl\' adopt a whole nunl)er value ie,!.
n u f l r b e ro f c r e ! v o n a v c s s e l r ,
llounrling in
t l i r s c a s e s f l ( r u L dn e v e r p r o d u c e a n o n inteler value.
I n D t S I G N E I tI h l s h a s t O b e
handlcd b,vrddrtronal rules r.r'hich.re
s p e c r ti c l o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

o . l -

"_

. - ox '

.i.

The e{tuivalent rr plenentation of salel!

- | -,,-, - - .
n

1 -

. = ,

The above te.lrnrques handle value unceftirintres and their IruIarlation, Ihc\ strll,
h o f r e v e r , L r r 0 d u c e! a l ! c s w h i c f l _ . r r e I o r ]
- . a..t . ..r.,. .Ir n.
r r , t i o n a L r n d . j u s t i f r a b l e a p t ) r o a c hi s t o u s c
t h c r a r r r l co l u n c e r t l i n l \ t o ( l e fr n e l h e
accurec) Hith frlirch tlr-- value and its rarrr;e
sho!ld t)e slored,
Ihrs ,,ould bc consrstent
rilfr --n.Jin,-erLng
conVentrons al least, for
dacrl:rL f r:rcl ion re|resentations,
Thc
a l ) l r r i r a cb
l l e r n ! a d o { ) L c dr s : r s f o l l o w s :

to Lhe nearest l0n-

.nF

characteristic's
n F l , '

i l h e r L h e a i r I r o a ( f r r : r a [ ] { r li e d t o t h e n e L \ r o r k
l : ] i r e l J t i o n s h i t i s , t h c i r s s L r r n l r t i ooI f i n a e i l
e n d e n c e a t e a c h r ro d e i s l a l i d s i n c c a l l
corrcLations are exI]lLcillr (.ateredfor in
t h e n e L ! . r o r ks t r u c t u r e .
tlorever, rn
:rssLrfptionoi Lrnearit! rs madc. Tlri!; is
al)fropriat-- fof the larle naJorrl\ (rf
r e l r t i o n s h i t ) s r r s e d1 n e n p i f i c a L d e s i q n .

- , , '

+ fri ry'rer order lerfirs

where the ! terms represent. tfre means, ot
expected v:rlues, oi llre dlslrrbutlorls ol
correspondinq x's.
This expansron assumes
that the x's are independent and uncolrela t e d . I r o m t l r r s r L c a n b e s f r o w nt l r a L l f r e
e . l ' e . t F d\ a l u e o f / r \ q i \ . n - p p r o ' r a J l e Dy:

m " , h

r 6 , l o n , -

r -

a complete ansrler to thrs is nol let

:rvariatrle. Il could be arrl!ed that slnce
.rT] .t ,,
,r- r rc 'r-r- r [or
ior\rard uncert:rint ies explicltl!,
th-.re
should be no need tLr lrave safet) marrlins
e x c e p t a t t h e f i n a L s t e p r . r h e n. r I ) e r f l ) r J | a n c e
v a r r a b l - . i s t o b e c o m p a r e d| l r t h a q o a l ,
In
t h i s s e n s e a r r s : r f e " v a L u e m D r e l \ b e c c n r - - sa
driierent wa\' of ex[)fessing the s.rne unc e r t a i n i n f o r m : r t r o n . T h i s m a r .n o t , f r o L . r e v e r ,
t r e a c o n p l e t e a n s r ' r e rt o l h - - p r o b l e m s i n c e
p,
r' l.q ro rF lp | , d- rtn-r' ,,rd
. In, ,
f p ' a 1 u " - l " r ' r ' , i p r ' . Fid- t 1 . ,- .
t o r p r L r p a g a t i n r ll f r r o l l g h f u r t h e r r e l a L i o n s ,
IL is rntended to study tfrrs mechanrsn)
further.

E ( z ) = E t f ( u , . 1 , .- - L , )
and the variance of the distribution
ie

ni \,on

annr.-im:tFl'

of z

h'

n
"_
a \ 2 2 =L 1 ; 1 . . , , , '
"
i-l
i u

t1l

i
I

Ap pra \ i Dtut c (i lc u la t io ns in F'tc l itni tlut I Dc s igtl

5.

A tiltll, )t5Il,\ t\A1]PLt

T l r i s s e c t i o n l l l u s t r r l e r . i t l r e - . ff e c t o l
ifc I rtlrnr n!rnerical unccrt:rlfties dLrrin,,
desr!n eVlluatron as illlplenclll-.d rn llre
D f l j I L N E Rs ! s l e n , T f r e : r ' r p r o a c ch o n c e n t a l l t e s
u l ) o n I r r o i r a i J a t i n qa p t ) r o xi n r : r t jo n s f r o n r r n e
charircteristi. to aioLfrer tlrfouqh a netL ! r ) r ko f r e l a t i o n s l r i t ] : r , a n d i n t h c
1 r r ' - - s e n t a t i o no l v r r l L r e st o t l r e u s c r . T f r e
a p P r o a c f ru n d e r l y i n g L h e s e i i r { ) t r r o t r l e r . s
wirs Ircsented in Llre Iraeviou:iscctt!r].
The
r i e ( . l r a n i s n fi os r s : r i - - t r m a r q i n s a r c s i i l I
u n d e r s l u d \ a n d a r c l ] ] o t d i s c u s : r e . Jf u r t h e r
r'r tlrrs:r--ct:Lon.
I h c d c s i ( l r r l ) r ( r r . e : i :bi e ! r n s w t t h i r s l ) - - c i l i . : r t j ( r n o i r e . l L l i r e ne n t s a | { l c o n s t r t r ' t t s l ) n
s o l u t r o n s . F r o r L l r i s ; r r f o d , - lr s d e l l n e d
to represeni Lhe frar,efrork |]i sotutLons.
T f r - -r e r l u i r c n e n t s i n t l r i s e r : r n p 1 - .i r I e t : l l < e n
io t;e the nccd lrr i-r:rn:jIort ll4ll0 tonner;
of cirrrlo at a s[)eedol 'l]i knot:;. .\
(ronstririnton the sulutir)n to sEtlsl\
t h i s r e q u i r e n e n Lr s t h a t r t i r i i L b e a
v e s : r r : 1o f t l i e c l r s s o f b u l k c a r r i e r s .
.\
n u r n e r i c i r lr c l a t i o r r s l r r I r o d e l o f a D U l k
cirrrrcr frirs been derived a|d can be
illustfrLed
in the forn of a netLrork
Thc noCcs of tfr-- netr.rork
iFrrlure 1.;,
rellrcser)i arhirfircleristics ol tne outx
r:rrrrier and the lllnks repressnt relali.rn
ships betrcen tlre no(le:r,the drrection ol
a r r o | 1 h e : r d si n d i c a t t n r j t l i e l j n e o i
( l e l ) e n d a n ci ! f o r e \ a r f i ) l e l ) e L r t f rr s { l e l e r d s n t
upon l)rauqht,

5Ptt03_

OI5P

\
HACHY

nio'.----n'o'
LICHTlIT

otADrt
Figure 1.

\etwork r (rdel of a bulk

{]-arrier for lrelifinar!
ueslrrln.

The iorrn of tlre:rerclationslrips has been

obtained lro|r a numbcr ol {)ulrlrshed
s o u r c e : r ( 5 , i : , , -I u i
basic n.rvaI
archi tec tLrre knowled(le. The constanLs
in lhe relationshilis have bcen delermined
f r o r , a n a n a l t s i s o i a l l m i t e d s a ; r 1 r l eo f
c x i s i - r n c l v e s s e l s . l l t c o m p a r i n r Ji r c l . L r a 1
values with calcuLated !,alues, rl rras
been I)ossible to dcfive correcr iireasures
of urrrelrabrlitres of tire relatiorslriIs,

223

, \ L r s t o i L f r e r h a r a c L e r r s ti . 5 , t l r e i r
r e l 3 t i o f s h i p s , : r n dr e l i J b r l i t i e s ,
as defined
r r r t l r r n t l r e I o d e ] i s ( i 1 v e nr n T l b l c 1 .
L.haracter
TSIIC

BE.lll

D E ] DI ] T
)EPTI]
DISP

']1,']

l l el a t r o n s h l r r

!:!l

1.2 t- \ t e n ( l t h / 1 4+ t U . 0 2 5 x
q t - - n r ; l l -r 3 l l) , .

l . t l 5 2 - i 0 . 2 1 5 \l j i , t f l r / / , l t \ 1 r r l t r J
Dl5f - LILlil lrT
tl
1. jl] x Dn'\!(illT

I \ L ] I P LN D E T
\

l l t i , l t i t l H T L ) I 5 P , / i L t N L T l\l l l t A l l r l L i x c r l . !
Lt\liTll

6.J2 x i!,/(\ + 2rt, x it)iji,l+

LIt-]HTiiT

S T t L Lf l l + O t l TIlT f i T
",\t t :T
,

l t , \ c l t \. f J T

' ' a1./l

- /

O U T I T 1 1 T 7 4 l lx t 1 + i L \ l l x 1 0 . 7 a j l a r l1
I r 1.,
r.. ..
P0fttR
S It I D
STttL IiT

C U l l Lql r r R 0 C t Lt r l
I \ ' t . | \ , , 1\
2 4 , 0 7 i xt t ' ' 6 5 \

l
!tl.5xf+tJ,4r."ll00
L J , ' R= L l r r r eI i a b i l i t y
Table l.
lh.rractcrisl i r:s, relatio|shiIrj,
and r.-lat icnshtI unreLi.Dtlit ie:l
r . J i t hi n t f r - - r f o d e l .
T o i LI u ! r t f a t e t h e e i l , - r : t o f u s l f { J u n r e l i r b l e
r c l : r l . i ( ] n s l r l p s a r r d v a l u e : ; , c o n sr d - - r t h e
relatjonship Depth : 1.41 x Drau(llrt. I forir
t,re abo!e Lable it can be seen tltat 1-fris
relationshjp rras lound Lo be 1 5",
unfeliatrle.
T l r u s f ( ] r a n e x a c t i n L r L t tv a l u c
o f D r a r r r l f r lt-h e c a l c ! l a t e d v a l u c o f l ) e | t h
i r o L r l db e 1 5 % i n a c c u r a t e , L J r ; r Lr s 1 f
l ) r a u r ; l r .l I l l n t h e n D e t ) l l r: 1 4 , 1 1 t l , i 0 5 m .
T h r s r . r o u l db e r e t ) r e s e n t e d; r s 1 4 , 1 0 1 1 1 . 7 1 r 1 ,
I 1 t h e D r a u ( l h Lr i r : r n o t c \ i r c l t h e n i t s
inaccurac! Lrouldbe incortror:rie(j rn thc
DeIrth estirate.
For exarnl)le,ri Df.ru.lht
h a d t h e v a l u e 1 t 1 , 0 01 0 . 7 t l n t h c D e p t l r
r(rrildbe calculated to be 14.1 12.1lnl
r . r h i c l rN o ! 1 d b e r o p r c s e n i . e d a s 1 4 ! ? t | ,
Referrin(l bat:k lo the detrnitions oi
Lnaccuracy, tlris result rntplie!i that lfreae
rs.r a,lli probatrrIit), (one st:rnclard
d c v r a l r o n I t h a t t h e D e p t h v a l u e ? r rl l l 1 e
b e t r ' r e e n1 2 a n d ' l t i , ( l i v e n t h e i n i o r n r a t i o n o n
1 r , r l . . . o r t r - , r l , l - t . l - , . . t . P r
design model tfre desi.ln Irrocess can be
lnrtrated b! estinatin! a value ior the
p e r f o r n a r r c - -v a r i a b l e D [ l D i ] T . D u r i n q L h i s
estrmation the values ol llIliP arrd 5l,tFl) are
requrred to t)e tnput b! the user, Since
directl) rnt)!tting the vrl!e of 14 k|ots
r
..oc
u
o r F o t l l F t P , t I r . 1 , .t e
flents on1) the requircntcnl. fof l)EAD \lT
renarns to be achre!ed.
A value of l90tlO
tonncs rs [)rovrded as a fjrst:rpl]fo\i:natton
to the requrfed desi(ln.
llsinq the
relat ionships os (Jiven, lh-. estimatio|
of
DEAD,rtTrould (len-.rate the iotlor.ring
fesl r l:r: -

K.J. llaccallunt dtld A. Duif)

LTNLTI]

::

BtAIl

CB

:
a

H
D RA U I ; T

riretrcs
met-res

Tlie
prrrLrcular vaLues ril L [rt]sele.tea.
t J e s r r ; nb e r : n n e s i r I ) r o ( r e s s o f r e l i n i r r r t l l r c s e
i r a r t i c u l i r r v . I u u s i n d e l - , - ' r r d c r rl !t o 1 r r r r - '
'lssurirn! lh ts ncfc the ( lsa lncl
irnother .
Lh3l tlre rcirn \ll1ues .ri the ttlit;Tfl, lltnll
a n d l l l l i n t l r e - . x a n r p l - -i r l ) o v c ' ! J e r e l i r l i . n . s
obL.rnel rrlrLrld
corrDcL Values, th-- results
clranqe as iollorrs:

5TIEL \JT :

:
I
a
1

L]UTF
I T IlT :

LL\tiTll

L ICIIT I,JT :

8t.\t1

I ) t PTH
P0l,ltn
I . j A C H \ .i l T -

4i1550

t onnes

sPtFl)

1lr

krt s

HoweverLhc rounde(l values of lhe abcrve

charrLcteristitrs are kept b\ the s)stern and
presenteo ils:
LtN{lTfl

1(.4.1 !

4.9

metres

tlFAfl

?tl.J

1,2

metfcs

rl

0.81610.024
10,01

0'69

DFPTII

14.1

1.7

meLres

PU LR

DltilLltlHT :

Kll

11600 1

1tiu0

t l A C l l Y .l i l -

590

110

tonnes

S T E E L\ 1 T =

522t1
'12Jtl

ll80

lorrnes

T90

tonnes

;-O4tl

910

tonnes

O U T F l T\ 1 T =
LItltlT l'JT =

i19('O 1: 914

Cll
Dt.\UCfrT -

Lonnes

LLNIjTH

16{..2 1

5.O

metres

BElll

2u,5

1.7

fretres

0. 1r

0.02'

10.22

0.7[J rnetres

DRAUGHT -

metres

DEPTII

14.4

1.2

P0 { R

8ri00

1400

610

1J0

tonnes

5190

91A

tonnes
tonnes

l . l A { l l l Y1
. ' l T: ] T E E Ll l 1

OUTFII llT =

1240

190

l . I C H T\ i T

7240

940

tonnes

DIAD l'lT

33J1O 1

944

Lonnes

Ffom this resLrlt' il can be seen tlra!

a l t h o u g l r t h e n r e a nv a l u e f o r D E i \ Df l T d o e s
not natch Lhe requiremenl of J1400 tonnes'
w i l h a D E A Dl " l T L o l e r a n c e o f + 9 4 0 t o n n e s ,
the desirlrrmav tre considered lo be
satist.rctor) for this sta(Je of desi!n.
Either at this sLage oD durinq later
st.rqes of the design lhe mairr dimensrons
w i l l b e c o n s i d e r c d l o b e i n d e p e n d e n La n d

l l . f r ll
10.22

Ll.lL

r--tres
rreLrcs

14,4

P0iiEft

i l00

9l{l

illl

11tJ

tonnes

!190

litll

tonnes

lvu

tarnne.i

tllll

turnerl

liTtj

t onne:;

l . l n t l l l. \ l T :
!llLLL liT

LI iillT llT
D L , \ Di ' l T

l24tJ

7240
-- JJJID

Krl

Il can be seen lrorrrtlre:ic resuLL:r tfrat thF

er ( l e i t r r r n q t h e
o v e r aI I c l i c c t o f ; r t : r - u r a t L
n a i n d e s i ( J np a r a n e l e r s i s t o r e ( i u c c t h e
r f i r c c L r r e r - r e so f . l I t f r e d e p c n d e n l . l r a r a c t e r r : j t i r ' ! j l r u L n o t t o s h i l L t h e r r r o s tI i k c l \
!alues. The reduclior in the irrr.cura.\ oi
DEtt) rll in thls ca:re rrrl! Jnount!r tt)
a t ] l r r o r i m a t e l y7 ' " o i t h e f r e v i u u s r r r a c c u r . c ) .
' . -

0uidance from the systernindicaLes tfraL a

D E A Dl ' l T v a l u e o f a p p r o r i m a t e l r 3 1 4 0 0
L o n n - . . i I t b p | | . F \ er L . r l l a r - r t . " '1r50 tonnes. Thus tfre value
in D15Pof
of IIISP is updaled to 4055{l tonnes rnd
DtAD \JT is re-estimatcd to give:

mettes

D EP T H

{ l l j l lI T I t T =
metre:l

n r er e : i

1at,.2
-- 2t.,
-

DEI\DTI]

DIAU nT

l)ISl)

o r . o s l , i , '

" o

U l '

l ) f , l D \ 1 T r s n a i n L ! a t l r i b u l e d t o s . r re r s t ) e c t
othea Lfrrn the in;rccuracies of thc nri]rn
d i r e r s i o n : r , T l r i s c o ' r c l u : r r o ni s c o n f r r m e d
L r h e nt f r e u r r r e l i a b i I i t . i e s o f t h e r e l a t t o n
shrps jn Table 1 are rrtutlie(1. lt can be
s e e r r t f r a l t h e r e l a t l o n s h r p s o f : i T t t L \ ' l T'
0llTFIl ilT and ll,l|fl\. \11rn t)artrc!Lar, 1'rrtll
t l r e a d ( l r t i o n o l l h e l ' U l l t Rr e l a t i o n s h i t ) , a r c
n o t i c e a bI ! u n r e l i a b L e .
i,.

LlI5lll5sIU\

T h r s r ) a p e f f r a s t ) r e s e n t e d a n a { r p r o a . r hl t r
|iplerncntinq tlrc uncertaint ies inrolved in
n L r r r : e r i c ;er vl a l u a t i r ) n i n s h i p d e r i r t l n
m o a e ll i n ( l a n d u s i n q i t l ( r t ) r o v l c l e a t ) ; r s r s
f o r c o r n n u n r c a toj n r i l h d c s i L l n e r s . C t h e r
t ) { r e s o i u n c e r t a r n t i e : r i n d e s l ( } n r r r l la r e : r L s o
( i i s c L r s s e da n d l l r r s l c d t o t f r e t . ( l n c l L r s r o n
L h , r L n o : j r r r r J I ea p p r o a t : f rr ' t r r u l db e s a t i s l a c
tor\ tof llL t\|es oi urrccrtarnl). llolrevcr,
r r e L rp o r t a n t :
L r . ' oc r i t e r i .
ii,

r ' r l r e r leh e t ) | e s u l u n . e r t a L n l )
interacl tfrere sfrolld be rr ir-'11
. l - o rt n e ( j i n l e r f a ( : - o ; i r n L

l i j I r t n r u s Lb e I o s s i t ) l e i o r t h c
s\stem ttl tnteract ritlr t-hc
desirtrer in the terfs 'rrlh r/hicfr
n e t 5 a c c ! s 1o T n e o .

Apl)ft)xiDLltt Cal&latb

Tlrc aIlro.r1-h a.loIie.l tor e\';rLLtatian Lras

bas{:(l on tlre use of l irrobabiLll!\ .rcIs1r\,
''rr I.o1 |
'
r
I. .r rt lLlr n
po:jsible virl|e!r,
Tlrrs is sifii 1.rr to
Jrethods rllteid\
rrdo!ted rn advanced de:ir;rr
irnirl\sisi
IrL]i thc ir{)l)roaclrfras hrd l-o be
ext--nded to rrotre fritll tlre l)ccrrilar ;)rotrlefls
of thc de:rrrinsr iIterfircc.
ila\s of dornrl
tlrr:r rr.ve been pres.intedi
irut hr,.e lcft
o l ) e f l i l n l r ' n b e rr ) l q u c s l L o n s i
;rrrnctgrall,,
tfr-- interl)f--tation rrl tlre lrkeLlho.rd !al!.
llhirfr a dcsirtIer assrr|riates rrt|
| runqe,
:)nd tlre rrrtlnifir;r|.re of safet\
irr,llns.
1t
is intended i.r stud\ lfresc issrre:j furthef
b \ r r i t r o d L r c r r n ( tr l e s i r ; n r : r . : ;t c t h e i n l ] 1 - - n r e n t c d
stst-at).

IltF tRL\ft tl
l1l

l ) r y s o n , f l . 1 . 1 1 . , T l r - .I r o c ! r - . r c r f
' I, r . t . . T
\,r
. J r n u i|r ! l 9 ! r 5 . t ) . 2 1 5 1 .

[2]

riact'allLrr, I.i..1.,fre.,trve
Iffrillrll2.

[]l

llalhotra, ,\. et !11. fo.jnitr\e prt]cess

if De:rrqn, Irrt. .1. of Iian t.trclrine
litLrdrcs, \(l. 12, 191)0,l)l).119-1;ll.

l4l

l i o l f r ' : r n, . 1 . , l l n r - e r t a r r r i r i n
E n r l i n - . - -irn q E r : o n ornc s r r n d 5 l r i 1 r
Tfrns. \tfIt:1, !o1. 9.,, 19itLl.

t"l

1 ; i l f i l l r r n , r 1 i, ; , , T l r e t c o n o n i c l l e s i ! n
o f l l u l k I l a r q o C a r r i e r s , T r . r n s .l i i \ ; ,
v.'111,J'rn. 'l9t,t.

1.,l

l'ishcf, (.i1., EconofircitIti1lisat Lon

l ' r o c c ( i L r r e s1 n [ ] r - - l t r i I i r r \ 5 h 1 l ) D e 5 1 ! n
i , l t r p l i e d t r r t h e ' \ L r s t r a l r a n t i r e T r : r ( l e. ,
T r . r n s . t i l \ , \ , t . 1 4 / . , 1 9t - ? .

of r

tihrl, De:;rr;lr,

l 7 l ll.rlrns, ['.D., Iorcept Er,lor.atron in

L ( r r t ) ! t e rF r d c d ! i h i p D c s i t n , I ) f r . l ) .
Thcsis, l)el)t. of lllrlp rnd lIir1ne
T e c h n o l o r ,. r l l n i ! , . r r f l i L r s L t r r . u
[ \u ,
[ ,] : r : q o L r r I e t r a u a r \ ] 9 i i 4 . .
/1I'KO
\ I l L E D { ] L i ] ET\S
lhe rrork de:rcrrb--d in thlls paper Ls:rLtlrtrorled t)! thc Science .nd Inr]ineerinq Researlrfr
tlounci L,

s itl helintitratr Desigtl

225

C o m p u t e rA p p l i c a i i o n si n t h e A u t o m a t i o no l
Shlpyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d c . K u o ( E d s . )
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-llollaDd)
O IFIP, I985

227

M A R I N E D E S I C N T H E O R YA N D T H E A P P L I C A T I O N O F
EXPERT SYSTEMSIN MARINE DESIGN
Bernt A. Bremdal
Nortegian Ins t itute
of Technology
Division
of Marine System Design
Trondheim,
Norway

The design process may be described by terns from the nathematical

logic.
Therie is a also close
connection
between mathenarical
logic
and the high
programming
level
language,
PROLOC. The experr
system approach
lllay be
applied
in
order
to acquire
knowledge
of a certain
design
dornain and
implenent
this
in PRoLOG on a conputer.
The prototype
expert
systen STABRIC
is an example of this.
Experience gained during the developnent of rhis
systen is discussed.

I.

INlRODUCTION

2.2.

Design is in many aspects an i1l-structured

process. There exists
a range of definicions
of
design
and
there
have been different
attempts
to glve a conplete
description
of
rl-. de.'p.
n-^.esc.
\^np ^'
tl-ese seem to
have an undisputed suppolt,
Developing a sophisticated
CAD system on this
foundation
is
bound
to
be
an
uncertain
undertaking.
however,
by
andlysing
Lhe
process even further
and by applying metbods
rr.m
)rrif
, ia1
inrplliopn.F
eionir'.,nr
steps cowards the crealion
of an intelligent,
creative
computer: system can be nade.

2.

A D E S C R I P T I O NO F T H E D E S I G N P R O C E S S

2 . 1 Background
Several
'r,lpc

i onrr

authors
T.,l.w

have

altempted

to

This brief
outline
l s based on Yoshlkawa I s
H o w e v e r , some extensions
have
vork /2/,
/3/,
been included.
lhe design solution is an object. This object
can be
ls one among nany. The desl8n solutlon
considered an element in the universal
set of
obiects.
I
-s i

-i _s

l- h F
- . h i F . r

i w \ e r F

c-

lc

rhp

-hio.rc

cor

-F

l , 2 , ' l

. . .

An object
attribute
necessarily
"colour"
"ted".
In

is conpletely
described by a sel of
values.
value is not
An attrlbute
mav be
a numericaf.
An attribute
value
nay
and the
attribute
be
this
context
I will
also consider
physical elements of the object and relationships between such elenenls as attributes.

define

rharc

definilions
as
authols.
Nevertheless,
the
design process seens to be characterized
by
'palurps.
js
four
disLinct
It
objectivp,
creative,
bounded and iterative.
Rawson /l/
is
uho
arnong those
have
discussed
lhese

There also exists

different
l'ays to describe
lhe design process. Many sLudenEs of design
are familiar
\rith the socalled design spiral.
design process approaches a balanced
through j terations.

process

The deslgn

solution

problen
,rpproach to
the
of
A
different
one
describing
design
is
the
utilizing
traditional
logical
symbols and venn diagrans.
l'hp rrin.inr'
.r.h:rp.r
.'
this
nethod is
Yoshlkawa /2/ , /3/,
an1 /5/.
Despite the
/4/
elaboration
this
need
for
refinenent
and
nethod paves the way for
a mole systematic
description
of the design process, which ln
turn promises a better
understanding
of how
can be applied
the computer more efficiently
by
the
designei.
These aspecls
are
also
_rnescr
covpred in the extensive works ^f fl
ard Raggerud, lt /.
/6/

The function
of an object n'111 vary
to environEent and situatlon.

according

There is
a distinct
difference
bet\reen an
function and a concrete function.
An
abstract
abstract
functlon
is not tied
conceptually
In facl it serves as a
lo any single objecl.
class label for a nunber of concrete functlons
and, in turn, objects that may be used in lhe
same way. A concrete
functlon
is
contained
within
the set of abstract
functlons.
It
is
ri.?
rn 2 qnecrfied ^hiF, t /thus the label
"concrete").
In this tbeory we say that lhere
is always a one-to-one correspondence between
a concrete
functlon
and an oblect
when the
environnent
1s fixed
and the
is
situatlon
given. I will
choose to call
this
the correc n ^n,l

on.

hvn^rhoci

general
The space concept fron
topology
ls
in
order
Lo
classity
design
imporldnt
objects,
The definition
of
a
topological
space is a set M of elenents,
s, where each
elenenc,
s, in M has an ordered system of
subsets
in M tha!
are calted
neighbourihoods
to s. These neighbourhoods !o s saclsfy
some
precise
single,
conditions.
These are
the
axioBs of neighbourhoods,

By applying this defini!ion

and the corespondence hypothesis
rl'e nay create
two dlfferent
t o p o l o g i c a l s p a c e s , t h e f u n c i i o n a l s p a c e ( M r)
/Mr\,
'"rhl"h both
rnd
the attribute
spa.e
elenents
of
of
include
the
universal
set
objects.

l l t -

M z= [ s : s e s i

t s : s . s )

topological

structure

is

establlshed
'

I r,,p

in
cnp.

the
i f i-

.ation h.,s h.'en fornulrted,

th{- rippi'rg F.dn
be perforrned.
A true
napping
r^'111 give
che
design solution
at once. This is because a1I
objects in che universal
set of objects would
functional
and attributive
be knolrn. Their
. h a r r . t e r i s E i c s ! . , , oI ud b F . o n p l e t e L y d e f i n r d .

Since qcts of both typp" orgdni"e

ob.jects
according
lo their
attributes
or functional
potentlals
they act as tools of classification,

ln re-l llle design. finding a design so'ution

is complicated by the absence of this ultinate
knowl edge.

Conbining the correspondence hypothesis with

functions
the
fact
that
concre!e
are
within
the
set
of
abstract
contalned
(Tt) nay be
functlons,
an abstract
function
an 3ggreSate of
objeits.
T\is
corsidered
aggregate is exactly
a neighbourhood of the
eleinent s
in the space of functions:

Establishing
the topological
structure
in the
tur.l ional space is diffi.,rlc. 0ftpn rmbiguities
are
included
in
tlre
specification.

(v.),

(s 6 T,)

rs.

y.)

Thic

Let T be a synthesis of nelghbour:hoods in

funct ional space. Thus:
0 c T , S c T , 0 - " e r p t y s e t "
T, cT^T^
1\

U r.

cnP.i'i.at:nr

+T,

cT

A=1,2, 3, ....
11

is

T,n T^4
l

The designer
rn

enp.

ilw

l,

an

ideal

(5)

nT

2)

Space ol allnbules

of

= O

f',n.r

have the ability

i.nrl

ran,, i r pnani.

is suffering
of
obj ects

from
and

The specifi.aLion nay also be in,omplete in

(he spnbe that the 'jltering
ol objects in
process becomes insufficient
the intersecting
'Prvine
I-qp d-siener
wit\
of
solutions.
rhe functiondl
Spe.ifying
be considered an integral
n,ri

Design: Mapping between the

functional
space and the
a t t rlbutive
space, (Source:

!,/orld

c"nrorsed:

^f

rhc

Ao<ion

knowledge,

once

requirerFnLs must
and very imporcant

nr^...c

A designer
may also have
correct
mapping.
out
a
attributive
and functional
be wrong.

problems carrying
The
concept
of
relationships
may

.r
A test confirring
re iecting thp rapoing
The
nay be carried
out through an analysis.
c o n s e q L e n c e b e i r g r r . d l L e r n d Li n B p r o . e s s o f
procedure
design and analysis.
This iterative
is il lusrraled in fig. 2.
S p a c e o f a t t lrbbuulleess

/2/)

The inverse mapping nay be called an analysis.

practical
In
design
analysls
rnake up che
part of the process.
rational
In

findino

correct ly,

Space ol luntions

Fig.

does not

' hp

obj ect s precisely.

cnr.p

S p a c e o l l u n l r o ns

nf

reasons
for
these
shor!I imilal ions o' tl.e d' signer

( 1 )

(4)

iec

T , , ^ 1 . n . . . .n l

the

An ideal model of lhe design process may be

I. The modelling
illostrated
as shor.rn i fig.
process
part
as a
of
the
is
illustrated
mappirg, F. fron the funcl Ional spa.e to the
?rrrlh!!rit,p

i'

He and his environment

a
limited
knowledge
relat ionships,

(l)

/r T, cT

nnecihll

The fundanen!a1
.,,mings are tl,e
hinse 1f:
L)

in the functional
The topological
structure
spdce is of primary conrern since Lhe design
speclli.at ion includes the fun.tional reguirements of the design solutions.

rho

0)

of
neighbourhoods
to
s
in
the
A systen
a
rih',rP
hp Pqrablished in a
sinilar
fashion.
The neighbourhood concept is
charactericreated on the basls of attribute
stlcs.

r"inc

s o l u t i o n e v e n i f a c o r r e c t m d p D i n gi s c . r r i e d
llathematically
this
out,
can be illustrated
by an intersection
of abstract
functions:

the

Fig.

2.

Practical
design: T\ro iteratlve
cycl es, ( Source: /2/).

)Uaritk Detign T h c o r l

The model describcd

is simple and exctudes,
for
instance,
consideratlons
nade
ith
resepct to the design of complex objects such
as ships.
In such work rhe design process
wilI
consist
of an ovra11 system design and
phases of sub-system design.
The nodel will
suffice
at each of these systen 1eve1s, but
ought to be extended to include rhe l'hol of
such processes.
one way to
conpensate for
this
insufficincy
is to treat sub-systens as
aggregate attributes
(system).
of the object
This w111 be done here.
3.

C O M P T I T 1 J RI N
S DESTCN

1.1.

n ! - ff " . " n t

.ppruu.h

Up to date conputer: aided

design has
restricted
to
relatively
jobs
sinple
producing drawings of different
klnds,

been
like

Toniyama and Yoshikawa /5/ see the possibilities

of creating
a conputer svsten that nay
also
take
part
in
the
creatlve
part
of
design.
In this
artempr
rhey have extended
the logic
fonialisa!ion
of the design theory
pr:esented here, even introducing
higher order
logic.
Independently
of
this
a slightl]'
different
approach to the problen have been studied in
connection with
the developnent of a pioto_
type expert system, STABRIG/17l.
3 .2.

Loglc

for

computers

The motives behind the use of nathernatical

logic
is
caused by rhe exlsrence
of
htgh
level
progranining
languages that incor:perates
the
expressive
form
of
the
mathenatical
I ogic.
The philosophy
is sinple,
If
ir
is possible
to describe
the design process in terms of
logic
and
a
Iogic
oriented
language
is
understood
by a computer,
then steps have
been taken
towards
a siruation
where the
conputer
nore
actively
part
take
in
the
deslgn proces s /8/.
In
the present
outline
many of
the
terns
otginate
fr:om conmon predicate
1ogic. This is
not coincidential.
The classification
aspects
are well
taken care of in predicate
logic.
Properties
of objecrs
and various
relationships
are quite
readily
expressed
in
this
logic.
There exists
also a close connectron
between predicat
logic
and the progranning
languaSe, Prolog, Profog stands for "programning
in
logic"
and is
coumonly used for
solving
problens
thar
invotve
objecrs
and
relationships
bet\reen objects
A brief
/9/.
introdu.tion L'i.ll tl lustrate rhis.
Consider
the
sers
in
rhe tno
spaces once
more. A set,
finite
or
infinite,
can be
descrlbed by a characteristic
property.
That
is, a proper!y
possessed by every elenent of
the set, but not b). an element not nerlber of
the set. We dcnote rhe set characterized
by
the proprty T by, A =
: Tl
, meaning
lx
the set of all
x possessing the proper:ty T.
]n the functional
space T becones a functional

229

property.
A one-place predi.ate is a loglcal funcLion,
T (x). Transferred
to set theory a one-p1ace
predicate
expresses a property
of the arbi_
lrary
objec!,
x. The predicate becornes a true
or false proposirior
depending on rhe v.rlue
subst itrt ed for x.
A predicate
may contain
both variables
and
constanCs.
Unknor"'n design
objects
and
attributes
nay
be
considered
variables.
Concrete
functions,
knoL'n
objects
and
rttribure
v a . L u e sa r e c o n s t a n t s
Ihe domaln.r
(the logical
the elements
The ra.nge 9!
set
TL
" f a 1 s e ") F ,
and T
That

definirio.1 or rhe predl,are, T,

function)
is rhe ser, A, r^'here
do not need to be numericals.
vafr.res of the functjon
is
rhe
or
0, I
lrhere F and O are
and I nean "truei'.

is:
p

r -_-+

.-

-\

lr, F.l

From this
re
see that
the predicate
T(x)
partitions
the donain of definition
lnto two
subsets
oo
one
of
which
predlcate
this
bcones a Lruc propos ion and on the or her,
a false
proposition.
The truth
set of that
predicate
is
the
set
that
converts
the
predicate, Tfx). irr^ ,1 true proposiLion, A =
is the notatlon
for the lrurh
set
I x : T I
of the predica te T(x).
One-pla.e predi, ates expre.s
properries
of
objects,
while many-p1ace predlcates
express
relat ionships between obj ects.
The predicate
Q (x, y) is deflned on the set
of all
posslble
values (not only numericals)
belonging Lo an drbitrary
ser. Jts range is

the ser tr, FJ.

A n-place predicate R (x|
x,,
,..,.,
x_) is
generall"v a logical
frnction'of
n individuat
variables
defined
on
the
set
Kn of
all
possible n-tuples
of elements of a set K.
lf
P rxt
..
x^)
is ronsidered a
predi.dte whel-eP is a pr?dicarr. constani and
xt' xrt ..
vdrlahles and erch of
lIe vSriables x. are repla.ed by one of iLs
values a,, we ha've a true or false proposition
P (a,, a; ....., a ). Beinaless fornal
rrxt, x) .....,
x-) can cxpress a tvpe o[
pattern._
As
witti
one-place
predicates,
many-pface predicates
partitions
the donaln
of definltion
into two subsets, of which one
is the truth set.
Predicares
nav
be
e
her
prenises
c o n c l u s i o n s i n r u 1 es :
prenise l, prenise 2
conclu s ion
meaning
that
the
conclusion
is
lrue
premlse I and prenise 2 are both true.
Sone operations
in che design process
expressed
in
terms
predicate
of
C o n si d e r t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n :
' f ,
T ^ ^ T . ^ . . . . .
^ T

if

may be
1ogic.

r--230

8..1. Br,nnlal

(vs)

lT

\s)

(s),

T,

(s)

T^ (s),,..

(s)
= < .|
,',1
r<)
...., 1
r'rar an
s "rembFis of the sFr T-,
d compound. functional trnpertt
sinae
subset of a11 the other sets.

..
l.Jp ce.
possesr
T is a

(vr), ( Jy),

P(r, v) = pattern(x,, x,

fvs)fT (s)+r

(s),

.....,
s
r
.

, y)

.....,

p r n fx l r x _ . . . . , x n , v ) : " r x r ' d l \ 1 o . . , . o - n x n _ b v
fJl t
o synbolizes

A rul" mdy be establicqcd lq"t

the previous: (6)

(9)

R(y,c) -rl(s).1

y),

tp(r,

a nathenatical

sign.

operative

i n c o r p o rr t e .
( " . e . * , - ,
(s)l ,

T \s)+l
n
. f tar

(r)
c

'1
.(s):"q
t

a n d : )
'1."
t

o o s s e s s e st h e r u r c t i o r . r l p r o p e r r r

R ( y , c ) : b y > c
This may aid in uncovering
features of obj ect s.

functional

djfferent

The

asl

predi(ate
"__

lr
r l , p ' r tt r i b u t i \ e
space lhe rulLi-pla.(
^rpl,:"arp is nl \n..i"l
inr.resti Atrributes
each other in sone sp..ial
mdy bp I ipd l.
cert;ir
relaLionship or
c r e , l ti n g a
order
,lho

-.rf.rn

,atrr

inncfin

^F

-ii-rr

p d t c e r n( x ,

= P(r)

....)

"Pa!tern"

(P)
an
may be
abbrevated
and
for
r: can be introduced
aggregate variable
x.. when each varlable
is replaced b]_ a value
pattern
or
describes
an
tfia!
relationship
property
objecl with the attributive
arbitrary
A(s.).
.

rhroe-^lr^a

^roAi..t

a paEtern Eurned inl.

ill"ct,,rino

is

'l

included

here.

lhe design work vil- be iniLidl.d bv forulali.1g ,r "l e.ificat lo|. rnd al t e$pt ing to conscrucl
a r^nn'nei.a'
sr ru.t,rre in the functional
-n-.p

be expressed:

a^neiAot

p r o p cr t y

the boundary nf
t_ i m c a n d p l z ' e

dclinp1_ r --

'_

Hon.o

,n

^nn^-ir-

.lir..r

a;

innli,ir-

. l " o v r d h .v r , " o u l d b e p r e f e r a b l e .
i.n to the,n(
Tn sonF cases ar exper ienced d, signer woul(l
pattern nhen conslderrecognize an attr.ibutive
requirenent:
ing a given functional
(vz),(vs),l tr)
r

is

lc(z)r, (s) +

here an aggregate

of

rI0'

P(r)l

variabLes.

j..r inn .. fh,. l,ind

is n..t often
.hvious. Al least not in pt'lotvpe dpsign.

'rue propo"iri.n:

3 .3 . Prolog
Pl(r,,.)-p,ftern (x,,x,x

('.)

Then this

is

):paLLernll",,a.,a")

description

a trua

of

an object.

Prolog
di'fcts
ProgrJnming la.lgurges I iLL
language: - rcl-a"
fro. t rdditional high-le\.
F^rr

PartFrnl(a,,., , .r.) a+
rp'

-'a,r'.,tp

rro

A rb)

aI?\

/D'n'e

.hdracler__

stic
sltlration
and environment,
that
is,
a
property.
tine
and place
Then ue have th
follnL'ire
svlloei .n.s
Lhe -rbitrar!
objects s;

tP(r) =+A(s)l

c(z),

IA(s)+Ts(s)]

T"(s)

P(r) +

(7)

The inverse:

[rs.-

c(z),

A(s)]

Tsrq) +
thFce

r"l.\

pvnrp<L

[ a ( s ) * P1 ' 1 ;

P(r)
ih-

diffprpnr

(8)

minninoc

l'}en
rhe
varidb , "
prenises
in
the
are
exchanged with values so that each become a
lrue proposition,
then the conclusion is also

The connon uay of analysing

the functional
perfornance of an object lhat is considered a
design solut i.n candidat{. is by applving r
rrl\emat icr' formul. b-spd on r rrue rndlvEic
interpretat
ion or on enpiricisn.
If

lhe

1s less lhan or
Ehis indlc-tes
a cert,ril fun.tional qualjr].
The lirii
sel
depends on the functional
requirenents
1n the
gjver de"ign \ituation. A Iinearised, analytjc
^npru

resultant

r i.n

hrw

hc

conputation

s,irran.

r-n

hw

i ha

l..l

fh,r

rhp

than to
descrlbes $hat is be conpuced rather
precisely
result
nust
be
describe
a
!9!
conputed, Koualskl /9/ has given an excellent
betlreen traditional
description
of the link
.onputers.
for
rnd
logiL
su itablp
logic
described
in / L0/ and
ProIog is extensively

/ r 1 /.
As pointcd out in the earl iFr paragrdph\ we
a tool
that can be used in
need in design,
ind
prob'"'rs
thaL involve obje ts
solvirg
Prolog
is a
between objects.
relationships
for just that.
In practical
Ianguage suitable
us in
t'e need a tool
that
nay aid
deslgn
consequences frorn our
der:iving
interesting
given propositions.
This activi!y
of theoren
. r - _ : . j . a r t f e a t , r ,F o f
Prol-og.
Prolog is ba"ed on Lhe resolution pr irciple.
It
tells
is a rule of inference.
Resolution
proposition
from
can
fo11ow
us
hou
one
Resolution
is designed to work with
others.
in
clausal
form,
A
the
logical
formulas
clause is an expression of the forn:
A , , A . , . . . . . , A e
This

is

( 8 ,
l

B ^ . . .
l

A , .

called

. . . . . ,

8 . , 8 . ,

the

B ) r
n
A ,

B ,

. . . . . , B

sequent

A , ,

fotnl

and

A . , . , . . , ,
l

. . . . . ,

a r e

the

A
n
a l o n i .

,llutlur D. siEn Tlte,)t I

formuras (n > O and n

wherePisapredicate.

O) on rhe

p(x)

forn

We
p_ are I hF joint
that
B, ,
. , .. . ,
.see
c o n d i r i o n s o f C t r { ., 1 a u s e . ' , 4 , . . . . .
o
are
;l Lernative con.l us ions.

The basic idea of resotution

is that, if
rhe
same atomic fonru1a appears both on the lefr
h:ld sid_e of firsr
sequenr and rh right hand
side oftheorher,
then a ctause is obr;ined by
fltting
together
the two ctauses leaving oui
the
duplicared
formuta.
The
neu
sequenr
obtalned
is calted
rhe resolvenr
ot rhe rwo
sequents, Qulnlan /12l has iltustrated
rhis:

a(r(y)) -

P(s(y),t), s (t)

P ( w ,r ( z ) ) , s ( x )

R(f(w))

(tl)

(r2)

The predicate
indication
on rhe right
hand
side of the first
sequent is identical
to the
one on the
lefC
hand side
of
the
second
sequent.
The
variables,
however,
are
dlfferent.
If
!.'e subs t itute
f(z)
for: t in
the first
sequent and C(y) for w in the second sequent
se get:
p(e(y),
Q(f(y) ) e
f l z ) ) , s ( f ( z ))
(1 3 )

P ( c ( y ) , r ( z )) , s ( x ) F
The re solvenr
Q(f(y)),

n(f(e(y)))

(14)

isi

511; c

Instantia!ed,
that is,
by a value
(constant),
look like rhis i

T (ship), A (reefer)
(ship I )
float
f loat-1inir
(5000, 20000, l5OO0)
pattern I (v1, boxshape, snall_box_on
big-box, stee1, .,..,
self_propelted)
Prolog includes a very effecien!
Iist
proces_
slng feature
tha! offers
the sanne functions
as in_traditional
theory of sets. A non_empry
list
has a structure
of two components, the
head
and
the
tail.
Exanpls
of
Iists
are:
[a,b,c,d]
and
[tset, a]
,r,p,ql
In these a and
and
[b,c,d]

oenber(x,

The important
formal property
of resolution
is
that
of being refuration
complere.
This
neans that the resolution
will
finally
derive
at the empr]' clause provided that the set of
clauses available
is inconsjstent.
A seC (S)
of clauses is inconsistent
if only one of the
clauses are fafse
in some interpretation
of
S, Thus deriving
at the empty clause rneans
r
o
g
i
c
"
l
falsiav in the
exprpsslons.
The comDletener, of resolur i.I
is quite
an
elegant
property.
If
sone facr
fo11ow fron
a n v o f c h e h v p o r h e s r . s t t s t r u r h rs proved by
using
resolut ions
merely
by
showing
the
rnconsi s t encv of its negation.
A Prolog
systen
is
based on a resolution
ttreoren prover
for
socalled
Horn clauses.
These
cleuses
can
contain
aE
oos!
one
concluslon,
Kowalskl
shows
/12/
that
any
problen \.,htch can be expressed in togic
can
be reexpressed by rneans of Horn clauses.
In order
to build
up clauses one-pIace anal
nulti-place
predicates
are written
in prolog
analogously to the ones expressed in loglc:

r (s), A (s)
(s)
float
float-lini
t (r, vgg, mg)
pattern (vesseI, attribute
.,.. at t ribut e n)

I,

attribute

[v)

f _):_x=y

"x

is a mernber of the list

(ser)
sane as Lhe h^ad of tl^e I ist".

s(f(z))

The predicates
and S (x) are alterna_
Q (f(V))
tive conclusions to the joint
conditions.

[set, AJ are heaals anal

are raiIs.
fr,p,ql

By using llsts
one may organise
information
in r0uch the same way as with sets. Naturajly,
this
is very
useful
since
the
topological
aspects shosn previously
is taken care of by
the progran ing language. Menbership
of a set
may be investigated
by searching
bo!h
the
head and the tail
of rhe list
that symbolizes
the set, Here is an example fron
/10/ indi_
cating saarch at lhe head and rail
of a list:

menber (x,
R(f(c(y))),

each variable
replaceal
rhese predicares
nay

meaning "x ls
menber of the

[ -lv

):_

if

nember (x,

a nember of the list

tail
of the listrr.

if

is

the

y)
x is

An inter:esting
thing about the I ist
proces_
sing
feature
is
the
method
of
buildlng
asseDblies and keeping control of the member_
ship of basic parts.
Consider rhe following
t iue p.opositions
or facts:
basicparr
basicparr
basicpart
basicpart
ba sicpart
basicparr
basicpart

(p late l)
(pIate 2)
(girder
I)
(girder 2)
(kneeplate)
(we1d t)
(!retd 2)

The follol,lng fact may rhen represenr thnr a

"qection
l"
is dn assemblv made up of
5
"girder
"ptate
1", 8 "ptate
t",
+
i",
tOO
"kneep1ates",
r
r
w
e
l
d
,
'
w
e
1
d
200
l" and t80
2rr,
It becomes a klnd of inventory
control,
Assembly (section I,
quant (girder
1,5),
quant (p1ate I , 8) quant (p1ate 2, 4)
, quanr
(kneeplate,
I 0 0 ) q u a n r ( l ' e 1 d I , 2 O O ), q u a n t
(we1d 2, 180).
The quant structure
is used ro assoclate
a
part with how nany of the parts re requireal.
By use of different
standard predicates
lists
nay
be
oerged
to
form
another.
The
lntersec!ion
feature is also includeal so that
conj0on elements of different
lists
nav be
found,

B A Brentdal

232

rnodel one may

a relational
By intioducing
llst
lhat
are
in
a
point
variables
out
instance,
For
slgnificant.
exceptionally
and
of
this
examPle
consider
Patterns
sets
T, = [ s :
The different
functions.
interincludes
lh6ir
also
T. (s)1, which
are
kno\"'n. For each knoFn object
sdcEion,
there is a patterr P,, vhere Pr - Pr ^ P? ^
We h.rvetic Prolog AtFrFFent:PJA....
Key (T, v):

= pattern

Pr(r)

pattern

(v, s) , C fz).

1
I

(y,

x,

(xIr_O+t ,....

'....

x r l - q , x r . r )=
*rr_q, *n)

xn_l,X.....

z'
ln the glven siluation'
This means lhat
s that ar elenen!s of the set T
the objec!s
y that are essential
have the key attributes
for s belng member of T. y 1s here considered
a li si of variables,
where one lrishes to find
Consider a situation
that
satisfies
recorded object
a prevlously
riequirernent s.
some funct ional
Fig.
one wlshes to know the attributes
Naturally,
the Problen ue
To illus!ra!e
of that object.
forrnulas (5) and (10):
r.'itl rewrite
(s)-r,(s)l-R
v f T ( s ) + 1 . ( s ) . '1 s ( s ) - r ^ ( s ) , T
I
s
I
I

( Y z ) . ( v s ) . r( r ) , I c ( z ) , 1 , ( s ) ' . P ( r ) ] =Q
Sonc insLantiated predi.ates
p r i o p o si t i o n s ) a r e f o u n d .
Having
have:

the

lrith

se!s

predicate

the

12 = [b]

Tl = {a,b,c}
A predica!e
inslanti ated

(frcts

crue

letter

we

13 = Ib,c]

the form P' (s,

on

or

z,

xl,

x2),

P'(a,D,1,2), P' (b,D,3,4),P'(c,D,5,6)

known
relatlonship
belween
indica!es
the
The D is an
and their
attributes.
objects
and environlndex showing that lhe situation
nent is fixed.
rules
loglc the following
In mathenatical
drawn:
be set up and some conclusions
Rule no.

(15):

R. T.(a). 1,(b). T.(c), r-(b),

t

can

l.

D. object

Prolog
b js

identified

by 3 and 4.

programme is an example of rhat

snall
Thls
knowing
Bv
iras
idealised
design.
ca1led
process
a
Foltran
about
the
everything
would have been adequate. However,
algorithn
b y c o m p u ti n g n e r e l v b y t l - e o r e m P r . v i n B , o n e
lhe true
does noc need to worry about findlng
"alonric"
of
An
itnplenenta!lon
algorithn.
is a1l that is needed. The computer
knorledge
atons
!o
these
knolrledge
may then
combine
the
relevant
to
algoritms
the
fornulate
prob 1em.
of the work in practical
An intportant part
and
design is to generate nore informatlon
knowledge aboui the probl.en through a repeated
process.
experc
The
nodel I lng-analvcis
l'ith
new informatlon
designer
cornbines this
to discovcr various nelt
an exer.ised dbiljly
and non_formal
fortnal
A number of
things.
rules are assigned rnd evenEuall\ he finds
solution.
a sat i sfactory
of
lray be a product
rrles
The non-fortnal
pure
.rpat ivety
aralyLic
experience,
ofter. he may be nonconsious
abilities
/17/.
all
Lhese exPerL
then. Still,
ol many of
rules guides him lhrough the process of

T.(b), r"r.)
)

tD ,,

Rule no. 2 (16) |

, , I , r ') , P r c , D , 5 . 6 )
, , I , 2 ) , P ' ( bD
o , c ( D) . T ( b ) , P ' ( a D

objects

in

the

Recognising
funct ional

ii)

R e c o g n i s i n g u n k n o L ' nr e l a t i o r s h i p s
and some
between knor.rn objects
speci fied funrions.

ili)

Recognislng new patterns

essential
for idenLifying
objects.

P(b,D,3,4)
version
ol
Prolog
In NTH-Prolog (a local
developed at RUNtT, Noruay /16/) this jnfelike
the one shol^rn in
rence would be looking
'1.
t ig.
The phi-predicate is analoglcal to P
is the same as P''
and the new-phi predicate
"How is
the object
So by asklng the questlon:
the
the
speclflcatton?",
satisfies
tha!
be obtained indicating
answer (b D 3 4) \till
that the answer 1s object b for the situation

unkno!'n
space.

i)

of altributes
not knom

o'
lhe desiSn
By corblning the nrin.iples
the
Prolog
with
logic
and
in
language
syslerns building
of
exPert
characteristics
system
for
a conputel
the foundalion
/15/
design
in Practical
lhat
aids intelligently
has been laid.

llrrluL DL\iRn Tlrc,,rl

4.

E X P E R TS Y S T E M S

4.1. The chnr.crerisLi.s

ol

expert syst,Ts

An expert systen is an artifical

inrel ligence
svstem whi.h models ar..pecr
of inrplligenr
behaviour.
Artifical
intelligence
is beconring
applicable,
according
ro
Latonbe
/16/,
because
computers
are
grolring
ponerful
enough. The concepr of artificiai
intelligence (AI)
nay be obrained
by his
analogy
sho'^'n in fig.
4. There is a general consnsus
that AI nakes nan-nachine interactions
easier
by pernitting
both partners
to reason ar che
sana conceptual leve1.

systens. The nost imporrant thing about these

is the fact that the goal nust be predefined.
Popularly,
one can sav rhat rhe problem is ro
piove or negate this goal.
In the forward chaining systen the infetence
is
fact
driven.
The goal
is
derived
at
through a manipulation
of relevant
facts
in
the database, The relevant
fac!s are selected
through
analysis.
These systens
are
also
refered
to as analytical
planning
systens,
syslems make use of this type of structure.
4,2.

Expert systens for

design

Kristiansen
/20/ he,s looked lnro rhe poren_
tials
of expert syslens and advocates these
techniques to be introduced in narine design.
T ISP
ic
,
programrning tanguage
thar
connonly
used for
expert
sysrems /21/
night be applicable
in a deslgn context.

Fig.

4.

The AI/physics

anatogy

Like design there exists no comnonly accepted

definition
of experr systens.
Despite
this,
there is no doubt that the compurer progranne
perforns
in an intel ligent
rnannet. It
uses
knowledge and infer.ence procedures in order
Lo find solut ion\ co proLlpns rh,lr gererr
v
reluire
signir icanr
hum.r' experrise.
The
progranning
work
is
based on an expl icit
representation
of enpirical
hurnan knowledge,
he trjstj.s or incelligpnr guessing.
The nain
i)
li)
iii )
iv)

The
The
The
The

elernenls of

expert

svstens

are:

knowledge base coniaining

ru1es.
fact base.
inference nechanism.
exrensive user/machine interactions.

The rules
and facts
nay be wrirren
like
in
!he way outlined
before,
wirhin
the conventcone ,.1, ulus
ions
of
ol
f^rnal
logi(.
Typicall)',
the execution of such a prograrme
is of the kind:
IF the conditions
are true
"ac!ionrr,
THEN
activate
next step according
to lhe conc 1usion derived.

Nevertheless,
Prolog is an excellent
nedium
for writing
expert rules and facts
ar.d
/lt/,
var:ious
systems have been implemented
in
Prolog.
Like
nalhema!ica1
10g1c, it
rreats
equations and loose assumptions on an equal
basis,
Rules-of-the-thumb
as well
as major
analytic
relationships
may be included.
By
extracting
and
structuring
the
atons
of
for:na1 and non-forr0al
knowledge from one or a
fee experts in a field
of design and 1et the
theoren proving
mechanisns of prolog
!reat
!hese in the usual ray a solution
will
be
found. The system rnav functlon,
in prlnciple,
just as effectively
as any human designer. It
all
depends on
the
knowledge acquisition
L'hich is a painsrakingly
process.
When it
cones to the inference
st ructure,
a
design nodel can not nerely be of the backward chaining
type.
In such a case design
would be reduced to a "catalogue
search,,.
That i\,
all
alrcrnative goals are prprecorded like
itams in an inventory
directory.
The problen
is ro specify
what ls wanted anal
search for
it.
It
is another nodel of the
type idealised design (see fig, I and fig. 3).
one may apply a backward chainlng
system ar
internediate
stages of the design process.
For instance,
in the selection
of analysis
merhods a
.urh
systcF
ls
appropriare.
H o \ " 'v, e t , a n o d e l o f t h e d p . i g n p r o c c s s i t s e l f
need to have an inference
structure
of the
forward
chaining
type
due
ro
both
the
iterative
and creatlve natuie of design.
4.4.

The infer:ence mechanisn in an expert

sysCenr
may basically
\ . r o r : ki n t w o d i f f e r e n c
\rays:
i)
ii)

backirard chaining
fonrard chaining

In sone existing,
advanced svstems a conbination
of
boch
is
utilized.
Tn a baekl,ard
chai.ling svsLem Lhe inferen.e is goal driven.
By far,
nost
connrcla1
exper:t svstems of
todav are of this lype. It is of!en labe11ed
the diagnosis-rype
or "MYCIN'r-r],pe /I9/.
The
ltter
relpring co o.r. of rhe earl. Lxtert

and

The prototype

system,

STABRIq

joint
In
a
venrlrre
with
IIARINTEK
A/S
(Fornerly:
rhe Ship Research Insritute
of
Norvay) the Divlsion
of Mar:ine System Design
at
the
Nonreglan
Inst itute
of
Technology
undertook
project
a
eork
that
ained
to
lnvestigate
i"rhether exisring
AT/ES methods
could assist
in the design process.
A goal
was !o
select
the
appropriate
nethod
and
develop a protorvpe
system. This
piototype
was naned,
STABRIC /17l.
To restricr
the
domain and the case study, STABRIGlras to be
a design systeri that could offer
sone intelligent assistance
to designers of setni_submer_

234

B.A. Brendal

sible rigs that have to comply !,rith the very

qtri.E sr ,lb:l ity regulatio.1s of the Norvegian
Ila11t lne Directorate.
The

development

of

the
.
r

systen
-.,ri.
v u r r r

iii)

was initiated

rn/!nond4nr
r . i q ! / \

tr,

w h e r e

d y > . ,

and

a' i

The napping

iv)

in

Tr (b)

"scoring"
The
rules of both rnathemati,al and intLit ive (expert !,eighing)
character decides the relative
impor(influence
tance of at!ributes
on
performance) i

| \.,
)

\.,

' t

The prototype study had a sErictly

limited
scope. It was to be developed a prograrune for
pYnprlah.^

facts:

(al,a2,a3,a4,c)-A(b)

patternl

>

I )x.

no

= I , 2, 3, 4

< a., i

^f

any design
theory.
0ur primary
concern r^ras
to investigate
how to extract
the kno\rledge
of
the donr in expcrtise
and uhaL rype of
inference
structure
t h a t l J as n e e d e d , D u r i n g
our'l,Jork I"e lrere lor.pd to rhink of not only
what
the
expert
knows about
hjs
design
donain, but also hou he uorks to spply Lhis
knowledge. The en,l r."ulr
iras qu're sini.Lar
to the abstract nodel of fig.
/.

oenFr,ri

< x

1+L

pat tern

a l

)x.
I

.vnorr

building.
Low priority
on user I/O and heavy
restrictions
was put on the design donain,
Very
fen
considerations
were
nade
with
respect
!o hydrodynamics,
str:ength,
operations and economics. Deqign f^r srability
rhe
prinary
aim.

Work(Mr,Mh)

Ue ended up with a foftard

chainirg syster
inplenented
in
Prolog,
A minor
backward
chalning
appendix was included
to diagnose
"goodness"
che
of the de<ign con epl a.cording to the stability
regulations.
(10),
Rules of
the modellin! type,
foroula
uere scar.e. Considerable rorl, vas spent, as
preconsidered,
!o find
rules
that
asslsted
the
designer
in
spotting
new interactions
performance
between
improvernent
and
parameters. Besjde thls a significant
bookkeeping
nechanisn
was inplenented
to manipulate
all
tl-e variables.
The sLabiliry
donain
is blessed
rrith
a nufirbei of mathematica]
equations
that nade analytical
work
simple.
However, some rules
of
equat i.ns'
applicability
in a given context \,rere included.
In order to trace new connections between the
func!iona1
space and the attributive
space
the
expert
rules
were
direcled
towards
.li ffora-r

nr^hl

ohc

To !race
ner, patterns
on the basls
of knotm
par:adlgms, to declde the limit
for the values
of
different
attributes
and to decide
the
relative
importance
of
at!ributes
of
a
pattern
all
in
a
specified
functional

Added up,
STABRIG searches for
a solution
\rith the aid of different
types of rules and
fact s (see fig. 5).

1)

The design mapping or nodelling

rules
fsinilar to rornula I0l that produces
some ten lat ive solution.

1i)

The mathenatical
equations or the
expert analysis rules:
Test
tentat ive solutions
and establish
'-.

rp.nonit

i.n

mechanisn. Here is also included rules

that decide constraints
on attribure
values:
p
' a t t e r n l ( x |, , x t. r y , , x ., , y ) , R (' vt , c ) + T , ( s )
t
I

M i n : M i n i m i s a l i o nn o d e
M r ; R i g h t n i n gm o m e n t
M a x : M a x i m i s a t i o nn o d e
Mh: Heelingmoment
g 1 : l s t i n t e r s e c t i o n . I n i t i a ts t a b i t i t y
e 2 : 2 n d i n t e r s e c t i o n . V a n i s h i nsgt a b , t i t y

Fig, 5, ourline
0perating,

o f t h e S T A B R I Gp r o t o t y p e .

a tentative

patternfr,',

solution

is

d,, a , a,, a,',

t1
t

suigested:
a . c')
tr'

The set
of
rul es and facts
ii)
and iil)
identify
ar r,
a.'
and ci
as false
values
_the
which make
oaject unable to satisfv
the
requirements.
The rules
of
1v)
based
on
gradient like inequalities
assist
in adjusting
the values correctly
so that the true solutlon
nay be identified.
I r o u / e v e r .w h e n e x p e r i p n c i n g
a such falsity
the consequence w1ll
also be
that
the suggested object
is not an element
of the specification el
r^ (x)J
Jx:
'(e):
This lrdicates
something I lke: T,
True
T)(e): lrrp and 1, (e): False.
The renedial
neasures must be carried
out so
that the Tl - requlrement
is sarlsfied
stiIl
coping with Tr ard Tr. the lisr
pro.essing
feature
of Pr_olog tates
care
of
this,
In
principle
STABRIC keeps track
of the variables'
different
set nenberships and idenrifles
reredv (onbinal ions li!e Ehese:
i)

Identify
greatest

rhose variables
rhar have rhe
lnpact on T3, Cal] this set A.

ii)

Identify
greatest
set B.

those variables
that
inpact on T, and T?,

have the
Call this

iii)

Identify

those var.iables

have no

rhat

jllaritr Detign Theorr

or little
impact
this set C.

on Tr and Tr.

1v)

Find AnC:

v)

Adjust these values

exi st ing ru1es.

vi)

If A n C = 0 consider
to spec if i ed advice.

pattern(x|

x,,

according

Call

xr)
to

A ^ B according

STABRTG ls
a
typical
prototvpe
and postdevelopment
is
needed
in
order
for
the
programne to earn the status of a teal expert
systeD.
However, the prototype
works as an
early-design
phase tool,
It produces not one
solutlon,
but a nenu of solutions
since the
tunctional
topological
strucrure
is
not
complete
and because more tules
nust
be
fi 1]ed in.
The nost significant
aspecr of lhe prototype
is stil1
the size of the search tree.
It is
large.
It can certainfy
be made nore compact.
Hol'ever,
it
seems obvious
that narine
design
expert systems jn a traditionai
context
are
bound to have
huge search
!rees
with
nany
fact/ru1e
cotnbinations. Thls is partly
due to
the nature of design as well as rorking
on a
1ow attribute
(e.g. Iengrh, breath, t,/B
level
ralior
CE etc.).
The cornblnatorial
exploslon
"complete
that
a
floaring
oi1
rigg
design
would cause will
in rhe furure hardly be any
challenge to the cdp,r.iry of compurers. Ir
is,
however, a challenge
to the engineer of
the expert
systero. The control
aspects will
be very cornplex.
A reoedy to the above problen
and a prepara_
tlon
to nhat is coning might be to adap! lhe
design to the conputers of the fif!h
generallon
rather
/18/
than !o suit
the conputer
according to designproblens
on a traditional
basis.
The conputer will
in 5 to l0 years
have -n oven helning darr hdndling capacity.
Tnstead of working
a! a traditional
human,
intellectual
leve1
whereby
one nanipulare
atomlc attrlbutes,
the conputer
could l'ork
with
attributes
pre-printed
like
circuit
cards in electronics.
In narine
design this
would nean, like
pointed
our in the dlscussion of design theory,
aggregate attributes
that today are refered to as sub-sysreos. The
lot of docunentation piled up could be feeded
to the computers in
such a way that
they
could identify
the aggr:gates and use them.
The specification
of each aggregate would be
complex,
but of no fundanental
challenge
for
the databases
of tomotrow.
The inventory
and
structure
of each aggregate would be kno$n to
the computer: but should be of 1itt1e
concern
to
the
user
as
long
as
perfornance
the
poten!iaf
is recognlsed.
The aggregate would
be treated
as a black
box that
could be
conbined with oth.ts
ot tt,is typ".
5.

CONCLUS]ONS

Mathematical
logic
can be used to express
knowledge
princlptes
and
of
design.
The
nethod of describlng
the design process by
neans of mathenatical
logic
nay pave the !,/ay
for intelligent
compucer aided design, There

2J5

1s a close
link
between mathematical
logic
and the programlng
language Prolog,
so that
the interpretatlon
of
the process
is made
avallable
to the conputer. The design process
generates
itself
and provides
the designer
vith
inforination
that
he
does
not
know
initially.
The designer
assiElns, conciously
or nonconciorsly,
dlfferent
expert
rules
to
utilize
this
lnformatlon.
Realising
rhis,
principles
fron expert systern building
oay be
applied
within
rhe franework
of prolog
and
design. Such an exper! systen is possible
to
construct,
however facing a great development
in hardware a basic refinement
of the inforna_
tion
handling
in
narine
design
would
be
appropriate.
ACKNOI,EDGEMENTS
I am grateful
ro Steffen Zeuthen of MAR1NTEK
A/S who was the principal
individual
behind
STABRIG. He has been a source of encouragenent and kno!,/ledge both in the STABRIG ,rork
as well as in writing
this paper.
REFERENCES

/l/

/2/

/3/

/4/

/5/

K.J.

Rawson: Maritine
Svstern Desisn
s ! m p o s i u D ro r I n L p r n a t i o n a l
lSg99!!99y.
Advdn.es
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Computer Applicationsin ihe Automation of

Shipyed Operation and Ship DesienV
P . B a n d aa n dC . K u o ( E d s . )
Elevier SciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

239

A N E N G I N E E R I N G / M A N U F A C T UERNI N
TG
ERPRISE
INTEGRATED
INFORMATION
CONTROLSYSTEM
JosephS. Malloni
S a m ( E . 1 . )N u s i n o w
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS RESEARCH CORPORATION
2OOO
EASTMAN DRIVE
M i l f o r d , O h i o 4 5 1 5 0U . S . A .
This paperdescribesintegrationcontrol problemsassociated
with the evolutionof engineeringand manufac,
turing product data. It presentsa melhodologyfor identilyingthe requirementsand specifications
neededto
implementthe IntegratedInformation Control System.The systemarchitectureand a descriptionof the funct i o n a lc a p a b i l i t i eis\ a l s od i s c u s s e d .
I. INTRODUCTION
Engineeringand manufacturingoperationsmanagea
wide variety of product data including drawings,
engineeringchangepoposals,problem reports, specifications, etc. This data resideson suchmediaas magnetic
disk files,microfilm and paper.Industryhasstartedto
maintain this data by utilizing computer-aidedengineering, design,and manufacturing (CAE/CAD/CAM) applications. Current manual systemsusedfor storageand
control of "official" multi-organizationproduct data
sevrlyrestrict developmentcycle times. Significant
reductionsin manpower,operatingcostsand cycletimes
can be achievedthrough computer basedcontrol of product data. This paper describesan integrateddata driven
information control systemthat easilyadaptsto management and operationalengineeringand manufacturing
envlronments.
l.l IntegrationProblems
Many organizationsutiliz independentlydevloped
computeraided applicationsthat operaa on a variety
. o r i n s t a n c eo. n e o r g a n i . / a t i o n
o f c o m p u t e r\ y 5 t e m s F
may usea word processing
systemfor the development
o f p r o d u c ls p e c i f i c a t i o nAr .n o t h e rm a y u s ea n i n c o m -

patiblemicroprocessor
to produceengineeringchange
ordersthat effectthe product specifications
and evolving designdata.
Another exampleis the proliferation of microcomputers
usedto createtwo-dimensionaldrawings.Thesedrawings are transferred to larger computer systemapplications before they are used to produce "official"
company drawings for releaseto manufacturing.As
designchangesoccur there are requirementsfor product
data control to ensureproper distributionbetweenthe
larger computer system and the micro workstation
(Figurel). Ultimately,the differentproducrdara types
(text and graphics)must be mergedto producetechnical
documentationin a controlledmarrncr.
Engineeringmaintains data basesthat are independent
of manufacturing.In many enterprises
little or no data
sharingexistsbetweenthe engineeringand manufacturing computer systems.
Configurationcontrol of product data is difficult ro
maintain in a non-integratedenvironment.Applications
lack integrationtoday becausethe data formats and data
semanticsare incompatible.A needexiststo standardize data definitions and data formats of the enterprise.

Fig. 1 DistribuledProductDala Control A.chileclu16

:40

J .- l . 1 1 . r 1 1 , - , r 5
r r1. f. rI l \ 1 , r r r ' , r i

This will facilitatedata sharingand help eliminatedata

d u p l i c a r i o no l n o n . i n t e g r a l eadp p l i c a t i o n . .

1.2qq4t'91_tl9!E-!
I n t o d a y ' :e n g i n e e r i na gn dm a n u f a , l u r i negn v i r o n m e n t \ .
it has becomeextremelydifficult to manageand control massiveamountsof product data in a stateof constantchange.It is virtuallyimpossibleto store,retrieve,
update and deleteusing current methods.The cost to
in termsof manpower
maintain a manual conlrol s-vstem
and storageiacilitiesis also extremelyhigh.
to control informaThe manualproceduresestablished
tion are effectiveonly for smallvolurnesand infrequent
and peopleinupdatecycles.They becomecumbersome
tensivefor complexproduct structures(e.g. composites),
and the high product viability that is typical of today's
p r o d u c td e \ e l o p m e nel n v i r o n m e n l \ .
Vendorsare suppliedwith manuallyproduceddrawings
that require severaliterationsof review and changeprior
to final approval.This processis time consumingand
causesdelaysin the product devElopmentlife cycle.
Product data movesmanuallyvia log books and mailing lists and is releasedin packagesat control pointsin
the design,engineeringand manufacturingcycle.Change
control is basedon manual systemsconsistingof change
requestforms, multi-functionalreviewboards,change
notifications and changehistory logs. This process,when
managedat a singlecontrol poinl slowsdown the overall
n o t i l i c a t i o n ' a p p r o r arle J e a .cey c l e
With the notification/approval/release
cycleslow and
the configuration managementnot always effective,
tendsto bypassthe system.When problems
engineering
occur, time and material are wasted.

t.3 Qps4js_tr9!!r!
Few enterprises
clearlyunderstandtheir organizational\
functiorls. Some departmentsdevelopoperatingproceduresand data flow chartsthat becomeobsoleteover
time because
they are difficult to maintainand enforce.
Other departmentsmay not evenbotherto definesuch
This makesit difficult to manage
operatingprocedures.
manually producedproduct data and almost impossibleto control and managedigitizedproductdata.Many
departmentsdeveloptheir own software for controlling and tracking product dara. Thus, thereis no consistentway to control th evolutionof the productdata.
This createsmany costly problemssuch as:
! lost product data
! duplicateproduct data
! duplicationof effort
A generallack of understandingexists for the vast
numberof product data typesrequiredto evolvea product, In many largeorganizations,as many as 500different product data types may be associatedwith a
product. Most of them require some level of control
and/or statustracking.Little or no attemptis madeto
identify, define,standardize,relateand costjustify the
product data types, and their life cycles.
Controlling product data throughoutthe development
life cycle is a major effort that requiresa complete
understandingof the enterprise.

2. ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS
Understandingthe enterpriseis essentialbefore the
benefitsof implementingcomputer-aidedtechnologycan
be realized.Formalizedtechniquesare requiredto capture, analyze,refine, and model product data control
Management
and opera
functionswithin the enterprise.
tional userinvolvementis important to ensurethe ac
curacy of the "as is" operating environment.This
providesa baselinefrom which a "to be" integratedinformation control systemcanevolve.Cost benefitscan
be determinedby illustrating the differencesbetweenthc
"as is" and "to be" models.
optimization includeseliminatingredundantoperating
product data, and automating
funclions, unnecessary
productdata approval,notificationand releasecycles.
2.1 Top Down Analysis
EnterpriseAnalysistechniquescapturethe knowledge
requiredto understandhow the existingengineering
and
m a n u f a c r u r i negn v i r o n m e n lf\u n c l i o n .
The purposeof the enterpriseanalysisis to identify the
managementand operationalactivitiesand businessrules
associated
with the productdatalife cycle.A structured
methodology(Figure 2) is usedto conduct the enterprise
analysis.This techniqueprovidesa consistentinformation collectionand documentationcapabilitythat maps
directly into an enterpriseknowledgebase,thus providingtraceabilityto userspecifiedrequirements.
It also
supports the developmentof short and long range
strategicplansfor the evolutionof integratedinlormation control systemcapabilitiesbasedon cost/benefit
factors.
Structuredanalysisis based on the premisethat to
understand and identiiy the data and control req u i r e m e n l \r e l e ! a n l l o a n o r g a n i u a r i o n
r e q u i r e sa n
understandingof the organization itself. Detailed
understanding
comesfrom examinationof the product
data and systemservices.
Creatingthe foundationon which productdata control
should be built requiresrhree sragesof information
analysis:data discovery,analysis,and consolidation.
D a l a d i \ c o \ e r yd e l e r m i n ewr h a t i n f o r m a t i o nr e s o u r c e r
are neededto conductthe productdatacontrol process.
Data analysisidentifiesthe businessrulesassociatedwith
the product data. Data consolidationcombinesresults
from different functional areastd produce information
and processmodels.
Managementand operationallevelinrerriew. are conductedto identify product data, control activiries,approval groups, notification requirements,and access
authoritv rules.

. 1 ' , I ' t ! , s , r t J I ' t t u " u t i a ( o t t t . ' l S . t, t , t n

tt \( |lo\lL

T()PD{)n\
{\\r}\t\
Pr{\\t\(i
{(TIrlT|l.\

141

\ \ \ T r v s P l t (I r r ( { T | o \

Fig. 2 Shrictursd Methodotogy

2.2 Bottom Up AnalysisActivities

As part of the bottom-up analysisphase,specificproduct datatypesare selected
for closerexamination.This
providesa detailedview of the enterprise
(Figure3). The

analysisresults are then entered into the enterprise

knowledgebaseand various reports are generatedto
validatethe findings.

l r

r l

ri-

I
\-'.-_---

Fig.3 DlailedEnlsrprise
View

:------

r
J.S. Ilalb

142

i and S-L.1.litsitlo\r

The enterpriseknowledgebasereflectsproduct data type

l i f e c y c l ee v o l u t i o nw i t h i n t h e e n t e r p r i s ea.s s h o \ n i n
Figure 4. Different product data types may be in different states of their life cycle at the same time. This
is significantbecausedependencyrelationshipsexistbetweenproduct data types.For example,a drawingmay
eo into the "revise state" when a relatedsetoi NC tapes
ire in the "create state". Appropriate organizational
units should be notified of drawing statechangesas they
occur, so proper operatingdecisionscan be made.
2.3. ProcessModeling
Processmodels (Figure 5) show product data l'low
through organizatiolal units in the enterprise.These

modelsidentify which units createproduct data, which

personnelor groups are responsiblefor approving
changes,and who is to be notified when product data
is changedor is availablefor review' Processmodelsalso
specifywhich manual and/or automatedapplications
create,use, and update the product data.
The control activities are identified on the model
(triangle)becausethey requireproduct data entry and
retrieval functionality. Functional Specificationsreflect
conlrol aclivity input oulput user views. accesr
authorizations,and required menu actions. These
models are also used for cost analysisand process
simulation.

APPROVAI,
STAIE

slaTrl

Fig.4 Product Data Lile CYcles

T
.f,1
A

- roor recx
= colrRol Por\r

Fig. 5 EnlerpriseProcessModel

An Int!g41ted lnJbrDtdtbn

Cottttul S) stt:tn

243

2.4 Information Modeling

2.5 FunctionalSpecifications

Information models(Figure6) establishproduci data

requirements,
Theserequirements
includeproductdata
types,attributes,and their relationships.The information models validate the product data types and the
businessrules (relationshipconstraints)prior to enterprise knowledgebaseloading.
The information model providesa graphicand textual
representation
of the "as is" and "to be" environments.
It represents
a "User's" view of the productdata. The
modelsare usedas a foundation for data integration.

Functional specificationsare used to establishthe

CAE/CAD/CAM and userinterfacerequirements.Thev
identifysystem[unclions.inpurzoutputparameters,
product data states,accessauthorities,notilication requirements,error checks,etc.The functionalsDecificat i o n s \ a l i d a t e i n r e r f a c er e q u i r e m e n l rsh a r a ; e t o b e
enteredinto the enterpriseknowledgebase.They also
depict physicalcomputer-aidedapplication interface requlrements.

LljcD\D.

\,/

\.,,

MANY TO MAN!
REI,ATIONSHIPS

Fig- 6 High Level EnlerpriseInlormation Model

)14

J.S. '\lalk)niaitd S.L:.1.\ilrrrrrl

3.0 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The integratedinlormationcontrol systemarchitecture,
illustratedin Figure7, represents
both "as is" and "to
be" requirements.Thus, it becomesthe strategicplan
for future systemvolution. lt is continuingto evolve
as a modular architecture.It providesa high degreeof
independence
from the data communicationsystems,
operatingsystems,and data basemanagementsystems
that it interfaceswith. This approachallows an enterprise to take advantageof new technologyas it becomes
available,without havingto convcrtthe entiresystem.
lnterfacerequirements
must be well definedbeforerhe
systemis incorporatdinto an enterprise.At the top of
the node tree, requirementsare consistentlrom one
enterpriseto another.They tend to vary a greatdeal as
each node is decomposed.Proven "off-the-shelf"
technologies,
techniques,
and vendorcomputerproducts
must be appliedwhereverapplicableto producea reliable
systm.Softwarc interfacesmust be implementedto
allow for the evolvingsystemto meetfuture userneeds
and to lacilitate as yet unavailabletechnologies.
Data communicationrquirementsvary dependingon
the operatingenvironment.Some have networksthat
facilitate data transfers betweencomputer systems.
Others are just beginningto interconnectcomputer
systemsand workstationsover local area networks.
Data transferand transformationrequirements
must be
identified prior to implementationso the systemcan
evolve in a pre,plannedmanner. Standardinterfaces
must be developedto facilitatedata transfersbetween
applicationsoperatingon the sameor diffrent computer
systems.
Control modulesarc rhe heartof the system.They pro
vide functionality for usersto create,access,and update product data in a controlledfashion.They allow
authodzedusersto reviewand approveproduct data that
has been changedby other systemusers.
lnformation requirementsare derivedfrom the enterprise analysisactivity. They are translatedinto specifica
tions that populatethe enterpriseknowledgebase.The
specificationsbecomethe operationalbusinessrules thar
are used by the control functionsto managethe product data.

Fig.7 Integrated
Inlormation
ControtSystemArchilecture

3.1 SystemFunctionality
The overall systemstructure,as depictedin Figure 8,
showsthe major componentsof the integratedinformation control system.The systemstructureprovidesboth
applicationand useraccessto productdata in a consistent manner.The major componentsinteractwith the
data control mechanismto retrieveand/or uodateoro,
d u c t d a r a i n r h e k n o $ l e d g eb a s e .T h e d a r a - c o n r r o l l e r
usesrulesobtainedfrom the knowledgebaseto control
the evolution of the product data life cycle.
3.1.1 Application Interface
Computer-aidedapplicationsinteracrwith the erecutive
through the applicationinteriace.The applicationinterfaceputs data control requestsin a form that the executiveunderstands.
The applicationinterfaceoperates
on each node of the distributednetwork. Thus, when
a distributed application needsaccessto controlled Drod u c t d a t a .i t s e n d sa r e q u e sm
t e 5 s a gl eo t h e m a . t e i a p plicationinterface.The applicationinterfacepasses
the
messageto the executive.The executiveinteractswith
the data controllerwho performsthe desiredfunctions.

F i g . S l n t e g r a t e dI n l e r l a c e C o n t r o l S y s t 6 n

1li] httegtut(Ll Inti)r ntrrl

3.1.2 User Interface

The User lnterfaceprovidesa form capabilityfor the
integratedinformation control system.It performsthc
lollowing functions:
-- Form Generation
f User View Processing
tr Scrolling
! Menus
! Help Screens
! Editing
! I Data Validarion
3.1.3 Executive
The executiveprocesses
messages
to and lrom both the
application interface and user interface subsystems.
Thesemessages
are analyzedby the executlveto lnsure
their validity prior to beingprocessed
by the data controller.
.3,1.4Data Controller
The data controlleris a major subsystem
componentof
the integratedinformation control system.It defines,
controls,and executes
actionsaffectingproductdata of
variousi unctionallyindependenr
CAE/CAD/CAM applications.
It providesa coordinatedapproachthat supportsproduct data managementand control. It operatesasa trans a c t i o n o r i e n t e d s u b s y s t e mr e s p o n d i n g b o t h t o
applicationand userinterfaceservicerequests,in addition to triggering applicationtasks. It automatically
notifiesselecteduserswhen specificeventsoccur, such
as engineeringreleases.
The data controlleracceptsproduct data and controls
its subsequent
utilizationwith data fieldsof a tracking
record associatedwith eachproduct data type. Each product data type is managedasa block of dataand is controlled only at the product data name level. In this
manner, many typesof magneticand paperproduct data
types can be managed.
Product data trackingrecordsare jnstallation-defined.
Userscan "collec!" all or someof the trackingrecords
for a particularproject. Scanningthe trackingrecords
the authorizedusercan determinethe exactstatusof th
project(e.9.,all componentsare out of testingand t*,o
are in the detaileddrawing state).
Usingspecifiedrules,the data control subsystemlimits
accessto product data under its control. Rulescan be
simple or complex, but rhey typically mirror real Iife permissions,suchas "Design hasread,/write(copy)access
to th layout drawing as soon as it is approved,'.
Unauthorizedaccess
is preventedin severalways.Some
usersare simply givenlimited rnenupicks and othersa
restrictedview of the data.
Notification messages
are usedto aren userswnen ac_
tlon (e.g.,approval)is requiredor a situationhaschang_
ed (e.g., the layout is availablefor detailing, erc.).
Notifications are deiined basedon managementand
operationalcontrol rules. Text can be added to in_
dividualmessages
in real-timeto coverspecialsituations
(e.g., Pleasereviewby Friday). Notificarionsalso pro_
vide an opportunityto reducethe designand engineering product data life cycle times.

('o tr(l St st. t

245

Systemcontrol is basedon spccifiedmanagementand

operationalcontrol rules.This meansthat control Dro_
( e d u r e \c a n b e u p d a r e da l a n ) t i m c r o r e f l e c o
t rganizal i o n a l .p r o c e d u r aoi ,r [ u n r t i o n acl h a n g ea\ \ t h e yo c c u r
in the enterprise.New functionalitycaneasilybe added
through user-writtentasksthat are integratedinto the
system.Theseare datatransfertasksthat allow different
applicationsto accessand restorecontrolledproducl
data. This capabilityis alsousedfor data transfersbetween computer systems that are connected via
distributedcommunicationnetworks.The data control
subsystemprovides a standard set of functions to
facilitate the developmentand installation of such tasks.
The data control subsystemallowsthe userto interactively posead-hocquestionsabout product data usins
. i m p l e q u e r y - b y - e r a m p rl e c h n i q u i s1 i . e . ,f i l l i n r h i
blanks). Using simple selections,rnanagemenrano
operationalpersonnelare able to interactivelyobtain
answersto complexquestionssuch as:
I j Statusol engineeringchangeorders by project
E Statusof problemsand solutionsby project
L-l Statusof a specificelectronicor paper drawing
I List of drawingsby project or evolution state
[i List of drawingsin a given areathat are late for issue
I List all drawingswhich are relerencedon a problem
reporl
A mechanismis providedto extracttextualinformation
from the enterpriseknowledgebase, such as product
d a t at r a u k i n gr e c o r d sr,e ri . i o n h i r t o r y ,a n d o p e i a r i o n a l
businessrules.Userscan interactivelyenvokestandardizedreportsirom menu picks. Systemadministrators
can define reportsand integratethem into the sysrem
as new requirementsevolve.
4.0 SUMMARY
Previoussectionshave discussed
many of the integra_
tion and control problemsthat existin todaysengineerrng and manufacturing environments. EnterDrise
anal)\i\ lechnique' idenrify qysleminrerfacJ requirements,
operationalbusiness
rules,productdatalife
c y c l . . i m p r o \ e m e n l b e n e f i r s ,a n d r h e f u n c r i o n a l
specifications
neededfor systemimplementation.The
systemoverviewdiscussed
the high levelrequirements
that are major drivers of th evolving system ar_
chitecture.
4.1 Benefits
The IntegratedInformation Control Systemprovidesa
dynamicallymaintainablemodl of the manaqementand
o p e r a r i o n abl u s i n e srsu l e so f t h e e n t e r p r i r el.t r e d u c e s
p r o d u c rd e v e l o p m e nt irm e sb ) p r o r i d i n ga c c u r a l ea n d
sharableproduct data early in the product designlife
cycle.It enforcesoperatingpoliciesthus reducinscostl y p r o d u c rr e l e a s e r r o r . . l l a l l o w sp r o d u c ld a r i r o b e
cross-reterenced
thus providinggreaterprojectvisibili_
ty and reducingthe accesstime to locateproduct data.
Finally, it can evolvewith technologybecauseit is found_
ed on a data-drivenmodular systemarchitecture.

246

J.S.,llallttu anLlS.L.I. \usttt, ',1

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{ 3 } John C. Windsor, Chadwick H. Nestman,
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Computer AppLcaiions m rhe Automation of

Shipyard O!cration and Ship Desgn V
P. Banda lnd C. Kuo (Eds.)
E l s e v i e r S c ' e n c e P u b l i s h e r sB . V ( N o f l h - H o l l d L l )
o IFIP, l98j

24'7

TOI^/ARDS
IMEGRATEDCOI'IPUTING
IN SHIPYARDS
L u i s G o r c i o o n d F e r n o n d oA l o n s o
SENER,SI STEI,IAS
I'IARINOS,S.A.
l,lodrid, SPAIN

This poper describes the coordinotion ond integrotion

of computers in the di.fferent
operotiono.I oreos of the shipyord: design, monufoct!rj.ng, moteriols control,
etc.
First on historicol
ovelv.iew of the use of computers i.n the shipyord is given.
The
concept of integrotj.on of computers into the shipyord is then introduced leodLng to
o proctico-l discussion of th.is integrotion
ond to the definition
of o mocro-system.
The mocro system.i.ncorporotes the most modern techno.Logies both in hordwore ond softwqte/ such os intelligent
\{orkstotions,
Iocol oreo networks, doto bose monogementond
stondord communj.cotions longuoge.
Finolly,
the mocro system os o procticof
solution is eloboroted in more detoil.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Shipbuilding industry is todoy o depressed molket due to vell knownreosons
thot tle ore not now going to discuss.
The shj.pyord, os on octive cell of this
morket, is i.iving diffi.cult doys trying to
survive. The on-Iy woy out is to increose
the productl-vity with respect to its competitors.
At the end of the process, shipyord productivity
will probobly be meosured in terms
of its obi.lity to offer to the morket better ond cheoper shj.ps wi.th shorter delivery time,
To ochieve this result, the shipyord will
hove to corefully
reconsider the eff.i.ciency of eoch individuol
deportment, becouse
the globoI prodr.,rctivity of the shipyord
will. be obtoined os o sum of the deportmentol productivity.
So, generolly speoking, we con estoblish
thot the globol productivity
of the shipyord will be increosed by j.mprovrng rne
ef f.i.ciency of eoch work centre.
l ' l o n o g e m e n tm o y o d o p t d i f f e r e n t
options to
occomplish this objective. During the lost
20 yeors one of these options hos proved to
be the groduol introductj.on of computers
i.n the shipyord envi.ronment.
This hos produced spectocu.lor goins in productivity,
but in mony coses the osymptotic
port of the pioductivity
curve is being
r e o c n e o.

This meons thot something hos to be done to

moke the curve go up ogoin.
Fortunotely,
during the lost few yeors there hos been o dromotic chonge in computet
ond comnunicotion technologies,
ond it is
the purpose of this poper to show thot the
j.ntroduction of thj.s technology in the shig
yord con result in the desired i.ncreose in
productivj.ty.

2. HISTORICALEVOLUTION
OF THE USE OF COI4PUTERSIN THE SHIPYARD
I n g e n e r o J . ,S h i p b u i . l d i n g h o s n e v e r b e e n d i s
t i n g r - : i s h e do s o I e o d e r i n d u s t r y i n t h e u s e
of computers.
However,with the possing of the yeors, com
puters hove groduolly been introduced, with
more or .Iess success, into the different
deportmentsin which the shipyord is funct i o n o l l y d i v j .d e d .
Todoy it is dj.ff.icult to find o shipyord,
hovever snoll, where the compurerrs nor
present, to perform odministrotive or techn i . c o . Lt o s k s o r b o t h .
It vos precisely in the odministroti.ve
field where the computerwqs first used j.n
the shipyord: poyroll ond generol occounting being the most typicol opplicotions.
l ' . / h e nt h e t e c h n i . c i o n s s t o r t e d t o s h o w i . n t e r e s t i n t h e u s e o f t h e " m o c h i n e " ,t h e m o s t
thot they could expect wos occess to the
computer for very short periods of time ond
uith very Iow priorj.ty for their jobs,
In thj.s woy the elementory colcu.lotions of

L. (;an id atlll l'. Abt$a

2.48

bosic design begon to be j.ntroduced into

t h e c o m p ut e r .

possibilities

ovoiloble

in

the morket.

b) Unplonneddecisions
otenhovever, Monogementpoid very Iittl'e
tion to these pioneers, ond it vos only ofter mony yeors of continuol demonstrotion
of computers thot they
of the effectiveness
were begun to be token seriouslY.
The next step l/os the introduct-ion of progrons for plonning ond noteriol control,
os well os post-processors for numericolly
c o n t r o l . I e d g o s - c u t t i n g m o ch i n e s . T h e s e
were normofly processed in
opplicotions
centrol conPuter, which in
the shipyord
generol,

wos the only

one ovoiloble.

T h i s s i t u o t i o n h o s c h o n g e dc o n s i d e r o b l y
over the lost five yeors.
During this period of tj.me the evo.Lution of
hordwore hos been spectoculot ond soft\role
rnonufocturers hove token odvontoge of this
development to i.ntroduce more ond mo!e sophisticoted products into the morket.
Shipyords, j.n turn with other industrres,
hove been invo.l.ved in this ropid-chonging
of hordwore ond softwore devesituotion
Iopment, ond not olwoys to thei.r best odvo ntoge .
In the shipbuilding industry this hos been
becouse, once l'4onogemenw
t ere convinced
thot computerizotion wos one of the most
importont meons ot their disposol for the
of the production processf
roci.onolizotion
the mossj.ve implementotion of computers
shipyord deportments
into the different

Coordinotion betveen the shipyord deportments is not one of the strong poi.nts of
f'lonogement po.Ii cy.
Technicol ond Production
Administrotion,
ore exomples of deportments thot frecuently
their decisions with intertry to justify
noI reosons, vithout cons.idering the relotionships which should exist with other
deportments.
1n this situotion, j.t is often seen thot
"green Iight"
to ho!dwore
l ' l o n o g e m e n tg i v e s
ond softwore investments requi.red by o deportment, but which, o more detoiled study
vould hove reveoled os not being justified
when considering the improvement in the
g.Iobol product.ivity of the sh.i"pyord.
c) Unovqi.Lobilitv
sol.ution"

in

"totol
the morket of o

If o totol solution hod existed, ot Ieost

the economicolly more potenciol shipyords,
ond
would hove been oble to implement it,
this hos not been the cose.
There exj.st in the morket softwore pockoges to solve the problens o{ o porticulor
deportment ond, in some coses, they ore
integroted to cover some of
sufficiently
the specific reqLirements of the Design
ond Production deportments. But this is,
except for very role coses, the moximumdethot con be found in
gree of integrotion
o
f the shipyord.
the computerizotion

wos storted.

In monycoses the experience wos one of

t o t o l f r u s t o t i o n . T h e c o u s e sf o r t h i s l o c k
of success ore not si.mple, but we vill try
t o o n o l y z e s o m eo f t h e m :
o)
ond softwore
The hordwore ond softwore morket situotion
con be described os "confusing", Todoy,
the potenciol use! is presented with such
thot se.Ieco di.versity of possib.i.Iities
deci.sions
tion is one of the most difficult
f o r t h e l ' 4 o n o g e m e n t ,s p e c i o l . I y i f v e c o n s i der the influence of this decision on the
future of the compony.
of the selection i.s
The inherent difficulty
mode more so by, ot .Leost until nov, the
p o o r f o r m o t i o n o f l t l o n o g e m e n tw i t h r e s p e c t
to computer techniques ond the different

As o summory of this short explonotion of

the evolution of computing in the shipyord
it con be concfuded thot ot the rnoment
there ore mony shipyords in vhich o strong
i.nvestment in hordwore ond softwore hos
b e e n m o d e , b u t . i n. w h i c h , h o v e v e r , t h e e x of the investment hos
pected rentobility
not been obtoi ned.
In foct, there ore rony e\omples of shipyords which, hoving ocquired exPensive
systems, hove nevet succeeded in putting
them into operotion.
IN THE
3. CONCEPTOF INTEGRATEDCOI'4PUTINC
SHIPYARD
In the obove ve hove mode reference to the
low efficiency often obtoined wj.th the use
of computer systems in the shipyord, not
only in the technicol o.reosbut oIso, for

II

T^\ it rd \ I I t | (grd t ql (b ntpu t i t1g i t I Sh Q I uri:lt

e x o m pI e ,

in moteriol. control.

lle hove seen some of the couses thot led

to this frustrot.i.ng situotion
ond nolv we
sholl investl.gote more fully
point c) of
porogroph 2: the unovoilobiJ.ity
of the "to
to.l so.Iution".
In the octuol situotion we find thot o
greot voriety of CAD/CM systems hos been
deveJ.oped to cover the lequirements of the
Design ond Production deportments, However,
these systems ore not truly integroted
with eoch other ond, ot the best, ore only
individuolly
integroted.
Todoy o generol integroted
system, which
treots the ship os o "who.Ie" ond con resol
ve oII the possible interferences betveen
deportments, does not exi st.
The resu.Lt is thot the different
hordvore
ond softwore opti.ons existing or under development, leod the shipyord to o confu:ing internol situotion vhich is corplicoted, considerobly,
when the relotions
with
third porties ore token into qccount.
On the other hond, the internol. orgonizotion of the shipyord hos not yet reoched
the stote where computetizotion
con reolira

^l I

i +<

^^+ah.i^l

The bosic problem found in o shipyord thot

uses vorious non-integroted systems is the
j . m p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o m m u n i c o t i n gi n f o r m o t i o n
from one system to onother. This leods,
cleorly, to on j.mportont Iimitotion in the
u s e o f t h e s y s t e m s .B L r t t h r s - [ i n i t o t i o n ,
which to o celtoin point/ moy be controlled
in the shipyord environment, offects negotively the externol relotions with other
s h i p y o r d s o r s u b - c o nt r o c t o r s .
This generol view of the problem suggests
t h o t t h e m o n o g e m e not n d i n t e r c h o n g e o f i . n formotion should be treoted rn o more sop h i s t - i c o t e dw o y t h o n i s n o w t h e c o s . { t } .
One of the first ottempts to porciolly res o l v e t h i s p r o b - I e mh o s b e e n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
o f i n t e r f o c e s b e t w e e n C A D , / C As} y4s t e m s . I n
thi.s context we con ploce the development
o t I G E 5 ( . I n i t i o I G r o p h i c s E x c h o n g eS p e c i f i
cotion) {2} . The moin objective of IGES
is to creqte stondord formot files which
contoin the informotion in such o woy thot
it con be interchonged betweendifferent
systems.
UntiI now, most of the implementotions
corried out hove been directed towords the

249

j . n t e r c h o n g eo f g r o p h i c o l e n t i t i e s b e t w e e n
C A D , / C Ms y s t e m s , I t s r e s u l t s h o v e , g e n e rolly, proved to be occeptoble.
However,everybody ogrees thot this is j'-st
first step in o long ond difficult process.
T h e i n t e r f o c e m u s t b e c o m p l e t e - I yt r o n s p o r e n t
for the user. "The best interfoce is thot
which does not exist", should be the ever
present ideo for those of us who in the future, in one voy or onother, will be involv e d i n t h e s o l . u t i . o no f t h i s p r o b l e m .
The user con not dedicote on importont port
o f h i s t i m e t o t h e m o n o g e m e not f i n t e r f o c e s r
which in monycoses, con be extremely comp l i c o t e d , t i m e c o m s u m i n go n d u n p r o d u c t i v e .
T h r . . ,tsh e c o n c e p t o f i n t e g r o t e d c o m p u t i n g i m
p l i e s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f c o m m u n i c o t i o nb e t \ . / e e ns y s t e m s , i n s u c h o w o y t h o t i n f o r m o tion generoted by onyone system con be used
by oll the other'systems.
4. INTEGRATION
OF COMPUTER
SYSTEIIIS
IN THE
SHIPYARD
l,lithout going into too muchdetoil, ve con
identify the moin oreos or deportments,
within the shipyord, thot potenciolly Iend
themsefves to the use of computers:
Finonciol
Commerciol
A d m in i s t r o t i o n
Personnel
Orgonizotion ond l"lethods
Plonning
D es i g n
Production
Quoli ty control
Stock control

In our opinion there ore very few shipyords

where computerlzotion hos been efectively
introduced into oIl the obove mentioned dep o r t m e n t s , T h i s n u m b e ri s r e o u c e o e v e n m o t e
if we consj.deronly those where the interc h o n g eo f i . n f o r m o t i o n b e t w e e n d e p o r t m e n t s
is corried out by computer technology.
In identifying the obove deportments the
criterio of functionoli.ty hos been followed, this being the most generolly used in
this type of i.ndustry.
But whotever criterio is followed the result is the existonce of deportments ond
their inter-relotions hips.
To toke into occount the extelnol refoti.ons

-T-

250

L. Gatc[d dtl,:l L. .lbnso

between the shipyord (from ony of its dep o r t m e n t s ) , w i t h o t h e r c o m p o n i e s( o t h e r

shipyords, sub-controctors, suppliers, etc)
w e c o n i . n t r o d u c e i n t o o u r s c h e m eo f i c t i t i o u s d e p o r t m e n t :" E x t e r n o l r e l o t i o n s " .
Let us cons-idernow one of the deportments
using o computer system. The system wj-Il be
m o n o g e db y p e r s o n n e l f r o m t h i . s d e p o r t m e n t
o n d , i n g e n e r o J . ,w i l l u s e t w o t y p e s o f i n put doto:
o ) I n p u t d o t o g e n e r o t e dv i t h i n t h e d e p o r t ment
b) Input doto generoted by other deportments (result of other systems).
Likewise the system under considerotion
viII producet,ro types of output doto:

Howcon this situotion be ovoided?

Simply by ol.Iowing the systems A ond B to
c o m m u n i c o t ed i r e c t l y b y m e o n so f t h e c o m p u t e r ( o r c o m p u t e r s )o n d i t s ( t h e i r ) p e r i p h e r o l s . l . / h i c h , e f f e c t i v e l y , r n e o n sm o k e t h e
systems A ond B !g!3999.1!991.
This situotion, which ve hove represented
for only tvo deportments, must be generolized to oll the shipyord deportments to evoluote the true extent of the problem.
I n F i g . 2 s o m eo f t h e o b o v e m e n t i o n e d d e portments hove been represented, os vell os
the interdeportment ond externo.l relotions h i ps .
TT'IEFilTL
RtuTt0tts

o ) O u t p u t d o t o to be used t,/ithin the deport

ment
b ) 0 u t p u t d o t o to be used by other deportmenTs

DEPARTMENT
A

DEPARTMENT
B

t i g . 1 F l o wo l l n l o r m o l i o n
The output A generoted by system A in Fig.
I is normolly in the form of listings or
drowings. It moy olso be stored on o mognet i c d e v i . c e( d i s c , t o p e , e t c . ) , b u t , j . n o n y
cose, before it con be usedos input to
system B in deportment B it must undergo o
pleprocess which converts the i.nformotj.on
to o formot thot con be i.nterpreted by this
s y st e m .
This pre-process con be corried out in two
voys :
- llonuolly.
- By running o specificolly designed computei progrom (i.nterfoce),
I n e i t h e r c o s e o c o n s i d e r o b l e o m o u n to f
time Ls required ond on j.mportont soulce
of errors is i.ritroducedin this tronsformotion of in formotion.

F i q .2 0 s p d r l m o n trs l o l i o n s h l p s
In our opinion oll these relotionships must
be controlled ond odministroted by o computer system copoble of coordinoti.ng oll
the work centres of the shipyord. This is
whot we refer to os integroted computing i.n
the shipvord.
From this perspective, whot we now coll
systems (for exomple: occounting system,
personnel control system, structurol design
system,piping system,etc.), will be no
m o r e t h o n c o m p o n e n t so f o m o c r o - s V s t e m
w h i c h w i l I . i . n c o r p o r o t eo n d s u p e r v l . s e t h e m
oIl.
T h i s m o c r o - s y s t e mw i I I o r g o n i s e o n d m o n o g e
the flow of informotion between systems, i.n
o secule ond efficient woy. It will need o
sophisticoted softwore for the monogement
of o Doto Bose ond the necessory hordwore

Tt)\\uftls httegtut(Ll Con\utitry

of which we wi.II tolk .Ioter.

M o n y o f t h e c o m p o n e n t so f t h i s m o c r o - s y s t e m
ore systems which olreody exist in the
m o r k e t o r o r e b e i n g d e v e J . o p e dT
, hus, .in the
d e v e l o p m e n to f t h i s m o c r o - s y s t e mw e o r e n o t
stqrti.ng from scrotch. There exist components of differing quolity which the shipyord con evoluote ond then select occording
to its portj.cu.lor requirements. However
this is not the finol objective but only
the storting point of on extremely complicoted process which will leod to the rotj.onol use of computersin the shipyord.
A s s u m i n gt h o t i t i s d i . f f i c u l t f o r t h e s o m e
softwore monufocturer to hove ovoiloble the
necessory systems to cover the needs of
o11 the deportments j.n the shipyord, the
degree of dispersion in softwore os well os
i n h o r d v o r e i s v e r y c o n s j . d e r o b l ew h e n v e
o r e f o c e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f o m o c r o s y st e m .
A t t h i s p o i n t o r i s e s o p r o b l e m w h . i . c hc o n
b e s t b e d e f . i . n e db y t h e f o l t o v i n g q u e s t i o n s :
- I s t h e h e t e r o g e n e o u ss i t u o t i o n p r e v i o u s . I y
stoted voli.d os o stortj.ng point?
- I s i . t r e o s o n o b l e t o d e n o n oo n o m o g e n e o u s
s o f t w o r e o n d h o r d v q r e e n v i r o n m e n t?
A t f i r s t s i g h t t h e h o m o g e n e o usso _ L u t i o no f
c o m p o n e n t ss e e r n sm o s t d e s i r o b l e , b u t o m o r e
d e t o i l e d o n o l y s . i . sd e m o n s t r o t e s t h o t i n t h e
long run it i.s not vioble. Thus we think
t h o t t h e h e t e r o g e n e o u ss i t u o t j . o n i s t h e
most convenient ond, obove oll, is more reo
I i s t i c . T h e r e o r e r n o n yr e o s o n s t o j u s t i f y
this ossertion, but we wiII surmorise with
JUst th!ee:
o ) The possi.bility
to incorporote into the
mocro-system new components (systems),
os soon os they oppeor in the morket.
b ) The possibility
to incorporote improvements into those components olreody instolled.
This is on i.mportont foctor cons-idering the ropid ond cont.i.nuous evo_lution of present doy systerns.
Greoter freedom in the interchonge of
informotion wi th externol entities
(other componiesor subcontroctors
).
0n the other hond, the octuol tendency of
the softwore morket is cleorly
to increose
t h e o f f e r o f s y s t e m s . l ' 1 o n ys o f t w o r e r n o n u f o c
turers o.re entering the rorket offering
tuin-key products, with the correspond.ing
incleose of d.iversificotion
in hordwore.
l ' , l em u s t o c c e p t

this

heterogeneous situotion

in Sltip\'utdt

25t

os noturo.I ond inevitoble,

ond from this
storting
point the methodology for the integrotion of the component systems must be
estobli.shed.
In the following porogroph we sholl consider the methodologicol bosis for developing
the mocro-system,
5. BASIS OF THE INTEGRATIONOF SYSTEI"15
In the obove we hove tried to introduce the
ideo of q mocro-system, understonding by
this the structure
formed by o set of compu
te! systems meeting the requirements of oIl
the deportments of the shipyord. The mocrosystem \rolks in on _integroted ond efficient
woy ond the flow of informotron oerween com
ponents is occomplished by communicotions
chonnels monoged ond controlled
by the mocro-system.
In this definition
there ore three concepts
thot should be highlighted,
os they ore the
bosis of the structure of the mocro-system:
- Stqndord communicotions longuoge
- Doto Bose monogement system (DBl,lS)
- Communicotions network s
Followi.ng we sholl
conceprs:
5. I.

onolyse eoch one of

thi.s

Stondord conmunicotions longuoge

Once hoving occepted the ideo of the heterogeneity of opplicotions

it is olso necessory to occept thot eoch system will
hove its ovn conmond longuoge which ollows
the user to communicote with the plogron.
However, ot the time of estoblish.i.ng comrnunicotions between systens it is necessory
t o h o v e o n o t h e r c o m m o n dI o n g u o g e v h i c h
ol.Iows the user of o porticulor
system to
occess the i.nformotion produced by other
systems, without obliging him to leorn the
poiticulor
c o m m o n d so f t h i s o p p l i c o t i o n { 4 } ,
This superlonguoge will,
therefore,
oct os
on interfoce
between the user ond the mocro
system. Its roin chorocteristics con be
s u m m o r i . z e do s :
o ) Its syntoxis ond semontics must be eosiIy modifioble so thot new commonds
corresponding to either exj.sting or ne!,/
opplicotions,
con be i ncorporo ted.
o ) It nust be possible to define procedures. A procedure being o set of instiuc
t.rons or low level commonds, the erecu]
tion of which is repeoted mony times.

-v-L. Garaitlund L .lk)trta

252

A possible solution is to define the

process on o trqnsoction-ori.ented
bosis.
T h e D B I Y Sw i l l h o v e p r o c e d u r e s t o o u t o noticolly recover the informotion. in
such o woy thot, should o foilure occur
for whotever reoson during the execution of o tronsaction,
the informotion
con be restored to the some.Ievel os
hefore rhc intFrrlniad +ronsoction storted,

c ) l " 1 u s tb e c o p o b J . eo f o u t o m o t i c o l l y g e n e r o ting the job control instiuctions of the

porticulor system bei.ng referenced.
d) lYust be flexible ond open to new oppl.i.cotions.
5 . 2 . D o t o B o s e m o n o g e m e nst v s t e m
The doto bose is the physicol support vhere eoch system stores the infoimotion gen e r o t e d c o n c e r n i n gt h e n o d e l o r p r o d u c t
thot is being des.igned.
The ship is o very complex product, composed of monyports ond in tne design of
which intervene o greot voriety of disciplines. We ore, thelefore, treoting lorge
v o l . u n e so f i n f o r m o t i o n o f v e r y d i f f e r e n t
n o t u r e , o n t h e e f f i c i e n t m o n o g e n e not f
w h i c h w i . l . 1d e p e n d t h e s u c c e s s o r f o i l u r e
of the whole process.

e) Possibility
to nontoin outonotrcolly
cross-refere.rces (inver ted lists ), between the different items stored in the
doto bose. This qllovs the user:
- Access to the some informotion by using
di f ferent ottri.butes.
- To know the effects of o modificotion
of o doto element on oll the reloted
elements,
5. 3. Communicotions network s

It is precisel.v the odministrotion of the

inforrnotion stored in the doto bose which
is the noin tosk of the DB|1S,
T h e D B M Si s t h e n , o s o p h i s t i c o t e d s o f t w o r e
pockogewhich is one of the moin feotutes
of the mocro-system, For this reoson it is
necessqry thot it conforms to o mrnlmum
c h o r o c t e r i s t i c s t o o c h i e v e o n o p t i m u me f f i
ciency.
A m o n gt h e s e c h o r o c t e r i s t i c s
ned:

con be mentio-

o) Possl.biJ.ity to control the simultoneous

occess to the doto bose by users. This
implies thot the informotion being mod i f i e d b y o u s e r i s i n q c c e s s o b l et o
other use!s during the modificotion
trqnsoction.
b) Possibility to control the i.ntegrity of
the informotion stored i.n the doto bose.
T h i s m e o n s t h o t m e c h o n i s m sm u s t e x i s t
for restricting the occess of users to
certoin doto thot con be clossified os
confidenti.ol.
c) Possibility to control thot certoin
tronsoctions con only be performed by
those users thot hove been expressly
out horized,
d) Possl.bl.Iity to controf the securj.ty of
the i"nformotion stored in the doto bose.
This is very inportont, os ony foilure
in softwore or hordwore cou].dleod to o
Ioss of voluoble informotion ond/or
leove problems of inconsistency in the
doto bose.

In the short history of the use of computers

os o service to industry the most i.mportont
londmorks con be summorized os follows:
-

In the eorly 1950's computers \rere very

expensive ond complicoted mochines, whl.ch
cou.ld only be used by experts. The user
processed his jobs in botch mode, with no
with the progrom.
meons of interoction
The communicotions prob.lem wos procticolly inexi.stent.

- During the 1960's the first ottempts of

with the computer were mode.
interoction
As o consequence of the development in
teletype ond tronsmission technology the
interoctive
terminols oppeored. It
first
wos precisely the need to connect rnteroctive terminols to the computer thot
highlighted
the importonce of the problem
of communicotions.
Alreody in this decode computers hod the
copocity for time-shoring ond the commun i c o t i . o n s t e l m i n o l - c o m pu t e r v e r e o t l o w
speed,
coTo increosing demond for colculotion
pocity in the lorge conputers, the respon
se vos to increose the processing copocity. But these odditions,
olwoys hod o Iimit, ond in mony coses were not even possib.Le. 0n the other hond, the orchitecture of these processols hod not been
to
d e s . i . g n e dt o r e s p o n d ! , / i t h f l e x i b i l j . t y
the ever increosing demond for interoctive mode Ptocess.Ing.
- Thus it

vos thot

dcrring the 1970's mini-

T , , \ o r l \ l t . t , q r t . , l ( . . t t t r r , t t p t S l t ! l . Jr t l ,

c o m p u t e r so p p e o r e dv i t h
i.n the morket,

very g r e o t s u c c e s s

Their pri.ce, versotility

ond e o s e o f u s e ,
ollowed, for the f.i.rst ti.me, thot the com
puter be introduced into the octuof work
environment of the end user.
In industry minicomputers become populor
in proctj.colly
o1I fields of oppLi.cotion,
qnd os o consequence, the need for interchonge of informotion grew ond the problem of communicotions entered o ciitico.l phose. As o result of the effort
dedicoted to the solution of this problem,
communrcotron computer-comp!ter ond
terminol-computer,
ot very high doto
tronsn'ission rotes \./o
s mode nn<<ihlo
At this moment minicomputers begon to be
used to off-lood the centrol moinfrome in
mony of its trodicionol
tosks, ond even
replocing the centrol computer when conn e c t e d t o e o c h o t h e r . L r / et h u s r n r r o o u c e
the new ideos of "distributed
processino"
ond "Iocol oreo networks,' (LAN).

A LAN is o system of communi.cqtions

w h i . c hp e r m i t s t h e i n t e r c h o n g e o f i n f o r motion betweendigitcl devices using o
c o m m o nt r o n s m i s s i o n m e d i u m . T h e s e d e v i c e s
con be of diverse types, such os moinf r o m e s , m i . n i c o m p u t e r s ,i n t e l l i g e n t w o r k stotions or, even, personol computers.
Todoy j.t .is odmissible to hove i.n focol
networks, nodes seporoted 6y up to 6_7
Km. This does not represent o procticol
limitotion in o shipyord, where, obout
8 0 1 o f t h e c o m m u n i c o t i o n so c c u r 1 n o
much smoller o.eo {3}
- We comethen finolly to the 1980's du_
r i n g w h i . c h t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f L A N ' s
t e c h n o . l o g yh o s b e e n e x t r o o r d i n o r y . T h i s
h o s m o d ep o s s i b l e t h o t w i t h i n o c o m p o n y
t h e e c o n o m j . c o lo n d e f f j . c i e n t s h o r i n g o f
expenslve storoge ond output devices
(disks, topes, plotters, printers, etc.
)
is o reolity.
One of the foctors thqt hos been oll
importont in orriving ot this situotion
hqs been the introduction into the mor_
ket of intelligent workstotions. These
workstotions ore dedicoted processors,
thot con be even 32 bit virtuol mochines,
toilored to the specific requirements of
o porticulor opplicotion.
The moin odvontoge of o dedicoted work_

stotion is thot its performoncers not

offected by other users, os is the cose
whenvorking with o moinfrqme, due to
the ovoilobili.ty of Iocol cofculotion
copoci.ty.
After thi.s brief historicol treotment of
t h e e v o l u t i o n o f c o m m u n i c o t i o n sw e c o n
c o n c . L u d et h e L A N ' s o r e t h e m o s t o d e c u o t e
voy octr.rolly ovo.ilobIe, fcir the interchon_
ge of conmunicotionsond the shoring of com_
puting resources vithin the shipyord.
In our op.inion, to obtoin the moxi.mum
effi_
c . i . e n c yi n t h e u s e o f . I o c o 1 o r e o n e t w o r k s i n
the shipyord, the follow.ing points shoutd be
token into occount in their design:{5}
o) High tronsmissj.onspeed ond bohdwith
S p e e do n d c o p o c i t y o f t h e L A N s h o u l d b e s i _
mi-lor to thot of the computer communrcotions
b u s , v h i c h i s d e s i g n e d t o m o n o g el o r g e v o l u _
m e s o f d o t o o t h i g h s p e e d . S p e e d so f b e t w e e n
10-12 million bits per second should be
ochieved.
ond eos

mo.intenonce

T h e c o m p o n e n t so n d o p e r o t i v . i t y o f t h e L A N
must be of o very high reliobility
to ossu_
j.nterruptions.
re o service vith m.inimrrm
A f o v l t i n o n e c o m p o n e n to f t h e L A N s h o u L d
not offect the other elements rn the net_
w o r k o n d t h e n o r m o l r n o i n t e n o n c es h o u l d n o t
couse .interrupt.ions.
The LAN should hove its own error detectron
system ond procedures for recovery from on
error si tuotion.
c ) L o \ . lc o s t
Although the term "node" hos been used befor e , p e r h o p s n o w i s t h e m o m e n tt o d e f i n e i t
within the present context: o node j.s the
most elementol unit of doto processing thot
con be connected to o netvork, os for exomple minicomputer, workstotion or qny perrpherol.
T h e c o s t o f o L A N c o n b e m e o s u r e di n t e r m s
o f t h e c o s t o f c o n n e c t i o no f o n o d e . T h i s
p r i c e i n c l u d e s b o s i c o l l y , t h e c o o x i o l C OM T U
nicotions coble, the contro.lLers ond t h e
i.nterfoces of the nodes.
F r o m t h e e c o n o m . i c o lv i e w p o i n t t h e d e s i g n
criterio for the LAN should be to minimize
the cost of connection of o node.

L. (;utciu dtkl L- ,4b

254

st)

d ) C o m p o t i b i l i .t v

6. PROPOSAL
OF PRACTICALSOLUTION

l l e h o v e o J . r e o d yo c c e p t e d t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y
(hordwore ond softwore) of the systems to
be used in the shipyord. Therefore the LAN
which integrotes these systems must be designed for the connection to, ond interchon
ge of informotion between, equipment of
di fferent chorocteristics ond monufocturers, We con soy thot the user should be
o l l o w e d t h e l u x u r y o f b e i n g . i n d e p e n d e not f
hordwore monufocturers.

As o concrete exompleof the ideos thot

hove loid out obove, we should now like
describe vith mole detoil the structure
o C A D / C M m o c r o - s y s t e mw h i c h j . s c o p o b l e
hondling o11 the operoti.ons involved in
s h i p d e s i g n o n d m o n u f o c t u r j . n gs t e p s .

On the other hond the necessity to connect

o LAN to other LAN's hos to be foreseen, so
thot informotion con be interchonged vith
third porties. This imp.Iies the dedicotion
of o lorge effort to the stondordizotion of
LAN's, to be oble to poss from the situotion of locol netvorks dependingon o single monufocturer to stondord networks of
universol use. In this direction importont
o c h i . e v e r n e n t sh o v e o l r e o d y b e e n o t t o i n e d , o s
f o r e x o m p l e , j . n t h e o g r e e m e n tb e t w e e n t h e
E u r o p e o nC o m p u t e rM o n uf o c t u r e r s A s s o c i o t i o n ( E C M A ) ,o n d s o r n eN o r t h - A m e r i c o n m o n u focturers, vhich hos resulted i.n o stdndord for "0pen Systems"Locol Areo Networkrng,
e) Flexibility

ond copocitv for exponsion

The LAN should be designed so thot chonges

in nodes, ond the connection of new nodes,
c o n b e i m p l e m e n t e dp r o g r e s s i v e l y i n o c c o r d o n c e w i t h t h e g r o w - i n gn e e d s o f t h e s h i p y o r d , o n d o t t h e s o m et i m e v i t h o u t i m p o sing ony Iimitotions.
f ) SimpIi.ci.ty
T h e s y s t e r no f c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e n e t v o r k
must be simple so thot users con obtoin
m o x i m u mb e n e f i t s w i t h o u t t h e n e c e s s . i t y o f
b e i n g e x p e r t s i n c o m m u n i c o t i o n st e c h n o l o g y .
To conclude this point we vould like
consider the following:

to

Todoy it must be recognized thot the possi

b i l i t i e s o f m o n - c o m p u t e rc o m m u n i c o t i o n
( k e y b o o r d ,d i g i t i z e r s , e t c . . . ) o r e p r i n i t i v e v h e n c o m p o r e dt o m o n - m o nc o m m u n r . c o tion (speech,writing, etc.,.). However,
we think thot the progress modein the
o r e o o f c o m m u n i c o t i o nb e t w e e n c o m p u t e r s ,
vill be reflected in o corresponding odv o n c e i n m q n - c o m p u t e rc o m m u ncio t i o n .
The first voice recognition systems open
the woy towords o ropid progress i.n the
m o n - m o c h i n ei n t e r f q c e .

we
to
of
of
the

T h e m o c r o - s y s t e mi s c o m p o s e do f t h e f o l l o w ing systems:
-

D es i g n .
SteeI production.
0utfitt.ing.
Drofting.

I n o c c o r d o n c ev i t h o u r p r e v i o u s d e f i n i t i o n ,
i .t s m o i n f e o t u r e s o r e :
TOPOLOGICAL
I'IODEL
T h e h r ' l bo f t h e m o c r o - s y s t e mi s t h e t h r e e
dinensionol topologicol nodel of the ship.
Thj.s type of model is the onlv one vhich
ol.Iovs the sotisfoctory hondling of ol l. the
relotionships between the ship components.
A m o n gt h e o d v o n t o g e s o f u s i n g t h i s t y p e o f
m o d e . Iw e s h o u l d l i k e t o p o . i n t o u t t w o o f t h e
most importont:
- The definition ond storoge of eoch compon e n t o f t h e s h i . p i s m o d ei n t h e w o y m o s t
o p p r o p i o t e f o r t h e t y p e o f c o m p o n e n tu n der considerotion.
- T h e o u t o m o t i c m o i n t o n o n c eo f c r o s s - r e f e rences betweenthe different components
of the sh.ip ollows for the optiml.zotion
o f m o d if i c o t i o n p r o c e d u r e s .
DATA BASE
The doto bose concept does not necessorily
imply thot the model informotion is stored
i n o n J . yo n e d o t o b o s e , b u t i t c o n b e d i s tributed i.n vorious doto boses, olwoys
ossumingthot they ore interconnected,
For exomple, the i.nformotion referred to de
sign, steel production ond outfitting
con
be stored in three distinct doto boses, for
consj.derotions of spoce ond eose of monogement.
The integrotion of the three doto boses con
b e o c h i e v e d b y t h e u s e o f o c o m m o nd o t o b o s e m o n o g e m e nst y s t e m ( D B | , 1 S )t,h e m o s t i m portont chorocteristics of which hove been
previ.ously given, ond which ensures:

Il)\,.t|tl, | |tqrut.d (|)nt!)utitc ilt Slul)tttt\

- Access to the three doto boses from ony

opplicoticn.
- Connection between the thrce dcto ",os,rs.

rrstr.cs. For exomp.Le,to define ond onoJ.yse the ship hr..'ll forms o high resolution
grophic scrcen is required, whilst for
schemotics ond diogroms o lowcr resolutior.;
con be employed.

U5ER-I4ACROSYST
E11INTERFASE
5 p e c i o - Lo t t e n t i o n h o s b e e n p o i d t o t h i s
ture of the mocro-system.

The use of such o diversi ty of grophic terminols con give rise to incompotibiiities
betwen softwore ond hordwore. This con
best be resolved by the !se of q stondord
grophic softwore such os 6KS (Grophic
KerneI System), with the result thot opp.Li.cotions become hordvqre independent.

feo

The soft port of this interfqce consists of

o stondqrd communicotionlonguoge vnrcn
o l l o w s t h e ! s e r t o c o m m u n . i c o t ei n t e r o c t i v e 1y with the different systems.

LOCAL AREA NETI4ORK

Wr.th-respect to the hordvore inter loce, tlle

necessity is foreseen of using o wide vorre
ty of workstotions of differenr cnorocre-

0ne further

ooint

to oe stressed is

tnot,

"2,

z.

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5
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SflIP MOXXI

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_,.
'*:;/?,1:,,
t/0il'4
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<-

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o r g o ir , or l r o r

(;ur(iu tuil l. .1k)nJl)

for the greotest effectiveness of the mocro-system, the vorious workstotions should
b e c o n n e c t e dt o o L A N , i n t h i s v o y e n s u r i n g
the totol integrotion of the doto boses ond
systems.

/.

F i g . 3 s h o w ss c h e n o t i c o l . l y t h e g e n e r o l o r g o n i z o t i o n o f t h e m o c r o - s y s t e mt h o t w e o r e
introducing.

{2} AmericonNoti.onol Stondords Institute,

Y 1 4 . 2 6 . Y tD
, i g . ti o I r e p r e s e n t o t i o n f o r
c o m m u n i c o t i o no f p r o d u c t d e f i n i t i o n
doto.

In the .inner port of the drowing we hove

lepresented the doto boses which contoin
the definition of the ship topologicol model. These doto boses belong to the systems
of Design, Stee1 Productionond 0utfitting.
T h e r e i s o c o m m o nD B | I Sv h i c h o d m i n i . s t r o t e s
simultoneously the three doto boses.
The communicotions between the doto boses
ond the opplicotion
systems is performed by
o Locol Areo Network, which is represented
in on outer ring.

ALI the electronic doto processingfocilit.ies of the shipyord should be connected to

thi.s LAN.
l,.lithrespect to the hordwore o possible soIution could be os fol]ovs:
For running the Design System, dedicoted
intelligent
workstotions with o high reso.Iution grophic screen, controlled
by o
32-bit microcomputer with I lulbyte of moin
memory ond o toblet for hondling menus.
The Stee-t Production syster,r requires o
32-bj.t ninicomputer with virtuo-L memoty
ond obout 2 l4bytes of moin memory, to
wh.ich ore connected olphonumeric ond roster grophic terminols of medium resolution with toblet.
For the Outfitting
ond Drofting system
worKstotions similor
to those mentioned
for the Design systen con be employed.
Other systems such os Stress Anolysis,
l'loteriol Monogementor Administrot.ion
should be run on o moinfro.ne, either in
botch or reol time mode.
Peripherols such os disks, mognetic topes, line printers, poper tope punches,
flot bed ond electrostotic
plotters,
should be connected to the LAN ond shored by oll the systems, thus prodocing on
inoortont soving in the use of these resources.

REFERENCES

{1} Michoel H. Liewold, Futures in CADICA|4

d o t o m o n o g e n et n, I C C A S SC o n f e r e n c e ,
June I982

l^l
.,
,, '.
^
{ J } 1 1 . H o l . L , l . C u r r y , D . r l o n c o c k ,I h e n e > t
g e n e r o t i o n i n p r o c e s s p l o n t C A D ,C A D 8 4

a^-r^-^--^

^^-it

toa,i

{4} DougIos J. l4ortin, Richord C. tloore,

Requirementsond benefits of integroted
computer oided ship design ond product i o n , I C C A S SC o n I e r e n c e , J u n e ] q 7 q .
{S} Oigitof
duction

Equipment Corporotion,
Introto Locol Areo Networr<s.

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipydd Operation and Shrp Dergn V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r sB . V . 1 \ o r t h H o l l a n d )

251

o I | r P ,1 9 8 5

IiiTlchiltL
STatL :TtiUlT'!liE,'.:r0tULtTICI
I l , : 4 i . 1 , , .. 1 0 i , S l S T : . , . C l . S l : 1 ? l t , I - U I N G
S,id or aaTZ
,tiol.ntvaf enginee.r, dipl.ec.eng.
iiun-.:ri:rtl Sniryards :nd arane Fictory, Eudaoest,
Hu n.t 3 ry

T1e process oi develop:.ent co.L.encedin thc shipbuilding nith the li0 llrmec u : t i n i : , 3 r ] i t h e . i c c h ? n i z ! t i o r , o a , , , . ;j i n s i . c c , n t i n u i n g - i n o u r d a J s v ] i t h
t n e c r e a t i o t o t . r o d e r n n r n , Jj a c t . - t r i n , l s , , - s t e n s , a l ] l c t c i e s . T h e n a n a g e n e n t o f
tile I)roduciion eysters re!uires an eaieclive tec.nical-econonic
j_niorna_
t i o n s , l / e t e l r ,v i h i c l 1 c : ] f l b e l l r i r e d v J i t . t j e a r j i j i t r o n o l
re inforrlaticn of
t:re aAD o.r iX;,. sreteli.s, by increasi]-:. t.e exteLt cf integ.rti.n.
This a,ldress f,!nts to iescribe ihe inft:natioit
s y e t e : i : . r e 3 fi z e C i ; t r r e I I S C I i n t h e
steel stluctural
oart !.rcCrctian I'icrkshoo.
The co:rcc!t of

the devefcfiient

ihe Hunjrari3n S.tiryarils a:-J Cr,:ne

Iiactort endavlured tn r.! eeve:.tties
to iLcrease the ea:tciency Jf irte
live fabour, to a .i!her. Le./e1 c: tne
n e c n a n i z "t i c n , a u t c : : 3 t i c n o f t h e . r o 't.l
r . ^ L i o : t- .
L : c r - 1 . . t . . ec noiJ of ri,e prjCi.iction, Ii{e !rher
e : r i o y 3 . r ' Ca i n t i e l , o r l d . S i n c e t i : c
i-Sitr hae a |rile r.al,:e li rr.lducts
/.ai.s, Lr"i-^', eri
i:.. 1rI'
Lr
oranes, containers, etc./,
l!,i. laraffef proceesee were ste.r.ted ill the
v_r'lo-a ,1Or'.
r.
naiiielLJ:
- c r e c i
. i - . - i : t

s p e cl a f i z a i i o n

jr.i
. .

rl rj._?,
: .

c r F ,

!::.r.cducti!x.

irithin
t h c : r . ! i , e , , 1 J r ' {c : ' p r c J r _ i c t speciafization,
tL! ptld;cri9n-r:tri e
' .e' .d.
l; cTer
b .i l l -.,.:

?ract:cafiy
every factory unit j],]akes
a sef:-deienilent p.rcduct as rinal
p r o du c t t o b e i e s u e d .
S!ecializai lon o: tle.noduction
aiired iihe finitrtion
ci the :31r3lle1
'ec:r lo j^
I
| eq il . n
.
v . lt i ' '.- I i.ct:o'l )nj-.
: . u c . 1- t
:siDle, -"he inclease oi tbe co-operation betr.iee
n l'/orke, and tre cr.eation
ci a tecl:ncfogicaf autonation in the
variouE production units, which will
oe suitabfe for tecjl]olcqica1 services fct the otire.r trorki on an aft/ays ris:ng level . Such a llocees
!i'il1 be execitted, of ciurse on r1ro
1 . 1 : 6 l o

- devefor]n:ert of tlte iecitnolr,:ical

r l e an s , c r e a t i o n o l o r o j r c t i c n
sy:iens, increase ol auton3iion,
- lnc.rease of t1e organisation Ievef
or' thc lrod. ction, devefopr:cnt

',
i .! ) ; , o f L . : l : : t t l o r ' 1 , : : 4 r - i ' s s
tf
. . ; : r i r l . , . :o , i I r ; l : . i c . I . .o i ' . s i r o p

rt(,r1 l,r;t.:;r.l

I
S. Gdtz

258

oiher prcduction units. The technc1rical scilene of 'Lhis ,./lr::s.c! c'rr

be seen on ligure 1. :he slecialization o: t.e ,'/orks ai[ed p.ri:lsrily
'r-e Eervjce o t:1 rLd
.-L f1c'.ory
it suppunit-., hor!eve.r, perrodicelfJ
lies sor,e !roduction units to the

o f p r o d u c t i o n n a n a g . en - en t a n d
v/orks manager-ent.
Last area tas an

Developnent of tie
|

i-.rercp

:r-c?1-,

i r6:

cp

lue

lo

the

fact that the high 1eve.Lof the techn o l o gj - c a l s p e c i a L i z a t i o n a n d c o - o p e ration coufd be realized indeqendentLy of the issue of the ovin f.inal pro-

. l ' .

^ . - + y . , _ . : , a

- i i c .

o .

ligu.re 2 shcv/s the gecr?Dhical rosiiion oi ti:e 1'a.rious Bua"j]est Iactory

u n i t s a n d t h e i r i . - a i n n . r o d L c t - o . r o fi L e s .

Prina.ry air- of the developflrent ?r'ae

ti'le developrnent of the eteel structure -oroduction, in the f .rarework
of which in one of the rl'oduction
units in Buda:est a steel structural
1'/o.rkparts and paneL nanulactriring
shop has been realj-zed - vJlthin a
Ia.rge lnvestnent - servin all ixe

. .

^ v c l o

r : . - r e c i -

The slecialized
!art !roduction - a-Q
]t can be seen f-ror !'i:,1'- - cove.rs
'' t- 'l e s tor-

L
\

sie-el sto4 5a'd

"r.9of,

?at+ ald F.nd

? rcd.lrcu,oh

sort{

',9ryL9noP

-\sa

s [ipw-ays

-bl:

mo-- materr-al
infeed pctt

eJ Ja-poia- --'g^.
-\
or(deti'Jetu

Do,+

'',

--'-<-.
'eUfr'rr .i{Qq-

+\

No-,1.shtpqatl

e-_---..r
' c e o g r a J h i c s e t t i t n a o f f c ' . c , t o r yLtltiLs anci tlrcir
p t o A r c t a o l r p t o t a L e , s c t v c u J y the conton steel
arlcl panc I p'r odt rc t i or1 rt orl: shol:

.i1,2,

ale of rre steer na1-r:aI Jo'o Lhe

suppLy of pa.rts and unitE needed in
tce -ar icular ti..? a:ld re:dy f r
be.ing integrated | - cut and f in.rshei pa.rts,
- w e L de d T - b e a i s ,
- , cl a n a r s e c t i c n s / p a n e \ e / ,
4 u v v c

P o r

vo-61

hv

"hia

deliverJ

into

rr.f

-t

'--I le oeli-

c -o ^ !!

o ^ .t

1' ui a d

' r

- . ' o , r . l .

o f

. r , i _

Tl

.r'^l

ac

^t

i.o

+4...

r'l ^

.l

avc+an

are ti,e loffev/ing:

-r

- i n

auler rroijuct of the factcry unit

or ihe nateriaLs oi .its asse.bly
unit, directed tc the suitabf site
ol "s:e1b1y.

1.1. Sto.rage

div,lec

units.

The vaj ious del -!e.ry units are pl rnned in the tirne sequence needed io.r
rL ,

, :

;:eitr
par L

..^

q i

-:o.+ .-..:1. tulbs

c+ y-..
and wide steef nate.rials i-n acco.rCance !vith ti'le .rodaction denands.

Intcgrdtcd SteeI Structure hoduc tion hllbnnatiotl Slstent

';11e
lr.oduction cycle allows the prer a r a t l c n o i s n e e t a r - i dt r o i i f e
nater'i:f s in i:re specitied sequence. Output l: tie rroducticn cycie js 12o
t o L r c - o l a t e s c t e q u i v 3 _ L e n tq u : n t i i y
oi lrcfile
sieel in one siift.

0 u n : e n t e r ! r . i e e n L a d ea h i a h - 1 e v e l
s t a n d a r i l - i z at i c n c i t . e : . a t e r i a l s i c r
the creation ci tre slct:ege systen,
c.'. r_r
lr
r.. u.ll_t./
:i.
Lhe
eppfied i]'iateri3l. Tre etora:e systex aLlows iie tirrou:,::l:ut 3i 25,ooc
ion steel rateri:l
.irarll . II the
a L a r . Z e e . j / e i e : .t . - a l ' c : l l r ! i n 2 t a s k
nuet be !cI1oi:ed:

ljre .roouc iiclt cycle iE in direci conr e c i i o n r ' i,- ; i r r L e c u : t i . : l . i t h e n a r t s

5 - / i : . e3 : i s ! i : L j i o . i t a i , e d n ! t e r l a l - l t e : . t i l -

- a c c e i , r ; ? : r c ea t n i d e . t i : i c a i i c n
oi the raterLal,
- Eto13:e acc.riil]a ti q!"liti

l
.
f . ' . - q ! ! ! - ] : U L . ] o I U ;

r. .- .
- )- - - - .
r ..
... . .Il
r. r'..,
r e - : c c e _ r ' ! : a c ec : v ! 3 e i ? s s , t i t i b i e
,or leler use, a:li iit:ir
stJraJe

;hc basic tec.noLo:y oi the :ari cJrtirg is -,he il0 ifar.e-cL-1ting and
trree s?:t:rate cycle-,larte .tave been
.r:::aized, as :clLc!rs:

- coi:.pIex econo:ic stsie:i. servee the

steel r-,aierial sto.re c-rEe:tizei :cr
a cJ;r!utcr. The e_r'sierreelizes t.e
criie,rfa ol the econor-ic oreLetion
'')

I..

Ol ..1ji.

- oroJrcticn
syer,:i ci eleet
! a r t - s. i, i n c f u o i n g p r e s e _ r : t l y 4
-c.'Lett ard .t L.i.a..n - l e J a 1 t - a L 1 1 n . - Lj j , r c c o f ' j ing to the schei,e on ji:itre
l.
- ! r o d u c t i o n - . 1 / s t e no i p r o i i l e
! a r i s / , ' i i de s i e e l p a r I s , l n c l u d cnc l;C :.Ia:iie-cLitter llne,
ii:
i , i t 1 i . - , e c : : a n i z e dr i r s r e r i a l - h a n d l rnl r
- 2 se:arnie Ci,C ifere-cutt.ing
rnac.ines, the taE{ oi !r,hich is
t.ie quick a:i-cnjr:t:nt o: suiiden
r r ' - 1 a . . . - ,c ' 1 i . .
I L:.jc.{
/ r-l c,
"
.ares / .,>
in
lart s oi the dis !osed l!aste.
i..ateria1-surtly i'cr tLe se nac I i n e s r ' ] gs o e e a r r e c : l a n l z e C .

C.ai :'-alS,

tir.rough the sicct

ec!no:1.r,-, sicck
l.egi-"tratt3n
u:ito ti ii.eteiiaf
accc.int-

1.2.

l ec.n rlcF ic :teli:.r.ation

sleet
i:-aIeI'ta1

of

',li

inir.
i.e
,rr.,iJctio.
ctcle
,'-.e fcf'uitt_lci
Ioi;'i19 tecltnJljgic
are rea . Li , e d - i n a c c r - r . d a : t c e , l i t r t t a , e : a i l .
'rl:ijucttJi-i
"r;:-: s-.t:il;,r L
I.!te f!I
tie
p:r't rrltiia;cti.ln:
t d t , . + i .

- _ : :

, r i- . . . +

i . :

'

259

i '

e.-.i-.laeii..-,
ei.iri: cc c -r,i if-: ,
!l-.eri:I
i;-erkir-,
a r : -i , . :r i e I - . t : , a t r , - i . ) r ; : : c : ] a t t t c:-li: r iaJ ,

?Late stor,-nq
beff'' i''{eeA

crcLvE wcr{otJe--

L.l.

Productior ci T-beans

,he ta sk o, the rrodLqtlon cycfe is

tc prcC:rce etraigr-tt and berlt T-ceans
lade ready ci the larte o: cut girdle
eri ','/eb r,iiI,] a ,./eb-:t: iilit
oi :itax.

Ptd,e guAtvg
cwtOpoeit.orrs
t-ra bcr{ftr

t-J
Q2ir

-----;l

'f ptodts grridd +a C-c:.c4*1

lE l;aE atJter 6a,

Btr

of

Fxa-at L)C opera.{:ron: "for ne<t

read.{

neste g. -fi.*Le'

oierrel,iovrs

L: . - : _ _ f _ l

I: _ =:t]
:. 11vn : . t ' t . . - c I . . : l . . r i , , l. - . : : l i ,
tI
s y s t e i ; l i o r : ' a - , 1 1 . - ,ct t : , : ' a, c t 5

S. Gbt j

260
4ro u,t., and ihj,cknese l-v fI , on a
1enltth oI 12 IL. i-ie sJEterr-ni.rks ,rith
g r a . ,i t t - , r e l C i n g . P r e - d r a i t j , r i
ior the
girdle-vreb r/efd.ing .: the rariolis
b e a n s n j - I 1 b e r e . : : f . ) r i r , e dn r r : n a t h e
ilC f l3;:r.-cu ;ti.r,a.
f .r,

1,'in.itninl]/post-n:luiicturrr:3
- -. rr t-'--.-'=:--|:
- . 1r-=-

6 to a oieraiions i,iIf be aine in tl:e

i)r'.ductiol1 cycle oi tlre cut arc
vrelied rarts for ti:e steef strL;ciure
c o n s t . r r r c ' , i i o n .0 ! e r a t i o n s v t e r e d l v i d e d
i n 1 o t , ,- : , . ' . - c y c l - J : 1 : . i : . , o n
the si:e oi the paris arc theil. ncvcr-ent netiod, wh.ich sLb-cycles are ic.-L/c,cL-s
in. Li s- o.:r. -o1: at
o, .Large and sma1l -Darts res!ecrJive1y,/. Operations ehall be done ir tne
srec.if-ied seqLiency on the -,.ariou
!erts,
ln ac.ordance yr-ith the iarklngs
, e
dra,.n on lhe .'rriace .
t .
j , n . - 1 r . c 1 j oi . n : t a ; t /r,"r:::onr
f ace s o.: the rar:t I /
T h e o p e r at i o n s
-

bevef 1.ing,
f e v eI i i n g ,
boring,
edging,
b e n di n g ,
en0csr19.

Produaticn

ll:: itrciuction
tie throu.lh!u-,
b e r . t/ ) - . < / : .
o 3 x l2 r., aI]i
lj t eacr.
1,,.

sysic
is suitabfe f o.r
oi.i to 5 ilanar or
1 .o : o : a _ r ' r r - . 1 e ,
oi a !''rei]|]t oj :bcut

l o r . o i - rj _ j - r , : - 1 . - . . r r

..'t:. . l ,. 1.. I| - clio..yl. cm

the reaiy-mede rarts anJ sections 1'ri11
be co"i.!letel as a rcsult ci the s.riini 1-.1q6"". sb:i,n in f i3ure ,l . 15s
cc:i..leted delivery LinitE \,rill be deliv.red as:offo,rs:
- !Iace ci deEtinaticn /rroduction
u]lrit, es seibiy place, brisade/
- ccitelner"E :cr. iie delivcr.t
:rnii,
- cant:jitts li tie colltainers,
ac co:ir:ar] ing naterief
docur.'tents.

at e:

2. l.rcdrcticn intcrr!tion
svste: of
ne ln_.'ra e
I 1 '1r r _/s1-

/Ten:llates needcd for the oleration

E j f l . . r r o v l o e u b J t . . e : . - i r . , e , r- ior, e. . : ol e oo.- i:l-. 1,.- i r.l -r.
lrequirenent oi tenplates can be irov:del bJ -r..: . i' . :.Cpre-rr' 1ir./
1.5.

;ne i:ec:-anic irateri!l

har].rIinE, tihere
ihe basic n:echlne is a l,a ifane.c!:1:r
on thc li.rklng st3ticn ')1o,)/alier
plate-wefJ irrii/. lhe iunctton ci tlle
nachine is to c:t ti:e outline oi' the
section, !re-d.raiii:rg ci the stifieners /1oIl:1t!dinaf
and tra:rsverse
bear-s/ ard ic nrark lile d.ljing
[ethod
ani nJrking siaticn, !,tere it ni]1 be

oi pfanar

sections

The production syster, consists o:8

etat.ions, and it is conbi[cd !'riih

Sekcttorn

bg

c-ortacner tg pes

Selettor/t

bg

fhe parts acd sections oi tile production syste.L \,/.iff be built 1!tr the rror.. itJ .: a )
a^t,ry
units, eri they riIl
be releaied yearly in the .,u:rntii:ies of'I to 3o. In
e a c 1 1. r o d u c t l o t o l : : . o o o s t e e l s t r u c ture rarts or.5o to foo pl:lnar sections !rill be illiegrried.
Throu::.-asr 'i..
.arj .. lroJ.ctc is
1
J tc lo nonths /iroJr startrnr. of the

co(bcta-oyr rof cor*a-L rrers fbr inctlo idrlal

det(ugt y un;1t

e&&&&&&&Uls<-'rV
<-tnit

&li-uer5 ur..ts

rra{eriat

SetectiDn bg
prcdJ,rc* N6.

fiH-"

6a!743-

iy
alt
swpptrl d cov*a
lv\ers uri+h padistina
ar

bt(s.

loaa-v,g

ptar,r ftr
&tiuc^l
ntis {or- ir*erfzraJr\
ra\r.fe

bsractorg
i3..1,

'

::ot tit:g
s-ct i.r )i ic:c oI L-c(1.!t/--..1i!:a:,)(1-.(
Ls cl:'1.1.
,)a-,icls o.,i titc c; tc', cf
TroLl',cLiott Littc

w-

In t.grut rJ S tt(: l .t I nt( lu tt ProLluL t i )n I li)nnu ! i)

:rrouLiction Lt:ri. !.ce.r-.:lnce/,

ar) ihc
v:rtJuE !iL!s
ca '_::ile .;.:l sectians
tiill
.".lri.tus
,e bL..i1t-in
a'u rita l:il.l
'trii:t
tilr:rs.
_.Li.i: ci]]rltii.r'te
il:e
directiln
:: r.3
i -li..cticj el:teii
,
.
r
:
:
:
i
:
ric.i
a s e r . i . - ) ! : J r . : . : : t r i i 9 : r. , i J n : l
al:i
: : . :a i t _ : : : : : i , t : , I e t e : . ,
t _ i t . : , : - a n l . , - . t : : . : l t: , y ! _ t c t . .

alL

c:

-y

ruili

( -

irua r-it:i-eii s:
-

:r.Intenance
l:
iale r'l:I:LJiJ o:
f i r a . r , - . tc i l i t / 1 o a l v e . c a : : : c i t : t /
b e l i ' r e : . r t l t ! . ; a j , c L l - : , c t a r , '
,lnit:
an. tite :tee i str]ciul.e
.

. -

1 . . j .

. , 1

c c i : , : : l Q i i ; I _ - . J : cs
a : a Lrar.t a I j. .tn .r : lj:-.r ::r :t; r.:::.. iot"
-[de .]
3teIi:l-eu.tL
of th: lrcl . c ' . . r i a : ' l
I
r
: c l . _
sje '!er.
ji ar] i.i-jr..aiior:
crea:i.n
s_,,sLel 9911'16r t:te itite rj.,l
i.rcriis
.:
,.
.c:
l.
n
. -,.:.-r
"'1,

,.j
-

r.

r- E/:L._.

-;--_;::--=-

I -a-If n=-ji
Th-- rat::orl
tie
;,_r,.i ,.ic t i . ar slstcn
t _ r _ t r . i f r i t t e . : . a - . is c i t i : = f : c l , . r , i
L:nite
t a b ! e L tr - l i a i
c3r a- -: t'.-ti:i
_nl]
b - , ' i j rc c r e ? 1 1 t r . c i : i
rc.i_L-i.urijrd
:.ij
o. bci:: si!es
irf!r-rlni-::.Etitoil
-,t::-l.-tc-i:::t
iielf
lt:.!:tizei
l-r-E!ac Lf in
r--. a:
: . 1.
lhe air: ct t:te :lel.-in-:
...: [: !,] i:
io
detcr.:.itn. in;ne
rla:,rir:
.u:e
/ l.;
: ,tear ol. -cr
a t l - i , r r 1 ,I e
s/
i,hoee de r,:nds
c : 1 , a t Cp f o . t - l C t i o r r - . r r t t l : t t
rte eu!clied
- Oa '.
, ' 1. . . .t
, , . .r e - . rieS - ,',iric. r'LiIL bc a,"13t'.:d ncnthly
fr'ol. tl't.: s.eci:llizei
rr:ri,.cticn,
;:iir,: iat!
: l c c i t u n ' . a t l : a s " 1 . . , ar c c : : ! l lJ':c:lc-rae-sectit.e,
: t t . | e l . t /:
-

. 1 .n . _/.-'-.
_- : -c
c ; r ;t i n : - - : ' : _ 1 . - r j , E .

.-,

Ti,,, jtf3.r.i:il
I : . ei . , i
i ill
e:--:ure tr,:rt
tle
iecarn.rlr.:ic!f
cf']E-eecLf:ls
:.oufJ
: re ei:l-e L"/ erer]l ioad. If
ict
Ir'l-Is f s ltct -'iatacase ! 3 at -aal. it_
cision
/cit iira .Lcvef .jl Lrr: er-crrriEc,/ I'iif I be r.--.tiei fit
tce :t:_.rti_
!

t .

tre

;r'-uf.j t.t
ll!t.:.Jnt be jteILl.t:!!d
in re_
jlite e..tatii:r
latfo[
[:ta]
or, ttt: re_

r.
. _i .
:
, ot _ r:rrts :?r,ia:
:h:n olar-j.ec/,
t : r e n e f eo t i : c i ' r : r ' - . r i s c I ' r t f 1 d e c i d e

it,:t aii s

on

lol

e L1r t 3 b f c s e q u e n c c .
l.-3teria1-suriL

. l

IfalL-sca-edu
Irr: .r'ta!:cticn
plan cf ti:
r:ol ,tcticn
..-.
r_/:
ro I
:
: i
I ty
fa,'r Jf .:rf.o:tl,'. Cn t.is
b:r.LS rite
j:
:fab.j)r!tlon
t . a r a t e r i . I - s u ! f , I] l /
rnler
il_"i _rs pos:iofe,
t.c
..re:c.tt
lization.t:
iie
.r.ii jc t icn tae .:s, the
extcrnal d:si]]rbin:qctlre,
es i,tcl
- - - : , , 1 i
c
- ,
. - . d . . . . r , r
:r1_ l
.., I . -t
. :
._
n
i, ti:e ec.edu.li ci tre nsterirl-st..,.1
1 . 1, . . I .
rr.^' i.L.
E.r.i.
t.c ::r.e-corii,riol1 ie an i.i.ir_
i::.-i'rt!: systc|i ic.r tha [a-!]i:tf_euppl;/,
iiricr'r iE eu:tabtc
i r a c c _ . f d : , t r t c eI . r : i h
t.e Iilas
Oi I'sf i:ri:1.
rrltl:r:i in.-rl
,:r
:.-e a1ab.]:a-_icli ot' tie i,3,_Iia1_
s : i r r i r l . l ' c. i i h i u r - J ; t e l
,:t:oj-.iction
:rr'o Itri.s. SiLce -u:13s:eci3i_iz.:d
Llto. . . 1 i . ' t - : - e
i . : . - .
L _ '
e
.
:
. r . : 1 .
. r .
l . / u n i
l l .
'
)
t/,
:-.t.
.r
..r.-Ll
ce Jr-d:._aei act -.r;iI1l t.t ,,:re .trjJtlct_
. ^ - li 1 l .
.
,L
. _-.
rlci, ua :rLsa -,:lis i rt t:ioit.
iate scrre_
ctle;
lL:.t-itiil.l
o: t;,: ,,tir,:ri!f _dl_
:..jl::ls, iii./ex:r,
aLlol,E - ,l.,ic ic tie
ri;:r 1c.re1 ii- sr:it,j:fli.-a-,irn
- iite
sL1 in:
tlp !i
t].te .r,atcIt.l-J,-r::titils
oi
;.e 1-ari--LE iaIi.,.trt
unite
tJ be r,.ro_
JLiCed tn:t
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v1s i::r .'ir s -t:t::-iet.
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r3:aa

ta

L . . 1 . _ .

be :erioritd

1r] i;rta iir!11.c_

'rn,: irtJi,..ciion
ciccee.. a._ sat ihey lle_
c:,i,r. tuiei:]lla:t-,
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Inttgfttttl

StccI Stnt(ttu.

tasks tc be exec;ted. leicre !iving

oL' t:-e IJ i,c io't l-a.. , ai ir.- ection yrilf be needed to eec tll:t the
oiaterials requiled lor tjte i-.rodrctioi- td.-. at. a..ila5--. 1: cr:e
of an ever,tlial fack of any naterial
the progra!r shall be rldi,red.
_At
t h e s 3 0 ' - ct l i e , b . t i : e a n s o f t r 1 e s u i t abfe trfor.esighir', there wifl
be ros:iil
To rul .1 i:t:
oi \1.-i Lasi
yJiihou i ant t.rc.Jble by tre elin-rnation of the lack of 1?te.riEI, or by
uee of sone equival?nt qualit:/.
lh
o ne] .lour o: L... )Jne.ic i:.1iorr:,ation !r11f be gi1'en b.j the .ianaeeoent of iiraterial-.enifini'rlithin
tl.- --r L-rrol ctior.. lr.i. in: tn.etion can be realized lror the sequen:
tial iniornation
of the daify production in iori oi rcute-ccrtrol
instrlrctions. The roL-!e-control instructrons prci,'ide the hanCllns o:
r Lerialc L1L t jj- r:. .tl-:.-^i l rs
and leavj-ng tircm, by takin:
into account the lrloritles
speciiieC b]
the actual D.r.ci,rctionaituation ;xd
nandling lcuie e.
3 . C r e a t i o n o : a c o n l l-el x t e a i , n i c a l
r Tl:--i n:-Ic .raijon .7s:;
refl.Iec

t:l

at jo:1 :7s'e.

The ain cf th: technicaf prepar.iicn

systeII ]s to !rovide the technicalecononic criteria-syeieir. required
lor the r.r'oduction. It was a.plied
in a lirj-ted extent gejleraf1;r in the
traoitj-ona1
p . r eD ar a t i o n c f r . r o d u c r i - n , / , : . - , lo n - I t / n . s _ - c j l _ c a . : : l s
ol t. a recrnical cri-(-ria r,ere
considered as tne our:ose of the
teci'lnical:relarat.ioj-],
r ' r :i : c h a - i e c t e d
o n l y t i ' re ! r o d u c i - i c r a l
envtron:rext.
General.,y the loIloy,in! !/ere excfuded
in this neanin; fro(
:e fuitciione
ol t.e tec.nical
:rreiarat:oni
- Cefintticn
ol ihe c.ndirions ior
the Droduction-prcccss i.n 1".e
tlme,
- creation of crlteria
!1..,,:iing
the troilble-;r.ee
r..ln.i|lt: oi tie
prccees,
liov,'adaysthe neriod of sucj tec.nic a l - t e c r ] n o l 0 4 . i c a 1 d e v e l o p n e n t - t r e n os
:levai1s, l',here the develor[ent of
'a
l e - h r i c .I
liat.on is requjred jn Lir cj: nsjors:
The auto:ira;icn, electronic applicatfons and ti:e use oi robots
a r e o . r 1. a ' - c a 1 l y - i - v .- L o i.r . g .
Thereiore tie linits
cf actlviL i e : e n ' r . I lo E d e v e . o e o j n
"d epth't considerabty,/Clt,-/.
Production celfe, isfarjs,
and
f ,n i e g r . r . a i e d t r c i l u c t t o n s y s t e [ r - s
jr.rort-rce,
n a v e a n e ! e . t - r ! .j
- J.
t
L e ? c \e : :l i i -ed
tre!ds. /cne ci rieir
excellert
d e v e lr o n L r e . : - : r ] - - i . t - l " . i e d

I+odu( tion Inlor

263

tatti(rt S)steDl

rrccesEing

s ys t e n . /

As a .resuli of ihis letter

trend the
irhclizontal boundaries,' of ihe
technical -oreparaticn had to be considerarly extended: its acti-.'ity had
to ccver ney/ areas. These atre:
-

Dr o d u c t . i o n n ! n a g e r . - e i t ,
directicn
on tie le1'el tf r,;oI{E,
ra i e ria I - e c cnony ,
cont.rol o: proiucticn processes.

The trvo trends reafize tosethcr rea-L1;,'i.e artciaticn

ol t1e 0.roductj-on
a n : L j . e . t e : o r ieI c r . L c s a i d L r. t t l e
autonation ol the productlon /increase
ol t.e efl'lciency cf nan-polver/ C,ep e n ds b a E i c a l f y , J p o n t h e c e v e l o p n j n t
poseibilities
oj thc tecr.nical !rep l l a , l o 1 -. n n o '
| :.
it1c;t: <nl
capaclties of the parriculitr erter!.r'.Ls e .
,ind tr'te tlro nain i3ctcre
in the ocEsiLi-Ij i:.- o.'Lh. oe,. 1oo r.1 of
the tecinical
nrepara tion ar.e:
= tle suiiable con!utcr capacities,
= organisaiion of tre actrvitJ
otovid lnE t.e net'/ tasks.
In our entel:.rise an exten:tve orianisa:ion had to be execurec ior. rh'e
e c L Lt i o n o : t t e c c n i r o . L - t e c . x i c a f
probfe!]s oj the sDecializcd lart
l l

. - . : - o r

o n I 1

a l - .

o .

1 t - - - -

tional technical :r.rcparation. Tjtls

wae neceseary rn sriie of the fact
trrat in t.oe tirie .f planning o.l the
s!ecfalizei
troduction rechnof cg,-/,
the fic-!reparatior
was af.ready on a
re-LattvelJ Ligrl fevel oi thc orEanis a i t o n , w n i c h s e . r 1 . ' e de i t i t e s " i : e t i n i e
r.-a s-l'-l^ e- .-r. c ,-i: o ..o -r..rter-technique.
P.Larning of the i]-]t.rltl!tj-on syeten
oi' tie prolictton
s y s t e : . t " ? a s! a s e d
o r - 1 n ? . r l i e . L r , . r . ( - e : . e . ri e . r c ^ s ,
v r a i c h: . e a 1 t l : e r e : . t i z a r j o n o o u r
earl i e.r pla n- pul:: cs es.
D e v e f o p n - e n - :o f t h e t e c h n . i c a f p r e D a .rarron systen !ear'lt et the sa;i:e tine
the unilcrn regul!tion
cI the funct-rons lrorkin:: in the var.ious factories oi tne enter.rise,
T:te :cflcuing !rere l)rie:ly the tasks to oe
sofved:
0n the area ci asseiblJ !"r'orks:
- )efiniticn
oi the nain iunctions
): - e r Lctjon-o-I.. in
ortne area ol steel siuuctur.e
assenbly. De:inition
ct tne xain
tectni-cel-econonic .t3raneters
o i i h e a s s e : t i b L ; r. . r n l i s o f t h e
v ? r i o - t s ! r o d L i ct s ,
- Elaboraticn o: the t'ia!-il.j-treerr
graln ci tie lroducts on rle
bas.is oI uniicrn orircil,fes,
fcl ihc sultabfe ncdelfing oi

of conpl-el{
the integrarion
r a r t s - s e c t i c n s - b L o c Ks - s t r u c t u r a I
unlTs.
- Elaboration
oi a unifollrn codes y s t e n ' ,f o r t . e c c n p L e t e d e s c r i ! tion of "family-iree" nsocfs.
- Creation of relative
t-railsportation ech:duIee a.l delivery
tic as:ei:-bly
units naiirla iiilt
oi tllc ?1oiic'! ald or.icriteria
e: Ieo

i:.

1:a-

of.

1r'<d

ol

the !roJuc-"s.
0n the area ol part Lrr.auciion:
- Deiini'tion
o i t . e : 1 . i3r i u n c - ' i o n s
I -rire iechnc1o,,.ic plaI1[in- ]n
3no seciicns
the area oi.artE
DroJucilon. Lei ini tion ci the
cr iteria fcr ihe ,echnolo;ica1
p . r a o c e s sp l a n . - i n g .
- Deiiniiion
oi the int crrratio:I
oi p3ris,
denanded for finisiinS
'.:l- :J 5o1 s... '. d d .:lnc .
Povrer d el1-a
- Jfa!orarion
oi aiaot:rth:ls -io.r
the de:inirior
of trte 3eoLetric
r'li':in
! a 1 1 : L e r. - o ,
p?rrs.
- Deiinj-tion
o-i the n:n-por';cr enq
.l j ".s
I r..
sJ oo. i/r'
,
h
e
r
,
' i e l ii n 5
an; :i.etitci s l. itt:in
oa !a:ts arq :rJii lct-iorl of seci_Icll.

n .

ior
lfabora-,ior, cr al:o.rithrs
the generaiion of rieiain: in- o r l r at i o n f r c n ! e i : . e t ] ' i c e f 3 [ent s.

t h :

r , o .

^ -

n t r c t i n o .

Elabcration oi aL:lo.ritllr:s ior

.estin;
!.rocese i.!: accatarance
vr'it. the condilions ci the s!ecial ized !rJduction.
- Llaboration oi a code-systei,
the id er-trl.r.cation oi
servin:
!e st s.

0n the a.rea of iia'uerial-econoii.y:

- Su.rvey of naterials,
stendardizaiion.
E n i e . ri n g i h e s t a l ] l d a r d i zed naterial-selection
in the
riater'iaf-denands ;f the ir.roiucts.
- Int.roduction oi a die!osal syterr :or usefu] vr'aste.
- Definition
oi r-ininun stocks
for each scr:i oi naterial.
and data-structut:e of
systeii to be elabo' - :li sati')la are
provided. Up-datinE ci the data is
consj-oered as vitalfy
inoortant !!ith
v i e v . 1 0 L n e : - e . vj L j I j t 7 o . ' t h . s J a ten. It is av/aited fron, ihe i-nfornation sl/steflr that it shafl serve a-.
we-I LnF enlerin6 n-v,; r Lo-ty es,
as tne re!eated !rtrducts. 0n the
r:-_jt
The basic data,
the infcrniation

^tL6r rp.l
up

S. t)ur:

264

rvr

orl.t

changes for

c.'^r.-

acu!!rlal'6

'

p!u

tne varioue

cl

lo..of.
L:.

se.riaf nunbe.r
f 1-.Y': L:rI
the basic data describing a Drod:1ct

nust oe r.pt so '.hat theJ sir!11 be

eurtaolc :c.r eel'er?l eer:a1 nufirers
oi i:roiLici: /3 to j ob,ectE,/ al]i u:d a t e d r , i t i : i r i j : : : r e r t i c u f a r t ; / : r e.
siice the ner.jLief
Thi. is re.ii:ed,
r,arieiies
exlstence oi tr]]e illlc\,rin!
"uine:
a.re aLlolred in a given
- u n i le r s t . r ' i c t u r a . I d e s i ! n ,
- unJer tecin3L:r: ical c4an3e,
- givei: lnrc :.iod'Jcticn,
- u n d e r t j r e D r o . l , J c t j - o n] ] r c c e s e ,
- bcira cvalrated after :rrduction.
Due t. above, the dat3-ba--e structure
inpc.ralld iis harr.rling has e vit?f
tence in the iecrnical
xre!3ration
iniorri:ation ei'sten. The suitab.Ie
lc-r:r o: the systei]r is in,po.rt!nt not
o n i y \ ' ,i t h v . i e l . r t c t h e i n f o r . r a t . i o n
systen cf the fact.r ies, but it
prcviies inioriratior
for those, r'ho
are !JOrki:li in 1r.e iechnicaL prepa4. ,ivafua*,1onoi
. d v

p:ogress;

Ai t|e
;

' . ' i .

r o o .e r - L!

is in

the created i|lior-

saiire ilne,

^ , i ^ .

o r . . " : - . 1 . 4 . . _ L ' _ 1

use is

its

tire lart

since
c l

noi

T i t r . lh ,

i l c

ccii-

-o.roi ) 1 ,

n- Jeal exi:: e:ce Lh- bar . c . j s

a r l d o ! e - r a t - ! c n i i , o de c f t h e e x i s t i n i
iil rr|raiion systex, the :r.r'ese.t dereLor, : L c .. .e :e--edS1'.-{act }/.
A l . n e . r e i n - t J . - , , o L ' : e x e Ji e r - : r e v e a . L e dr . t . y L t L e r u e r ' - [ o p r . c i

t i l i a c . . I

. . r ^

: : ^ 1

shafl bc .realized ic.r sake of better

. r e - u . a r i o ro ' ' : . . r r " l c l i o n p r o c c . - s .
Ac kno,{f edg einent
I trlan{ also h3.reby the co-o-reration
wl'rth \iholi I coulC
ol ni; collegues,
lake I r I i
t : . - + - c ' . n . 16 i c
l-- .1in6
o. l'. i.l egr-oj pl .ict-ons.slen.
o i t h e I 1 S C Fa n d ! ' i i t h v i h o i T c o u l d c o operate in tle elEbc.ratioll oi the
in: or(.atrior eysten.
i.:l JLL-l.ll:S:
/1, - nao(C:lz-ajlrjrn -jnon:
Coliputer-aid ed produc tion cont.rol
eysteni liC-technique and mterlaf
planning. ICCAS-76 Gotenburg,
I ' lo r t h H o l l a n d n m s t e r d a n , 1 1 7 5 .
/2/ S6ntor Gdtz: i'iorkshop iloo.r in. . w . . - : o /

/l/

c . c 1 . .

r : l e ? I _ r , J L c -

t u r e p r : c d u c t i c n . I 0 0 A S - 7 9 G l a s go v r
l;orth I.olland Ansterdan, 1979.
Prcduction ccnt.rol or.iented
nestinil nethod for shipbuilding.
P i r - A D S - 8.3T h e 2 n d I n t e r n . t i o n a l
Syrnposiun on Pract.rcal Design
in Shipbuild ing, 1931. Tokyo
a r d Se o u l .

Compute. Applications ln the Automation of

S h i p y d r d O p e r d l r o n a n d S h r p D e s L s n\
P . B a n d aa n J C . K u u t F d s )
E t s e v i e r S c i e n c eP u b l i s h e r sB . V . ( \ o r l h , H o l l a n u ,
O IFIP. I98 5

tt'i i,-Pi.raAil,r OF IN f EGRAtLt

FCK CALICATI AND M]S

Drii"iS

DA' ZIJCN3
XIA
A pi r l i e d S o f t w a r e D e v e l c p r , e n t C e n t e r
C n i n a S t a t e ; I i i _ r _ D u i l L d i n g C or l o r a t l o n
:naogrrai,
Chio a

Ir, Inc

ciir'eient

areas,

sJc.l aE CA;/JAr, and rl]:cr.mij!Latilmana6elteat, oilfe]'en!

i
g e ne : rt s J r ; t e m sa r e n o r n a r t y a o o , u r e c i . r r i s c i i r i c , , i i
"l i: :l :, , - : ?
. : :L _J lr: (1u: L e .

;, :;;;:,

ar..r. lr.-.. J,.laba.e.

-n r..,. :a:ct, .n ai,r.a.t. r .r Le_
!r
f a.
l ) t 1 . r oi ,. ( n I - J . t . n - - e o r / r o r J . C A - A . . a r d l : . : , n i , o . m , n l
.r._
iormalLon
5)aten 1:j rtfasented.
l n r , l n t e g _ r a t e D E j , l S r s n o r o r t y l i e c e g s a t . / t ) t _Ll
alari iioa:sio1e.
;t is basea !n iollf ly-;ei of data base: manage(,ent rI11.orrnatlon ba!ie, form anfoisation
base, englneering qata base, a.o graph oala ba:.
ihe- 1u:rrilJn1 tlr sJatem' tne arcnirecrura cf tne sjsrei:, anci consioeration
I l I r :r . " n t l , l t . . . 1) : . a : r a . J Z a : .

1.

I ] , i E C DJ O T I C ] ;

) a t a o a s e t e c h n c L o g y h a s b e i n g L r s e c i1 n
tne areara: cl sci.ences ano iechnoLogy.
ln Lne fari.us
sJr!tefit: sucn as A;l-i(CN,
I C R A N , T C R \ A I l ! .( 1 . , i i : : e t c . , d : r t a b a s e
1 E l r e c c n t r e o f a d a t a f - a r i a r . c . n a ,l h e

.^.r,

|.,

.no

t.

co,

-n

. 1 nI

lr_.

manJlacturind.
Ey a cIo.e exanlnatijit
of cala base r.:ra6encnl :rb:J:tiLr:: -io
these ey::jtens, 1l ia ciaccvered ta:it
the iata :'lr!a;Lre
rs siii,irlra, ine iea i u n L : a n c ya a d c c i t a i E t a n c J u i o a ! a o a e e
'r' n ' _ .: . ( .t
lt' t. n.i.:..,.
n
of interaciiva
intefiacc:
ia nJt su;r1;Lieu.
, ' ; it h
, Lt
lC

ahe Cev.l.ri !-i.r: or '!ri. a!r-,icatiJi

-rs an in!ottan!
a:to Jirr]n suaJacl

l:a:laqFitia:itt

l:ta

I.I!rJa'LiJi't

-r I:1a

lli{.

resuLt!r ien{-r.1.(io in a!,D/i:A:.,. A L.i ii l'

enianeering
data baEe it racx of t|c
fun c li!:r a: rlarri iriacea!-iig,,
carr'rir.cr
qat:r st].llCILi|,.a, aa:lCJItaari C.rnLI!L,
: . ,
1 i i a i - n
J - : i
. .
r
n e c e s ! a r J j n i i , a t n a n a d i - i r , : tii:,i r ' - r r j : a t i J n
i.ata La.e L.cr]n.ioSJ 1ir'.:I:
i.:e!!in!
lniir'a]pro6resar.
l.jore rcca]ltlJ,
lira IL-atioral
rlat.r barja :.:iLraas \, r nave
I ' r
.
.r. .. ,
r , r . , . r .n - .
. 1 wr . r . r ' . a ' ,
i
. . . 1 1 . . i c . . . .
re-Laliana I c:rt:r bae ere le::: :i:n-irir'res
th-- us.rrs viei'; of C!ta aa.l r,r'!vices a
very nigh lrvef lncerlace,
tite rce1'
cn,y I' cr: to Er..cifj ,rr,al ne Larts
irilhcut giv1n.
cietai,.
oi ocu to !otairl
i+".
Lue to ila
e a : e o f u s : e, r c L a t i l l a r i
D g l , 1 S1 s a v a i L a o l e ! n l r e r . i c r ! c o m putefs.
T L i . ' r . - . . r . . jL
: - - - o . 1 . i . . r r . graled
data bal,c mana5e:r.ent syetern lo
safisfy
the n,ircus 1or boirr t:!e Cl,L/JL.t.
'., 4 L
ril,,
rr...
a .r i.
T
i-r
of a!proacn jE proi--o.ec.
Il 1s ba!o
a
r. r'l-r
r.r. .:lr'.:j..., .:
,:.na
fouf typ-.a of data ba..:es: rnana5errrent
infornation
base
bac, forll iliforflation

clata base, and 6ra!,h data

, cngir.,erind
base.
The cros reference among data
bases is alLorr'/ed. The syslem iE easy
to use, ano hds a Lol of facilities,
whach are lile intefaclive
irrlrfface,
the lorn interlace,
the graln interiace
, and tne hcst Laniluage interface,
e!c.
To increase its i)ortability,
a special
r n J d " i fe - - t h e v i r t u a l
operating
syslen
1S Oeslglec.
In this jja!rer, Ine section:
dr!]c.ibr.
f,jir
types of ciata base ano ti,e r'()alLlre
of ccrreslonding
ttsl':S. The secticn J
ltsts
t!e basic fJncticne
ctflo sLrucLure
of tl'rc inteB.rated
iEii:.
l-ne section
4
1:rIroducea some consideralions
in tne
lr,tpaementation cf tnc inte5rateo
DtsUS,
lne finaL is ihc ccncfusion and I'efeIen c es.
2.

laUR tIl:ERLNT

T Y P a S C a D A 1 . AB A S L

There are a 1ol of data base6 in the

areas.f
e nd i n e e r i n 6 c a l c u l a t i o n s ,
Crarh.c :r ce..-1;, ano [.1nJLam.nL
rnto"rI.rLL01 :/s16n...
Jne, ca1 r e
rougnay cIa..jEijied as four type of
a a ! a b a s e s : m a n a g e r n e n ti n l o r m a t i o n
base
, rcrfl lnfoanalion
bae, engineering
aala oase, ano drapn data base, and
conlroled
by corre.pondinil
data base
management sysLers.
Here onLy tne
reLati.]nai
d a l a m o o e - Li s a l s c L . i s s e i . ( J )
2.1

l l i a n a q e m e nt

Information

Base

The basic unit

for relational
data
modef iE a lwo dimensionaf lab1e, ancl
nas lo be a simple tab1e.
!'igure l
sllows a ilst
oi orders which !r ..:1-li!yaro sigred,
Ihis table ls a reralion
naned CPDI_R.

Fig,

Tne CRDER table

Du):ha g Xia

266

Thcre 1s .:natnar rabi.' in !hc cala b.t..e

Its narne 1. j.'51, l{,1:r, r.rich itares
.
the lnformaiiiri
aijaut tne cL.istJmer,
who the shiiryaro has a busin..ss v;itn.
Figure 2 is trle lab-e.

,:i,
.

T n e CJ ! T i i l ! l

lable

Thc Cirinese Relaticral

:a--j Ea:c :yElcrn
i s a n e x a ] . . t , el i J 1 t i .
data
reiatlrnaL
ba-se l,anagemenl iy:tt-cn (r+r.
Il is
rLrnnins unoL.: lrie oi,erati-n.j j"' :!cr, JJiIii
rJ lo brL:
, and har!' been transfeaeq
micro clniulers
s u c n : i . i F i . 1F C ( i ) ,
The CRiE syaier.t !.iaes l.Ie S!rLrc!urai
Inglisil
,i"iry
l-anEluage aE: i-"e uata
ltanLuatle,
iefinilLon
ard maai,!lfatii:l
lllerlaces:
arc alriir,crls tilfee usef's
(i)
(ii)
(iiil

i,re: irienoL,v rntcractiv.r in:erfac e.

:lost ran[uate in*,i:fr3ce.
lcrn interf:ce.

I ' h r o u E n t o e r e f r c i L i t i e s . J iL . r s c a n
easily aealize ltre foiriiiin5
Iurct-rne:
creale,
drair, chane,e a aclali!n
.tr an
ino-xi ;1..1. . ,-l
E-osiCes Inore aro a seri,.e o: "11-i-tiea
for cte::tr, co!y, fein!ve, rccjvcrJr ano
aeoaganizalion
of daLa ba..,esi. ine ca!a
base can be acce.sei
t y a ^ lF L. . r J- l - r - i r C i ' i ii;lEillL que.y.
l"or -.xar:!Le, In. c_,-ierJ.r:
"t
finu
r.
.r..- ro r r..tL-i a
c u s t o n e r ' r ' , h o i rr a l er ' ea i t n e ; . - - - - l
ca.rga-s ; i A N G i i A I" i s :

. .

r .

i. j:

!n;tiir--e.ir,,t

llat;i

Ease

lne rr'i;rr:
I ilaLa,
Ine
le:.ir--r.ir"./ alir'"..,,
.n
.
:-,..
c,,r-:riaLi.]n c..,n or r.rl inLi, a (l:rt:, i.ia.
.
lie
!r-tictlra
Jt
L n i a ! _ / . , r .o i r r : r i a
1S. a,rr,: t.'., 5.i tl
I S rroJ.,l: to irl I tlL
ra!alLrinar
uala
|l]o.leL.
icr
cranr:le , il
Cir1:iiirl-r
aiOeo
shii:
i.l-.aiiJ:n arIq tnC. lttr.
.
.
.
.
.
:. 1,l
.r
:t
..
I
aall! l-Jt,:., tiJi ;1:..r -ta
lr1.r i :ril::
l . ot - l t
, Lrj-. :_l:-trct!rr
i : . : 1 a 1 . . , a, r : o :
lli,rf
' . , 1 .:
,
.

2.,,

llr:

rh

--.ala Ea.i.

'uhe

1n
s : r . , : . L i a ! i t l i t ; r ; t u r . l i 1 , l _j i l r i i ! t L ,
il rar:.e
a t j : J _ i j tL a , f ; r . a , ; r _ i c
lnt.rt.jnatija
na!: io be i.t.!c.ajjad,
aitaii :is l.reLir:.i_
rlarJ iell:,!
.rf " arrt,t srLaie,
Llc lr.ir,
,.
:,1_-....
_.
..,
,..:1.
\
aLauclure-piate
ext.anti rn, tite nralinL
B f a ! , r 1 eF a ! t d s a ! n .
It

Il
-:', -,t la1l
' . .

:.r a.,seafch
;r I riL-|cL
r :
l : . _ r .
r . .
.
,
x, r'jint,
decor.iri-,.ifrS, and neEl jnd etc.,
Ln aoc ai.a/al,i\.
,t,:;nJ I :r,,lrs
havi
1ss:rLc loei.ein.
. ale oi
ltt,- lr,cltnii:ues

Sli,LCT c..iar.e, c. ri.ldress, .. J11,r'

:r.,
:
.. .
,
;lirRE
c.llumber - !,l.lsliriier'

l.i

:iat'l

. .
' i . r
L
:
r r r . . : : .
J
' ' . .
. .
i L , f . - c
. .
lle
t,
i.,:.'. i-ii:.:r'-1 :., .r:r:j Lr:,rr.liid
: : a 1 i i , t :, , i ( : r : . _ ; l i r , : r i u )
1e cevriJi
er :-ar
' . . , r
1 . . .
: ! 1 a
( - - t L r( - ,
Usi:r-.: ur.r lre
ia rl,:i, io
Iisit
data
oa::e
,ii Iria-rt
:nJ
!r-iaa'riaLL.
i
t

ii -.

: , . 1 :

'r:i.tn;

!!f
l]1e usat'8,
, 1 r : i j a a n i r ! i 1 ; r ,e L r L a
bacKr,foJnc
it
lrre caJlt:rJler, t.) ia,! !riii
ca!a
o - - i E a ra j a l c j r
a.tIlv.J:ticn|.;.,
, ia_
.-r.,cec.rr: - Landuage -iJrn
L r j n f ; . . 1 . r , , e! r
I I _
: r ' I
l.lol.
lr!
:.J. tar a,1o.rs the ulerl
t_
;-1 arat,
creale
e n d u s e : r : t _ -f r r : r . t . , r
liutr"/,
ll-rri.,1.,, ara ci.lla enLay.
i
-

!'i6.2

_ _ _ : _: . i

a,.:i.rne =

lorr

;uc.J

Scree:]

An lppr.)d.lt t)l hrqft1t(l

DBillSlot C,lD,C. .1ld (t .tt1s

i a 1 - : -L r r : L t .
ii _lt,lrtria:r id!i]
L;i{
rr:_
r
-"1e
l i n J c _ : i r - 'i l-l s J r a L e i l , t , r , i C t , i r t , V t u e S
_
,
i
n
,
.tili f.i
cuaaLi,,it,
n,i,.xil.uii..!r-r
,,I
Li:ratt, drr! ta,a oa:iat.i:,li,!
_i fe,rtt-.t,_
:!ii,
tr,l,,t{,ia llc
.rl.:ti:.

nent In1orm.,!iJn Sy5tam tc use thti aiat;.r

ger era'reo by a J-il,zJAi.l sjr.jL.ii, and tr]e
revers La trLlc.
Tlc i,,i:r Irl.rrraalLion
i:sc
i s b a s e o l n l o e M a a L ; r E e r n a jiinl f j : _
' r .
. :

i,r"

lric:i

'

. 1 .

. r t L a tt ! a l i : a , , r , 1 c a ; '

'

ixl_j

j ' '

' ' :

j:.ail_Il.
:

: .

r l , e l f , r i , r , 1 C : I, O d l :
r : . : r " ,C
. e a a . , a r! J _ , I .
cilve,
l,-, jata crt.!ra,
!.: in.
l,.tii;iel,
' ' .
I .
a
. .
. ,
u a ! a J . : 1 " .L e , I i r A U a ! i . , : r
A : L a it l , t , 1 : r r _ ! r . t j i
iia;a
reL;ter
t - _ , _ r i a . r - ! . , i 1, ! . r J t , J i . a i . r _ d

" '
IL r l - r i

_!t

trrL

!.t_-,,

i.r,a

._i

.1.:L.ttj:!

! . .

'ee Gra;i
liaL:1 Ba!.! als.t 4ccris oal,
iri
l.-- Lr5ineerin6
Iral: ij:1ae.
_ l i 'r) e x r n ; , r , I e
i
n
e
conloui cjr.va !i a :tLj.uctufa,1
,
cor:irone]lt ii
tre Er:1irit daiia base crn_
s l , a l s , - r l d ! _ i _ i_ l j i . j r n t i i n e - - ! , J r 1 n e
curr'L!
,r. .r'. j. ... ei!.
.. lr-...o_
5-ineering cral.: base. iij{jrr ! _i r i I i.ia_
lrates
Ine otlrite
.)l Cri,sa ref.errnCe
al'r.anijiuitf l"r!a5 0f c.rla o:tl t:r,.

,rra,ir;j-iricrl
t-:,li ,tr .,.rr i,i,.t!aaJl
itt,
is Ljoiirr:i; LJ :r.L J.I:!ilr_:! : , ! i : : . ; l ] t!rLllaLlJll itl l-er:rli.,:t!. _r; Lli,
,a1:,:t.

. r ' ,

261

:ltr\.i

_i!:4, t:
a1 ii:1r,,.,,a, ttra r.r..:,:.-1:
. . 1 -. . " ! .
anJ r-,,i, i :.rie -l1l
:.,t lra. aallr
itir..ia
. a r
r . t
J
, r re J - c ! n s l r t ; l
lrrt il_rtr.,ili:t. :ii r,i-is:
:',ii 1,1: n.,riit l::..
l.:,
Liltc4fiL:jt i_,:i.._,, . -| j:rl,
s|c li-,1
I - , iI i i ! i ,
Iu::tril:,
,,ll:J!i,
afC:r ,,..'-l,
cent.e iL illl,
r ) . .

' r

F -

L-

l, J.

r : j

oIt!.r: I : iAlI. ti,

crrve I:i.!ir;i,
dr.i l.r:/ I i... jL_,1
,

iif

Jr.lss ref eretcr,

o i d . 1 ta b a s e . . _

J-]rverliolally
tile dif fet..i! tJije. jl
rat.r bases: !if a 1.:rnaEeu ajy di fl.eI.an I
ly!,-s oi !ii"1:.
In trlis case, il is im_
j r J E a i b i e l c a c c e s ! t a n o t r i e r a - : r a L a i : _ ct n
o1e i9l'1S. -q j.cs.rfution
is t. buili.i L.i;
3rr i:ilatf:rlae
d:iLi, bat e [r:]r,:r3eraLrit!
:iialen.
:iii: ia ijur aiir.
L.xt erclii.,n

l.rdtlr, Fi,..f,
w 1 uI r , F l , , i ; ,
llricinal:, -j,,r,',1,
i . a I L. . . i l i I j . . l E : i ,
a r . , . ; i , . _ -il ,
c u L _ l . i . _ l r , a . - ; . i 1,
lallo
L.t:-rii...ir

r.
.t.
.,
t .
.n-,.
n, J..r
I.u _
LJr'e:rL.iLL
nur
:1ier,i.i,lc
:FiiIl aJalem,

l.
It,, ,1..t'os, jr1,11, :.j.,
i,,;,!:r,
a:Lu ,. J.ri'1,:.,
, .,'i!lJ.:, .. f l;,
ti';jc s Ji
LJiL r'iiclr.

f a l i C f l a t J : A : ,Ii A t i t j i l ' t L . j i J i : r a i . I I t ! _
rr_irr-|!,

iliii.trlr
i.1i.ei.re

r/r:..,

it j I n.ir rri.iJ nacesai,rJ o.JL l1.o pcs_

r'1irle to iesldn ana iri)ierllr]nt a inte_
:ti::.
Brsleii
r"\naijjir,jacn i!r
llris
Irur_

ln ;!e
r l i - . .L , t r a ! : y a ! r : , , i , a l . i s c a t r o a
caf 1c j .)Ltl iI]i'(j r'aclivel"r
. L s ! . 1 : j r _ r . au e _
lrlrc,
i. l o iL r:
d . l L _ t i V a x ,t : l t
Lo a,aa_i-.rll
L n a i , j i . , . ni i l . . . i u e t
J ,:

' . .

!I.

. .

r ,

( . .

:-.rtticae fl,.L.ttiijr.,tL D."la Las.

:yaLel._

j. 1 i.a-.ic f urctlr,r-is !nci Strrc Lure

! ;ra.:
i : .

i!

!. i,il

' .

.:

i l

- ;.

.. ......

'
:
t
, :
;
. .
r , o .
:
3irirj'i]aCli,
Ti,a s"/|l Lax ::llc :cr,dniiC
:ire
pr'ijc.i:
t,Lr .J
i -ql- -/ilr urrei c.;::._
Ict
; l : i L c r c u r : . 1 r :i t r '
lile .tLi:,ill
i / ,,
atri jl_
lfoducLr
in :noi:tlr
l.r , r r..
r.

a l r _ , i ar

iccct.

l , , , . r u:

, l I :r.irt

r,:1..

l-ltaiLI
- f l t f , a r . l 1 i r . : i i J . l : , r _ r . l lr j t i
' ' 1
. J . . , r ' i

:"tf La:J. ! l
: .

:l

I! l.dr-i, r ei l,Fijs ..nculd ri.cvide aLI

i,.lncticr!,
i,,oicrr ti,e l:ir
i_irr.el,l
:l:...: .Li!r,tt-i,
A..r
L3l,il_rf a ilanaie_
at|lt Ini.rls.alirn Fasl, : I a.i
r,,1:! i,n!
. : . ' . r l : . .
. . ,. r . r
'
: .
I r . , : (
i r : ' r : ' , v r . i t a i l a r : : i 1 r c h : r inr l , : : , . f i . _ r , : , c e _
!rrl_---ft,
i - r t . r : .a i i t a r J l , l r . _ ri _ r . | , . i , r : , l c ;
'r-:l
n5 :,
! i 3 n i r 6 - i r r a a t . r : 1 , -i j a l L . i i : r : ; r ,

1L r-:,t I
irt,:
a.r-jc:lj..lr
a
;j:i:], l rt,
.:::.:t
.:t'11:ti
r-r.itt.
ltiarar
I

:jr'!,:_ ,

,..

I
r:ir,LJ:r:r!
iIll
t.aa
f'jj
r::riit ilj.!.;
irjro iir
.i l,i.:ll
. _ ij
:.ti,
ii
it:,r Lt
:, !,,,
.ior.
i,
.r] ir:t:r ._..ir.:i..Li a-:,
a,__
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ii ,Isl-;
,r.,,., :L!t. t_rcti

a,.-,,

I.Li:.,va, t.,cr!!I.j,,

t,._

26u

Daozhottg Xiu

Ine arcnltectJre
Flgure ) ifLustrates
of tne inteBrated
DBi'I:. lne .Jrlem
ioterconsists ol the usieI. freindly
preprocassrr,
fac es, system monitor,
data -Drocessing nodule, and virtuaf

lhrs il
a nuLti,,!inoJr/ screen proceacing
noniior.
;n the u_!!er "{indow lI1. querJ
j.s g!1:rg tc re'uri-.ve t{o re-atiJns:
. .. i:l -r.: . rll , lM.. : .f.-. d reLalr.cn in lr]e managenent iilarr:ati!rL
base i'lI:, ana SriI'r i. a reLatiiin in lte
frc qLer.7 :le:rns
drairh dara ba::e GIAFi,
"tiJ oistiay
o a t a i t r ' a L L r : r ' t , 1 _ L o y c e. r ; n o
n ! j j
L
. , . J .
- . . r - . , , y : . . . d wamt:n".
T t t e l c w t r o r / i n a L o l \ ' sa a e f J f
ieference ot ciata bases, they stia,,itfie
contents -f nanadejlrent irformaiion
bzrae
l.1IS, and tr:e fieLae in tlte relati.rn
l,i"J;' L(,YFE. l'he resLllts
retri-eved
fr!n
llie data bases :rae r.Lit :rn tr,r nisir taJ
area .ne .!a6e a ti-r,e iiy dircclind
the
rllspLay screen tc 'tove over Ine resLlLtE
t , : 1c 1 e .

0s.

Ii-irm In lcriace

Tne integraled
D B l . l Sa l s o , L r p r , o r t s a
p!werful
frrn
intrirtace
i ! l l i c h i s ! ' i ,f j r r
L i i e r a i l o n a r L c l i . e - : r i r l i n g I ' i a n d ; e m e nL
syeteir.
:ne f.lFi{ sJ!lem al L--,ts rs,cr t!,
creaLe a far[,
ani use the lott! 1of
quelJ,
"iiro:rte, anc .lala en_!ry.
.fjilen
creatlnd
the ,taea Juat rlrx-!Iir
a i!fr.,
ti

User

Ireindt:r

Lffirfl_ar.Ct

lire. ilt,,rlaces
pfovice rieci_jatary faaiLlIles
1 O I . u s e f s l J r . , c C e E sL t i g ; ! ! c _
lEl"],:, inici
6ralei
.1re lric fti, leveL
Cala base mlcuie::.
.

Irri.et,active

intefface

Tne scteen nonitor

feserveg an aaea itl
lhe dis;lary tefrninel fol usef t! erltef
a query.
lu,I-::creen
erittnj
cap,.:ir_
lity
is sl-liriiortec lJ x...1aiy ir eiter r,i
.t.a
a
:..., i
:. :j ..
n
,lL rJ.
l

a.<..I

-o,J/

l^

V.

X-cala

firlu

: l - c
A s . v : 1 . J - i n o c r l ' .
j.t.no,
ca.l^d L r
.1",-. n,
: .r-_
, l - :1 l r ii. In
...
L av-c 1...... ,
Fi5ur'e 6 je an exarri-Le oi Lne atJer:r
ccrecn 1n ine,iteaactire
ir.lirf:ce.

reletirns
r-ist ae s!,-.cilieo,
lnen a
I c . n 1 s u s r - 1 t L r q u . r ' " ,i r r 3 , t 1 1 e J s e f
, ,j. l i b e a s i < e d t c e n t e r s e a r c n l r . 6 L l a , e n l s
iia-ij.il.
T|a sJLten lllLn taat]l!i in!ut
Lale Lhc situalion
int.) ar cquivaienl
q.rcr;;, subiiir
!iL
lt,. rlLierJ lo ttstiS,
orspia.v the f.::u Lls .iri airecifiird oLtt!ut
l i t , J o : , . 1 r r uc J ] r i , . r t i n 6 l I ] e c ! m a u t a t i a r r
t1eIcs iii tne lorn.
.

Gr:in

Intcrtace

Int.-.gr:rlcrj i!ilS !rrJvi.ie.r.1 ucei u1

i,r:r;ih 1lib.]rlace a neLI.
llis
inirr
lace i!i -.iaei irr oesigo ar 6r'alh i!lcracllveLy
by speclaL toiiLs sucn as orIt
pen elc..
6"1:ali2rer, ano liiht
i.r-,rs li.{e tn. p.LTi- CiD iin Lne Itsi'1;)C.

Ill]]

A.iuar.y:craen

carr

l re1o is rn!i.11 of .j"llirLtt, it

lf.u:jt
s-rieciiiea
tii ciJaresp!nai
!it a .iata
arf a rel3tiJn
in
tne carta bases.
FLlrliaf,
ii
a f-r,:. acat:ljrs
iiLit.e
Jr]e f.lalion,
trrc J.rin
iields
o1'

Tne l,rimarJi functiJi:

!f
tr,La rnaarrace
is to :rrovicie f aciii-,y
i-t. .l: cr tij
!
r.e resr.ts,
ent.cr a quejal ard viet
Tltey aro accol! i Ltate! L r trle sca.en ja.onitirf.

Ile1d.

be ii-.clared as one oi the ly!ee:

in!ut,
ouiput., and c.rmi,utalion. An in!ul
iic,o
i - r . o o . , , . r i . . , , .. !
r
..i .,.-n;;
a n O u t i i : i l l i a r L o i s J a : eo i a I d i - ! I a y l I t c
aluery rc:ru-ts;
ani e aLimi)ulatiJn fic-td
crn be ielin.d
ac i1 funcaion Jf otref
fieLds lrrrcugl an eiiratiJn,
In lrLure
j trc A:a jli,' irro iiiTAL f!eLo ar.e conpur.ltiJi lielos.
ii Ine type.rf
.r

-,i
T n e a a c t i i I e c t L ir e
tjl1l:
tr're inlegfatc':1

1.2

uocn i.rm

A ! r ' a r , n i.c I e eil

Atl Appn)a(h oj Int?gruted DBMS lbr CADICAM und ItlS

- - i c 6 o n ( t t Y 1 5' r
,
JrienS Ine manaBement lnio_rmalion base
and graph data b.Lse to be retrieved.

tuid it au lomatl calfy

slo.e s tne dat:r
,rbr.:r. .
t J r F r ' r a .h J n a
r.L.rL..rI
inLo the graph data base accordind Lo
lhe pr{rdefjned 6ra-!n d.rla mcdcf.
t r r . r e 7 t . 3 L J Lr c r l r ' : j L r . ' r F n . n
iir e 6ralh
in t cr fac e.
.

liost

- - que.Y ( "SLLTT
'
FliC."1 i.1IS: I,_iIFLJYLE L,
, F l . - rr . . r l . i
:'iH5l?l E, em!i+ - ".t. jeEi6ner
' ;" rt )
-qND E. sex
senos a quefy t- the inteLfalec
;Fl'jS.

Languege inler:irce

I t l . o . o h' r . ^ r t . ,
. n
r ' c
. 1
: . ,
irn e:1ly Wily !a aUCeSa iI-e C.it:i CSaeSt
most ol orta bas(] a. !Li catl on: are
1n a lfo6rarnrinE lan6ual:,..
wrrllen
'!here
ale severai
airirroacl'teE faJ a -!rug r a . l n mr - n 6 l a n 6 u a d e t i i c . r l r ] j i u n i c a l c , r i t ] i
a daLa baFe sJst.m:

--Selone(ar.ray,
nunber)
a,ets lne qref_, re:,J r ls
t1nie.

.:ieilo.r t

"enbei..l"

(ii)
in-"r a pro,{'query is
granming fanguade,
:.!ecra1 1;lgua6e
contr'ucts are introducrd.
A praprJcesaor c:rn recognize tl]er e si,!cial
l:lem i]lLo ar!t3tcrnente aoq tfanslate
ceoura
c.r1Li. lo 3 rurlime
ayslen.
:lre a,r,!Llca,-!i,in:rl!aa:ri.s c:r'L
J

t '

. .

!lLc

. : l J .

lli:
u:as tre Lrs! :retire ca- -a aae li:,r-{ri1

t r',,1
a.r
a r ..i

,lri t er

T h a f e l - i o it , r r i t . r g i v e s u ! r e l a l t a ' ! u r - t..rrty to struclure tte quiry fearlts

lnlo a fi])rnal suitaole
ior ,rrinLing as
a rcirorl.
lJncai.rns ilrovldeo il]cl,rcc:
aCcin5 tiLleE
Jn the fel)ort,
a t . ] n t o v eo r
re:l'l:1n8e cirufis ol .Lie feirolt,
sor _
L.r.
( .(i.., cr-,.. t-1, rro, r
..
i. Lnr'
. . ' .' j .
ai .n v
aa npJlec 1r'.rjrLrlher v:iiues od r.rle aa1 - !j l , a n c e u l r i - . 1 , c : r , . i /
ti,nea.ilin j .r
a r r ' r r r r ; i n df i L a , . , , , r i i c r l a e c . , f . i r l t i a , 1 n o 1 e
. c
1 .
i c . r b
r
) ' . t .
. n .
_
l r i I r . L
- a 1
i
Ine r'{ru!rl /rril.r.

,cr Jf iuircli,ins
r;.1icn firr.
ti,e i;ri:S,
subll-il :r ri.rerJ t! tre t:i,1S, :rnd bel :r,e
re..:u, 1., f .orr Lr.e D!i.i5.
fue irLr.if:rteo
tlod.
Slne of
b ell,,, :

Joe r.ecarc a

lhere are ! lhef c:r-.-. r!al

aLlow af,irLicaticn
prosran t! -rcr1!fm Jlner clata
r , " , ainp u l a l i o o
i unc tiiln s.

(i)
lrie pro;rarnrring iar5L.iage c..n be extendec lc incLude a,.!fJlriale
cala tJiie
and d;rta rnanipnlalron c-ierrt-j s.

(i ii/

269

!1:' l!.
G,..!:.r
r-:l I ra

: rr
a:l /
r:
:r rr

rL

YO

1:

Fi g.
J.J

i . t ' : . L L : t ti " : ! n i - ! u r a n d t a t a

;a fe t]l

irJces!iiti

'lne

s1rL|,m fi..initir i:, ; c;r:trci rct .ri

L r L ( -, , . r l . i i e s , ! L a n .
iiic :._r-il_r ::ci-.uL_iles tte cracLrli an i a c,nrr,arnos. I t reccives d3i,
i r c , r r ,a u r . e r i : t t e i . i a c e a n d
s . i o j r , ti s l . ] L . t c i r . e j ) r r c ! : r r - / l ' , L r r e n L . l a
tr,tr ].esir1Ll: buc,r lt
tr,'. irrterf;,cc.
'!le

prer rrcessol' colsi.lf

of qu,.ty ln!d 1 . 1
1 ,
x , c . . r r . . J :
. - : r r
,
arici ao on.
Tiiti i!LtejrriJ
arrst-raint.a
and crncar'r'-.nl cLrrl|or a1'e L:lr,,enelrLc,:l

-i

tl.

-:

iejr!rl;1'liier'
-he

.r cJrr3nd tnLo a
irar"ser tr:lslries
.iat,rf
m e t . r c r l n m 1 n d sf : r r f u r l e r i n t e f pfetatatn
accoraing L! lha i]lner fr.clocolL!

ihe data prucessing noduLe is comil,'lscc

Jf s,-veral lndeijendent subrnooules:
iluerJ irocess, create-ta10Le, cferte1no cx, dritp-tabfe,
oror,-index,
itr-.rL-1,
u-!oate, CcLete -irci sJ on.
Fi,r a giveil
c D : . r n a ] l c i. i n i y i : n e o f l h e : . u o i [ O d uL e s w i , ,
o. lnvo rveq oy lre nonitor.

210

Dao:llang

J.a Tl\e /lrtuaf

Cperati]lg SYsler,

Tler'e are faur tJ_-es -tl oicliLinal1r'ies irr

tne inteLI'alcd
1 , : : . : : - ] ,L i L e y a r e x i r n : - i E e aas-. .i.Lclr!narJ,
i,rfr.
m , . . rI i n l . . i f i i a l i ! r
. . i r ' , 1 . 1 1 . '
. , t - n ' r J ,F a . 1 f iij
. 1 or 1 . r ' i . i i r r r
aala aaiar (iic!iunajjI,
lrre conneciii'jns
o.rta basr iiicljunarJr.
,tl qalla basls arc racajfoed in Ine oir:aJar;.r].es t'-rO.

le-y Jn an
Data b::se syrtl-i'ts JsraL:J
acceEs mechanisrn to leich auid store
TneIe are
data un lhe sti-lra13e siistem.
.i' 1
1. 1 :'L
,:rrolco.. L
se.' ,
basc access meclla:llzm:
(i)

EuiI,r

l r . e o ;

tinB

tne

r ' . 1 . : .

fire

on t.il

acce!:s xeinoo
. J : L

XiLt

of
-

t -

r..r'
...J .:tr..L.i
i
..
. . .r r
data b:,ee Cicbi.r:1ar"nas i-L-r!trateC
as
I i c , r _ , i: c t s
-f a lcr, iiiea
an rxairiiire.
"/iF-lj.tlR, II'Ia: TA3l,E.lLr, : IFl,l,.l,1l,
lrre
-:llTY.i,Iar,
arid r:'i'c'lLrlTI,lli.DiR eLc.
.trucLure cf :LaLi,.:'F 1.:

systen.

(ia) iuiociIJ. l11e !i,eratin6

Jsleii t!
provide l1e rleceeary fLincti Jns Ior
d a l a o i r s a t u J is r e n .

tnc

(iii,
f l r ' 1 t e a s p c c l a L a c c e s s i r r e L r l . l aa n c
f i- Le syetcm fcr tne o-_,a lrase si E-"eln.
.i:c ;rle lirst
i'ioa:t ca.La base sJritil:
DEI'jS
Tne inlegraiec
two ai)irroacnes.
uses tie
f i-rs-, .1l,ilrJ:,CIi. AL1 tnc
:1re gatnefeo
together
access routines
r..-i
.. .n ,c.,.. c.c-l-, ^:t.cr .
llnen trie
Tirtual
Cirer:rtiog Syst-.m,
tc
integratcc
LLI{S ie i-oirrg to t.ransfer
fun under anolher i5 cil lerent
fror, ine
current
environment, Jn'y tne virtJal
'- n6.ol Lo Le :n n--r.
.r... ;. c,..
mak(:s toe lntegrale
tBl'15 navc more ..rLri_
t

r r ' - L y ,

L n :

l j

: .

F o

coNSIDlRA'lICilS Ill
I].IT I,GRAiLI-] DT]I'1S

niLlr--acJ,.C!L

,1 )

stlruc_"ufea10!'

I,iiLl-iiL.iTAiI.ii

n'.J.:11

s ' r i It '
DLI':: n:is ado!tec
ir.rrarviild lIlc ai a!irr. --ea-

.1.1 L.rla f a:'c DictiJn:,r

+. .: !!_C Iii, e .: i mc I ure

Inere are t,\!
, : 1!

Tne inledratcu
Djl:S is bi..eo u:1 !no
It
reiationa L data b:rsc .JsilLrj,--.liLlr.
Cat: lase ras
i E ,.llown thrrt relali'rnar
-rny .c.Jirr n. . r-J.bs I.-,i- j,L
.: . i.
.. t.. ,
n
L
a:
le r.n: ,
evef, some disaavEnlaE,es .)i trie rel|atiorral data base iT:ive aLreaot :1,-]leo.
i. Less lrlan
The excution .iiiciency
Tfre iitegrated
irreasures for
fornanc e.

' / . . o . r . ; ; . n -

cicnce, self-containedne:i6r
n ess, anci r.ocifiabiirl:t'
+.

n a m e i l i A R t , / * 1 . " e n : i r : : . 'r l a L i ' . 1 . * /

Le,et,. li'a6 '/
:i.g
:iiAfi l, /'
iensfrr I), IEGEi, /"-t:n13lti ol a iu--1e',/
rlum Ilif l Gi-ii, /^llt-rnber ! i f i-e1ds '/
I l i l E a a . - R ,/ ' i , . i 6 1 c a , r r u n . - r ' I . L
iirsL
riLlc
n t it'.i'L.LI't*/
uEer I:iTFGLl, /*ArLovrco u.{-r r1.L r/

c-a:Ees .]i
t

L r ' _ a

li,ar
,

in

Lrre

'

, : r -

. . , :

dexec secluencefiLe (o ).
Ine fater is
.. i'.1,
.:.
I
c...Lr !-- a
ar1 lriu!x Eet ancl
can:tiEts tf :nil ija|ts:
Taa ':1uex s,el alli-i,lfLs
a aealllence 3et.
lreL ,jlrect acaa,Ijs '.a) Lr;e ae.lf,erlce sel
I t r. :i
i : r n d l r : . r s l a " r e u a l a t i ) i r) .
r':ir:',rind.
i'are
rea- l-lree,
l'-rirl'r,
a e . u e : l t c ea e t a J r L ! i ! L s - f
a slngLc-rcveL
r l e r E e l n i t e x t . r i a r a ra a t u a - i l a t a , L r , e c n L.-,-a i.r tlris .-rl are L,-icired, ln.r tne
i rL ! c . < e a . , i r c r i . . l r e a t i ! r n r r r J i
cliiinco t..); L j F l r r e r i r i l _ u e r : c es e l f r j v L i i i e
!etrrer.
!-r
t r :, .c -J - j : lI i a - L : l a c t a i i L . , t l r t r i l . l : - i .
err:'.-.r.r t: tr.aae i: :i]1 -trlr)( -,1 lr,e
:i!. ,rtlrlbut|
.-i !iir' ..irti.ll
i - : . . -1 , . l i i r - i - ,
, f r ' r "
r ' r . : r . l
L n
. . . t
:--OJiee

itl]JaiC

,it{r

iS

-'L-JiiLaI

lllaral

!r

t:t
rtrcr::scc
eoJs- tJ jl",
a!u,a1 ie
ri
s , - i c r L/ , a J : a i r l i t ,
!,ei:aciL Li,a ,ititex !,t!
iie
irieli
ii ia .-n aaie, li,tr.
:.i L Lrie
_Liia
t : ni f J ' . : 1
clalc.: .ri lrLtr :aaruulici- :iLLt
jl.
t.
fu-urc
.lilial- va-ii,
aq!.r.!
-,
-itc.rx
-lfuslr_:i-.e
!f,(, :r_,a!cLJaa J1 ir.!
j-ler.,nd, i-r lr,c r'( vL--:se irr( JtrJr,
iiLe.
!!ln,,
; : / i . a r . Lt n { r i r
ite
anLfii::
t1 ,
lcis
ii) Lre crt!
f ilr, i:i.r ae tearl.:ri,
l:re 1!-\t
al.aa{ iri L:,- o..,a,r rif.,:ib Llrii
1
,. .
._ ..
r"/
r'
-...c
i:lirl ar, Jll.
fecLi.ri
r:]Ui Lr-C ailii-r'.aIa
3 r'e ri t.: ir, r.r i,,irclrLJr.

lhe d:rla oa!e diciii,i11all'y !5. .i r,-Lj:'rl;re

o i a d a l a b a s e , i l i s c r e a t e ( ] ; ] nd i a l n il
re-aliJrriri
tained
LrJ Ine ;Bi"iS it3ell
ine cinlenla al:i
data b:r:e syetcm.
dlc tionarJ
inl-r'm:llraiI an.')u!
l:IcIuie
r'elaticns,
at Lr-ibules, ^lluicaa, trl]o lI]e
tnt-.bfilJ/
C- n a i tr r a n t 5 .

lr- r-, ..t

r!ll:-t

..-1-r 1.1-"fI

I
i,.r'i.rttr!e

!t.1.

-'

trta

A :---:r..

1ln ..tpprotcll aJ lntt:gtu1tcdDBTUS

Jor CADlC,4ilt dntl IIIS
fo :ye eu a J\.i:J or-e-ra_,1Jn, a l-,re.,:i!
struclure Ji Loe enLry iE uaed.
!urr!. n ; /, 1.. r.
._ior r .:.r,a
an equai Join !!era!ian
or1 cne .ri.,if of
1 . 1 . - , , r ; .i
n. . r \ I fiel.j
oI .re1a!ion A is otiiLt j!,
a s,-ec13L I.Jlnler
can be tequircd
la aio inrt evetJ entrlr, loe rr!11ter !:,irls
ta a
grout, of luple idertiiiers
oaviog the
sarle value o]1 lte corre::.niiin;
irerc
in rclation
F.
Il saveE lir,e in scarchlng .eialr!n
t.
!iiurc
lj iLLueLralcs l:he silructure nl an enlrJi in ine
1nd,.x file
!f I'eratljn
A, ,,r'iticn nas
3, a, anC
JJln !i-Ler':iti!ra ,!i!ft r.la!i,:l
D.

).

271

CCIICLITSIaN

lhe ,'nanagemenI inforn.rticn

base, forn
ilfi|mation
oase, engineerin6
data base
, and grairh data base are us.tLly manaSed.by correslondln6
t3t:S.
After ana_
1 J z l n g l i l e c r o g s r e f e | e n c r a m o n e ,I n e
four ly!es
oi atata bases, arr ;r.!irri:acrl
ol an rnlegrated
DBil:t is: ,ro1;_-s_.1.
ll:e rnteSrated
dat:i base ilana6enent
sJs,ten rE bared on tde r...arLiJra1 oala
case fianagernenc systcn -- ilRtts ancl the
iolrri J!efatijt
dnd r.epJrLrng nan:16enent
systen -- Fa,iil.ll, which are rrnpienJnted
!y irle aulnol.
fhe lJnclions
anci ti]e
arcrtrtecture
ul tte inte6rateo
L i 1 , y Sa r e
qescrlceo,
and some considerations
of
implenentation
jrtltl
afe preEen!eo roo.
rrre reafizati-ol]
of tne lntedraxeo
LEi"lS,
t i r e a ! r - rL i c a t i o e
in tne area cf CAD/Cf\i,1'
ano i:ticlmatrrlr
manaile,ren-L arrr gcins
lo
ael in!re anq mOI-;,t,fur.reSgeS.

_Iitt:!Fcrs
lr

S_Lr'Lrctrre,Jl
a:l er LaJ

Fecaue an Jperaling
systen is ieai6ned
to serve aLf .,iij1tIicaIian pr'l6ra,ls, it
is ucul Iiy not ideai f.r
d.lla bas-- sj eI1 li,e rn-"eriile,l t:1i5, ci s!.ciaa
!9r.
l . .
t . t
I t . , n a o j j , t . -: l j a L e J ,
L l
, . t i - r l . . a L n r , . t - j . :
.
'.
!f

^ : . .: i - - . , . , - : . ; n , . r c .
Lv j
firorc tjl!c:! .rl memory as 1t..: o-rileJ..

( 1 , SliB Uffsby eta, Tornailo: A tataFase fian.rgement Jyste:r for Gr.ajrnic6

Air,cLic.rtions,
1i.!i,- JG&A, l,1ay Itd:.
l-. I. 3odd, Rel:rlinial
iat:r Earse: A
rlac I lcai
loundalion
lo. proi.iucLi_
. L J , - r 1 , : t _ i , r . j . - r L r l e A _ j . : . , / -- , . - i . r . . . , l . - l l / .
;
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APPLICATIONOF ADVA}ICES IN COMPUTING

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
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A d e s i g ns y s t e mi s p r e s e n t e dt h a t p e r n i t s r a p i d d e t e r n i n a t i o no f t h e o p t i r n u nh ru l l
structure
a n d p r o m p t a, c c u r a t ee s t i m a t i o no f h u l l s t e e l w e i g h t a t t h e e a r l y s t a g e - o fJ . t i g n , f o r p u r p o s e s0 f b a s i c d e s i g na n d a l s o o f p r i c e e s t i n r a t i o ni n a n s v r etro - i n q u i r i e s . T h i s y s r e nfru r t h e r p e r n l i t sa d o p t i o ni n e a r i y d e s i g ns t a ! e o f m e a s u r etso p r e v e n te x c e s s i v ev i b r a t . i o ni n
s e r v i c e . r h e s y s t e mh a s b e e nd e v e l o p e a
d l o n g a n e n t i r e l y n e r vp l r i l o s o p h yb, a s e do n a c c u r r l u l a t ee
d x p e r i e n c ei n s y s t e ndr e v e l o p n e n ta, n d r e p r e s e n t sa u s e r - o r i e n t e i - s y s t e rner l y i n g
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s y s t e mc o r r r p r r s es su b - s y s t e n cr so v e r i n q( a )
d d t a b a s c ' ( b ) h u lI s t e e l e s t i f i a t i o n ,( c ) r uIlhe. s c a n t l i n oc a l c u l a t i o n s' ( d ) s t r e n g t hc a i - '
c u l a t r o n s ,( e ) v i b r e t i o na n a l v s i s .
I.

INTRODUCTION

T n e i n c r e a s i n q l ys e v e r ec o m p e t i t i o np r e v a i l i n c r
r n r e c e n ty e a r s i n t h e s h i p p i n gn r a r k e ht a s
c o r n et o c a l l f o r t h e d e s i g na n d c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f s h i p s t h a t p r o v i d ee v e r h i g h e r o p e r a t i n g
p e r f o r m a n caen d o v e r a l l e c o n o m y .S h i p p r i i e
a n d p e r f o r m a n c ce a n b e s a i d t o b e l a r g e l y d e _
t e r m i n e da t t h e s t a g e o f b a s i c d e s i g n , a n d
t r l r s n t e a n tsh a t r e s p o n s et o a c u s t o m e irn q u i r y
b y p r o m p t i yo f f e r i n g a t e n t a t i v e d e s i g no f
e c o n o nctai l a n d h i g h - p e r f o r n nt ig s h i p c o u ld w e ll
h o l d t h e k e y t o s u c c e s s f u l l yi e c u r i n g t h e o r der.
-iiris
r i e e df c r m o r er a p i d a n d r e l i a b l e m e a n so f
p r e p a r -ni i , i t a si c d e si g n s h a s b e e na n s v r e r eadt
I s h i k a w a j i n t a - l - r a rl itre, a
t av yI n d u s t r i e sC o . , L t d .
( t H i ) w l t h a c t i v e e f f o r t s d i r e c t e c is i n c e r n e
l a t e . l 9 o u ' s r - o v r a rcdo n t p u t e r i z eLd, a s i cd e s i g n
',^1orkT
. n e r e s u lt i n _ t
' a s1y s t e n vt r a ss u c c e s s f ui lv
e
d
g
l
p
l
. l 9 7 I0 ' s , i n p r a c t i c e i e a d y i n t h e e a r l y
w h i c h c o i n c i d e dw i i h t n e h e y d a yp e r i o d
f o r s h ip b u i1d i n g . S in c e t h e n, h o w e v e r r, n e
s h i p s t o b e c o n s t r u c t e dh a v ec h a n g e d
both in
t y p e a n d i n s t r u c t u r a i a r r a n g e m e n tn, o t o n l y
i n t h e s e a r c h o f e c o n o n tbyu t a l s o i n o r d e r t o
c o n f o r mw i t h n e w r e g u l a t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s u c h
a s s t i p u 1a t e d b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l F l a r ti i m e
0 r g a n i z a t i o n ,a n d t o k e e pu p w i t h i m p r o v e m e n t s
i n s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s . A s a c o n s e q u e n c ten, e
o r i g i n a l1 y d e v i s e ds y s t e mo f b a s i c d e s i q nc o m p u t e r i z a t i o nc a m en o l o n g e r t o a n s w e ri i s p u r p o s ei n e v e r y r e s p e c t .
R e n o v a t i o on f t h e c o m p u t e r i z ehdu l l d e s i g n
s y s t e m - i n p a r t i c u l a r i t s e a r l i e s t s t a g e so f
e s t i m a t i o na g a i n s t i n q u i r y a n d b a s i c d e i l g n h a s b e e nu n d e r t a k e a
n t I H I a p p l y i n gt h e e i p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o no f r n e
o r i g i n a l s y s t e m ,a n d h o l d i n g i n v . i e wt h e t a r q e t s o f p e r mtit i n g :
(l )

0 p t i n r i z a t i o no f t h e h u l l s t r u c t u r e

( 2 ) R a p i da n d a c c u r a t ee s t i n r a t . i oonf h u l l
s t e e l w e iq h t
( 3 ) A d o p t i o n i, n e a r i y d e s i g ns t a c e , o f
r i r e a s u r et os p r e v e n te x c e s s i v ev i b r a t i o n i n
s e r v ic e .

(4) ilinimization
o f m a n u awl o r k i n d e s i g n i n g .
T h e f a c t o r s c o n s i d e r e di n o r d e r t o a t t a i n t h e
a b o v et a r g e t s w e r e :
(l ) System
f l e x i b i l i t y : T o d e s i s t f r o mp l a n n i n g a c o m p l e t e l ya u t o m a t edde s i g n i n gs y s t e m ,
a n d t o a i m a t a f l e x i b l e s y s t e npt e r m i t t i n ga p p ' l i c a t i o nt o a w i d e r a n g eo f s h i p t y p e s , a n d
f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o nt o e v e nw i d e r r a n g e
( 2 ) H a n dni e s s i n o p e r a t oi n : T o p e r mti u s e i n
c o n v e r s a t i o n aml o d eb y t h e d e s i g ne n q i n e e r
w rt h o u t s p e c a
i 1 k n o wel d g eo r t r a i n i n g
( 3 ) E a s eo f m a i n t e n a n c e / m o d i f i c a t i oTn o: d e s r s t f r o m d e s i g n i n ga s y s t e mf o r l a r q e - s c a 1 e
t r e a t m e n ti n a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n ,a n d t o a i m a t
a d e c e n t r ail z e d s y s t e mc o n s ti t u t e d o f m o d ui lz e d
p r 0 g r a m sp, e r m i t t i n qt h e i n d i v i d u a l m o d u l e st o
b e e a s i l y r e p l a c e do r m o d i f i e d
( 4 ) P r o p e r l ye s t a b l i s h e dd a t a b a s e : T o o e r mit effective entry andutilization of data
a c q u i r e di n a c t u a l s h i p c o n s t r u c t i o n ,a n d e n s u r e i n d e p e n d e n coef d a t a f r o m p r o g r a m .
S e e nf r o m t h e h a r d w a r e
a n g 1 e ,t h e p r i n c i p l e
a d o p t e di n t h e p a s t o f b a i c h ' p r o c e i s i n g
by
l a r g e h o s t c o m p u t ehr a s b e e nr e p l a c e d5 y o n e
"
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in whichhandy
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p e r f o r m a n c ehsa v e i m p r o v e dm a r k e d l yi n r e c e n t
y e a r s - - n r e e f f e c t i v e l y u t i I i z e d . T h er e s u l t _
i n g s y s t e mp_r o v id e s e a s y m a npi u 1a t i o n . in c o n _
v e r s a t i o n a lm o d e ,a n d e n s u r n. iq q u .ci k t u r n _
a r o u n dt i m e s u c ha s t o p e r m i t - t h ed e s . i g ne n _
g r n e e rt o u n d e r t a k er e p e a t e dt r i a l _ a n d _ e r r o r
c y c l e sf o r o p t i m i z a toi n , w h i c h . si t h e . in t r i n _
s i c m o d eo f o p e r a t i o ni n a l l d e s . i g n
lvork. Ex_
p e n s i v eh a r d v r a r se e r v i n q e x c l u s i u i l l , f o r c o n , i _
o u t e r - a i d e dd e s i g na r e n c t n e c e s s a r j l J , t h e
b e s t a n s i l e rt o b a s .ci s h i p d e s i g n i n g ,w h i c l . ' r
c a lI s f o r r e i t e r a t e d s i m u al t . i o i r a i h e r t h a n
I n e g e n e r a t i o no f v o l u n t i n o udsr a w i n c s .
I n d e v i s i n gt h e r e n o v a t e ds y s t e m ,p a r t i c u l a r
c a r e w a s t a k e n t o h a , r et h e f u l l p a r t i c i p a t i o n
o f d e s i g ne n g i n e e r s - - t h ee v e n t u i l u s e r s o f
t f r e ,s y s t e m - - o a s t o d e v is e a s y s t e m t h a t
v r i l l f r o m o u t s e t b e s r n o o t h l ya a o p t e Ob y t h e s e
e n q i n e e r isn t h e i r d a rr v w o r k .

276

Y. Okurnoto et al.

.l982.
S i n c e s t a r t o f d e v e l o p m e ni tn
the new
s y s t e mh a s b e e ng r a d u a l l yb u i l t u p - b ya d d i n g
n e we l e m e n t so f h a r d w a r ea n d s o f t w a r e , w h i c h
w e r e i m m e d i a t e l yp u t t o p r a c t i c a l u s e a s t h e y
w e r e d e v e l o p e d . T o d a y ,w h i l e i m p r o v e m e n tasn d
a d d i t i o n sa r e s t i l l b e i n g a c t i v e l y b r o u g h tt o
t h e s y s t e m ,t h e C 0 S t 1 0 S * - { a
l la t i o n 0 f S t r u c cu
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f u 1 1 p r a c t i c a la p p l i c a t i o n .

o f m a t e r i a l s ,s p e c i f i c a t i o n a
s n ds h i p p r i c e .
T h u s ,s t a r t i n g f r o m a b l a n k s h e e t , b a s i c s h i p
d e s i g nc o n s i s t so f m a k i n ga s e r i e s o f d e c . i s i o n s o n a l t e r n a t i v e c h o i c e s ,t o o b t a i n i n t h e
s h o r t e s tp o s s i b l et i m e t h e o u t l i n e o f a s h i p
p o s s e s s i n tgh e r e q u i r e dc h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa n d
perfornrance.

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the COSMO
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in Fig. l--in three steps:
S t e p 1 : T o d e t e r m i n ep r e l i m i n a r ys p e c i f i c a t i o n s m e e t i n gt h e r e q u i r e m e n t ss e t o u t b y t h e
o w n e r . T h e s es p e c i f i c a t i o n sw i l l b e o f f e r e d
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t h e b a s i c p e r f o r m a n c e s .T h e r e s u l t s s e r v e i n
t h e e n s u i n gn e q o t i a t i o n sw i t h o w n e r ,l e a d i n g
e v e n t u a l . l yt o c o n t r a c t s i g n a t u r e .

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a b o v ea r e c o n s t i t u t e d o f d e t e r m i n i n gi n a c y cled spiral-vith
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d e s c r i b e da b o v ei s s h o w ni n F i g . 3 . I n t h i s
S y s t e m ,t h e " H u l l S t r u c t u r e " e l e m e n t( s h o w n
s h a d e d )p r o v i d e s t h e b a s i s f o r d e t e r m i n qt h e
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d e s ig n , i n c lu c ini g t h e mi d s h ip s e c t io n d r a w i n g s , t h e r e s u l t s a r e p a s s e do n f o r d e t a i l
d e s i g n i n g . I n r e f e r e n c et o F i g . 2 , t h e H u 1 1
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o f r o u g h l y d e t e r n i n i n q t h e s t r u c t u r a . la r r a n g e m e a s u r etso s u p p r e s sv i b r a t i o n . I n S t e p 2 , t h e
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r r i S t e p 3 , t h e s c a n t l i n g s a r e d e t e r m i n e df o r
t h e p r i n c i p a l m e m b e rfso r m i n gt h e m i d s h i p
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T h e h a r d w a r ea d o p t e df o r t h e f i r s t s t a q e o f
t h i s w o r k i s a s e t o f " p e r s o n a l "s i z e c o m puters, in viewof their low price, handiness
a n d c o n v e n i e n ts o f t w a r e g e n e r a t i o n . T h i s
h a r d w a r ei s c o m p o s eodf l 6 - b i t C p U ' sp r o v . i d e d
w i t h a I l ' 1 8R A l ,f lo r m a i n m e m o r ya, n d f o r a u x i l iary memora
y 7 l l B h a r d a n d a I M Bf l o p p y d i s k .
S o m eo f t h e c o m p u t e r sa r e c o n n e c t e dt o a n X - Y
p 1o t t e r . E ig h t - i n c h f l o p p y d i s k s a r e u s e d f o r
e x c h a n . g i ndga t a w i t h h o s t c o m p u t e r .
F o r t h e n e x t s t a g e i n d e v e l o p m e n ta, h a r o w a r e
s y s t e mc o m b i n i n ga s u p e r - m i n i c o m p u tw
e rj t h C A D
w o r k s t a t i o n i s p l a n n e dt o b e a d d e d . T h e C A D
s y s t e nw
i i I l s e r v e m a i n i y f o r o u t p u t t i n c 't h e
m i d s h i ps e c t i o n d r a w i n g s ,a n d f o r t h e F E t 4c a l c u la t i o n s .

3.

D A T AB A S EF O RH U L LS T R U C T UDREES I G N

(c0sr'ros/
D)

T h e d a t a f i I e s o f C 0 S M O S i/ D
nclude--as shown
l n . l i 9 : 5 - - ( a ) E n v i s a g eSdh i p a n d ( b ) S h i p s
B u iI t F i 1e s, f o r s t o r i n g d a t a o n s h ip s b e ih q
d e s i g n e da n d t h o s e c o m p l e t e di n t h e p a s t , r e s p e c t iv e l y , a n d c o n t a in t h e f o l I o w in g d a t a :- P r i n c i p a l P a r t ic u la r s F i l e : p r i n c i p a l d i m e n s i o n sm
, a i ne n g i n ea n d p r o p e l l e r p a r t i c ulars,...
- S t r u c t u r a l D e t a i l F i l e : l , l i d s h i ps e c t i o n
s h a p e ,s t e e l m a t e r i a i s , c o m p a r t m e an rt r a n g e m e n t ,t r a n s v e r s e / l o n g i t u d i nsapla c e s , . . .
- l l u lI S t e e l W egi h t F i 1e : H u lI S t e e l w e iq h t
b y c o m p a r t m e n t / s t e em
l atenial qrade

Y. Okumoto et al.

278

t iles
S h i pBs u i l F

E n v i s a g eSdh l pF i l e s

Principal
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I n a n s w e rt o t h i s n e e d , t h e f o l 1o w in g e x p e d-i
e n t s a r e a d o p t e di n C 0 S | 1 0 Sf/oWr t h e s u c c e s s i v e s t a q e so f e s t i m a t i o n a, n d w h i c ha r e p r e s c r i b e d f o r e a c ht y p e o f s h i p ( t 3 n k s r s , b u l k
i e r s h ip s) : c a r r i e r s , c o n t an

Structural
details

Scantling
Data

-F;f

- F o r r o u g he s t i m a t i o n : D e r i v et o t a l h u l l
w e ig h t s o le 1 y f r o m p r i n c i p a 1 d i m e n s i o r t s

V i br a toi n
Properties

Vibration
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vit,ution
|Veasuremenrs

y i l e sa r ei n d i c a t e bd y s h a d i n g
N 0 T E :T e m p o r a rF

F i g .5

D a t af i l e s t r u c t u r ef o r C O S M O S / D

- V i b r a t i o n P r o p e r t i e sF i l e : E n g i n e / p r o p e l l e r
e x c i t i n g f o r c e s , e n g i n ec o 1 u n r n / s h a f t i vn igb r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .a n t i - v i b r a t i o n m e a s IIF AC

- V i b r a t i o n l l e a s u r e m e nFt si I e : D a t a f r o m V i b r a t i o n m e a s u r e m e nt a
t sk e n i n s e r v i c e a n d i n
v i b r a t i o n e x c it i n g t e s t s .
I n a d d i t i o n , C O S M O Sc /aDr r i e s : - S t a n d a r df 4 a t e r i a lF i I e : S t o r i n g d a t a o n
s e c t i o n sa n d o t h e r s t a n d a r ds t e e l m a t e r i a l s .
- I n d e xF iI e :

F o r m a n a ^ni g t h e d a t a f i I e s .

T h e S h i p s B u i l t' 1F0i0l e s c u r r e n t l y c o v e r r e c o r d s
f r o m m o r et h a n
s h i p s c o m p l e t e db y I H I i n
ert h e p a s t . S e r v i c e p r o g r a m so f C O S M 0 Sp/ D
mit display, retrieval, statistical treatment
a n d g r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o no f t h e s t o r e d d a t a .
R e g r e s s i o an n a l y s e sa r e p o s s i b l e i n r e s p e c to f
a n y g i v e n c o m b j n a t i o on f . p a r a m e t e r sa, n d t h e
r e s u l t s c a n b e d i s p l a y e do n X - Y c o o r d i n a t e s .
F o r t h e h u l l s t e e l w e i g h ta n d v i b r a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n td a t a , p r o c e d u r e sh a v e b e e ne s t a b l i s h e d
t o l e t t h e s e d a t a b e s y s t e m a t i c a l l yt r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e p r e s c r i b e df i l e s a s s o o n a s t h e
shio is comoleted.
4.

c o n v e r s e l ya n u n d e r e s t i m a t i oonf h u ll w e i g h t
w o u l dr e s u l t i n s h o r t a q eo f d e a dw e i g h t t o n n a g e . f , J h aits m o r e , t h i s a c c u r a c yi s d e m a n d e d
o f e s t i m a t e sm a d ea t a s t a g e w h e r es t r u c t u r a l
d r a w i n g sh a v e n o t y e t b e e nd e v e l o p e d ,a n d w h e n
s c a n t l i n g s o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e rasr e n o t y e t
known.

- F o r p r e li m i n a r yp l a n n i n g : D e r i v ew e i g h t s
a f t e r t h e a r r a n g e m e not f c o m p a r t m e n ti s d e t e r m in e d .
- F o r d e t ai I e d e s t i m a t o
i n : D e r iv e w e ig h t s
a f t e r m i d s h i ps c a n t l i n q sa r e d e t e r m i n e d .
E x c e p tw h e r eo b t a i n a b l e f r o m d r a w i n g s ,t h e
h u l l s t e e l w e i g h t sa r e e s t i m a t e du s i n g f o r m u l a s b a s e do n s t a t i s.tl i0c0a l a n a l y s i so f d a t a
f r o m t h e m o r et h a n
shipsstoredin file.
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A n i m p o r t a n td u t y o f t h e d e p a r t m e nct h a r q e d
..r!L L^^ir^^:--:^
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c rs pn vo "nud 1 6

i n q u i r i e s f r o n rp r o s p e c t i v ec u s t o m e r sw, h om u s t
r ithin the same
o n o c c a s i o nb e g i v e n a n a n s w e w
d a y . I n s u c h c a s e s , t h e d a t a t o e s t i m a t et h e
h u l l w e i g h tc o u l d b e l i m i t e d t o s i m p l yt h e
t y p e o f s h i p a n d p r i n c i p a l p a r t i c ul a r s .
T o m e e t s u c h d e m a n d sa, p r o c e d u r eh a s b e e n
dpvicpd fnr

rnrrnhlv pstimatinn thc tntal

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s t e e l w e i g h ts o l e l y f r o m s h i p l e n g t h , b r e a d t h ,
d e p t h , a n d b l o c k c o e f f i c i e n t b a s e do n t h e
s t o r e d r e c o r d so f s h i p s b u i l t i n t h e p a s t .
4 . 2 P r e l i m i n a rp
ylanninq
I n c u r r e n t p r a c t i c ea t I H I , a b o u th a l f o f t h e
c a s e so f d e s i g nf o r p r i c e e s t i m a t i o nh a v e
in time to offer a price within
b e e nc o m p l e t e d
a w e e k0 r s o . D u r i n gt h i s p e r i o d , t h e o p t i m u mh u l l s t r u c t u r e h a s t o b e d e t e r m i n e df r o m
t h e g i v e n p r i n c i p a l d i m e n s i o n sa, n d t h e h u l l
s t e e l w e i g h t p r o m p t l ye s t i m a t e dw i t h r e q u i s i t e
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I N I T I A LD E S I G O

T h e f i r s t s t e p i s t o r e p r e s e n tb y s i m u l a t i o n
a s h i p t h a t s a t i s f i e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n tosf t h e
o w n e r ,s p e c i f i e d b y t y p e o f c a r g o , d e a d w e i g h t
t o n n a g e ,c a r g o v o l u m e ,s p e e d , f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n , s e r v i c e r o u t e , p o r t s t o b e s e r v e d ,a p plicable rules andregulations.
I t i s e s s e n t i a la t t h i s s t a g et o s t r i v e f o r
r e q u i s i t e a c c u r a c yi n e s t i m a t i n gt h e h u 1 1
w e ig h t a n d r e q u ir e d e n gi n e o u t p u t . T h e e s t i m a t e dh u l 1 w e ig h t w i I I d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c et h e
d e a d w e i g h ta, n d i n t u r n , t h e p r i n c i p a l d i m e n s i o n s , a n d s h i p p r i c e : E x c e s s i v e l cy o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e sw i I I n o t b e t o l e r a t e d . w h i I e

-1x:ti-5-u

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F i g .6 D i s t r i b u t i o no f h u i l w e i g h t( e x a m p l eo f t a n k e r )

, l l c t t l t ' r r tH t r l l S t r u c t u r c D t , s i g r t S t s t c m

A s a r u l e , i n I a r g e s h i p s , t h e l r o ld p a r t a c counts for 70 to B0 , of hull steel weiqnt, of

v r h ci h , 6 5 t o 7 0 , i s c o n t r i b u t e d b y t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l m e n r b e r(ss e e F i S . 6 ) . T h i s m e a n s
t h a t e n h a n cni g t h e a c c u r a c y i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e
w e i q h t o f l o n g i t u d i n a l m e m b e i rvsr o u l d h o l d t h e
k e y t o r a i s i n g t h e o v e r a l1 a c c u r a c y o f h u l I
weight estimation. For this reason,the
s c a n t l i n g s o f t h e I o n q i t u d i n a . l m e n r b e r sa r e
calculatedin accordance
with classification
s o c i e t y r u l e s , b a s e do n a t y p i c a l l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d s e a L iar r r a n g e m e n t . F r o n rt h e s e s c a n t 1i n g < t a t a i s d e r i v e d t h e h u l I s t e e l w e iq h t
per unit lengtn of nidship part. A trin
a n c 11o n g it u d j n a l s t r e n g t h c a l c u l a t i o n v i iI I
n o t g e n e r a l l y n a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e da t t h i s
s t a g e , s o t h a t I o n q it u d i n a l n t e n b e rs c a n t l i n g s
a r e b a s e do n n i n i n u r ns e c t i o n n o d u l u s . A n a l t e r n a t i v e f u r t h e r s i m p l i f i e d e x p e d i e n ti s a l s o
available, which permitsunit longitud.jnal
m e n r b ew
r e i g h t o f n i d s h i p p a r t t o b e d e t e r r r rni e d
f r o r , ra c h a r t r e l a t i n g t h i s v a . lu e d i r e c t l y t o
n r .ni i n r u nsr e c t i o n m o d u l u s .

'COSt\1O5"

279

T h e t r a n s v e r s er i n g s a n d b u l k h e a d as r e t r e a t e d
b y a p p r o x i n a t ef o r m ual s f o r w e ig h t e s t i n r a t i o n .
T h e f l o w o f w o r k f o l l o w e db y t h e f o r e g o i n g
c a lc u la t i o n s i s a s s h o v r inn F i g . / .
A s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n qf o r e a n d a f t p a r t s , t h e i r
v r e i g h ti s e s t i m a t e da p p r o x i n r a t e l yb,a s e do n
s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a f r o ms h i p sb u i l t i n t h e p a s t ,
w r t h a c c o u n tt a k e n o f d i f f e r e n c e si n s h i p t y p e
a n do t h e r f a c t o r s .
A l l t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n sa r e p r 0 g r a m m eadn, d t h e
d e si g n e n g in e e r h a s o n l y t o i n p u t t h e p r i n c ip a l p a r t i c u l a r s , a r r a n g e m e no tf c o m p a r t m e n t s
a n d g r a d e so f s t e e l t o b e u s e d , t o o b t a i n t h e
l i s t o f h u l l s t e e l w e i g h t sf o r e a c hc o m p a r t m e n t . T h u s, b y v a r y in g t h e h u ll s t r u c t u r e ,
q r a d eo f s t e e l m a t e r i a l a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s a s
n e c e s s a r yt,h e d e s i g ne n g i n e e rc a n p e r f o r ma
p a r a m e t r i cs u r v e yj ' - od e r i v e a d e s i g no f n r i n i m u mh u lI s t e e l w e i g h t .
A n e x a n p l eo f o u t p u t f o r s e e k i n gt h e o p t r m u m
p o in t i s s h o w ni n F i g . B , w h jc h r e l a t e s t h e
u n it h u lI s t e e l w e ig h t t o t h e t r a n s v e r s es p a c e ,
i n t h e c a s eo f a t a n k e r .

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F i g . 7 F l o w o f c a l c u l a t i o n fso r d e t e r mi n i n g m i d s h i p p a r t
hull weight

A s h i p v i h o s ec o n s t r u c t i o ni s c o n t r a c t e d ,o r
a p p r o a c inr qi c o n t r a c t s i g n a t u r e ,w i I t h a v e r t s
m id s h ip p a r t d r a w n
, a n d s c a n t li n g s o f s t r u c t u r a l n t e m b e rdse t e r mni e d t h r o u g hc a l c u l a t . i o n s
m e e t i n qc l a s s i f i c a t i o ns o c i e t Vr u 1 e s ,o r
t h r o u o hd i r e c t s c a n t li n g c a lc u la t i o n s, f r o m
v r hci h t h e m id s h ip p a r t h ul I s t e e l w e iE h t i s
calculated
in detail.
0 n t h e r e r n a i n i np
g a r t s , w e i q h t e s t i n a t i o n sa r e
o b t a i n e df o r e a c h c o l t p a r t m e n t - - s t e r np a r t
b e y o n oa f t p c a kb u i k h c a d e
, n g i n er o o mf o r e
p a r t b e y o n cd o l l i s i o n b u l k h e a da, n d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ( a f t b r i d q e , p o o p ,f o r e c a s t l e , d e c k
s t o r e , . . . ) . F o r n r ua ls f o r d e r i v . n
i a t h e w e ig h t s
o f t h e s ei n d i v i d u a lp a r t s o f s h i p h a v eb e e n
e s t a b il s h e do n t h e b a s is o f d i f f e r e n c e sr n
t y p e o f s h i p , p r i n c i p a l d i n t e n s i o n s ,i z e o f
c o m p a r t n r e nntu, n b e ro f b u lk h e a d sa n d o t h r r
f a c t o r s . A n e x a n r ep lo f g r a p he x p r e s sni g o n e
o f t h e s ef o r m u l a si s p r e s e n t e idn F i g . 9 .

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c 0 s r i 0 s) / s

I n d e v e l o p i n gt h e C 0 S l , 1 s0 eSr i e s o f p r o g r a m s ,
a n a n a l y s i sw a s m a d eo f t h e c o m p o s i t i o o
nf
time spentin the basicdes.jqn
w o r ko f h u l l
s t r u c t u r e . T h ec a s eo f a
. l 0n.e v r l yd e s i g n e dt a n k e r i s p r e s e n t e idn F i q .
1 t i s s e e nt h a t
r o u g h l y4 0 : ; o f t h e b a s i c d e s i g nw o r k t i m e i s
s p e n t i n r u l e s c a n t l i n gc a 1 c u l a t i o nas n d i n
d r a w i n gt h e m i d s h i ps e c t i o n . A n o t h e r4 O . i s
t a k e n i n d i r e c t s t r e n g t h c a lc u la t i o n s o n
t r a n s v e r s er i n o s a n d b u l k h e a d sb, a s e do n t h e
m i d s h i ps e c t i o nd r a w i n g .

T h e r u l e s c a n t li n g c a lc u la t i o n s h a v eb e e n
c o m p1is d i n t o C 0 S l l 0 S /wRh iI e C 0 S l 4 0 Sc/ S
overs
t h e r e m ani i n g s t r e n q t hc a lc u la t i o n s. T h e
ve the
s c a n t l i n gc a l c u l a t i o n sb y C 0 S i ' 1 0 Sq /i R
d i m e n s i o nr se q u i r e dt o s a t i s f y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
s o c ie t y r u l e s . P r o g r a m s o f a r e s t a b li s h e d
srainf o r C 0 S l ' ' 1 0cSo/ nRr p r i s se u c hc a l c u l a t . i o n n
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E x c i t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s ;n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e so f d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f s h i p

284
7.

Y. Okumoto et al.

C O N C L U D ISNUGI ' 1 M A R Y

T h e C 0 S | ' " 1S0ySs t e mf o r h u l l d e s j g n i n t h e e a r l y

s t a g e so f e s t i m a t i o na n d b a s i c d e s i g nh a s b e e n
developea
d t I H I a l o n g a n e n t i r e . l yn e wp h ii o s o p h y , b a s e do n a c c u ml ua t e d e x p e r ie n c e i n
s y s t e md e v e l o p m e nw
t ,i t h t h e a i m h e l d i n v i e w
o f d e r i v i n ga n o p t i m i z e dh u l l d e s i g na n d e s t i m a t i n g t h e h u lI s t e e l w e i g h t , w i t h r e q u i s i t e
hut i m e a n dw i t h m i n i m u m
a c c u r a c yi n m i n i m u m
m
' l yainnmga ni p u la t i o n . A u "speer -r os roiennatle" d s y s t e mr e size computm a i n 1 yo n h a n d y
e r s h a s b e e nd e v i s e d ,c h a r a c t e r i z e db y :
( l ) H a r d w a r es y s t e mc o m p o s em
dainly of high" p e r s o n a"l c o m p u t e r s ,i n t e g r a t e d
performance
i n t o a h a n d ys y s t e mn e t w o r ko f h i g h c o s t - p e r f o r m a n c er a t i o
( 2 ) D a t a b a s et h a t s t o r e s r e c o r d s f r o m m o r e
.l00
s h i p sb u i l t b y I H I i n t h e p a s t , a n d
than
w h i c h a r e e a s 'l i- v r e t r i v e d a n d s t a t i s t i c a i l y
u t i l i z e d . i n a w i d e r a n q eo f u s e s .

REFERENCIS
tl ]

F u ji i , K . a n d T a n di a , K . , l 4 e a s u r e m eonf t
S h i p V i b r a t i o na n d A n t i - V i b r a t i o nD e s i g n ,
C o m p u t eAr p p li c a t i o n s i n t h e A u t o m ai o
t n
o f S h i p y a r d0 p e r a t i o na n d S h i p D e s i g n ,
I V , J u n el 9 8 2

l 2 ] K l o s t e r m a nA,. 1 . , 0 n t h e t x p e r i m e n t a i
D e t e r m i n a t i oann d U s eo f l l o d a l R e p r e s e n c i C h a r a c t e sr it i c s , P h . D .
tati onsof Dynam
l i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t yo f C i n c i n n a t i ,
1971.
[ 3 ] Y o s h i d a ,Y . a n d l ' l a e d al ,' .l , N e wC a l c u l a t i o n l ' l e t h o do n C o r n pi cl a t e d V i b r a t o r y
B e h a v i o uor f A f t - P a r t o f S h i p s , I n t e r n a t i o n a l S i r i pV i b r a t i o n S y m p o s i u nG, e n o a ,
l 4 a yI 9 8 4 .

( 3 ) C a p a b i lt y o f r a p i d l y c o m p u t i n h
g u l1
s t e e l w e i g h t sw i t h r e q u i s i t e a c c u r a c y ,t o
s e r v e i n c o s r ie s t i m a t i o n f o r a n s w e r i n gi n q u i r i e s , a n d i n b a s ' i cd e s i g n
( 4 ) S i m p l e ,e a s y a n d q u i c k s c a n t li n g d e t e r m i n a t i o nb a s e do n c l a s s ' i f i c a t i o ns o c i e t y
in
r u 1 e s , a n d s t r e n g t hc a l c u l a t i o n sp e r f o r m e d
conversationam
l ode
( 5 ) R e l i a b l ea n t i - v i b r a t i o nd e s i g np e r m i t t e d
f r o m e a r l y s t a q e o f d e s i g n , b a s e do n t h e o r e t i c a l f o r m u l a se f f e c t . iv e l y a d j u s t e d o n t h e b a s i s
of measuredata from actual ships.
T h e e n s u i n gp h a s eo f d e v e l o p m e ni st a i m e da t
r e d u c i n gh u n r awn o r k i n l a r g e - s c a l es t r u c t u r a l
a n a l y s i s b y F E I ' 1t ,h r o u g he f f e c t i v e u t i I i z a t i o n o f s t a n d - a l o n ec o m p u t e r sf o r C A D ,t o b e
SS
y s t e mt o r e a l i z e
integratedwith the CCS|1O
a d e s i g ns y s t e no f s t i 1 t h i g h e rI e v e l .

i
I

i
tt

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r sB . V . ( N o r t h - H o l l a n d )
@ IFIP, I985

285

THE I N T E G R A T I OONF C A D / C A IS4Y S T E MAST t . l A R T S I LSAH I P Y A R D S

JouKo I KONEN
0 y W e r t s jI e A b , T u r k u S h i p y a r d
T u r " k u ,F i n t a n d

D u r i n g t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s m a n y g e n e r a L c A D / c A f .s1y s t e m s h a v e b e e n t a k e n i n t o
use also at many
s h i p y a r d s - Q u i t e o f t e n t h e s h i p y a r d s a n e u s j n g t y p i c a l - s h j p d e s j g n s y s t e m sa t
t h e s a m et j m e .
T o d a y a n i n t e g r a t i o n b e t w e e nd j f f e r e n t C A D / C A M
systems has not been easyr Vothough IGEsf o r m a t h a s b e e n p u b L ' i s h e ds e v e r a I y e a r s a g o . T h i s p a p e n d e s c r i b e s h o w a n . i n t e g n a t i o n
between
s h i p d e s i g n s y s t e m s a n d g e n e r a L C A D / C A sMy s t e m sh a s b e e n s o I v e d a t w d r t s j l . d
Shipyaros.

1. BACKGROUND
T h e l i l d trs i [ 5 S h i p y a r d s i n T u r k u a n d H e L s i n k j
have used CAD/CAM
systems for over 15 years.
I n 1 9 6 9 S t e e r b e a n I ( d e v e l . o p e db y K o c k u m s
Shipyard) was instaILed for part pr.ogramming
a n d n u m e r i c a l .c u t t i n g . L a t e r o n t h e s e c o n d v e r sion of this system (Steerbearii) was taken
i n t o u s e [ t l . f n e c o m p u t e nw e u s e d a t t h a t t i m e
w a s a S w e d i s h D A T A S A ADB2 2 .
I n 1 9 7 6 t h e t u r " n k e ys y s t e m , c a L L e dA p p L I C O N ,
was instalLed at the Turku Shipyard. The aim
was to use that system for nesting in connect i o n w i t h t h e S t e e r b e a r s y s t e m . H o w e v e r ,t h i s
s y s t e mn e v e r f u L f i I L e d e x p e c t a t i o n s , m a i n L y
b e c a u s et h e n e s t i n g s y s t e m w r i t t e n o n A p p L I C O N
s o f t w a n ew a s n o t e f f i c i e n t e n o u g h .I n j 9 7 7 ,
n e t , tU N I V A Cc o m p u t e r s w e n e i n s t a l L e d a t b o t h
s h i p y a n d s . A t t h a t t i r n e t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f t h e
N A P As y s t e m ( N a v a LA r - c h j t e c t u r a I p a c k a g e )b e g a n
a s a c o - o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t b e t w e e nt h e H e l - s j n k j
a n d T u rk u S h i p y a r d s .
The Steerbear II system was also conventedfrom
a D A T A S A At B
o U N i V A Cc o m p u t e r s . i n 1 9 g 1 t h e t o p
m a n a g e m e nat t [ . l A r t s jL d m a d e t h e s t r a t e g i c d e c i s i o n t o i n v e s t i n C A D / C A ls' y4 s t e m s i n o r d e r .
t o i n c n e a s et h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e s h i p d e s i g n
function.
I n 1 9 8 2 t h e f i r s t P R I p I Ec o m p u t e r a n d t h e f i r s t
part of the SteenbearHul'[ 3 system [2] was
i n s t a I t e d . 0 n e y e a r l a t e r a s e c o n dp R I i 4 Ea n d
M E D U SsAy s t e m w a s i n s t a L L e d . T h e N A p As y s t e m
w a s a L s o c o n v e r t e d t o P R I M Ei n 1 9 8 3 .
2. CAD/CAM
STRATEGIES
W h e na s h i p y a r d i s c h o o s i n g a s t n a t e g y f o r
C A D / C A s1y4s t e m s , t h e n e a r e i n p r i n c i p l e t h r e e
mainatternatives
a)

b)

t o t a k e a g e n e n a LC A D / C A sMy s t e m a n d m o d i f y
i t s o t h a t i t i s m o r es u i t a b L ef o r t h e s h i p
degigl process (e.9. C0MpUTERVISIO
CN
A ,D A M )
, 3 1' 4 t .
t o t a k e a s y s t e m s p e c i a L L yd e s i g n e d f o r t h e

s h i p y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t ( e . g . A U T O K O NF,O R A N ,
STEERBEAR
[ 5) I .
c)

t o t a k e s e p a r a t e s y s t e m so r d i f f e r e n r a n e a s
a n d t o b u ' iL d L i n k s b e t w e e n t h e s e s y s t e m s .

T h e n e a r e b o t h a d v a n t a g e sa n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s t o
e a c h a L t e n n a t i v e . I n m a n yc a s e s a I t e r n a t i v e a )
i s r a t h e r "g o o d , o n o v f a g r b u t i n s p e c i a I a r e a s
(e.9. steeI design) these kinds of systems
ane
h a r d t y a d e q u a t ew i t h o u t c o n s j d e r a b t e a d d i t i o n a L
w o r k . N o n m a i . Li yt i s n o t p o s s i b L e t o u s e
h i g h L y s p e c i I i s e d s h i p d e s i g n p r o g r a m s( e . g .
d a m a g es t a b j L i t y ) i n t h e s e s y s t e m i , s o . i n p r a c t i c e a L t e r n a t ' i v ea ) i s v e n y c I o s e t o a I t e r n a t i v e
c ) . A l t e r n a t i v e b ) i s p e r h a p st h e m o s t c o m m o n
s o I u t i o n f o r s h i p y a r d s . T h e s e s y s t e m sa r e s p e c i a [ [ y d e s i g n e df o r s h i p d e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n
p n o c e s sb y s o m eo n g a n i z a t i o n , w h i c h i s v e r y
f a m iL i a r w i t h s h i p y a r d f u n c t i o n s . T h e s e s y s t e m s
a n e n o r m a L [ yv e r y s t r o n g i n s p e c i f i c a r e a s a n o
d j f f e r e n t s u b s y s t e m sa r e i n t e g r a t e d ( e . g . s t e e l .
d e s i g n a n d p i p i n g ) . H o w e v e r ,t h e r e a r e o n t y a
few of these organizatjons, which can compete
with big CAD/CAM
vendonsin systemdeveloprnent.
Q u i t e o f t e n 3 D - m o d eI li .n g a n d v i s u a t i z a t i o n o f
t h e m o d e I a r e m u c hb e t t e r i n g e n e n a l C A D / C A M
s y s t e m st h a n i n s p e c i a I s h i p d e s i g n s y s t e m s .
T h e e x ' i s t i n g C A D / C A sMy s t e m s i n t h e s h i p b u i L d i n g i n d u s t r y a r e d i s c u s s e dt o a I a r g e e x t e n t
i n p a p e r "[ 6 t .
A t t e r n a t j v e a ) j s i n a c t u a I u s e i n m a n ys h i p yands today. During the past few yeans many
systems have been bought and simuLtaneousLy
m a n y s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n d e v e L o p e db y t h e s h i p yard itsetf. Very often the avaitabIe computer.
has put restrjctions on the choice of software.
E s p e c i a t l y f o r b i g m a , i n f r a m e (sI B M , U N I V A C ,
C D C )t h e re i s v e r y L i t t L e s h i p b u r ' L d i n sg o f t w a re
a v a i L a b t e . N o w a d a y tsh e r e a n e v e r y m a n y s h i p
d e s i g n s y s t e m sa v a i I a b l e f o r s u p e n m i n i s ( L i k e
V A Xa n d P R I M E ) .
AItennative c) is rather difficul.t sol.utionbec a u s e j t d e m a n d sh i g h s y s t e m d e v e l o p m e n tc o m p e t e n c ea t t h e s h i p y a r d , b u t w i t h t h a t p h i L o s _
o p h y i t i s p o s s i b L et o g e t t h e b e s t s y s t e mf o r
every design area.

286

J. I korten

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at lltirtsilci Sltipvartls

3. CAD/CAM
S Y S T E [S, IT R A T E GAYT W A R T S I L A
S HI P Y A R D S
W h e nw e d i s c u s s e d a b o u t t h e s y s t e m s t r a t e g y a t
h / 5 r t s jI d w e r e a l i z e d t h e f o I t o w i n g t h i n g s .

287

1.1 N4!4Syl]sl'
T h e N A P As y s t e m h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y w d r t s i L i i
H e l s i n k i a n d T u r k u S h i p y a r d sf o n p r e t i m i n a r y
ship design.

a)

T h e r e j s n o C A D / C A sMy s t e m a v a j l a b L e , w h j c h
f u l . f i L L s a l l . t h e r e q u i r e m e n t so f t h e s h j p yard jndustry.

T h e N a v a I A r c h i t e c t u r a I P a c k a g eN A P Ai s a C A D
systemintended for" the fo[[owing tasks in
basic shio desiqn:

b)

N o C A D / C A sMy s t e m i t s e I f
Id s demands.

c)

N o b o d yo u t s i d e | , J d r t s Ii d i s i n t e r - e s t e d i n
b u i L d i n g L i n k s b e t w e e ns y s t e m s .

d)

W a n t s i[ 5 c a n n o t a f f o r - d t o d e v e L o pa I L t h e
n e q u ir e d s y s t e m s i t s e I f .

e)

The CAD/CAM
h a r d w a n em u s t b e c h o s e n s o t h a t
a s m u c ho f t h e s h i p d e s i g n s o f t w a r e a s
possibIe is avaiIabte for that computer..

f)

T h e p n i c e o f C A D / C A hMa n d w a r e ,e s p e c i a t t y
work stations, is very high.

f u I f i LI s W b r t s i -

From these basic theoremswe put togethen our

CAD/CAM
strategy1)

2)

3)

t , J e r t s i1 . 6S h i p y a r d s m u s t h a v e a v a i L a b L e
computersfor which it is possibLe to ob_
t a i n m a n ys h i p d e s i g n s y s t e m s .
Fon every separate design area the best
avai Iabte system must be bought.
The vendor of the software must be wi LLing
t o m o d i f y s o f t w a r e a c c o r d i n g t o l . l d r t s jL d ' s
oemanos.

4)

l . l a n t s Li d i t s e L f w i I L t a k e c a r e o f t h e L i n r s
betweenseparate systems.

5)

t,JartsL
i d itseLf must be capabte of modifying systems so that they ar-emore suitabLe
f o n W A r t s i[ 5 .

6)

S o m es y s t e m s m u s t b e d e v e L o p e db y W d r t s j L d
itseIf.

7)

Evenysystem should be abLe to use the same

h a n d w a r e ,i n c I u d i n g w o r k s t a t i o n s .

t h e h u [ [ g e o m e tr " y h a n dI i n g :
. definition and transformation of the hull
fo rm
. d e c k , b u I k h e a d a n d c o m p a r t m e n ts t r u c t u r e
definition
n a v a I a rc h i t e c t u r a I c a l c u l a t i o n s :
. hydrostatics, stabi Iity Ievers
. t a n k v o t u m e s ,c a p a c i t i e s
. d a m a g es t a b i L i t y , f t o o d a b I e I e n g t h s
. I o a d i n gc o n d i t i o n s , i n c l i n j n g t e s t
. intact stabiLity criteria
. I a u n c hi n g e t c .

N A P Ai s s u i t a b I e b o t h f o r p n e t i m i n a r y d e s i g n a n d
f o r t h e p n o d u c t j o no f f i n a L d e I i v e r y d o c u m e n t s .
G n e a t e f f o n t h a s b e e n p u t i n t o m a k i n gt h e p r e Iiminary design tasks easy and streamlinedso
that effi cient caIcuLationand evatuation of
s e v e n a ta I t e r n a t i v e s w i [ [ b e p o s s i b l e i n t h e
ship project stage.
N A P Ai s c a p a b t e o f h a n d I i n g b o t h c o n v e n t i o n a l
a n d n o n - c o n v e n t i o n a Lh u L i f o n m s , s u c h a s c a t a m a r a n sa n d t w i n s k e g s t e r n s a n d o i L d r i L L i n g
ninc

(coa

{in

2')

4.2 MEpUSA-SHrq
M E D U SiA
s a g e n e r a L 2 D / 3 Dd r a f t i n g a n d m o d e I t i n g s y s t e m d e v e I o p e d b y C a m b r i d g eI n t e r a c t i v e
S y s t e m s L t d . ( C I S ) i n t h e U K . l . l 5 r " t stid i n s t a L l . ed that system in the spning of 1983 at both
s h i p y a r d s . A t t h e m o m e n tt h e s h i p y a r d s h a v e
t o g e h t e r m o n et h a n 3 0 g r . a p h i c w o r k s t a t i o n s .
T h e M E D U SsAy s t e m j s m a i n l y u s e d f o r - d j f f e r e n t
k i n d s o f d r " a w i n g s ,L i k e g e n e r a I a r r a n g e m e n t s ,
s c h e m e s ,d e c k l a y o u t s e t c . , b u t a I s o d i f f e r e n t
3D studies have beendone, see fig.3.
MEDUSA
i s n o t d e s i g n e ds p e c i f i c a I t y f o r " s h i p d e s i g n
and that is why we have put a lot of effort int o d e v e l o p i n g a n d r e f i n i n g t h i s s y s t e mt o m a k e
i t m o n es u i t a b l e f o r n a v aI a r c h i t e c t s .

t r J eh a v e t r i e d t o f o [ l o w t h e s e g u i d e t i n e s , e v e n
i f i t h a s b e e n o c c a s i o n a t I yr a t h e r d i f f i c u L t ,
and the present CAD/CAM
system envjronment js
s h o w ni n f i g . 1 .

W e c a I L t h i s t a i L o r - m a d es y s t e m t h e M E D U S A - S H I P .
H e n e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e so f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

4 - P R E S E NSTY S T E M S

A t t h e m o m e n tt h e C A D / C A M
environment consists
of thr"ee sepanate main systems. They ane:
N A P A( N a v a t A n c h i t e c t u r " a Ip a c k a g e )f o r p r e I i m i n a r y d e s i g n , M E D U S A - S H fI oPn g e n e r . a I d e s i g n a n d
d r a f t i n g , a n d S T E E R B E AHRU L L3 s y s t e m f o r s r e e r
design and production. In addition, we have
s e p a r a t e s y s t e m s f o r F E Mc a l c u t a t i o n s ( N A S T R A N )
and cabIe Iistings.
In the piping design aneaour sol.ution is sti Ll
open. Wehave deveIopedan automatic nouting
s y s t e m ( R 0 S Y )o u r s e I v e s , b u t m o s t o f t h e p i p i n g
design is done manuatty.

cyriLi.ic alphaber
o v e r 4 0 0 0 s y m b o L sf o n s h i p d e s i g n
s p e c i f i c m e n u sf o n a c c o m o d a t i o n g
, eneraI
a r r a n g e m e n t ,N A P At i n k , e t c .
h a n d L i n go f s y m b o l 'I i b r . a r i e s
h a n d l . i n go f e q u i p m e n tI i s t s
d n a wi n g d i r e c t o r y

4.3 STEERBEA
HR
U L L3
T h e S t e e n b e a r s y s t e m w a s d e v e L o p e db y K o c K u m s
S h i p y a r d i n S w e d e n .t ^ / d r t sIi A i n s t a I t e d t n e
fir"st version in 1969 and has used the system
ever since. The new interactive Steer"bear
H u L l .3 w a s d e v e L o p e db y K C S ( K o c k u m sC o m p u t e n
S y s t e m s )a n d l r / d r t s i I d i n s t a L L e d t h a t s y s t e m i n

288

FIG. 2

DEFINITIOG
N R I DO F T H E C A T A M A RC
AR
NA N S
EHIP

F I G .3

AFTERSHIP AS A MEDUSA-MODEL

httegratiortof CADI CAM.Sls/errs at Wartsil(iShior.ards

a P r i m e c o m p u t e rj n 1 9 8 2 . T h e L a t e s t s u b s y s t e m
j n t h e S B H 3i s t h e s o c a L L e dS t n u c t u r a I
Design
Systemand it was taken into use at the end of
1981.
The Steerbear system has been devetopeoespec i a L t y f o r s h i p y a r d sa n d t h a t i s w h y n o b i g
c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y . S o m em i n o n c h i n g e s
a n d a d d i t j o n s h a v e b e e n m a d eb y K C Se x c L u s i v e L y
f o r W d r t s i[ 5 .
H o w e v e r , w e h a v e d e v e L o p e da n a u t o m a t i c p a r r s
I i s t s u b s y s t e mb a s e d o n t h e S t e e r b e a r D a t a
B a s e . T h a t s u b s y s t e mg a t h e r s a l . I t h e i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e df o r W i r t s j [ e ' s p a r t s L i s t f r o m t h e
Steerbear Data Base, and stones th.is pants iist
infonmationin the productjon data base. 0ur
w o r k p r e p a r a t i o n d e p a r t m e n th a n d l e s t h i s p t o d u c t i o n d a t a b a s e w i t h t h e s a m ep a r t s l - i s t s u b system and breaks it into sepanate jobs and
atso catcutates the prices fon each job with
a u t o m a ti c p r i c i n g p r o g r a m s.
4.4 Piping system
E v e n t h o u g h t l i d r " t s iL d h a s n o t y e t a n y C A Ds y s t e m
f o r p i p i n g d e s i g n , i t i s a v e r y i m p o n t a n tp a n t
of the totaI design process.
The reason why we do not have any piping system
is quite simpte. |'jehave not found a good
e n o u g hs y s t e m f o n o u n p u r p o s e s . F l o s t o f t h e
a v a i I a b t e s y s t e m sa r e v e r y e f f . i c i e n t i n p r o ducing production information from the comptete d d e s i g n w o r k . H o w e v r rw a r e l o o k . i n q f o r a
neaI design systemfon a preLiminarypiping
d e s i g n a n d s p a c e m a n a g e m e n tT. o d a y m o s t o f t h e
g o o d p i p e m o d e tI i n g s y s t e m s a r e t u r n k e y - s y s r e m s
a n d t h e r e f o r " et h e I i n k s , e . g . t o s t e e I s r r u c t u r e , a r e d i f f i c u L t t o h a n d l e . H o w e v e r ,a t t h e
m o m e n ta l o t o f w o rk i s b e i n g d o n e i n t h i s
0rr nd a good modeiling system might be
avai lable very soon, .Z-.
5 . T H E L i N K S B E T h i E ESNY S T E M S
The links betweensystems are the essentiaI
p a r t o f l , l d r t s iI d ' s s o I u t i o n . T h e m o s t j m p o r r ant links are shownin figur.e 1 and are described here in moredetai [.
5 . ' l N A P A - M E D U lSi nAk f o r c u n v e s
t " , i t h t h i s I i n k a M E D U S A - S HuI ps e n c a n c o p y a n y
c u r v e o f t h e h u t I g e o m e t n yf r o m t h e N A P As y s t e m
o n a M E D U SdAn a w i n g - H e o n t y n e e d s t o g i v e t h e
n a m eo f t h e c u r v e ( e . g . l i L g . 5 ) a n d t h i s c u r v e
a p p e a r s o n t h e M E D U SdAr a w i n g i n t h e r i g h t
s c a [ e . T h i s c u r v e i s a i . s o s t o r e d u n d e ni n a t
n a m ea n d a f t e r a p r o b a b l e c h a n g e i n h u t I g e o _
metry this curve might be easi[y reptacedwith
a newvension of the curve.
I n o t h e r w o r d s , i n t h e M E D U SdAr . a w i n gt h e r e i s
a reference to the hu[[ geometrfr with which
the required curve can be retr ieved. This i.ink
saves a lot of work especiaIty at the project
s t a g e , w h e nt h e h u [ [ f o n m i s c o n t i n u o u s t y
c h a n g i n ga n d t h i s e t i m i n a t e s c o p y i n g e r r o r s a s
w e [ [ . T h e n ei s a t s o a v a i i a b l e a n a I a n m I i s t ,
t h a t t e L t s w h i c h d r a w i n g s s h o u l . db e c h e c r e o
a f t e r a c h a n g ei n h u L I g e o m e t r y .

289

5 . 2 N A P A - S T E E R B E { E , . l fi o
n rk c u r v e s
t . l i t h t h i s L i n k t h e p r e [ i m i n a r y h u LI f o r m c a n b e
automaticalLy transferred to the steeI design
system.This Link is estabIished so that the
N A P As y s t e m g e n e r a t e s t h e r e q u i r e d i n p u t f i t e
f o n t h e S T E E R B E As R
ystem. That procedure guana n t e e s t h a t t h e g e n e r a t e d S T E E R B E As R
ur"faceis
a l w a y s e x a c t . T h e N A P As y s t e m i s v e n y f a s t a n d
e f f i c i e n t i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e h u tL f o r m
andwith this Link the definition of the steeL
stnucture with the STEERBEA
s yRs t e m c a n b e
s t a r t e d a s s o o n a s t h e f i r s t p r e L i m i n a n yh u l L
form exists.
5 . 3 N A P A - M E D ULSi n
Ak f o r d r a w i n g s
t"lith this [ink the drawings generated by tne
N A P As y s t e m c a n b e t r a n s f e n r e d i n t o t h e N A P A
system.
t ' 4 a n yo f d j f f e n e n t k i n d s o f d r a w i n g s a n e g e n e r _
a t e d N A P As y s t e m s , e . g . d e c k p t a n s , s i d e v i e w s ,
s t a b i L i t y d i a g r a m se t c . T h e s e d r . a w i n g sv e r y
o f t e n n e e d s o m ee d i t i n g a n d c o s m e t i c a t t e n t i o n
befonethey are ready for detivery.
N o w t h e s e s m a t I c h a n g e sa n d a d d i t i o n s c a n o e
d o n e i n t e r a c t i v e t y w i t h t h e I 4 E D U SsAy s t e m . T h e
n o r m a I C a l c o m p - [ j k ei n t e r m e d i a t e f i t e i s u s e o
as a tnansferring format in this Link.
5 . 4 S T E E R B E A R - l t 4 E fDoUr SdAn a w i n g s
T h i s L i n k i s v e r - ys i m i I a r t o t h e N A P A - M E D U S A
t j n k . S t e e l d r a w i n g s g e n e n a t e dw i t h t h e S T E E R B E A Rs y s t e m , e . g . c l - a s s i f i c a t i o n d n a w i n g s , c a n
b e t r a n s f e n n e d i n t o t h e M E D U SsAy s t e m . i . " n r f e r n e d d r " a wni g s c a n b e u s e d a s a b a s i s f o r .
d i f f e n e n t k i n d s o f d r a w i n g s w h e r . et h e s t e e I
stnucture is essential'.
T h i s t i n k r e a d s t h e d n a w i n gf r o m t h e S B - p L o t
f i l . e a n d c o n v e r t s i t d i r e c t L y i n t o M E D U SfAo r m a t
without any intermediatefi Le.
5.5 STEERBEAR-MED
f oUr StAh e s t e e I m o d e I
l ' , i t h t h i s L i n k t h e s t e e L m o d e I g e n e n a t e dw i t h
t h e S T E E R B E As R
ystem can be transfenned into
t h e M E D U SsAy s t e m a s a 3 D - m o d e L .T h i s t r a n s _
ferred model can be handted as an ordinarv
1 4 E D U S3 A
D - m o d [e.
This Link can be used for the visualization of
a s t e e I m o d e [ , b e c a u s e a t t h e m o m e n tt h e M E D U S A
has better"toots for viewing and hidden Line
removaI systemsthan the STEERBEAR
S t. e e t s t r . u c _
ture can atso be transferred fon space manage_
m e n t s t u d i e s i n t h e M E D U S(As e e f i g . 4 ) .
This Link has been developedby WAr.tsitdooth on
t h e S B a n d I ' 4 E D U Ss A
ide. There i s separate pro_
gram in the SB system that generates the geo_
m e t r y o f a t n a n s f e r n i n g m o d e lo n t h e i n t e r m e d i _
ate f i Ie.
The generationof that fite is not quite so
s i m p I e , b e c a u s et h e n e a r e a L o t o f t o p o t o g i c a I
refenences in the SB system and that is why the
tnansferned geometry is not easy to find. The
M E D U ShAa s a p r o g r . a mw h i c h g e n e r a t e s t h e 3 D _
m o d e Lf r " o ma n i n t e r m e d i a t e f i L e . A t t h e m o m e n r

290

J. Ikoncn

FIG.

SB-STEE
S LT R U C T U
AR
SA
E MEDUSA-MODEL

stiffeners can not be transferred via this

Link.
5 - 6 S T E E R B E AwRo r k p r e p

ion

The connection betweensteeL design and steeI

w o r k p r e p a n a t i o n i s n o t m e n e L ya L ' i n k b u t a n
inteqrated subsystem.The parts Iist sysrem
gathers aLt the required data for a par"ts Iist
f r o m t h e S T E E R B E AdR
ata base and stores it in
t h e p n o d u c t i o nd a t a b a s e . T h e p a r t s l i s t i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o m p t e t e dw i t h t h e s c r e e n h a n d L ing system and the parts list js divided into
diffenent stages. Fon eveny singte job the
price is atso catcuIated with speciaI programs.
T h e p a r t s I i s t s u b s y s t e m( p a r t s I i s t a n d
p r i c i n g ) h a s b e e n p n o g r a m m e tdo t a t t y b y W d r t si |.6.
5 . 7 M E D U Sm
AateriaI standar.ds
T o g e t t h e p a r t s I i s t s a u t o m a t i c a L L yf n o m t h e
M E D U SdAr a w i n g s t h e L i n k b e t w e e n t h e M E D U S A
and materiaI standards has been established.
The information about standards and eouioments
i s s t o r " e di n e x t e n n a l d a t a b a s e s , w h i c h c a n
b e r e a d d i r e c t L y b y t h e M E D U SaAp pI i c a t i o n
p r o g r a m . I n a M E D U SdAr a w i n g o n t y m a t e r i a I
n u m b e r sa r e s t o r e d a n d t h e p a r t s I i s t p r o g r a m
s e a r c h e s f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n gm a t e r i a I i n f o r m a tion from the external data base and forms the
parts Iist on the drawing. This integration
has been very easy to programbecausethe
M E D U SsAy s t e mi t s e t f i s s o f t e x i b [ e .
6 . HARDhIARE
W d r " t s Li d S h i p y a r d s h a v e c h o s e n P R I M Ec o m p u t e r s
for CAD/CAM
s y s t e m s . O n e g o o d n e a s o nt o c h o o s e
P R I M Ew a s t h a t t h e n e a r e m a n y s h i p d e s i g n

s y s t e m sa v a i I a b I e o n P R I M Ec o m p u t e r s .
T h e w o n k s t a t i o n s a n e , h o w e v e n ,t h e m o s t e x pensjve part of the CAD/CAM
systems. Very often
t h e v a t u e o f w o rk s t a t i o n s i s t w i c e a s m u c ha s
t h e v a t u e o f t h e c o m p u t e r .A t s o e [ e c t r o s t a t i c
ptotters are very expensive. Thenefore many
d i f f e r e n t C A D / C A M - s y s t esmh o u l . db e a b I e t o u s e
t h e s a m ee q u ip m e n .t T h i s i s v e r y d i f f i c u L t ,
e v e n n e a r t y j m p o s s j b L e .T h e w o r k s t a t i o n s u s i n g
t h e t u r n k e y s y s t e ma r e j n t e n d e d o n [ y f o r t h i s .
l ' / e h a v e s p e c i a I w o r k s t a t j o n s f r o m K C Sf o r t h e
S T E E R B E As R
y s t e m a n d s p e c i a I w o r . ks t a t i o n s f r o m
C I S f o r t h e i 4 E D U S AT.h e N A P As y s t e m c a n b e u s e d
Ao n k s t a t i o n a n d S B w o n k s t a t i o n
b y a M E D U Sw
w h i c h a n e c o m p a t i b I ew i t h T e k t r o n i x . W e h a v e
a I s o o n d e r e d t h e s p e c i a L M E D U ScAo m p a bI ii t y f o r .
t h e S T E E R B E AwRo r k s t a t i o n f r o m K C Sa n d w i t h
t h a t o p t i o n w e c a n u s e t h e M E D U SsAy s t e m w i t h
the STEERBEA
wR
o rk s t a t i o n .
The sotution is not totaI successin practice,
m a i n [ y b e c a u s e a c h a n g e i n t h e i 4 E D U SsAy s t e m
a L w a y sc a u s e s a c h a n g ei n t h e M E D U SeAm u l a t o r .
H o w e v e n ,i n t h e f u t u n e t h e r e s h o u l d b e m o r e
mutti-use work stations availabte.
7 . F U T U RT
ER E N D S
A t t h e m o m e nw
t e are rathen satisfieh with our
C A D / C A sMy s t e m sa t L J e r t s L
i d . W eb e l i e v e , t h a t
within two years we wi[[ atso have a good
p i p i n g s y s t e m i n u s e . l . l eh o p e t h a t i n t h e f u t u r e w c r k s t a t i o n s a n e m o r e s t a n d a r d i z e da n d
c h e a p e rt o r u n . I t i s v e n y o f t e n s a i d t h a r
h a n d w a r ew i L t b e c h e a p e r e v e n y y e a r , b u t t h e
f a c t j s t h a t e v e r y y e a r w e n e e d m o r e m o n e yf o r .
nanowane.

Iiltegratiott oJ CADICAM Sr..stents

al Wtirtsild Shipl,ards
0n the softwane side we wi LI concentnatemone
on handling the information behind CAD/CAM
s y s t e m s , b e c a u s ei t i s a w e t I k n o w nf a c t t h a t
d r a f t i n g i s n o t t h e p r . o b l e mb u t f i n d i n g t h e
pnoper information.
REFERENCES:
l

i r

v a t o v l n t a ,J . a n d L a i t a k a r i , p . : H u L r
S t n u c t u r e G e n e r a t i o ni n t h e S t e e n b e a r
S y s t e m , I C C A S1 9 8 2 ( N o r . t hH o l l a n d
Publ.ishing)

lZ_

J o h a n s s o n ,K . : S t e e r - b e a H
r u|. 3, ICCAS
1982 (North Holtand pubLishing)

a-I J _ r .L o K r D . W . a n d M e t c a t f e , R . : I n t e g r a t i o n
a n A d v a n c e dC A D / c A M
S y s t e mw i t h S h i p _
b u i L d i n g T e c h n o t o g y , C o n f e r e n c eo n E f f e c _
( C a m b r . i d g1e9 g 3 ) , I n s t i t u tive CAD/CAM
t i o n o f M e c h a n i c a lE n g i n e e r i n g s
[+-l

F o r r e s t , p . D . a n d p a n k e n , M . N .:
B r i t s h i p 2 , A S h i p b u iL d i n g S t e e l w o r k
D e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n S y s t e m , I C C A S1 9 g z
(NonthHolland pubLishing)

[S,

P a r k e n , M . a n d t J it L i a m s , A . : C h o o s i n g
a C o m p u t e nD e s i g n S y s t e m , T h e M o t o r
Ship (June 1981) 11-17

[Ol

G u d e , J o n : R e c e n t A d v a n c e si n C o m p u t e r
Graphicsin the ShipyardIndustry, SNAME
S p r i n g M e e t i n g / S T A RS y m p o s i u m
( W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , A p r " il . . l9 g 3 )

d echanicat
L ? _ l E t o , A . : D e s i g no f C o m p L i c a t eM
E q u i p m e n tA r e a s w i t h C A DT e c h n . i q u e s ,
I C C A S19 8 5 , T n i e s t e ( N o r t h H ot l - a n d
Publ.ishinq)

291

ComputerApp[cations in the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, 1985

293

Ileviintegrerted Engineerl.ng Syst_ems

For Hr-r1.1
Structure and Pipi.ng
tlj-roshl Kawaguchi, Ryuichrro Matsuda,
fliroyuki Kakuno and Masahiro Shigematsu
K a w a s r k iH c a v y I n d u s i r i e s , L t d . ,
Systcm Developxnent and Data Processing Dcpartment
1 - 1 , K a w a s a k i - c h o ,A k a s h i c i t y , J a p a n

1.

Introduclion

utrlizing
C A D A Ma s
its
nucl-eus and
an
application
system was devel"oped. The ljrrll
Cl.DAl,i was put inlo
practicaluse in Aprit,
1983.

For llie past ten years or more , KHI has been

paying attention
lo the usefullness
of the
inLcractive grnphics Lecnology, as well as put
a NC system of batch processing viith POL into
practi-cal- use.
Cn the other hand, v:lrious
CAD/CAM lools are placed in the market and
ulilized
along
with the
developmenf of
computer-graphics that
resulled from lowering
producLs since t.he
of cosl of microelectronics
l ate 19'l0s .

On lhe other hand, after si-udy on the lD-piping

m o d u l c o f C A D A Md, e v e l o p m e n t o f a n i n l e g r a t e d
system of pj.ping diagram - piping arrangement piece drawing - mat.erial and production control
! . / a ss t a r t e d
in January, 196-J. Fi.gure 1 shows
their hlstory.
I I t,t Nc cADA-It ( PC )

ilrrt,l, clt)AIt 010)

T h e C A D , z C At Io' jo l s
r

clrnd-:l^n.

CPII:nd

are generally classi-fi-ed into

f\/^6
iq

if.rt

nrovidorr

ltq.q

mininnmny16'p

qnonifin

ulith

3g

and a g:neral purpose type that j.ntends to

provide linkage
processing rvith an existj,ng
syst cm b:rsing on a maj.n frame comprrter.
We
rrCADAl"i"
( Computer-graphics
scf ectcd
Augnrented
D e s r g n A r r C M a n u f a c l u r j - n g ), e t y p i . c a l t o o t
of
oinrr,l

nrrrnnqa

m:in

frrma

'79

frrnnfinnc

tv\ rr ny .\
,

r_r,n. _r lc r

80

vsrilP

8t

v f R0Io-t YI'n Ac(n}tf t,tsilt)D

( \r illulu7 \t tilN oF lNsl4Ll,)

84
85

ma ior

8ii

KilJ;

v3D-tlPlNG MOI)I]t,B
l[]TA l IS r

83

r ne

nf'

I I
t l
I

82

following
reasons, and apply it
to ships,
rolling sLocks, aircrafls or the like lhat are
nrorjr:of s

clr)${
colrM|rrDr

v t il,t N(i cAt)Arl

(,'oMMl 1'TE u

!, l'c Al'l,r,Y
ttl'lrjltA

f l l ) 1 ) u st { ; N
l I'l'toAcil

8?

- Systcm ;nnovation ci,n bc nadc by

i n c o r p o r a t i n g C A D A Ia
' Is t . h r - g r e p h i c s f u n c t i o n
of the exisLing syslem.
-

T1- is
from

nnssihle
lJvJotv/
rui !c sv r iFsr n,

dcvelonins

tn
t.
ne ri

h , i lr iu

'n
Lrr

^p F' ^v^v, ,u- Lt

n
h
u ai v^ r. r
p rr n (n ^prcr tf . u fi vnr ni
v ryr
p n n l i e ; t i o n sJ
fw rl .^' r n\ /ru f rr or r) ^

nhr'r:l

ir r-rtL^ rdt -i r^ t .- i^u r u

qr/<r^m
JJJv\ Lil

V A U I ' O M A l ' C D I ) } I SI ( ; N
A I PItCrA0tI

88

Iu}tltrKs;
!
slAll1

Fig.

llilSllJll,l'tY lUSI

<+

SlS,iliM t)UvUl,Ot,MUNt,

H i s t o r y o f S y s L e mD e v e l o p m e n l

lhe dat.a base of CADAT'1

.
- I t . i s p o s s i b i e t o . ' s L a b l i s h a C A D , z C AsIy4s t c n
pyclrrsive

tn

snnni f ic

n r o d r r et s

hv

r'i I rnhino

the self-developed prograns to the

purpose graphi-cs function of CLDLM.

gcneral

3 . B a s i c C o n c e p Lo f D e v e l o p r n e n t
As described , KHI put lhe CAD,zCAI'1
systcm into
pracLj-cal use by the CAD,/CA|,1
tool in fhe merrket
and Lhe self-developed, specialized
prograrns.
Thc

1'his paper introduces lhe HulI Structure Syst,em

(HC) lhat has bcen operated since Aprit, '1983,
and the Piping System (PC) of which development
was started in January, 1983, and of vrhich fu11
operation will be sLartecl in April, 1985.
2. llislory

of Instal}alion

and Development

After serious study on installation

of CAD,zCAM
since
1979, KHI first
installcd
ChDAIi for
aircraft
in October,
1980, and, at the same
timr,
sL:rrled sLudy on a.pp1
ic;.t ron to r^ach
product.
The Shi.p Headquarter organized lhe
j.llee
Ship CADAI''IComm
in
May, 19ti0, where
effectiveness
CADICAM
of
applicat.ion in a1I
technical
fi.elds of shj-pbuilding vras eagerly
d i s c u s s e d . A s t h e r e s u l t , i t r . r a sd e L e r m r n e d a s
the' first
s t e p t o m i , k e e ' n i n t e g r a t o d s y s L e mo f
- NC
hu]l
structure
ciesign - part plan

lI

h:si.

.^n.ant

nf

d a r r o l n! vnf /m
cnf
' IcIu

ic.

fr.

- Sh:rring of roles between 2D-dravring and

-?D-mode1
.
It is arranged that the drawing file of CADAM
replaces existing
drawing, and Panerl File
(HC) and Pipj.ng Model (PC) arc established
independently from
the drawing
file
as
Lhree-dimensional dala bases, so thaL al,1
act ivities
are
dervel-oped around
ttrcsc
lD-model s .
- L l n k a g e o f e x i s t i n g s y s l e m r . r i f h C A D A.l " l
Automatic inberfacing
beLween the drawing
file ;:nd the exisling syst'mis made possible
by generating
a standard formal ItCADEF" to
perform smooth exchange of data between Lhe
2D-cirawing
function
of CADAI'I and
the
conventional
KASE (Kawasaki
Autom:rft:d
Structural Engineering System).

294

II. Ka*'aguclti et ul.

c..^+ *

\ ) y J L ( l l l

a l l U ( F l I .

,r^-L l V l l

fr rr ovr' rr .

t- lr r, ,

iu ly nJ Us ' l r r! ,( -- ,' n 1i o

de'sign cirai"ring.

tilt

cowns!eam .
is dev<.loped from
tlte mosL
Tfrc syslcm
u p s L r e a m( k e y p l a n , d r s i g n s p e c i f i c . " t i o n s a n d
piping
di:-gram) to
lhe manufacturing in
(NC cutling
product ion
:nd
downstrean
control) for both fields
of hull and piping,.
we
Lh::l
epoch-making
ljcc;rusc
bel ieve
ool
i n n o v a l i o n c a n n o t b c l e d i f l h c C A D , / C AlM
repl:,ces only t.he dr.,wrnfi oper:rtion with its
usage.
q.

Thr: hul I
s t . r u c i . u r :I
dr;rvring c::n
br.
g e n e r a t . e r ib y t h e . b i , s ; i c f u n c ! i o n s o f C A D A ,T ' i
i cnsionz,l c.ir;;wing.
b e c a u s e i t i s o f t r . r o - ci m
Dut,
to
improve tlrr'
cfficicncy
of
i s r : r r a n g er i t . h a i - c l : , L : r f o r
o p c r a . 1 . i o n ,i t
prim;:ry members,rririch are' est.i,blislr.,d rn
lhc initial
sL:,gr o1' dr.'sign,z.rc f iled
( P : . n t : 1F i l r . ) , ; . n d t h : : t - t i i c l o r : : r t i o n s i , n c l
s h a p es o f l h e p r i - n a r y m e n r b r : r s . r L : r r l y
Cesi-rcci scclion;,r'e
l:rken cut. from t.irc
f i l c i n t h r , s L : : g r o f ' g c p i l 1 ' 6 1 . . n gL h e ' o e s r g n
cirzruinq.

Huil CADAI']

1) B a c k g r o u n d
c . S u p p l y o f ' d ; . : l : r 1 . o t h F p r o c i u c li o n c o n t r o l
syslem.

KASE is :: system Lh::l has bcen used for

g e n e r ; . : 1 - i n gp i c c e d r ; : l ^ r i n p l sa n d l . i c g a s c u t t . i n g
a hull
since
1970s, consists
of
of
K P G ( K ; ; w a s a kP
i altern Generat.or), a PCL for
defining
the plece
drawing, CTP(Cutting.
g e n e r a l i n g a I J CL a p c ,
Proccssor), a POLfor
a n d K S F ( K a w a s a kS
i Lructural File), a hull
inform;:lion dal;: base for fuL l y uti lizing
Although, ln tho past ten
t - h e s ef u n c t i o n s .
or mor(' years, bolh of our Kobe ::nC Sal<eidr'
salisfactory
resul t..s by
Works oblalneci
ul-i1j-zl,ngl(ASE, ttre' fol Iouing. problerns ; ro
nnt

i r.cd

rr

nr.nf

rn llre stage of ge.ncraling t.he: pic ce

pl::t-e
maLerial ,
c i r ; , l . r i n g , n a m es
of
Lhickness ano qualily
of meteriaf :ire
provldec.i
clift.a
as
tirer
attribut-t:
corresponrling to t.irc piecr, qcometric:,1
d::ta. Tire' suppl y of d;:t.z: is
: I Iovre'citr-r
L h c c a r l c ul : : i - i o n o f t i r e w e i g h t : , n d c c , n l er
of gravity,
of tlic welriing le,nglh :rndof
t . h e p e i n t . i n g a r e a , : s i . ; c lI
as t.o lhe
proce'ss pl:;nning by
corrr,laling
tirc
geome
trica,J riaL:, and Lhr: attribulc ci;-La,
a n d s t o r i n g t h e m i n 1 . h eP i r t s F i l c ,

I rr'

- Tbe gencr.tron of piocc dr;,viingis

'..o
is
requireci
laborius
be-c::use it.
digitizc all graphics elements one by one
r,+ilh POL (KPC) by refcrring a drawing.
- KPGand Cl'P are ineffective in opc,ration
becausc tirey pcrform balch processing, and
check cannot be
syntax check :'nti visual
executed unless a ccrlain perioo of t.ime
cxpires.
- Thcrc arisc diff'icultics
t o a p p l y P C Ll o
t h e d e s i g n p r o c e ' d u r e ' , s i n c e L h e n r e L h o df o r
generaling
sl'rapes of' members vrlth PCL
from
the
drawing
dit'fers
c o m p lc t e l y
proceourc wilh m;:nui:l operation,

d , C o m p l l t i c r .o f i n 1c r l - :c ' r , ; i 1 l ^t f. r r r x i s t i n g ,
sysLcn.
I n l e r f : r c c p r o g r i r n l s a r ( Ceve:loped Lo r;1lovr
f u 1 I e x c h : r n g e o f d r L a vrit.h KLSE th;rL hirs
b e < ' nu s c c i .
ill LI
INft)tt\t\Tio\
l l Llls

3l>l'lh"jir,
F t t l i
I lr \\1ll
I, L\ I]

<-

II

- Tfrere is sucir dupllcaler) operat.ion tll-t,

a . ll h o u g l r s l r a p c s o f m e m b c r s a r e c n c c
def'ined on llte design drawing, lhe'y ere
def ined agi:in whcn fr.n.rating t.lte pr.cc(
clr;:t,;ing.

I
\.-t-

T o s o l v r ' t h e s r ' p r o b l e r n s , C A D A I i' s1 i n s t a l l e c l

and ;:11 definibion by PCL is repl;rced witfr
L h r o p rr ; t i o n o f i n l . r ; , c L i v e p r i p h i c s .

2 ) Targets of syslem
a. Unification of hull information hrndled
(upstream)
to
lhe'
Lhe
Cesign
in
m a n u f; : c l u r i . n g ( C o w n s l r o i m ).
In conventional process, Llrere are tirc'
clrnl i e :,t.ecjonprr,t.i on where tlrc informaLiOn
on dctailed shapc of member, l.ihich arc
defined in lhe dcsign phase, are again
defincd in Lhe piece drawing proccss. To
e l i m i n a t c l l , i s c r u p jl - c a ti o n , i l i s ; r r r . t , q e t j
a forrn of CADAI'I
to deliver Lhe drawing in
clata, and t-o dcvelop every secl j.on by
r e t r l e v i n g L i r e P a n e l Fj . I e .

v s P ! 4 v i

b . I m p r o v e c .et f f i c j - e n c y f o r g c n e r a l i n g t l ' t c

F'ig. 2
?)

C o n c e p t u a l D i a g r a m o f ' t l ut l O A D A I ' I

Configurrtion of i:Lil Lzat.ionsystt'm

T h l s s y s t c n c o r . s is L s o f C i i L A l,' : C A L ' A Itii r e v r i n g
f i ) e , t . fr e , l n t e r f ' a c e p r o g r a r n s , - f- D P a n o l
hul l
applicat.ion
F i 1e , P a r l s
FiIc
and
p r o g r a m s a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e ? , A n c,. l t h c
sysLen is as shown i.n Figure 3 when it is
is
illuslrated
as a fl-ow of pro<:ess. It
c l e . a r l y r e c o g n i z e d t t r : , t t h e c i rs i g n a n d t h e
n ; , n u f i c t u r i n g . . r c c l o s r . l y c o n n r e t r - ' ct lh r o u p . h
C/LDAlui
drarwing fi-1o. The. f'unct.ions f c':rturing
t h e s y s t . e m; r r e a s f o l l o w s :
a. ,r-D Pane1Filc
An ide.,l drfa b:,se f'or thc hull

st.r'ucture

\av'ltrtegratcd EtrgirtaeringS-r,s/erns
for Hull Stntctnre arrdpipittg

is the onc whi.ch will be.upciated to a real

mode] representing an
cxact shape of
up-to-date
hull st.ructure as lhe clesign
b e c o m e sm o r e a n d m o r e d e l a i l e d .
Hovrever,
rl
is very laborious
approach for
lhe
c u r r e n t , m o d e li n g
te cl-,nique, and
rnuch
usefulness ca,nnol bc expected rneeting lo
suclr vrorl<.

29s

on shel},
as well
as localions
and
s h a p e s o f l n t e r n a l p r i m a r y m e m b < . r r sa,r e
defined on Lhe scope of CADAl.l in lhe
initial
slege of dcsj,gn, and slored in
Lhe Panel File by Lhe inpur. program.
- CADLAND
L a n d i n f l o f ) o n g i t . u d i n a l s a , n d s c a m si s
performed on Lhc scope by dispJ;,ying
tire frame lines which :rre gencratecl by
the Line Fairing Prograrn. Thc landed
data is stored in the Panel File
by
startl-ng CADLAND when the.
landing

Therefore,
this
sysLem cmploys such e
precLicarl meLhod that Iocation
clata of
p t i m i r y m e m b e r sa r c f i l e d : r s a l - D p : r n c l ,
:,nd aro rct-.ricvr.d and rilsplayed f'or z.
s r . c L l o n a l o r p . la n v i e r . , r a s a b o u n c i a r y
required for
cir^fining sLructural
details
in CADA.l"l
.

onnr;,t

i s ennnl ot pl .

i nn

CADPANL

i ) F i l e Input Program
Data f'or longitudinal

T h e d a l a o f s h e r p e sa n d f o c a t l o n s o f
framos ancl seams

tllxrxt-_l

lF-{lRI\G I

IIANI]FA(--TI'RE

Q
l:>'
I irli l--- _\
\__,
F, r P_n;;l
i
\
l
'
l

/i
/

-llT,$tE

IcADA\r
I l.rrrrsc

ffi

\ \
\

l\

ll;i
'lR;31:'-'-l' : : ' \ r \ l ' lrc
| .lr,{ii I

\6
l l uJ
\ iI
l'*"S

/
#l

|
I

rnxtr.t

f-f

BoDr//

lrrrr
___

-l

DRA"

-l

e
' ---l[:-=iiI srini.i,
!
-'

\
t

I\FOR\I

l\

---

lnuroot. h
=

Flg.

FFn 1
rtttrl

--t-

PRO.ESSOR
I

a-_----

;
|tRoDEroil

- Cf
-------) srEEL |
lrinirL,.rl
, : l i : l - - - - - . _6---;;;;------1

d^il
v

a---T
'\-J

,' 2

mDi.

I snm uirsl

lrilvrlir.fi'l
I\TI-T
I
I

---.j

Process Flovr of llull

CAI-tAl'l

,ouel onro

/r-

,',r* on,n

T
F i g , . 4 I n l r u t .E x i n r p l e o 1 ' : t - P ; : n r ' l F j l e .

F i g . 5 B i r c t ' s - c y e V i r - . wo f S t . o r c < i
lD-Pant'l Fil c.

296

H. Kawaguchi et al.

decks and gl-rciers rre

Panel File
by slarling
dpfinins

thn

nrim>rrr

sboreci in the
C A D P A N La, f t e r

mpmhnrq

1 I ina

nr

curve) on the scope. Figure 4 shows nn

input example for CADPANL,and Figure 5
shows the birds-eye vi.ew of Panel Fi.1e
Dala as inpul check.

ii)

D r a w i , n gS t o r i n g e n d D e l e L i n g P r o g r a m
'lhis

program retrieves
the Drawing
Adminislration Flle
when lhr: drawings
of t.he completed ship are transferrcd
from Lhe iisk Lo Lire magnetic tape, or
when stored drawings are searched.
c. Parls File
The delailed
structural- drawings (Fj.gure
members,but only
7) represent not, all
t y p i c a l o n e s n e c e s s a r y a n c i m i n i m u mt o l h e
d e s i o n . T n t . h p s t . a s t ^ ' o f s n n e r a f .i n s L h e
piece drar'ring, shapes, parts name, plate
qual ity
thickness,
of
materj-al
or
fabrication
routes are defined for
all
members basing on Lhe dcsign drawing.
This system regislers the informalion of
piece drawing in the Parts File,
and
j-mproves significantly
effj.cj-ency
of

celrnnrro /

sr:hspnrrenl.

SLOT DATA,/

nnrrtt.i^n

hrr

rrtit

ioina

il.fC

Parfs File.

\
t r, D\ R
A E
tr'
v r L U

STIFF. ON I,iEB
l 5 0 xt 0 F . B .

F i g . b O u t p u l E x ; ; m p l eo f l D - P a n e l Fj . l e
ii)

Fite Oulput Program

- CUT/PROJECT
Tn
desionins
dctri I s
the
d- -r ,' s- ig, n e r
prograrn by
starts
lhis
using lhe
characler display (CRT) to call desired
sect.inns nr nlans on t.ho soontr- When
o
\ (: l a rI r ir rnho

for

thc

scnl

dr-.fininp cltt

i ons

h
r rcq

pnfor<
slturt J

(Fr.

n
lanes
1 - l | "

No-

r re^ L+ ou

or

coordinates values of X, Y and Z).

Fi-gure 6 shows output
example of the
Panel File.
Data
of scantl lng or
mounLing angle of
longituoinals
are
regisLered j-n advance in the Panel
FiIe

:nd

rl i snl rvcrl

Ifre
nn

t hc

sh;,nos
qnnnn

of

slnts

hv

t.hcsc

are
data

Fig.7 Structural

DeLail Drawing Example

when performing lhe CUT program.

b. Drar,ring Administrat,ion
Cnnvpnt. inn:'l

I v

i t. i s

Program
nnl v

r c nYru 4r' i r cL rv r

t.o

issue a drerwing (hard copy) to deliver

information
to lhe dou,,nslreamwhen the
doqi
on
nnprrt
i nn
i <
onmnl
of ad
L
. .l n,r,- r.a_ v c r ,
because Lhis system sends or receive data
through the drawing fi.le,
it is required
thc drawing t.o a file that
to transfer
can be accessed from lhe dor.'nstream. To
handle lhe drawing in Lhis manner, lhe
I nr.'.i hd
{nl
r vrrvyirr16

i)

Drawing

this

^r^d..h<
cilrJ
Pr vrrr

(: jr /n ( :

i csrvr (n l
u

r unpn( n' ' dr .

Release Program

nrogram

t.r:nsfnrs

( r

enmnl6'16'l
v v r l P r

drawing lo the dowrstream, and wrifes

the
designer ID,
the history
of
drawings or the date of release inlo
the Adminislration File.
In Lirat case,
a rel,ease note is prin[ed
out, basj.ng
on
which
lhe
operatl,on
in
lite
d o w n s L r e a mi s s t a r t e d .

Fig.8 Piece Drawing Example

\:etv ltttegrated Engirteerirtg S),stents J'ctrHull Structure and Pif:ing

i)

Parts Registration

Program

or dravrings.

The piece drawlngs are generaled by

separaling the ciesign drawing at butt
(Flgure 8).
locations
Each graphics
element 1s identifi.ed
fo outl ines,
apertures, slots,
rnarking lines by
types of lines, and is reglst,ered in
the Parts File after
correlating them
with altribute data.
il)

I n v i e v i o f t . h e ra b o v e , w e r e a l i z e a n o r g a n i c
combination of the graphics daLa of CADAI'I
and
the
admlnisLration
dat;r
by
the
sclf-developed utilization
systems such as
regislralion
and retrieval
of the machincry
d r a w i n g s a n d t h e p i p e c o m p o n e n td a t a ,
the
mat.erial take-off, t.he automatic generation
of pipe fabrication drawings,

l,lesting Preparafi-on Progrem

ParlicularJ-y,
the' system is developed for
the followlnU targefs by placing the threedimensional piping model as the ciala base
thaL constitutes the nucleus of lhe system,
and by making each program a module so that
it
can immediately
accommodate fulure
e n h a n c e m e n lo f C A D A Mi . l s e l f .

The aggregation of piece drawing is

assorled for
fabricatj-on
routes by
attribuLe
to select
rnernbers bo be
nested on the same sleel plale.
The
operator sl,arls
the nest.ing
aft.er
checking the group of menbers to be
nested and their atlribute 1ist.
iii)

a . I m p r o v e m e n to f e f f i c j . e n c y f o r d e s i g n i n g

llestj.ng

It is realj.zed to utilize
1 - h ea p p l i c a t i o n
systems such as the liull
CADAl"linLerface
for taking out the hull informations, Lhe
macitlnery dravring relrieval
syslem and the
automatic numbering system for
pipes and
fittings,
and to
employ the modified
melhod using the standard piping diagram
a n d t h e m o d u l e d r a u r i n g s o f c q u i , p m e n la n d
pi pi.ng.

Automalic nesl,ing by the progr.m may be

possible if
t h e r e a r e o n l y m e m b e r so f
s i m p l e s l : a p es . T h i s s y s t e m p e r f o r m s
rough
nesti.ng
automaLically
by
specj-fying the condilions
of nesLing
with the pararnelers and flne adjuslmenl
of nesting is
exccuted on the scope
wilh the translate function
of CADAM.
(Figure -o shows an ex.rrTtple
of nesiing.)

b, Poutlne through ?D-piping model

i v ) G e n e r a t i o n o f l . i Cd a t a
NC data
nttf 1 i no

such
qa^r roh.^q
-,

as

piercing

The pj.ping arrangement

elirni.nales lhe
limitalion
in the
design and
study
operation wit.h
Lhe conventional
twodimensional drawing by building _iD-piplng
model, and allows improvementof accuracy
by lhe routing check or the like.

points,

U U t J l i l U I t ^e rUr(f tL fi h
I tdh

Ir ti | (h,.S

or addressing are specified

to t.he
result
of nesling
on the scope of
CADAI'I, and
transfcrred
to
the
processing
of CTP fhab has
been
operated. This syst,ern genorates above
NC data
automatically
for
typical
npsfi

no

297

c . C e n e r a t . i o no f p i p e f e b r i c a l i o n

drawing

Thc pipe piece drawings are automalic;rI1y

generated by the program using the 3Dpiping model as inpuL, which elimi.nates
the duplicaled
operation Lo transfer the
drawings wilh manual operation basing on
lhe piping errengr'menl.

n.fforns

d . I m p r o v e m e n to f e f f i c i e n c y
for routine work

and accur.acy

Vari-ous data such as the material takc-oi'f

or producti,on contro]
are automatically
generated baslng on unified data such as
lhe master data of piping componcnls, the
pipine specificaLions or the 3D-piping
model.
2\

Fig.!
q

Piping CADAI'1

1)

Tarspt.s

and

nnliav

E x a m p l eo f N e s t i n g

nf

dorrolnnmnnf

Renttiremenfs
fo
he
nrnrridnd
rq
tho
n;
"^PlnB
engineering system for ships are Lo grasp
various and a mass of dala on equipmenLand
fittings accurately in tfre process of design
and fabrication,
as welJ- as to meet quickly
and flexibly modificalion
of specifj-cations

Confiorrration

nf

qrr<fm
rJuv\rI

rrtilizrfinn

The concept of system is shoum in Figure '10,

the system configuration
in Figure
1 1 . As
clearly
seen from Figure
11 , t h e g r a p h i c
information
is organical.ly tinked
to the
parls
information
and the admj-nistration
information
around the
drawl.ng f j,l-e of
CADAM.
The featurLng functions of
inLroduced in the following:

the systern are

a. Parts ManagementSubsyslem

298

H. Kat'aguclti et al.

If j-s dersirable that

the parls data .rnd
f.he ni ni ns soeci fi cations delivered
from
bhe design
in thr:
Lrpstre.,m to
lhe
fabrication
i-n lhe doL,r'rstre;rmare man:rged
i , n a u n i - fi e c i m a n n e r a s a d a t a b a s e .

graphic
prirnit.lves (conr ,
c y 1l n c l e r ,
p::ne1 etc.)
using a proper l;,n5t,u:ge..
-

\l t('HI\uIt)
t\\{i
ttl\i{(jtT
sLilsts Iilt

1'tt 1\(;
L _ 1 1( J t T

D1.\(iI11!
DIS I(;\

Inr;rocluction of classif ici tion Lha'L

determincs perts to be used by thc
piping spocificetion.s + kincis of parts +
dia;melerfor cach ship.

The principal
:rs fol lcws:

the systen are

- P r . f l . i srt; i r o n a n o m ; r n ; r(fm e n L o f p ; : r t s
d a l a L h a t i s c l a s s i f i r : c i b y t h c , c o c j r .o f
n i r t . s s n (c i f i e ; t . ie 4 . 5 .

s l R s )s t E \ I
\Irll
f)

flfl\(l

\lcrtl

LE

- R e . g i s t r : ' 1 - l o n: , n d r c t r j - c v a l

I \TTJT{FA('E

n
Y ' 'nr i-n r '
III Ll-

funct.ions of'

snaeific2tion

of
e:.1.

for

( \D\]l

S\ STL]I

F i g . 1 0 C o n c e p l u a l D i a g r a m o t ' P i p i n g C A D A IS
' 1y s t e r n

Thc
system
employs
the.
followinc
approaches for
buildins a d:La base thi l
c a n m e e l h e r n d l j , n go f v a r i o u s m a s s p a r t s
ciata
and
frequent
modific:,tlon
of
spocificaLions or drawinpls:

SUclr

b. Piping Diargra:m
I l i n t . r ' n c l st . o u l i l i z r
t.he registercc part.s
symbol, equipment Iibrary
and standard
pj-ping
ciiagram
by
using
the
tr!,od i r n e n s l o n a l d r a w i n g f u n c t i o n o f C A D A Ma
, nd
lo
i,mprovr' 1,hc cfficlcnr:y
oi' drar.ring',
o p c , r , , L r o n b y L r L l .ilz i n g
lhe appl ication

- Classification
and coding of'
parts
specifications
of
for
the
idenlific::tion
of piping components as
shown in Figure 12
- Grouping of paris by their kinds (for
examplc, valve or elbow) anri Cefinition
of lhelr
shapes by
combinetion of

qvc'.ns

srrr), rs

; , 1 1o r n ; i ' c
! \

nt:' lt, rilo

' I u

' v \

I l l f '

(.n(i

rt.tribul"ing of f rtt in6l numbcr for valves

stra;inetrs,ct.c.

PIPI\G
C.{T1LL1G

\D\lI\I.TR{TIUb

f lCTLRl

qlrin

as pipr:s, fi angr,s,valv{-s, bolts lnd

nut.s.
as
well
as
t.hcir
surfi-cc
trcatment, he:,L treatrncnt or insul;'tion.
- A u t . o m ; irct s e l e c t . i c n o f p a r l C e t e f o r
each ship from t.he plplng component.s
n.ister flle and lhr, ptping spr-cificaLion
f i1e, anci thcir
int.er:rctivc, dire,ct
updirt.c aiming lo lmprovr: t.ire comput::tion
efficlency
and
lo
meet
flcxibly
modification
cf
specifications
and
drar.iings.
- A u t , o n t a l i cg e ' n c r a t i o n o f p i p l n g c : t r ; 1 o g
from the'parts dat.i: and the'ir shapo dal.l
for each ship as tlie interf::ce' for Lhe
.::D-pipinil model of' CADAM.

P I P E
FILE

ffif_____r_
F,$i I.rT I u\

q,',_)*v7*
F{alit.iT I!\-

F i g . 1 1 P r o c e s s F l o w o f p i p i n g CADAI'1

\-ex' IntegratatlEngirteerittgSystemsJor Hull Structure anctpipirtg

c. Layout Design

matcrial. such as pipc, elbow or flange

Lo be ordered in advance when the plping
diagram is generated, by retrieving il
from lhe data base and displaying it on
the CRT.
In that
case', pl-pe fittings
data can be automatically
g e n e r ' . : t e db y
calculating
required quantity
of pipe
( elbovr or f'1ange) from rne
f it.t,ings
specificd pipe length.

Il is possible to utilize the registratj.on

and relrieval
syslem of macitlnery drawing,
Lhc Hul1 CltDAl"llnterface
for taking
out
Lhc
hull
sLructure
drawings as
tne
backgroun<t , through the
uso of
tr^'o
d imcnslonal dravring ftinction
of CADAM.
Accorciingly il
is possj.ble to :ttain the
unification
of dravring clata and qui,ck
r ( . s p o n s . t . o m o c l i fi c e t i o n o f s p e c i f i c e t i o n s
and drawings, and int.ends to irnprove thc
r i r , : s i g n. c c u r a c y a n d t h e w o r k e f ' f i c i e n c y .

- Review of maLerial Lake-off and

purchase order sheel.
It performs Lhe mrterial
take-o1'f from
lhc piping
diagram and
Lhe piping
arrangement
drawn
by
CADAl.l, and
generatcs Lhc take-off .list. anci i_hc l.isl
of surplus or insufficiency bctwecn the
purchase order sheeL and the take-off
list.
The purcbase orcier sheets are
genereted or modified by adding requirr:d
attri.bute data from the daia base to fhe
take-off
material.
These
t,ake-off
operalion can be conciuctecl at any lime
by t,he designer to bhe accuracy or
proceedlng of drawing. The designer c:rn
check fhe generaled purchase orde'r shcet
b y d . is p l i , y l n g i l o n t h e C R T o r p r i n l i n g
out il,
and perform eny correclion
or
addilion on the CRT.

d. Piping Arr:;ngemenl
A piping model is gener:rtcC wit h thc 3Dpiping function
o f C A D A i b, ly a p p l y i n g t h e
piping
generated
calalog
in
Parts
r-he
l.'lanagement Subsystem, to
plping
envrronmcnl- generafed in Layout D-.sign.
By using this piping nodeJ, it is
ISO

V I Etr

PANTS

-!

SI'IC

fiRts

KIND

/t

RIT t N(i

'3.

N()Il. DtA.

tt.{\(;E t\flt

5.
,d,

- Release and status control of purchase

ordr:r sheet.
A l t h e t i m e i . r h e nL h e r l t s i g n c r s p e c i f i e s ,
the generaled purchase order sheet. 1s
delivered to the downstream system thal
conducts purchasi.ng of order or the
material
control.
The controlfor
lssu.nce of purchasc order sheet is
a u t o m a l i c a f 1 y p e r f o r m e d.

coNNECT Tr rr
il,\ r tR l,\L

f.

Pipe Febricetion
Tl"e n ini np

Fi o - 12

Fyrnrnl

nf

Pi ni n
, .ob

vCvnt r, rnPnvnl n joc nt tI u J-

per'I'ormed to
piping, outfit
edit
the
drawi-ng, and to divj-de drawings for each
a, rt f i I
ci -nn
nrn.'
O
ul,I lL
S
L ; ) g ( ' I{ 'On nf
p r u v t iun . ri ,-l-, ,
n i n o f : h r i n : r f i n n r_l l - a \ . J t n g s .

u a^ +L L r +L^O

lne

A1so, this
slage intends 'i,o improve the
efficiency
of
drawi-ng operation
by
utiJ iz'ing thc automatic numbr ing
systr m
p-ipcs end fittings,
for
or the piping
n o c l u l e . F i g u r e 1 , 3s f r o w s a n o u t p u t e x a m p l e
of' ni ninp arranpcmcnt,
e. l'lalerial- Take-cff
Thic

ic

*n

nar{.nrn

inlor.nrivalrr

1-hn

G o n r . r r t . io r o f
lhe,

n tr r c l ; ; S C O f d C f S h C eL .

purchasr,

inLe.ractivcly

i)

ordcrr
sheel
is
g e n e r a , r . e , c 1f o r
a pipinp'

that

ir Us

r r c n o rt : 9f .wel ud

6 \ l t \

h
v Jv

gnc.

I ' j e s hF i l e
Program

t.o Pipe FiJ-e Interface

IL registers lhe piping rnodel generat-e:d

by CADAM
as the Pipe File using thr:
MESH intcrface program of CADAlil. In
Lbe subscquent str ps, al I processj,ng
are conducled to lhe Pipe Fi1e, noL to
rhe piping model of CADAM.

nnnrrligp

qr rhqrrqf

morlal

Drawing SubsysLcm.

pj.ping crr:ngerne-nt subsysLe.mthrough 3Dpj.ping funct ion of CADAMis used for

mounting and assembly, bul is incomplete
as information
pipe
for
fabrication.
lherefore,
lhis
system
automatically
generates drawings for
fabrication
by
conducting on
the piping
model sucfr
processing as division
by fabricalion
u n i L , n u m b e r i n go f p i p ^ p i c c e , a d d i t i o n o f '
working
information,
and
edition
of
drar,iings for each out.fit stage.

Subsystem

rcle1.inptn h:ndl irp ninjns rnatcripls such

as generation of purchase order sheets,
material
Lake-off
list
and checklg on
tlrcir
surplus
cr
insufficiency
by
ulilizinq
Lhe dat;: of piping diagram rnd
piping
arrangement. l'la,jor f unctions of

299

ii)

Pipe Piece Definilion

Program

providos such
It
process as
lhe
stand:-rd bcnding process, Lht' insertion
process of mat.ing flange, lhe division
to pj.ece or lhe numbering process Lo
the pieces, to the Pipc File gcnernted
by 1), and then

300

H. Kawaguchiet al.

PIFINGCAIALQG

/,-

ft)Oaffi
'
L> \vv

F i g . 1 3 E x a m p l eo f P i p i n g A r r a n g e m e n t

gencrates
tbe
administration
and
working data and t.he plece drawings for
t . h c Pn^ iFn- o

fahrinpl.ion

rrnits

whiel,;y6

/rceess Propreiln
Thrs

The fabrication
drawings for
fhe pipe
fabrj-cafion data file are possible lo
send lo
lhe dr::wing file
of
CADAM
lhrough lhe slanclard format rrCADEF'|,
modify on Lhe scope of
CADAl"i , anci
relurn
the pipe fabricrtion
lo
data
f il.e.
TLre aclministralion and uiorking
infornr:'lion
can be correcteci on tire
CRT. In such cese, sincc lhe piece
drawing is
dj.splaycd on
the same
screen, the correcLi-on may be possible
by referrj.ng it.
iLr ur )r

P
t Li nYnt

l.rhrinrfinn

production control for

supplying rcquirr.d
qu;rnlity of pipes, and i'iltlngs such as
f l a n g e s o r e l b o v r sa t r c q u i r e d t i m i n g , o r
for
s u p p ly i n g I e b r i c ; t e d p i p , s . j r r s l i n
lime to tlre- pipe outfil
vrorks that is lhe
post. process.

r e s i s t . e r o d r s t . h e n ; n a f : l ' r r i o r - t . in n d : r L a
f i1c.
i i i ) Pi nc Febri cat i on Drtr

r[!
rril
t a t a ! a a t n a

!I -' n
< -f rJ. f, i' hr d
r

subsyslem intcnds

rffieienev

of

nnlr;

f'nn

Lo
:1

lmprovc

ll r

Lhe

n r r r Lnr hr (:, osf i n| ,ob

and the material conlrol

by lhe data of
material
lhat
is Cclivered
from lhe
upstreent materj-a1 tal<et-off' subsystcrn. Cn
the othcr hand, this system :1so intends
to improve t.he productivily
of pipe shop,
performeo v,'it-h esLimetion
which is
ano
levelinq of pipe shop 1oad, the mzrterial
a l l o c a t i c n z : n d t . h e p i p r - c u t t i n g p 1: . n o r
the like
basing on the drlr
of pipc
f-h-i

^-f

i ^-

r,...,,i
rrr dwr

-^
I rts .

( r )

n,,i^,,r
\ u u P u L

} I E S EF I L E T O

Program

PIPE
FILX

N T E ]I F A C E
PROGfuSI

It generales fabrication
drawings as a
sel of pj pe fabricalion
daba under
various
confrols
such
as
the
fabrica:lion unlt
or the mounting unit
from lhe pipe fabrication
daf,a fl1e
t h a r t i s m a d et h r o u g h t h e s t a g e o f i i i ) .
plotter
An electrostatic
is usecj for
Lhe outpul.
F i g u r e 14
shows the
ot tf I i nn
nf
nrnonqsi
no
f I nr,r
rnri
,F ^i cJ U r e
15 shows an oulput example of the pipe
fabrjcat ion drawing.

P
P IPE PIECE

[ )DEFTNING
PROGR,A-}f

CIDAM
Ir}l]. FILE
( l D )

IPE

(r)
PIPE
F - { B R I C A TI O N
DATA ACCESS
Pn oc RA-L{

DATA

FILE

P
P IPE FABRTC{TION
DWG OUT PUT
PROGB-${

DW(i
F

g. l'laLerial and Production Conlrol Subsystem

The

pipe

working

nnrrnqnnndq

tn

sub-assembling
ranl

i roc

offininnnrr

nnt
t

flrp

in
nnl
r,
vrr'rJ
hv u, r f e

in lhe oulfil
works
steel working and the
the hul I r,rorks.
It
ir"nrovpmcnt. nf
i ts
pl so

sonhi st i e:.fod

Fig.14 Process Flow of

P i p e F a b r j . c a t i o n D W GS u b s y s t e m

6.

C o n c l u si o n

In KHI, we rcalized

i,n inlegrated

syslcnt

New IntegratedEngineeringSystemsfor Hull Structure and Piping

of design to fabricalion
inslalli.ng
a general
( CADAI'I)
.

of hu1l and piping by

purpose CAD/CAIYlool

However, the application system coufd nol be

pul into
the practical use only by insialling
the tool.
It
should be emphasizedthal,
to
r e a l i z e a s y s t . e mt h a L p e r f e c t . I y f i t l e d t o t h e

301

faciliLies
in addition
lo
its
convenlionaf
2D-draftj.ng and to provide specialization in NC
or Lhe plant layout, and it is expected that
CADAM
wil} be utilized more and more.
In KHI, we have developed praclical and useful
applications by ourselves assuming the current
limitation of too1s. Furthermore, we proceed
lo make the system modules to meet immediatelv
such functional improvementof the tool.
Although Lhe HC and PC systems introducecl in
this report realj,ze automalion for the products
data and the fabrication data in the design
slage to lhe production preparaLion slage, iL
is required lo expand the scope of appli"eatj,on
of lhe syslems and to fulfilI
their functions
to proceed the factory
automalion for
the
entire
shipyard including the uppermost and
lowermost areas.
7. Reference
( 1) K . M o r i s u e e t a I . ,
N.C. Flame Cutting Software rr CTP" ,
K.H.I. Technical Report N0.52 (1974).

F i g . 1 5 E x a m p l eo f P i p e F a b r j . c a t i o n D r a w i n g
aclual
operalion,
we
ful1y
recognized the
funclions
ancj limilalion
of the tool,
and
developed energetically
funclions to be added
as applicatj-ons by ourselves.
The functions
year
after

of CADAI'1are belng expanded year

lo
develop three
dimensional

( 2 ) f . T a m u r ae L a l . ,
l'laterial
Managing
System
of
Fabrication,
K.fl.I. Technical Report N0.62 ( j976).

p j.pe

( 3 ) M . S h i g e m a t s ue l a l . ,
Inlegraled Hul1 Struct.ure Engineering Syslem
rur u
f ri a
l r zi zt ii lntna

or:nhin<
vf nuni nl tl pf aupL- e
.

in

Shin

C
_fOUp,

K . H . I . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r LN 0 . 8 8 ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

303

U S E O F C O } I P U T E RG R A P H I C S F O R M A R I N E E N G I N E E R I N G
E.A. WILLIAMS, Brirish
Ship Research AssociaEion (BSRA)
tr^lallsend on Tyne, United Kingdom.
P . D . F O R R E S T ,S w a n H u n t e r S h i p b u i l d e r s L t d .
Wallsend on Tyne, United Kingdorn.

The use of Cornputer Graphics and in parEicular

the use of application
software
in conjunction
with
a draughEing systen has proved very effeccive
for Steelwork DefiniEion
and the rnethod is
now applied
to }larine Engineering
Design.
The effect
of uraking more use of Computer Graphics
on some existing
software
for design calculations,
pipework definition
and electrical
systems
is discussed,
illustraEing
rr'hich could be obtained.
the benefits
SofEware for Ehe outfit
and
Design ArrangemenE based on the use of a draughEing systen has been developed for
British
Shipjointly
builders
by BSRA and SHS. some comments are rnade regarding
Ehe use of Ehe various sofcware in a productlon
environment at SHS.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The use
of
Computer Graphics
for
Compucer
Applications
has made a significant
impact on
the
developrnent
of
Computer
Systems in
the
ShipbuiJ-ding
Industry.
In particular,
over
the
last
10 years,
the
ability
to
use
interactive
graphics
and
the
advances
in
graphics
hardware
Eechnology
has
enabled
Computer
Systerns to be developed
which give
significant
benefits
to a shipyard.
Computer
Graphics nay nor^/be used very effecEively
for
Hu1l Form Design
(see Ref.Lll),
Structural
Steelwork Definirion
( s e e R e f . 1 2 , 3 . 1) a n d t h e
definl!ion
of Marine Engineering aspects i.e.
Pipework, Electrical,
Yachinery, Outfit
etc.
Many of the applicatlon
areas have first
been
used in
a batcht rnode, generating
numerical
results.
The next stage was to output results
in
the
form
of
graphical
or
diagrararnatic
output.
FuTther improvement can be obEained
by using graphical
input.
Draughting
Systems
have
become
available
provid ing
a wide
range
of
sophi s t i ca ted
facilities
for the creation,
rnanipulation
and
storage of drawings.
However these Draughting
Systerns provide
general facilities
applicable
to
various
Lndustries
and
need
Eo be
customised
in order
Eo a1low them Eo be used
effectively
for
Shipbuilding
Applications,
This
aspect
is ofEen overlooked
and care is
required
to ensure Ehat the Systern adopEed can
be used in a shipbuilding
environmenE - Ehe
system must be easy to use and rnust integrate
with oEher facilities
rrrhich the user may need
to use - perhaps involvlng
interface
to some
other Computer Systems.

*Computer

Augmented Design and Manufacture.

CADAM is a Registered
Trade Mark of Lockheed
California
Corporation.

When introducing
neir CompuEer Systerns into
a
shipyard
i!
is necessary to introduce
Ehese in
a phased approach.
This ensures smooEh overlap
frorn old co ner,, methods of working and al1ows
time
for
evaluaEion
to
review
strategy
for
implenentaEion.
Computer Graphics
is
useful
across all
the shipyard
technical
departmenEs
from steelwork
to outfit
and it
is logical
to
introduce
a new sysEem into the steelwork
area
first
before
proceeding
Eo the other
departments.
A Computer Graphics sysEem for the design and
definitlon
of
Ship
Structural
Steelwork
was
developed in 1981 by Swan Hunter Shipbuilders
and British
Ship Research Association
as a
joint
project
on
behalf
of
British
Shiobuilders.
The sysrem (ca1led
BRITSHIPS 2)
covered all
aspeccs of the design process from
preparation
the
of
Classificacion
Drawings,
through
detail
deslgn,
and ordering
of steel
to
the
final
generatlon
of
information
for
production
(see Refs.g-2 and 3J).
This sysEem
makes use of the CADAM* interactive
draughting
system and Ehe first
version was made available
to SHS in 1982 and has since been introduced
into other yards.
Following
Ehe work
done
in
BRITSI{IPS 2 iE
became clear
that
sirnilar
facilitles
would be
required
for
areas other
than steelwork.
As
the benefirs
obEained by BRITSHIPS 2 would be
realised,
engineering
acEivities
r,puld become
nore predomlnanc on the cri!ical
path of the
overall
build
cycle of che ship.
Facilities
were therefore
required
to reduce Ehe critical
nature
of
Ehese activities.
Hence the
BRITSHIPS 2 system r,ras extended
to allow
for
the use of Computer Graphics
for
Engineering
activities.
As for BRITSHIPS 2, the work on
the
Marine
Engineering
Applications
was
carried
out on behalf
of British
Shipbuilders
joinf
as
a
projecC
beEween Swan llunEer
Shipbuilders
and BSM,
Swan Hunters providing

E.A. Ililliams and P.D. Forrest

304
of user
the definltlon
Ehe software
developing
requiremenEs.

requirements
and BSRA
with
Ehese
to conply

Since Ehis was a development of Ehe facilities

it
r,ras relevant
to base Ehe nelt
f or steelwork
However the
on the CADAM system.
developments
sofEware can
of
the system and extra
design
(with
be used with
other
some modificacion)
draughting
systems.
FaciinEeractive
suitable
with
Diagrarornarrre provided
to deal
lities
Planning
Layout
and
Arrangements,
tics,
Definition,
Detailed
Systen
Arrangements,
Interfaced
with
other
Production
Informatlon,
systems and the use of Standards.
2.

DaEa input

ENGIMERING CALCULATIONS

Design CalcuThere are a number of Engineering

wtrich are carried
out as part
of the
lations
Marine Engineering design process.
of Pipe Stress,
calculations
These may include
Pipe Friction,
Heat Balance,
Shaft Alignnent,
and Axial Vibration,
wtrlch, Torsional
Tailshaft
of Machinery Installation
A description
etc.
by
of
Ehe calculations
Design
and Ehe use
varlous departmenEs ls given in Ref.L4l.
have cornputer softllany companles wl11 already
and many
with these calculaLions
ware to assist
based on the use of a VDU type
terminal
are
without
the use of graphics'
Sorne may
i.e.
produce graphs for the presentaEion of results
but there is also benefit
to be obtained fron
graphlcal
rnakes it
inpuE.
Thls
the
use of
for
the user to specify
and check the
easler
and also makes it
data used for rhe calculation
caleasier
to use the same data for differenc
culatlons.
To illustrate
this
aspecE, consider
Ehe calcuwlth
Ehe analysis
and
lation
associated
nulti
branched
of
fluid
flow
in
balancing
ptplng
networks.
For
calculatlon
a
this
program
is
available
Eo analyse
the
computer
fluid
in a network
flow
of an incompressible
progran
plpes.
data
for
of
The input
this
of the nodes in the netincludes
a definitlon
work, bore slzes,
source of change of pressure
data defining
and supplenentary
ln the network,
etc.
A11 the
valve
and pump charac!eristlcs
data can be inpuE numerlcally
sot that the
lnput
program
type
can be used on a non-graphics
via a
but thls
inout
could be defined
terrninal
graphics
terminal.
systen pumping
For example, consider
a slnple
It
from one Eank to another as shown in Flg.l.
required
to deEermine the resultant
flow
ls
rate and the pressures
at the pump lnlet.

required
to deflne
characteristlcs

requlred
The data lnput
ment could be as follows:

to

loss
are

define

coefficients,
defined
as

the

Flow RaEe Analysis

:

'
I/EAT

VANG

116

Pipe No.1, startlng

at node 1, finishing
i.e.
at node 2, bore size 80 and lengEh of tubing
16 metres.
length
In thls
Ehere is a Gate
Valve
and Angle Valve and the head at node 2
is 6 metres,
2

P21.5/-0.0r9
VGLO

VCAT

H8

Pipe No.2, starting

at node 2, finishing
i,e.
at node 3, bore size 80, and length of Eubing
24 metres.
In
length
is a pump
this
there
(characEeristics
P=21.5
0.0f9Q
wtrere
and
P = metres head and Q = cubic meEre/hour),
a
globe
valve
and gate va1ve,
and the head at
node3isSmetres.
HI

4 i.e.

Head at

node I

ls

4 meEres.

H3

5 i.e.

Head at

node 3 is

5 meEres.

The output
frorn
the
calculation
would
show
j.s 42.5 cubic metres/hour
the flow rate
that
is -4.01
and thaE the pressure
aE pump inlec
metres head.
I! is useful
to be able to define all
the input
gives the flexibidaEa numerically
since this
licy
of being able
to use the program on a
However iE is
simple \rDU type of terminal,
also useful
the network
to be able to define
graphically
so that the user can verify
easier
thaE the network to be analysed is correcEly
defined,
The lnput
data
be taken
can then
directly
frorn lhe graphical
representaEion
e.g.
frorn a CADAM drawing.
A1so, lf
appropriate,
graphically
resul!s
the
can be displayed
or
drawing as an annotation.
added to lhe natural
3.

P I P E W O R KD E F I N I T I O N

Pipework represenls
a signlficant
area of roanurrork in shipbuilding.
facEure and installaEion
Most
shipyards
employ
a mixture
of
computer
control
and roechanisation
numerical
through
machines,
controlled
bending machines, flanging
etc.
This degree of automation
lncreases
the
buE to utilise
capability
the facilities
fully,
needed for
manufacturing
all
the information
purposes
musE be
when
available
as
and
required.
The Eraditional
mechod of providing
mation comes fron Cwo staees:
(a)

The data
cooler
requlred.

for

this

infor-

(general
Production
of conposite
arrangenent)
models of the
drawings or physical
machinery
space
equipment,
the
bounding
r,rhich intersteelwork
and the pipework
connects the equipnent.

arrange-

iI

Lse oJ'Contputer Graphicsfor Marine Engineering

(b)

The
preparation
of
individual
pipe
sketches
for
manufacEuring
purposes,
t ogeEher
wi th
detai I s
of
nat er ia1 s
required
and other manufacEuring information.
In some instances
these sketches
(or posslbly
physical
templates)
are not
produced unnEil much of the ship's
structure
is
cornplete and the machinery
is
installed,

With
the
faciliEies
now available
with
draughting
systerDs it
is possible
to generare
the contents
of the first
stage above, using
interactive
coxnputer
graphics
(e. g.
CADAM
Piping
Module).
Data defined
in this
way can
be provided
direccly
to SpIN and hence provide
a more inEegrated method of pipework design and
definition.
However,
SPIN as a stand-alone
package has been found to be a useful tool.
SPIN facilitates
the manufacEure and installation
of
ships'
piping.
It
reduces , or nay
eliminate,
the need for routine
hand drawing of
pipe piece sketches and roanual preparation
of
lists
of
componen!s,
materials
and pioe
r^reights.
The input

Eo SPIN comprises:

Details
of the standards
piping
for
and
fitEings
used by Ehe company concerned,
Eogether
with
stock
nunbers.
This
is
input
once and for all
at the ouCseE. buc
rnay be rnodified as required
at any subse'
quent time,

Details
of
the
specification
data
for
each pipework
system wiEhin a particular
ship.
Within
some yards
it
may be
possible
to define a seE of sEandard specificaEions
which will
norrnally be applied
to all
ships.
If the latter
applies this
again is a once and for all operation.

Detalls
of lhe dimensional characteristics
of pipe-bending
rnachines used in the particular
shipyard,
i.e.
the range of tube
sizes
covered
and,
for
each size,
Ehe
bending
radius,
clamp lengEh and rninimurn
trailing
lengrh.

Details
of the dimensions and geomeEry of
all
piping
systems for
the given
ship,
lifted
fron the composiEe drawings of che
rnachinery arrangements, or physical nodel_s
if these are used.

The oucput

fron

SPIN can include:

ManufacEuring
sketches
for
individual
pipes
including
details
of the types and
quanEities
of
materials,
flanges
and
cornponenEs Eo be used, logether
rrith tube
bending
daEa.
If
requlred,
details
of
individual
plpe
weights,
centres
of
gravity
and complexity
factors
may be
automatically
provided.
(See Fig.3
for
typical
SPIN pipe skerch).

Separate
lists
together
wlth
required
for
DUTDOSeS.

Arrangernent
inscallation.

The tasks
ouElined
(a) and (b) are time
in
consuming and rnay have Eo await the coropleEion
of the production
phase of parEs of Ehe ship.
This may cause delays and problems in scheduling work.
The second stage is an area qrhere computers can
be applied
to
facilitate
the preparaEion of
producEion skeEches, supported by material
and
pipeline
equiprnent lists,
for ordering,
production
and progressing
requirements.
To caEer
f or this,
a computer package, knorn'n as ,,Shipbuilding
Pipework
Information"
(SpIN),
was
developed by BSRA. To facililate
the inpuE of
pipework geometry lifted
from manually prepared
drawings,
SPIN provides
a geomeEry Eake-off
language (see Fig.2 ) .

305

of
pipes
and fittings,
stock
or
order
nunbers
ordering
and production

drawings

for

use

dur i ng

SPIN has been in

use at
Swan Hunler
Shiobuilders
for
over
3 years
in
a production
environmenE and has been used on both roerchant
and naval vessels,
It
ls now the companyts
sEandard rnethod of producing
pipe
production
infornation
and will
be used in coniunction
with CADAM.
The introductlon
of SpIN
vity
to be significantly
about 75 to 100 pipes per
as opposed to about
20
nunber of pipes skeEched
the total,
of r^itrich 972
finished
4.

has enabled productiimproved.

CurrenEly
manweek are produced
previously,
and the
are nor4, about 752 of
are f inished
or DarE

ELECTRICALSYSTEMS

In
order
to deal
with
the requiremenEs
for
EIecCrical
Systems
the
ELECTRO SysEem was
developed as a compuCer based systero to provide
facilities
appropriate
to the Routeing of Electrical
cables.
The main
objectlve
is
to
provide
rouEeing
of
electrical
cables
and
establish
cable lengEhs for cutCing and insta1lacion.
The faciliries
provided
b y E L E C T R Oc a n b e u s e d
by supplying
the data nurnerically
and definlng
geometry of
the
the cabling
as inpuE data.
However, as for pipework systems, the electrical
cabling
can be defined
using
the
CADAM
draughting
system and hence an lnterface
is
provided
with the CADAMsysrern used by che yard
so
that
relevan!
information
could,
if
required,
be exErac!ed
directly
fron
Ehe
drawing.
The roethod used for
lnterface
with
CADAM, i. e.
ex!racEing
data
from
CADAM
drawings,
1s compatible
with
EhaE used for
BRITSHIPS 2 (Sreelwork
Definition
System) and
ODAS (OutfitEing
Design
and
ArrangenenE
Systern).

E.A. llilliunts artclP.D. F-ttrrcst

306

by the ELECTR0 system

provided
The facilities
relate
to Cableway segments, Equiproent, Cable
stock types, Cables, and Cable routeing.
for the output
are provided
General utilities
so far.
based on data stored
inforrnaEion
of
provided
with
Ehe
lists
are
Some standard
in
sorted lists
of producing selected,
option
are
Facilities
for rhe User.
formats suitable
to be extracted
provided
information
for
also
from CADAMdrawings e.g' segment from
directly
equiprneng data
model
arrangemenEs,
cableway
block diagram, eEc.
from an electrical
Cableway

Segrnents

of a cableway
A cableway segnenE is a seclion
node
of adjacent
rntrich connecCs a pair
route
points.
A node is normally at a point of conInformation
vergence or divergence of a route'
is used to
its
length,
about segmenEs, e.g.
possible
cable rouEes.
the shortest
determine
are provided Eo allolt segmenls to be
Facilities
rsized'
area
with reference to cross-sectional
if
the cables rouEed Ehrough the
and flagged
volume 1init.
segment exceed the specified

5.

Design and Arrangement Systen)

ODAS (OutfitEing
for ship engineering acEivprovides facilities
- covering the design process from the
ities
layou!
and
preparation
diagrammatics,
of
of
drawings and the requIsitioning
ur..ng"r.nt
!L L
^
'etailed
Fitf inosf r r b i no s e- l- U- -. r
Lllr UUEII
lls
generaEion of
final
pipework
to
the
design
for production.
information
makes use of CADAM and
The system currently
Software developed speciincludes Application
requiremenEs.
to allow for shipbuilding
fically
with BRITSHIPS 2 and can be
ODAS is compatible
with BRITSHIPS 2 or separused in conjunction
aEely from it.
The main
follows:
(a)

Cable

Stock Types

The informaEion
contains
cable
cross-sectional

associated
its
sEock
area. etc.

wiEh each tyPe of

code, description,

CabIes
each type of
with
associated
The inforroation
of
identifier,
the pair
cable
conEains its
cable type stock
and irs
items
of
equipment
froro
code.
Cable informaEion rnay be extracted
the block diagrans used for Equipment.
Cable Routeing
determines
Ehe
provided
which
is
A progran
cables
possible
rouEe of
specified
shortest
The algorithm
Ehrough a given matrix of nodes.
the
segments within
all
cableway
considers
the segmenc restriction
wtrich satisfy
matrix
The shortest
permission
criteria'
and cable
from the
is
determined
length
of each cable
There
is
a
segnenEs.
of
adjacent
lengths
a set of preto specify
available
facility
via-nodes
through which a cable must
selected
pass.
The segments are flagged with the cables
for
through them to provide information
routed
the segment sizing facility.

objectives

fh'\

\ u /

of

the

sysEen

were

as

of CoDputer Graphics
To extend the benefit
Systeros for
to the design of Engineering
s^ Ln: l- p^ s
To

a^ -nl o

^r^L.
o
rrsnore

cvt-cnd

rhe

scruccures.

s ) / S L E r u

u r

-^-t'caEion

d P P r r

the BRITSHIPS 2
prograns developed under
project
(Ship
Eo
Steelwork)
Structural
engineering
design
of
the
support
sysEems.

EquipnenE
with
each item of
associated
The information
near node on
its ldentifier,
equipment contains
from the
and the distance
route
cableway
the
Equipment informato the near node.
equipment
block
frorn a electrical
tion
can be extracted
represenEing
block outlines
containing
diagran
representing
!t-iEh lines
items
of
equipment
cable connecting pairs of equipmenE.

OUTFIT DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT

(c)

for
lead
time
ln
reduc!ions
To enable
systens design and to obtain
engineering
producEivity
from
Ehe
in
improvemenEs
wiEh
of
CADAM connensuraEe
application
of
applicaEion
from
the
chose expecled
area.
BRITSTIIPS2 in Ehe steelwork

che developmenE of
The method of approach for
to thaE used for BRITSHIPS 2,
ODAS was siroilar
i,e.
!o t.ake into account Ehe aPPropriaEe faciprovided by the graphics systen (CADAM)
lities
sofEware
applicacion
and to develop additional
Shipbuilding
in order to satisfy
as required
In addicion a signifirequiremenls.
specific
needed to
inforrnation
cant amount of standard
for
the use of
to allow
be set up in order
lhese standards in CADAM.
provided
by Ehe 0DAS system
The facilities
LayouEs
rela!e
Eo Diagraronatics/Schematics,
Pipework
Arrangeand ArrangemenEs, Tactical
ProducEion
ments , Detailed
System Definition,
Other
from
and
uo
Interfaces
InformaEion,
Cornputer Systems, and Use of Standards.
are availFor each of Ehese areas facilities
based on
of outputs
a variecy
able to provide
Certain
so far.
stored on file
the information
provided
e. g.
list
outpuEs
ate
standard
but the User can selecE
purchase specifications
conEent,
sort
the informaEion
the appropriate
in a variety
and retain
the lists
if
required
of formaEs.

L'sc oJ' Cr.tntputer Grupltics .for trlarirte E rtgi rreer irry

The types
facilities
'

of
diagrans
produced
are as follows:

using

Pipework systen diagramrnatics,

porating fittings
ConErol loops
Sensing point diagrammatics

'
'

CADAII

incor-

A major advanlage of the new system is that by

using sEandard symbols for fittings
and equipment, parts IisEs !dth their naterial
specifications
can be automatically
generated.
Various
tables
of
standard
symbols
for
fittings,
e.g. valves etc.,
have been provided
for
use on these diagrams.
It
is necessary
for
Ehe user to attach attribute
(i.e.
textual)
informaEion
!o
each
symbol
which
is
extracted
by prograur Eo form lists.
To facilitate the addition
of this information,
several
'baset
diagrams are
provided
containing
the
appropriate
symbols
with
their
atEributes
formatted
and partially
completed.
Figure
5 shows a typical
Diagrarnmatic of
a
Bl1ge SysEem and Fig.6 shows a typical
List of
FitEings
for
the Bilge
SysEem produced fron
the drawing.
Layouts

and Arrangements

The types
produced
follows:
'
'

of layout
and arrangemenE drawings
using
CADAM faciliEies
are
as

Machinery arrangement drawings

Outfit
Iayout drawings

See Fig.7 for part of a typical

ery iterns (Heat Exchangers).
Planning

(Tactical)

Pipework

list

These

drawings r^rould normally

be developed
fron
the
appropriate
layout
and arrangement
drawings
with
the
addition
of
single-1ine
representation
of the pipe runs.
Syobols are
provided for the atEachnen! of atEribute
informacion
specifying
Ehe type
of
Eubing
and
associated
connecEions and for
the specification
of additional
lengths of tubing which are
noE representable
on the drawing.
Standard
informaEion associaEed with the lypes of Eubing
and connections are available
on fi1e.
Figure
dradng
tubing
Figure
Eion.

shows a typical
Taccical
Arrangemenc
and Fig.9
shows part
of Ehe lisE
of
requirements generated from the drawing.
10 shows a rypical
purchase specifica-

Detailed

systern Definition

Fully-detailed
Ehree-dirnensional
pipe arrangement
drawings
produced
are
using
the
CADAM
Piping
Module,
Various
views
of
Ehe ship
strucEure
would
normally
be copied
from
BRITSHIPS 2 drawings,
unnecessary
detail
deleted
and Ehen used as a basis for development of the pipe arrangenent.
The pipe runs
are routed, relative
Eo Ehe slructure
in whichever view is appropriate.
Machine bends are
added as well
as componencs frorn Ehe piping
catalogue.
piping
This
catalogue
which
consists
of a large number of standard components , e. g. tubing,
fittings
has been produced
by Swan Hunter Shipbuilders
for use in develooing these drawings.
ProducEion

Both
of
Ehese Eypes of
drawings
can be
construcEed
using a sEandard tibrary
of block
outlines
for machinery and outfiE
iEems which
has been provided
for
use on these drawings.
AtEribute
information
would already be attached
to symbols associated
with
these outlines
and
rstandardr
associated
information
would
normally
exist
i n r h e O U T F I T S T A N D A R D Sf i l e .
It
is therefore
onl necessary for che user to
provide
posifional
the
informaEion
by overpart of Ehe aEtribute.
typing
l,/here the sEeel
structure
is available
from BRITSHIpS 2, this
together
with relevant
deEails of the hull form
can be used as a background to the developmenE
of the arrangenent drawings.

307

InformaCion

The production
lnformaCion
consists
station
drawings and component parts

of worklists.

The workstaEion
drav/ings for
pipework consist
of
two-dimensional
skeEches
or
isoneErics
generated
directly
from
three-dirnensional
arrangement
(see
drawings
Fig.lf).
These
drawings are automatically
dimensioned between
selected points on the pipes.
Many workstation
drawings,
in various
views,
can be generaEed
from one arrangemen! drawing.
Various formats
for
the
borders
and
posiEioning
of
the
programs
componenE lists
have been provided,
provided
are
to
extracE
three-dirnensional
information
from the rn'orkstalion drawings and
store it on the OUTFIT flle.

of rnachin-

Arrangements

Interfaces
'

These types of drawings are used in the preliminary design stages to deterrnine the major runs
of pipes and pipe bends.
Information
extracted
from these drawings
enable the quantiEies
of
tubing an associated connections (e.g. flanges,
bolts and gaskets) required
co be estimated and
the production of che appropriate requisitions,
i.e.
purchase specificalions
to be produced.

fron

These inEerfaces

and to

OEher Computer Systems

cornprise the

following:

Frorn the BRITSHIPS 2 systexn in the

form of
steelwork
sEructural
CADAM
drawings
to lrhich outfittina
detail
is added.

E.A. llilliams urtd P.D. Forrest

308
'

Pipework
SPIN (Shipbuilding
To lhe
to
in
order
systen
Infornation)
provide
manual and NC bending rnachlne
and
additional
lnformation
PiPe
to
and subsequent interface
sketches
}lanagemenE
InformaEion
Pipework
a
and manuSysteTn for plpe monltoring
is
A Progran
control.
facture
dimenthreeprovided
to
transfer
from
the
pipe
information
sional
to the SPIN systen file.
OUTFIT file

Use of

Standards

of
The use
comprises:

standards

throughou!

the

systen

'

standard

'

detalls
used in a SEandard
standard
and
and used on arrangement
Library
layout drawings

'

componenEs
sEandard three-dimensional
and used
catalogue
held in Ehe piplng
on plpe arrangemenE drawings

'

wlth
associated
informatlon
standard
in
and stored
comPonents
items
or
t h e O U T F I T S T A N D A R D Sf i 1 e .

s}'mbols

used on diagrarns

expected from the use of the new

The benefits
proved and in Particusystem are not yet fully
what benefits
Eo establish
is difficult
lar it
to the use of graphare acEual-1y attributable
polnts have emerged as a
However, certain
ics.
of the development work and the use of
result
The yard is now beEter
so far.
the facilities
wtrich occur
to cope with new situaEions
able
have allowed the yard to
and the new facilities
Eo provide
dePartments
technical
reorganise
the introduction
and for
information
relevant
Eechniques' group technology
of advanced outfit
and area supervision.
gained
developrnent. of
during
The experience
the sysEems and in the use of the facilitles
1eve1
the yard wiEh an increased
has provided
role
of
Graphics
of
the
of
understanding
appreciate
able
to
be
better
and
Systems
place
in
developmenEs now taking
certain
In particular
on Ehe roarket.
systems available
to the ongoing
to keep close
iE ls desirable
especlally
of
computer graphics,
development
with nore advanced 3D Eechnithose concerned
ques and solid rnodelling.
REFERENCES

6.

t t l

o D A B A S T , A . Y . ,
P A R K E R , M . N . ,
and GOGGIN C.J.
I'ITZSIMM0NS, P.A.
Advanced Technology in Ship Design AnalyASNE. 1984.
sis and Productlon.

IZl

F O R R E S T ,P . D . a n d P A R K E R , M . N .
Deslgn Using Computer Graphics.
of
Naval Architects.
Institute
Ileeting 1982'

t:]

BRITSiIIPS
F O R R E S T ,P . D . A N d P A R K E R , M . N .
Design and
Steelwork
2 - A Shipbuilding
ICCAS 82, Conference
ProducEion
System,
in the Automation
on Computer ApplicaCions
of Shipyard Operation and Ship Design held
(P145).
Annapolls 7-10 June 1982.

i 4 I

Machinery
N0BLE, I^t,A, and BENNETT, I.
of
The Institute
Design.
InsEallation
L972.
Y a r i n e E n s in e e r s .

C O N C L U D I N GR E M A R K S

versions
of the systems concerned with
Initial
items have been installed
and Electrical
Outfit
companies.
Shlpbuilder
British
several
ln
led
to
has
experience
this
from
Feedback
nor't
it
ls
and
system
in
the
improvements
of
necessary to have a period of consolidatlon
and to ensure
the use of the new facilities
This involves
to other systems.
adequaEe links
and
systens
to management information
linklng
of parcs and
control
parEicular
to obtain
ln
materials.
are expected to
The use of the new facilities
in
improvements
to
significantly
contribute
The use of graphics
producclvity.
shipyard
and roodiwill
help to cope wlth the production
quantity
draw'ings
of
large
of
the
ficatlon
to
to communicaEe design lnformation
required
and Ehe
authorities
regulatory
customer,
the
A more
departments.
own production
shlpyard's
poinE
froro the shipbuilders
l-mportanE beneflt
drawings
fact
that
from
the
derives
vlew
of
sysEem are stored in
uslng a graphics
created
the
a machine readable form as computer files,
data
files
test
and
geometrlcal,
numerical
may therefore
once created in a drawing office
processes.
The
other
computer
ln
be used
data,
drawing
enables
the
developed
system
module,
to be used
produced
by the draughting
administrative
and
for
technical
directly
purPoses.

Steelwork
The Royal
Spring

ACKNOI^ILEDGEMENTS
ShipEo Ehank British
The authors would like
the Board of Swan HunEer Shipbuilders
builders,
Ship
of
Britlsh
Research
Council
and
the
for permission
!o publish
Research Assoclation
prior
Ehe
to
paper
wtrich
was r,rriEten
Ehis
A new company British
nerger o( BSRA with NMI.
(BMT) was formed on Ist
MariEime
Technology
1985,
As the r,rcrk has been progressed
April
acknowledgemenc is due
over a number of years,
to a number of colleagues at BS, SHS and BSRA,
both Dast and Dresent.

Usec.tfConputer GraphicsI'or Marine Engineering

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GENERALARRANGEMENTS

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
IFIP. 1985

319

EUZZY SET THEORY

AND GENERAL ARRANGMENTDESIGN

Naval

Bruce C. llehrlinc
Systenr.s Engineerino
Department
United
States Naval Academy
Annapolis,
Maryland , USA

A method for systematically

evaluating
the inpact
of alternative
general
arrangement plans on a ship's
performance is postulated.
overall
1'his proposed method uses the theory of fuzzy sets in an attempt to provide
the naval
architect
with an analytic
,orocedure for making arrangement decisions.
Ttre
q
a
t
tu
t sse s
n
f
f
r
t
z
q
t
t
{
l
r
a
n
r
r
r
n
r
a
r
r
i
;
vr Lu.Ly rsL urrsvry yruvrdes a means for resolving
many of the i11defined
requirements and/or criteria
typically
associited
with general
arrangement design.
EvzzY set theory is explained.
Its potential
use in
evaluating
general arrangement designs in terms of perfor-mance objectives
is
shown by means of an example.
1.

INTRODUCTION

In attempting
to develop a methodology
for evaluating
ttpe inpact
of a proposed
general arrangement plan on a ship's
performance,
overallone is immediately
made aware of the humanistic
or norF
analytic
environment
within
which the
decisi-on maker must function.
The difficulties
which arise from this
nonanalytic
environment
fall
into three
broad categories.
First,
much of the
"known"
information
available
to the
decision
maker on how a particular
arrangement
configuration
might impact
upon ship performance
is based on sub,jective
opinions.
Second, any viable
methodology
for relating
arrangement
needs to performance goals must offer
a
solution
procedure
to a problem statement which often
is expressed in
general and possibly
even conflicting
terms.
Third,
since this process,
whi-ch begins with the design,s
f easibility
studies,
continues
to have a major
impact throughout
the design process,
it must be carefully
defined.
Only
after
a ship has been built
will
the
infinite
number of arrange
- rm e n t D e r tabations
be t emporari Iy
esolv-ed.
Once built,
the wisdom of the chosen
conf iguration
will
b e - iu d q e d u n d e r
various
conditions
for-many years.
And
even then,
a consensus about its worth
may not be attainable.
This inability
to absolutely
quantify
the merit of a
solution
is particularly
acute in naval
ship design.
With respect to the specific
task of general arrangement
design,
the naval architect
is faced
with
the fuzzy decision
problem of how
to best configure
a ship's
general
arrangement plan so as to maximize the
ship's
expected performance
under
various mission scenarios.
The three
described
follows.
having to

general problem areas

above could be addressed as
The first
problem area do with a lack of explicit

information
about how an arranqemenE
configuration
might impact upon a ship
- could be addressed
performance
through a coll-ective
discussion/decision
process.
fhe
second problem area - that of a poorly
structured
decision
problem - could be
investigated
through the use of a
fairly
new theory
dealing
wi.Lh fuzzy
sets.
The third
problem area - thar
of applying
one consistent
methodoloqv
t a
a r a t r
n l r a c a
n
r ^ h r ' ^ 1 , , . i - ^
vfr a
n e
nvolving
dr ^ e^ 's i g n could be delt with through a form of
dynamic (stage-wise)
programming.
Tn
combination,
these three interrelated
efforts
could become the framework for
a methodology
which would enable naval
architects
to better
cope with the
non-analytic
problem of developing
the
best spatial
arrangement to performance ratio
for a system as complex as
a ship.
The second of these problems areas,
that
dealing
with the theory of fuzzy
sets and fuzzy decisions,
will
be
addressed in this paper.
2.
2.I

THEORY
Fuzzy Sets

The fuzzy set A is define<i as the

ordered set of pairs (x, Ua(x)).
For
each pair,
X signifies
an element in
Lhe fuzzy set while Ug(x) represents
the grade of membership x has in A.
The normalized range of Ua(x) is from
zero (non-membership)
to one (fulL
membership).
Ttrus, it must be assumed
that
the fuzzy set A-despite
the
- can be
imprecisi-on
of its boundaries
delineated
by subjectively
associating
a grade of membership (a number between 0 and 1) with each of its
elements.
Some of the most useful
characteristics
of fuzzy sets are
defined as follows.

a)
fuzzy

u a (x ) 3
set

T-

B.C. Nehrling

320

This membership function

is plotted
in
Figure 2.2a.
As required,
aIl those

A fwzzy set A is contained in

ser B (A c B, if End on-T7-if
ug(x) for each x in the global

T,/R

A' is the complement of A if

b)
f or each
and only if us' (x)-=T-=a;(;)
x i n X .
of A and B,
c)
T'he intersection
fuzzy
denoted
as a-n-g]--iE-EfiE
largest
Ttre
set contained
in both A and B.
for AAB
is:
membership function

= ua(x)

uas(x)

ug(x)

for

Iess

^f

tL-h

d^rr=1

+^

are

As one would expect from this

fuzzy
- the
goal,
the higher
the L/B ratio
higher
its grade of membership.
FIGIRE

u a n e ( x ) = M i n ( u a (x ) , u s ( x ) )
The notion of an intersection
is like
"and".
the infIexible
connective
Ttrus, if A is a set of fast ships and
B is a set of long ships, then A n B
is that
set of ships whj-ch are both
fhis
fast
and Iong.
inflexible
the
may bE-Eoftened
by forming
product of the fuzzy sets A
algebraic
for
and B.
The membership function
product,
denoted as AB,
this
algebraic
is defined as:

ratios

= 0) of the
non-members (u6(L/B)
resulting
fuzzy set while
those L/B
which are greater
than 7 have
ratios
grade of membership
an appropriate
(ocu6(L/B)=1).

X.

2.2C

-LlB

AE

SIOULD

IUCI

LFRGER

THRN 7-

tJ.

;
a

O
E
t

each x in

X.
d)
The union of A and B, denoted
f uzzy set
as A tJ B, is-6Esmallest
fhe menr
containing
both A and B.
for A \J e is:
bership
function
ueU

s(x)

= Max (ua(x),

In a similar
manner, Lh'e f\azzy
"L/B shouTZl-5E
constraint
that
somewnere Uetween 4 and 12" could be
represented
by a fuzzy set C whose
(subjectively)
membership function

uB(x))

The notion of a union is like

the
"or".
inflexible
connective
Ttrus, if
a = {fast
ships}
and B = {rong ships},
Here
t h e n A U B = .l f-f a s t
or long shipsJ.
t
t
to the entire
set of el+
t*J refers
ments in a qlobal
set X with some
"or" may
inq>lied.
Thj-s rigid
ordering
be softened
by forming the algebraic
sum of |uhe fuzzy sets A and B.
Ttre
algebraic
sum of A and B, denoted as A
+ B, is defined as:

mioht

each x in

U^(L/B)

2.2

F:ozzy Goals

of

fuzzv

uc(L/B)

= 0 f or L/B !7

uG(L/B) = (1+((L/B)
for LlB >7

-7)-2J-r

and

f9gp3

B)2)

-l

f o.

= O elsewhere

FIGURE 2.28

and eonstraints

To beqin with an illustration,

let X =
? t ^ l
could be a global set of
tLlBJ
possible
Ienqth to beam ratios.
For
? t-f
example tL/Bt
could contain
a conprehensive and sequential
collection
of
positive
real numbers.
Ttren the fazzy
"L/B should be much lar?EFqoal that
EIEn 7" might be represented
by a
fuzzy
set G wtrose membership function
given by:
uc(L/B) is (subjectively)

thc

This functi-on has been plotted

as
As expected, this
graph
Figure 2.2b.
shows that
full
membership is obtained
when L/B = B.
As the L/B ratio
moves
grade of
away from ttris mean value its
membership in C decreases.

X.

Several
ottrer characteristics
sets are described in fr-sl.

nf

uc (L/B) = ( 1+0.2( (L/B)

a<r./R<1)

u a + e ( x ) = ( u a ( x ) + u s ( x ) )- u 6 ( x ) u B ( x )
for

tre

;
m
t

o.o

-LlB

BETIEEN 4 FND L2'

Ftrzzy Set Tlteorl attd GeneralArrangementDesign

An important
feature
to noti_ce about
goals and constraints
in a fuzzy
environment
is that both have been
defined as fuzzy sets with respect to
a globa1 set of ordered alternati_ves.
This feature
enables both the goals
and constraints
of a fuzzy envj-ronment
to be treated
identically
in the formulation
of a decisj_on.
Thus, one of
the major difficulties
in the conventional
approach to decision
making,
namely drawing a clear
distinction
between objectives
and constraints
has
been circumvented.

FUZZY GOAL
.X IUCH
IARGER THFN

FI]ZZY OPT]IUY
l

o
t
m
E
I

F L ] Z Z YC O N S T R F ] N T
-x FBOUr
7.5-

o.2l

The membership function

intersection
would be:

u a ( x ) = ( r + ( x - s ) - 1 ) . ; r , f o rx > 5
u a ( x ) = ( 1 + ( x - 7 . 5 ) 4 ) - ' 'f o r a l r x

for

this

up(x) = Min fu6(x),u.(x)]

More generally,
if there are n goals
G - I, . . . , , G q a l g . m c o n s t r a i n t s
CI ,...,Cm
then the decision D will
be alonq the'
confluence of all
these qoals and
c onstraints.

Note that
G and C are related
to each
other by the inflexible
connective
"and".
Therefore,
the inpact of the
fozzy goal G and the fuzzy constraint
C on the choiZ-e of an alternative
may
be represented
by the intersection
c n C.
Ttre membership function
for
this
intersection
is:

D = GtA GZn . ..ncnn

The corresponding
would be:

uc n c(x) = Min Ilr1l"-5)-1;-1,

x

.l

U 6 ( x ) = 0 f o r x < 5

for

F FIZZY GCtrL CND F FUZZY CONSTRA]NT

As another
illustration,
suppose that
,,x should
we have Lhe fuzzy goal G:
be much larger
than 5" and the fuzzv
"x shoulE-Ee
constraint
C:
about
7.5".
Futhermore, let us assume that
the following
membership functions
have been selected.

(I+(x-7.5)4)-ai

2.2,C

321

> 5

CIi-C2n

membership

...nC*
function

up( x) = Min [u"1{ xluc2( x) , ... . ,

u 6 r r ( x ) , u c xt () , u c 5 x( i , . . , u g m ( x ])

U c A q ( x ) = O f o r x 3 5
Table 2.3a
Sanple

These membership functions

intersectj-ons
are shown in
2.2C.
2.3

Membership Va lues

and their
Fiqure

F a z z y Decis ions

A decision
is the act of choosing from
among all
the possible
alternatives.
In the case of a fuzzy decision
D, a1I
possible
alternatives
are contained in
that
fuzzy set which results
from combining
ttre goals G and constraints
C.
',and"
In the case of an inflexible
thi-s combination
is the intersection
of G and C.

D = c A c

The next step would be to select

the
best alternative
from those contained
in the fuzzy decision
set D represented by the membership function
What seems reasonable
Up( x).
and
appropriate
for most applications
would be to select that x (call
it x*)
which has the maxirmrm grade of membership
associated
with it.
In other
words,
Up(x*) = Max (uD(x))
and x* would
decision.

become the

optimal

To illustrate
this process, the
following
membership values will
be
arbitrarily
defined
for the small set
of posj-tive numbers
:-2r.
{x}= {, < *.

322

B.C. Nehrling

By forming
the confluence
of U6,(x) and
table of values
ug( x) , the following
for Un(x) can be obtained.
Table

Using
about
B.

= Min

(U6( x),

Set

F I G U R E2 . f B

'

FN EXFPLE

of

Uc( x ) )

An optimum decision
would be to pick
that
x which has the maximum Up( x).
For the discrete
tabular
data in this
is 0.75 which is assoexample (ul(x*)
ciated
with an x* of 8.
Ttre verbal
instructions
for this
example might
have been to pick a number x* which is
much larger
than 5 (the fuzzy goal)
and with a value of about 7.5 (the
TiZzy constraint).
Considering
the
membershj-p functions
for G and C, the
di-screte
data provided
and the
interpretation
of the conjuction
bet"and", a
ween G and C as an inflexible
valid
value for x* has been found.
The shaded area in Figure 2.3a repr+
sents Lhe fuzzy decision
space for
this
example.
By plotting
the
discrete
data as continuous
functions
it becomes evident
that Up( x*) is
really
about 0.76 with a corresponding
x* of approximately
8.2.

FIGURE 2.3F

of
x*

2.3b

S a n q'rIlee D e c i s i o n

where up( x)

a soft "and" gives Up(x*)

0.71 with a correspondinq

F N E X F T P L E A F A F U Z Z A O E C I S T O NS P B C E

.
(
c

?
t
o
E
U
I

For the same fuzzy goal and fuzzy

constraint
the fuzzy decision
space
for an inflexible
shown in
Figure 2.3c while the decision
space
"or" is plotted
for a soft
in Figure
"or", the
2.3d.
For an inflexible
membership function
for the decision
set is:

F FUZZY OECISION SPFCE

BOX - FUZZY GOFL

-X I1UCH LtrRGER THtrN 5STAR = FUZZY CONSTRtrlNT
- X t r B O U T7 . 5 -

u p ( x ) = M a x ( u c (x ) , u c ( x ) )
And if our purpose is to rnaximize,
then the optimum decision
would be:

)
l

G
L

Up(x*) = Max (uD(x))

E
U
@
i

cIGLRF

2-3C

cN

L,qroll

Ot

FJZZY

BOX = FUZZY GOFL

-X MUCH LFRGER
THAN
SItrR - FUZZY CONSTRAINT
-X FEOUT2.5-

If the "and" linking

the fuzzy goal
and constraint
of this
example is
interpretated
to be a soft ;'and" then
the resulting
fuzzy decision
space
w o u l d b e a s s h c x , v nj - n F i g m r e 2 . 3 b .
In
this
case the decision
set has as its
membership function
the algebraic
pre
duct of G and C.

up(x) = uc (x) uq (x)

: ..1
i li
5
"c

o. +l

l
,.r]
DECISION SPtrCE
-INFLEXIBLEOR

OfCtSION

SpFCF

Fuzzy Set Theory and General,lrrangement Desigrt

FlcuRE 2-3p

v'hile Up( x* ) could once again be chosen as the maximum of Up(x).

This
relaxed "or" gives a U9(x*) of 0.98
and a X* of B.
Notice that with
"or"
either
there is no difficultv
in
satisfying
both G and C since the
union of these sets is beinq formed.
If conti-nuous rather
than discrete
data was plotted,
then both of these
"or"
relationships
would have given a
U6(x*) of f .0 at an X* of 7.5.

R N E X R T P L EO F F F J Z Z \ D E C t S t o N s p F c E

AOX: FUZZY GORL

-X hUCH
LARGER THBN 5STFR = FUZZY CONSTRFlN
-X SBOUT7.5-

3.

An i-nterpretation
of Figure 2.3c might
be to select
a number which is much
larger
than 5 or about 7.5.
fhis
discrete
data EEows Un(x*) to be 0.95
with
a corresponding
i* of almost 7.
For a soft
membership

V=

the decision
function
would be:

APPLICATION

To help clarify
the preceding
theory,
a quasi-realistic
example will
be
developed
t o s h c x , vh o w f u z z y d e c i s i o n
making can interface
with general
arrangement
design.
In this
example,
the general
arrangement design of
twenty fictitious
frigates
will
be
judged in view of their
anticipated
performance
in each of seven ".t"gories.
Ttrese twenty ships have been
grouped into an ordered set based on
their
total
internal
volume (V).

DECISION SPRCE

"or",

)23

Hull
Superstructure
Volume+Volume

set's

Deck
+House
Volume

up(x) = (uc(x) + us(x)) - u6(x) ug(x)

?able

3:2a

Subjective
or Computed Values for
Twenty Ships in Seven Pe rformance
Ca t e g o r i e s
+

0.400
o.420
0.460
0.495
0.510

2
3
A

5
6
7
B
9
10
1l
I2
l3
1

T
1.65
l-. :, )

r . 75
2.I5

U . ) 5 7

0.570
0.595
0 . 61 8
0 . 65 0
o . 6 75
0.700
o . 72 5
0 . 75 5
0 . 7B 0
0.805
0 . 82 5
O.B3B
0 . 85 5
0.900

15
16
I7
TB
19
20

49r
530

o.2r

495

v.zz

o.25
0.31

1.90
2.10

494

v . z o

3ZU

z . o u

542

2.25
2 . 40

s00
550
5r9
525

0.33
o.29
o . 24
o.37
0 . 40
o . 27
0.36
0 . 2B
0 . 25
o . 32
0.30
0 . 40
0.33
0.35

z.zu

2.20
2 . 50
1 . 80
r.90
2 . 35
2 . 50
2 . OO
2 . 30
2.20
2.00

538
492
505
525
s00
)zu
525
5r5

v . z o

0 . 93 0
0.927
0.940
0.980
0 . 93 5
0 . 97 0
0.975
0.955
0.980
0 . 96 5
o.937
0.940
0.935
0.950
0 . 96 0
0.980
0.970
0 . 96 0
0 . 95 0
o,947

f,

<n

+.ou

5.30
+.2>

7.00
8.90

0.103
0.100
o.o92
0.130
0.095
0.090
0.095
0.105
o.I27
0.120
0.100
o.I30
0.093
0.097
0.125
0.110
0.100
0.120
0.123
0.095

general

quarters

(rnins)

5.10
3 . 75
5.25
4.60
4.00
5 . 90
4.40
5.00
5 . 40
5.20
6.00
o.l_u
+ . 2 )

4.s0
5 . 00
4.00

7.00
8.50
7.00
9.30
6.90
d. z>

8.00
5 . 90
7.00
7.50
6.50
9.00
7.80
8.00
6.00
7.50
1 <

where:
V = Total

H = Habitability
p =

(1

I
j

index

Probability

A = Warship

volume (xfO-0

internal

of

appearance

(ft:,

(cu.ft./person)
battle
factor

damage)

T = time

to

R = Deployrnent

volume

ratio

F = Transverse metacentric
(ttl
E = Equipment access ratio

height

B.C. Nehrlirtg

5 l.+

Values for the total

internal
volume
for these ships range form 40O,OOO ft3
to 900,000 ftr.
3.1

Performance

The seven
+lrai

ments

are

as

^al

TIY:

T O S E N E R F L0 U R T E R S

and eonstaints

performance

la\'^^+'l-td+i

3.2F -

categories

memt)ershin

and

reogil.g-

follows:

{
c

a)
The time (T) to general quarters
should be considerably
less than
3.5 mi-nutes for full
membership.

o
;

J - 1

m
E
t

b)
rhe habilability
index (H)
(defined
as the ltot.t
volume of
living
spaces/crew size])
should be
about 525 ftr/man
for full
membership.
2

(R)
c)
The deployment ratio
(defined
as thl
volume of the
[{totuf
fuel
tanks + magazines + storeroomsJ
i-nternal
volume] ) should be
/tota1
much greater
than 0.2 for full
membership.

2.8

T:YE tYINS.)

(d)
(p) of not
Ttre probability
incurring
a 67? reduction
in the-6Epabj-lity
o f a m aj o r w e a p o n o r s h i p
system while
being subjected
to anticipated
threats
should be considerably
greater
than 903 for fu11 membership.
e)
The ship's
potential
for
growth (f') can be related
future
to
its
transverse
metacentric
height
TGur)
in the design condition.
For full
membership F should be about 5 feet.

.c
E
t

f)
Since these twenty ships are
combatants
they should Iook Iike
warstrips.
On a scale of 0
(non-warlike
in appearance)
to 10
(a very menacing appearance),
the
(A) should
warship
appearance factor
greater
be substantially
than 5 for
full
membership.
fhe equipment access
S)
(defined
as the ltotat
volume
access spaces/total
internal
should be in the vicinity
of
full
memberstrio.
3.2

Performance

SPE'1:IC VSLUTi'CU.FT./rAN]

index (n)
of
volumel)
0.11 for

Indices

The general
arrangement plans for
these twenty fj-ctitious
frigates
have
been "examined" and the subjective
or
computed values for the seven categori-es have been entered in TabIe
The membership values for these
3.2a.
seven indlces
are plotted
in Fiqures
3.2a to 3.2q.

I
I

r
o
t

r_

26

c,32

C.38

JEPLOYts:NI VOLJTE RFTIC

A.44

Fuzzv Set Theory and GeneralArrangementDesigrt

FIGURE 3.2!

VILNERFBIL]TY iNDEX

FIGURE 3.2G

.
r

E O U I P M E N TF C C E S S 1 N D E X

c.

i
E

325

o
t

o
E
E

o
E O U I P T E N Tt r C C E S SR F I I O

3.3

FIGTRE

3.2E

FUiJRE

GR3lAH

Selection

Based on the assumption

that
the most
qualified
highly
ship would be that
one whictr has the best time to general
quarters
and the highest
habitability
development
index and-Eh-e Iarqest
ratio
EiT so forti
for all
s-even performanEE-indices,
then the following
"and"
decision
based on an inflexible
can be made.

POIEN-IAL

D = T n H n R n P 1 1 F n A n E
the membership
sion would be:

function

up(x) = Min [u1(x),

up(x),

+,4

5.5

us(x),

ug(x),

deci-

this

Up(x),

us(x)]

(x*) would be to
The optimal decision
sFlpct fhat shin which has the maximum
grade of membership in this
fuzzy
decision
set.

6.3

T R t r N S V E R S rEE T t r C : N i R I C t s : l G r T

up(x),

for

:Fr.)

Up(x* ) = Max (uD(x) )

Figure
FIGURE

3.2F

VFRSHiP

3.3a is

of

U9(x)

versus

RPPEFRqNCE

0.

PERFORNRNCE INDICES

-INFL:X:8LE-

-i

a plot

ANO

"'o

tJ.

I
g

o
t
E

L
n

o
E
!
I

0 ,

0.5

0.6

a.7

T o T t r L I N T E R N R LV O L U i E X 1 O r x 6

0.4
tCU.FT.)

326

B.C. Nehrlirtg

internal
volume for these
the total
frigates.
As can be
twenty fictitious
figure,
the best
seen from this
general
arrangement plan belongs to
those ships having a membership value
set of about
in the fuzzy decision
rather low value implies
fhis
0.50.
none of the general arrangement
that
good relaare particularily
designs
tive
to aIl
seven performance goals.
It also shows that
some of these qoals
and constraints
may be in direct
conflict
with each other.

3.4

Weiohtino
the
e onstrai.nts

a ^ - 1 ^

F]GUR' 3.4F

TO

-GO-

o .5

0,5

TCIFL

INIERNRL

7 !EIGFiED
-lNF-EXIB

4.7
VOLUXE X lOTt

FIZZ(

PERF:RTAN:E
E-

B\D

where w is the weighting

factor.
fhe
goal would have the
most important
highest
w.
fhe arbitrary
weighting
(w) listed
factors
in Table 3.4a have
been used to recompute the seven melrF
functions
shown i-n Figures
bership
3.2a to 3.2q.

;
!

:- 4.

c
E
T

Tab1e 3 ;4a

T
H
R
P
F
A
E

TITE

DtrSHEO - CRIGINBL
S O L I o = W E I G H T E DX

2C StsIPS
r I T E T O G E N E R F LO U F R T E R S

u . , ux() = u ( x ) / w

Performance

FND VEIGHTEO

- - :

It has been assumed so far that all of

goals and constraints
the design's
are
This is probably
of equal importance.
Thus, proan unrealistic
assumption.
visions
must be made for incorporating
inportance
of each
the relative
rcorrirement into the decision model.
can be easily
This modification
accomplished
by changing
the membership
function
of each category
to
j-ts level
reflect
of importance.
In
the case where the goals and
constraints
are linked
together
by an
"inflexible"
and, the weighted mern(ur(x) ) is computed
function
bership
as3

Sample Weighting

OR]G:NRL

0.5
IC]trL

Factors

Goal

(time to general quarters)

( H a D l r a D r I r - t . y l _ n o e x)
(Deployment ratio)
(Vulnerability
factor)
(Future
Growth)
(Appearance)
(Equipment access ratio)

] NTERNFL

Arbitrary
We i g h t i n g
Factor

t.25
L . t )

1.5
1
'I

Figure 3.4a is a comparative plot of

the original
and weighted membership
values
with the "time to
associated
general
quarters"
performance
category
for
the twenty
example.
ships in this
Figure 3.4b is a plot
of the decision
set which has resulted
from connecting
the revised
membership values
for the
goals with an
seven performance
"inflexible"
and.
Now, because of the
introductj-on
factors,
of weighting
the
best general
arrangement plan has a
membership value of 0.43.

3.5

Sensitivity
of
conscra-lnts

the

Goals

and

By systematically
varying
a performance goal's
weighting
factor,
the
sensitivity
of the deci-sion to that
goal can be observed.
Shown in Figure
3.5a are the membership values for the
fuzzy decision
sets which result
when
the weighting
factor
for the habitabiIity
index is varied
from 1 to 4.
For
this
comparison,
the weighting
factor
for each of the other six performance
goals was set to one.

Fuzzy Set Theory and GeneralArrangementDesign

F I G U R E3 . S t r

SCLID LINE:
DFSiED -lNE:

l
s o.ul

ff

t
o-+l

'F:ICR

'/ -

VtrRlPTION IN TtsE!tr8ITFBi.ITY

TND:X

YJ/'

o-5

0.6

a)
Numeric values must somehow be
assiged to a variety
of subjective
requirements
or interpretations.

a.7

rOTtrL INTERNFL VOLIyE X tC:r

F ].xed

eonstraints

The decision
process will
prohably
involve
fixed
constraints
in addition
Lo fvzzy performance goals.
These
fixed
constraints
can be easilv
modeled into the decision pro"L"".
For instance,
if
fixed
conitraints
dealing
with maximum ship size and
minimum membership valuel
are intro_
duced into
the example from section
3.3, then the resulting
decision
space
would be bounded by the shaded r"glo.,
in Figure 3.6a.
In this
figure,
only
those ships having a^tota1
internal
volume of 750,000 ftJ or less and a
membership value in the decision
sec
of 0.30 or greater
are eligible
for
selection.
Ttre optimum ship's
menr_
bership
value is 0.50.
Also, because
of these fixed
constraints,
the number
of viable
alternatives
has been
reduced from 20 to 4.

FIGURE 3.6R

dealing
with
a problem whj_ch is too
complex or too i1l-defined
to submit
to precise quantitative
analysis.
This effort
should be iudqed as a
f ania+
i \v' 6s hu, u
r +.
ph ^ur L e n t i a l l y
important
step in this direction.
While it has
been shown that
fuzzy set theory
can
be used to help naval architecti
resolve
the non-analytic
problems
associated
w i t h g e n e r a l a r r a n q -e m e n t
design,
it is nol a p..r."...
Many difficulties
remain to be
resolved
before this
proposed methodo_
Iogy can be successfully
implemented.
Amongst these are:

Y ,[-

o.2j

J. b

VFR]F-]C\

1
w = 2
DASH DOI :INE:
V
D O T T E OL I N E :
W =

o 'uIl

c
i

!E]GiI]\G

327

FUZZY DE:ISiCN SPFCE

FiXEO

20 5HlP5
Z PERFORYFNCEJNOICES
2 FIXED CONSTRA;NTS
-INFLEXIBLEFNC

CSNSTRqI\IS

b)
It may be difficult
to achieve
a concensus about the shape and magni_
tude of the membership functions.
c)
various
upon.

T?re relative
requirements

d)
ordering
alternatives
in
single
criterion

importance
of the
must be decided

the global
set of
accordance with a
may prove difficult.

e)
If the decision
space becomes
more multi-dimensional,
then a simple
graphical
result
will
not be availible
to the decision
maker.
On the other hand, this
conceptual
framework,
even at its pr""a.rl
stare
of development,
promises some advan_
tages over a more conventional
approach.
Such as:
a)
design

A tendency
process.

to

document

the

b)
fhe abiliry
to handle ill_
defined
problems having conflicting
goals and/or constrainis.
c )
Goals and constraints
are
treated
identically.
These goals
and/or constraints
can le ri{id
or
fuzzy.

FECSiBi.E REGISN

d )
weighting
factors
and thus
sensiti-vity
studies
on the resulting
decision
space can be modeled.
Ttrus,
a detailed
analysis
of the decision
problem is possible.
In general this
will
be more important
then locating
a
unique optimum.
4

0.5

0.6

TOTRL INTEqNNL VOLJTE

4.

CONCLUSION

In this
develop

paper,
I have attenpted
a conceptual
framewtrk

to
for

e)
Finally,
using fuzzy set
theory
to solve fuzzy decision
problems
may help
to comlcat the fre_
quent observation
that
our abilitv
t.o
make precise
and significant
statl_
ments about the behavior
of a huma_
nistic
system dinr-inishes as the
complexity
of that system increases.

328

B.C. Nehrling

REFERENCES
1 .

BeIlman, R. E. and Zadeh, L. A.,

Decision-Making
in a Fuzzy
Environment,
Management Science,
Vo1. 17, No. Z, D-ecemEerJ-T97Tl
8141-8164.
Woodhead, R. G., On the Theory of
Fazzy sets to nes6TvETITStructured
Marine Decision
oT-Newcastte
ffiiEy
UponTyne,
Department
of NavaI
Architecture
& Shipbuilding,
April,
l9'72.
Zadeh, L. A., Outline of a New
Approach to the Analysis
of
Complex Systems and Decision
Processes, Moltiple
eriteria

De c i s ion r"taEhfl-EEiEffitUniv. of South Carolina Press,

Columbia,
South Carolina,
I973,
646-725.
4.

Zadeh, L. A., King-Sun, F.

Kokichi,
T. and Masamj-chi, S.,
Fazzy Sets and Their Applications

-E O

soqn]-Ctve

and

Declston

FFoEEssEs, a-cEGmT6-86E5,
New-%f
rs75.
5.

rnc.,

Gupta, M. M. , fuzzy Aotomata and

Decision ProceEEEEl FortE HolTand
Fu6Ti$ing-e@- s,
tunste rdam,
r977.

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship Desfn V
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . )
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
o l F r P ,1 9 8 5

329

M E T H O DF O R O P T I M I Z A T I O NE N G I N E R O O I {
M A C H I N E R YL A Y O U TA R R A N G E M E N T

K.

Duldi6,

M. Senjanovid
ShiPyard I'SPLIT'r

The paper describes

the

restricted

Lhe engine room of

of

the

space of

on some of

formulated

function

which reaches certain

considered
cheek 1t

as lhe

and to

functional,

one,

but

it

make corrections

the

system elements

the

very

The structune

of

the

nni

ha.l

in

interconnecLions
and it

resneef.i ns a l I

of

or

the

on of

is
the

individual

nal

l rr

syst,em

obvlous

that

oLher condiwhether

the

in-

location

system element

considerably

thc

as lhe
fho

of

external,

influence

minimum and gives

for

bhe functi-

svstcm itSeIf

aS vrell

economy and efficiency

of

aq

energy generation

<\retom

fnn

i.e.

sl-nrr^frrne

nf

shaping

fho

ce Jr Jr c i -v va. m
' ,

1 - a y o u La r r a n g e m e n l o f

efements essentially
the

fho

and distribution

on board and accordi.ngly

qnane

function

syslem itself

satisfac-

arrangement cannol be

experienced

desj-gner to
all

the

rest

the whole ship

too.
The main purpose of
process 1s in

the

optimization
piping

minimising

rangement costs

associated

machinery layout

means particulary

minimization

of

cost

as shown later

while

the

other

accessibillly
ses,

chapter

requirements

for

mations,

with

hull

ternal

system,

for

will

the

inforf1ow,
be con-

as imposed external
constraints

as good

space,in-

energy and malerial

nen communicalions etc.

sldered

5.,

maintenance purpo-

necessary additional

teractions

any

This

material- and installation

in

ar-

with

variant.

piping

process itself
Shipboard machinery system can be

of

des-

and insystem

being opt.imized. The optimization

crrcl.am

npnnFqFnfpd

is

requirements.

of

anfi

and consbraints

ternal

economic

system des-

nannp<eni-ed

efements,

tions

old

space

problems.

optlmisation

i s

the

minimiza-

compuler processing

layout

a basis

the

mathematically

gi-ven based on pipi.ng cosl

function

and

any shape

number of

and economyof

arrangement in

one of

certain

and impnovements considerlng

space sLrucLures i.e.

determining

is

is

a closed

The method accepts

of

The probLem is

noneconomic and oLher experlence

Shaping of

machinery into

ship.

The output

I N T R O D U C TOI N

layout

is

objective

arrangement.

final

the

programmable for

method easily

machinery layout

the

available.

objective

An iLerative

cribed
tory

and lhe

loeations

Iocating

as pre-locating

engine room space as well

machinery

tion.

method of

system

inffuences

and economy of
and thus

the

funclion

liaIly
the

is

simplifled

this

way essen-

and directed

economic and cost. field.

quently

one can consider

machinery
one with
including

Conse-

as a good

J-ayout arrangement
minimum sum of

to

piping

that
cosbs

malerial- .and inslallation

330

K. Duliit and M. Senjanovic

ancl-<

r nr rr lu
a

nncf<

n
r qr rur rqr eu r i

external and internal

to the system.

hv rJ r

rvror rn i r vnur Jr o
t

constraints

engine room arrangemenb is

oul

for

allow
te

all

fr vJ : l ql r

Generally

speaking

waysof solving

three

nfl nnnhl emq

cfassified

exact

ones.

sLohastic

The analitic

optimum, bul

are

time

summing and requi.re Iarge

of

calculations

field

of

over

machinery

ment variants

in

optimum one.
stohastic

lhe

order

On the

to

find

as an enough Iarge

acurate

data

is

seldom available.

very

f n

methods are

n n n n p q <

for

a n d

such kind

natelly

they

overalf

f h r r <

aIsonif.hms

time

nnnopqsi

obvlous

of

thal

to

anf

noi

menls of
lhe

the

ft

is

layout

through

such

checked by an
Such an ar-

be very

fon

frrnf

usefull

hpn

same arrangemenl
or

using
any

method based on experience

bhe designer.

F O R M U L A T I O NO F T H E P R O B L E M
Many authors
experiences
in

have given

h n i l c n q

their

satisanj

Anyhow

find
t h c

suitable
m e i n

and

e n o i n p

most essential

diesel

f r r n h i n p q

running
if

a n d

of

and lar-

own

layout

a r r a n g e m e n to n t h e s n i p I r ] , t Z l ,
[Z], [u]- The first thlng in working

n e q f

(cargo

The Iocation

strongl-y
and
pumps
this

of

have pre-

and equlpment

on slructure

and positionlng

slzing

n ' l a t f n n m q

a d r ! i n -

technical

requirements

machinery

engines,

which is

by exact

any elc.).

o e l

of

. - * - -i J, n s ,

l c n i p q

^ ^ m m t r n i n r f

etc.

too.

For lhe

purpose of

any further

siderabion

t h e s e m a h c in e r y a n d e q u i p -

project

menl wi-11 be regarded

machinery

locations.

for

free

the

the

prelo-

engine

making loca-

of

the

equipment.

i8l were

[o], lil

with

lengths

minimizalion

out

flx

engine room piping

dealing

treating

of

for

rest

Many autho." [l],

as

problems always

determined machinery lay-

arrangement and searching

most convenient
production

the

con-

on predetermined

The rest

room area is

shape of
poinb of

for

pipes
wiev.

from
Anot-

her approach has been used here i.e.

to

find

in

an optimum machinery 1ay-

arrangemenl which will

a certain

taking

in

m i n i - m u mo f

account all

production
is

obvious

of

any preassembled

piplng

cost

the

costs.

appJ-ication

funcbional-

as proposeO UVISJ can consicontribute

derably
cost

that

result

the malerial,

and inslall-ation

Il

unlts

and some insbructions

making good machinery

to
f o n

ment positj,oning

out

i mnnnrre-

same method procedure

standard
of

nl-

variable

model.

designer.

rangement will
sf

--ssrng

nn^^p.

method procedure

be carefully

experienced

g9g1-

for

any machinery

an optimization

is
i o n

such as auxiliary

tlons

Such

fhe

the

all

and few rest

cated

an

enough good or

arrangement obtained

is

Unfortu-

depends on number of

and structure

fleld

an calculation

anri

n n q i f

design,

quick

very

annlio:hle
nq

of

f i n a l

gangways, tanks

solution.

ane

and

reach to

optimurn but

requirements.

first

way to

eennom i o

dominant influence

r n n l i n r h l a

do not

satisfactory

be

this

problem.

of

outpuL represents

nrrf-pr

in

the

hand the

applied

f.cnhni n:l

influenced

arrange-

melhods can hardly

Heuristic

2.

whol-e

other

base

con-

number

layout

machinery in

fhe

to

accommoda-

ge and heavy enignes and equipment

and reach

most exact

the

running

such kind

as analitlc,

methods are

exist

Thc meLhodS Can be

and heuristic

to

there

enough room to

to

the

PiPing

minlmization.

There is

of

experience

course no substitute

for

1n Lhe machinery layout

arrangemenb making.

However jusl

as

330

K. Duliii and M. Senianovtc

nnqfq

and

nnqfq

nerrqpr'l

external and inlernal

to the system.
GeneraIly
three
of

speaking

w a y so f

methods are

ones.

optimum,

The anal-itic

but

of

number

the whole

over

machinery Iayout

menl variants

in

o n t - i m r r mo n e
stohasllc

li,me con-

Iarge

order

find

On t,he other

as an enough large

applied

acurabe data

base

the

hand the

methods can hardly

be

to
for

methods are

field

qulck

very

natelly

they

overall

do not

salisfactory

an calculalion

solution.

a I gori thms ere

Such

Annl i eabl e for

processing

obvious

of

variabl_e

model.

any machinery

lhat

arrangement

the

eom-

processing

and the

t-imc denends op number of

and structure

It

is

layout

obtaj-ned through

such

method procedure

an optimizaLton
is

to be carefully
checked by an
exneni eneed desi pner. Srrnh an
rrangement wilI
sf anf

nni nt

ments of
the

fnn

usefull

frrnf her

lhe

same arrangemenl
or

usj.ng
any

method based on experience

designer.

2 . I9!YS_L4U9I_9I_IIE_t!99!!y
Many authors
experiences

have given

their

own

and some instructions

1n making good machlnery

arrangemenr

on lhe

L3l, L[J- The first

snip

thing

fuaEnuh rnr i rnr rr l v q r t

layout
Il],

in

i s

of

fi nal

nnqi f

all

is

to

i on

and few rest

way to

satisrnri

Anyhow

find

fon

f n

accommoda-

ennnnmin

requirements.

first

suitabl-e and

fhc

m ai n

enoi n c

most essential

such as auxil i any diesel

hni

I cnq

f nnhi

npq

and

ment positioning

nrrnni

i f

no

an
r r Jv

of

and 1ar-

npmcnf

The

fzl,

working

engines,

ncqf

a^r'i

which is

by exact

nadrri

etn

n-

slrongly

technical- and
<

| nanon

nrlmne

Iocation

of

this

machinery and equipment have pre-

q i z i n s

n l a t f n n m q

nf

on structure

a n d

o : l

nllnnnsp

n n q i f

i n n i n o

^ ^ m m r r n i n r f

etc.

loo.

flln1-han

nn1-

these mahcinery and equip-

machinery

locations.

is

tions

the

for

prelo-

on predetermined

The rest

room area

free

of

for

rest

the engine
making loca-

of

the

M a n ya u t h o " "I r ] , [ 6 ] , l i l

equipment.

f8l were

engine room piping

dealing

with

lenglhs

minimizalion

out

For the

nnaiaar

be regarded as fix

treating

n f

- * - -i Jr n s ,

l p n i a q

anv

ment wilI

problems always

determined machinery lay-

arrangement and searching

mosl convenient
production

the

shape of
point

of

for

pipes
wiev.

from
Anot-

her approach has been used here i.e.

lo

find

out

i mnnnrrp-

same method procedure

standard
of

lhe

be very

machinery in

fhp

cated

an

enough good or

represents

the

r lr l
a

sideration

UnforLu-

reach to

optimum but

output

puter

problem.

of

all

f rJr
1

gangways, tanks

process and thus applicable

such kind

2rranopment

le

r i e q i q n

i s v c n v s e l r ' l o me v a i l a b l e .
Heuristic

nanm

enough room to

dominant influence

and

1n this

np

for

influenced

arrange-

to

enoi

ge and heavy enignes and equipmenL

and reach
are

nrrf

allow

running

stohastic

most exact

calculatlons

field

exist

such ki nd

summing and require

of

The methods can be

and heuristic

bo exact

there

as analitlc,

classified

rv rq a' n i r v nu rJ r o

constraints

solving

nnnhl cms

hv Jr r

e q q r v u

in

an optimum machinery lay-

arrangement which will

a certain

taklng

in

minimum of

account all

production

result

plping

and inslallation

costs.

Il

is

of

any preassembled functional

units

obvious

the

as proposeo ovIS]
contribute

derably
cos t

that

cost

the material,

to

application

can consithe

PiPing

mi nimi zal i on .

There is

of

experlence

course
in

the

no substi.lute

for

machinery Iayout

arrangemenb making.

However just

as

EngineRoom MachineryLay,6u,Arrangement
guidance notes
designing,

can be of

so this

use in

senior

the

save a lot

firsl
of

Iayoub idea

was to

nery

certain

and

about the

met_
in

be considered
for

an experienced

i-mprovements. These improvements

re

of

because of

heuristic

reaches to

the

the

one of

more the

as welI

fact

that

order

influence

is

to

Lo run

the
posing

as be_

non economic

factors.

be very

it

and cal__

quickly

or

fix

to

the

pne-locating

new machinery due to

technological

in

when im_

any new constraints

model as f.e.

Further_

easy when changing

space structure

some

functional

or

reasons.

certain
the

to

be said

conditions

method used is

which are

they

hematical
not

deal

wilh

nature

of

requirements

of

and
as said

be expressed by any mat_

restrj,cted

condition

finding

rr

i. ln e

some addj tio-

locations

for

(by hanging

machinery

on curved she11

to

the

method is

more than one pipe

to

lhe

and pipe

tanks
glne

room are

start/inlel

inlet

syslem as the

and

exisling

oull_ets from the

to

be considered

enas

points

and outlet

lo

from

tne system.
fl

is

necessary lhat

can treat

strlctly

room space,

bhe method used

debermined engine

shape and area and ac-

commodateall

lhe

machinery requined.

The nature

the

engi-ne room arrange-

of

ment designing
important
Iocaled
sons,

process requires

machinery to

because of

weight

be fix

pre-

functional

rea-

and oufline
boilers,

lurbines,

some

dimensions
aux. diesel

cargo pumps etc. ) .

of

thls

machinery in-

fLuences more or

Iess

the

care

of

engine
T i

of

i c

areas

access etc.

available

these
for

and

necessary to

some free

excfude

shape and

room ffooring

if

areas

free

for

take

communi-

required

and

from areas

machinery loca-

tions.

them which

consequentty

cal_cuLated.

The firsb

<prronal

outl-et

n l a t f n n m c

and

of

neces-

more engine

permil

to

relation

for

o nU nI .q- i^ * Vr ,i c n
U

Next requirement

to

non economic were excluded as

cannot

think

room once

case i-t is

them on bulkheads,

area

but all

tuoU

some minor

and constraints

can be various,

chapter 2.,

are

other

signa-

to

engine

machinery

cations,

The condilions,

in

ne
o pE
Js P
dU

of

asking

The position

something aboul

imposed by the

constraints

the

engines,

problem.

the

length

(main engine,

2.1. 9:Iiri!igl-gf-!!e_prspJem
There is

necessary to

criterion

method processing

culalion

natu_

more possible

used cannot embrace all

and other

the

method used, which

optimum solutions,
cause of

is

enough

locations

only

make some changes and

desirabfe

more than

the hu11 designer

nal- free
,

is

machinery

That ar_

rangement should

are

it

possibility

machi_

as a start

point

r ovov m
rrr

criterra

layout, arrangement.

to

l-ize to

engine room

develope reasonable

designer

avallabIe,

more. fn

use the

resbricted

following

quickly

free

sary, before

hod and a program which wiIl,

space,

for

give

man-hours.

The intention

delermined

area

to

and .junion designers to

quickly

case when there

method approach

and such a program can serve

J J I

occurlng

englne room space.

is
In

the

Ab last

it

is

tention

to

outline

necessary to

pay at-

dimensions of

a l ,I

the machinery, tq

for

access and maintenance and gq

machinery weights.

required

area

JJ

K. Duliii and M. Sertjanovii

When choseing
system il

the

is

varj.able

decided to

of

freat

the

one musL take care not only

the

piping

machineny layout

anrangement as a

specific

transporb

kind

of

problem

considering

pi ping

connections

between machinery.

was the

as transport

basis

for

formulating

components of

the

objectlve

o t . i o n

a q

d e q o n i h e d

mlnimizalion
leads

to

of

i n

funq

n h a n f a r

of

pipe

connections

pi-

ping cosfs.

rrcrv

t t n d e r

2 q q n m n f

to

mei

number of

ted.

nni

i q

nt

fn

in12noa

i n n s

It

is

locations

i n

that

number of

manhinah\r
Thc

the

avai-

be marked so that,

can be said

the

rm' rr qa rl r. rr r' ri insor n r rJ

beLween each other.

Furthermore all
are

aI-

system but

inl-enqirrcv e

Iable

equal

minimum of

flrom the

alqo

it

function

that

a certain

That
the

and outleLs

of

(tank connections)

inlets

n h a n f a n

there

free

exists

locations

machinery to

obvious that
^.n

h6

be loca-

only

l O 1 . ' a t . e du

an
to

vn rn r

one
: nr vr J
q

frgg

fha

location.
machinery in
fhe

t,hat way to
piping

resultlng

minimlze

costs.

Following

(
l
(t1=fz,n)(r)
ninl= f f tnt
Frt
L, i,
where :
t' 1- , ;
^J

modifier'l

t.n:nqnnni'

intenqitrr

= I ,

modified

dislance

between

k and j

locations

urle

wdy

I nnr

I i nn

u0du

on IocaLion
i

tions

located

k and machinery

- ' * - - io n

a n

l n n r f

transpont intensity
r - 1
= I t, ./
and matrix
L
V 1 J
N
'_

to

show,

essttmnt.inns
T - l
(l T' J I

defi

that

1t

nes

is

matrix

i f

I P J
L ' J

nery

the

+ =4/\-

\
I
1_
'1t = 1 /12- 'l

is

vi,slble

the

maLrix

e\ral-om

from loca-

variable

of

lhe

combinaitlon

relations

objective

1
I t
t ,
Lt),t7^

ti..i.^
J!

rnd

0n the
the

a n d

j-..
J

between machifunclion

fl,,l"

becomes:

(2 )

/17//)

contra(l)

n n n < o n r r a n t l r r
q r r q f p m

t . n a n s n o ruf . ri tnt fu sct lr -

modified

Jt

sity

funclion

between machinery

p...^

'

1 t

1 /

dlstance
jI

between location

and j2.

To make a tnansporl

r r r n i a h l a

j 2 a n d . j1 .

on location

is

necessary to

asslg
- natron x
f\ 41 t J 1

4| t

model as

define

= lx.
L

1 J J

matrix

(1)
of

n ) where:

tl

To work out

an acceptable

fhc

deqon'ihpd

above requiremenls

is

through

pm

nnnhlem

rJ n

w h er e :

ce:tain

z .z .- Y e ! ! s s s ! r 9 - ! 9 t s s 1 3 ! 1 9 ! _ 9 ! _ ! ! e
nnnhl

ri

intensity

and given

[r] bhe only

system becomes bhis

determined system

n p n n a < a n f q

are

net-modef

can be reached onJ-y varying

"m ' e* l -- 'r -i r"

system in

anO disLances beL-

matrix

dis-

It

that

fhp

minimumof

the

m r n h i n o n r r

under

characleristic.
ry

of

t a n c e s l P l = l o k -iJ I
L '
easy

e q

J.

The m o d e l - u s e s n o n o r i e n t e d

Lrl

- f

n o f

Because of
of

IOca

ween localions

assuming

thaL machineny k is

= 1 , 2 . . .

2 . . . . n ) i

numbers which defines

d e t e r m i n e d b .v ,f f l

can be made
n U m b e r i' j

As the system transport

between machinery k and j

pkj

( j

above said

n o m h i n a t . i . O no f

anv

model for

hocirio

alI

and assumptions,

Y 'i /;

= [)'
( o

t = 2i

(e)

it

EngineRoom Machinery Layout Arrangement

Under cerlain

assumptions it

can be

written

case tne model can be formulaled

and objective

(4 )

function

-r D)tD

constraints:

\-

=4

(a)

,n

i-

I o
xi. = 1
( 4
/

/ , ) =/,2r.

fs ,\

.ro

(t

'/tZt.

nery

i.

i <

" . , ui 1

nn

variable

showing
'j -s

n e r V -i ^2
-

intensity

distance
j

xij

sity

i-f machi-

between

and object

k.

between l-ocation

and object

variable

signed

l o n e t . e"r i "n "n ti 2

k.

of

assignment telling

machinery

is

location

is

a variable

xij

between machinery i,

signment

as before

as-

j.

to

Variable

transport

(rt)

>5

inlen-

modlfied

(a)

,")

transporl

whether

,n)

where:

machi-

' 'o-d

I nnrf

(r.)

(,

{"

pkj
showing if

VarlaOle

/ o \
lJ )

,,)

( 4

machinery i

x1.r J. 1. .-

^ rJ

tik

where:

tir i,

(2

X i i= /

0)

t r,,:t

"i2j2

^,t

\-n

t-

.
-+ rnln

'x,,

wi lh

(c)

constrain

t-

Lx,;=4

{:r
rr (i* Pti
'
El7--rVt

b e c o m e5

, = Ef"tr,xi in'ti,i, x;,i" pi,i"

rt,

t='l

as

follows:

l ;i,. /lr. ; . = f , t,,tr'

r. ^
L'
aj,
fi f; ,x,nl,

with

JJJ

of

as-

because of:

and i^
I

PiIi2

modified

distance

locations

Objecllve
bIe

Xij

what represents

(5)

wlth

problem of

ment and can be solved

ristic

assign-

with

method described

3. and chapter

varia-

problem

a non-linear

quadratic

i. e.

heu-

in

chapter

4.

problem of

intensity

modified

forming

S = fL q i j l" -J .N
chose in

every

line

or

column of

I Q - Jo n e e l e m e n t , u s i - n g a
matrix of variable of assignment
r

fxij_J , so that
coLumn never occurs
chosen element
of

in

any 1i,ne or

rnore lhan

and that

chosen elements is

the

when using

assumption

points.
nery

It

is

that

with

some starl
obvious

can be assigned

locatlon

is

system do not

have any connections

with

and vice

sum

minimal.

The problem can be easily

only

the

one

assignment acsolved.

but

matrix

The baslc

the

transport

a quadratic

i h '
ca au- li u
. r r E +L^o /\ rJ -\ l c^ -a n b e e a s i l y

machinery in

Ce)

Problem now becomes to

matrix
X =

LI !_84
I_!! 9E!!y_qI_499
I9!ygry1
Linear

Z , - I r t i t ' ' P t i Q ) 7 -/ 2 , " ' o )

.- -i L, a n d "i t^ .

functi-on
is

belween

each other
and final

that
only

versa.

one machj-_
bo one

fn

thab

in

the

[ta-] and here

teJ-Iing thar

[t{
any group

of

elements of
the

statement

used according
if

elements
matrix

that

there

exists

R within
. tn.n
indlpendent

O=loij]

maximum number of

nu1-elements

solved
formulated

can be found

in

to

K. Duliii and M. Senjanovii

JJ+

R ls

to

equal

the

minimum number

of

l i ncs noveri ns al l

nf

the
lo

thc

c1cment.5

T n r ' l e n e n d c n tn u l - e l e m e n t

only

iS

such an element belonging

one l-ine or

cofumn of

the

matrix

the

sta-

t.hp

Fnoine

n^6m

neclj-ons of
and

of

the

there

lement

one can reach

that

same pnoblem of

matrix
This

if

to

that

a).1 lhe

ele-

a n v 1 i n 9 6 p C o fu m n O f t h e

q r r J

reduces by the

is

Lo lhe

assignmenl

glven,

one afready
ment.s of

exisbs

valid

speaking

of

same number.

course only

about matrix

of

when

transport

cosls.

cost

finally

The basis
arizing
it

these

elements have been found.

aloonithm

problem is

thic

computer processing,

for

here used accordinE

-

in

[fO] and
Iffl
and

to

method is

algorj-thm described

for

nrooedrrne

fon

findino

fhe

dependent nu1-elements of
and the

lines

covering

the

cip

equivalent

fnrrnd

in

nrrhli<hod

and here is used tohrl

J
L

Algorllhm

is

represents

shown in

simplified

matrix

matrix

as decision

choseing

in-

the

elements as well
for

with

in

in

linemake

capler

a certain

necdi

crilerion

qf

no

prinelements

nrnane
y q Y v t

l.
wibh

it

and

is

nature

conslrai.nls

r c s a n d i n c ri t s

formulated as in

a I

I hc

fon65

ni

the
no

! P v

from

one can chose bhe

on a location
for

it

the

non
case

nrrf
v u

l al'c

Iowering

the

1n the

of

for

machlnery to

number. As

choseing

be fixed

j-s not

lowering

assignment until

preselected

criterion

more than

solution

of

diagram is

next

one,there

one equival-ent

problem.

the

the

on certaln

bhe exaet

can occur

flow

number

variabl-es i.e.

malrix

matl 5 II

the

shown in

Algorithm
flg.

2.

linear
because
Fnnm

model it

1s necessary

know bhe space, area availabl_e

the
of

locations

basis

to

net

derive

modeI. This
the

mafrix

path distances

shortest

between locatlons.

Larger

ted equipment will

through

positioning

t,he shape of

hes

machi-

diagram.

The nrohlcm it.sclf

is

into

outlets

be fixed

run

comes to

That

machl-

piping

connections

L : l

flow

rank of

is

nnohlem.

of

the

pn

decision

Iocalion

anoffd.

fi-g.1

of

_EI9IUE_!99Y

lv

the

being most convenlent

to

hasinal

aIl

( pre-Iocated

piping

machinery to

and free

the

only

tanks,

M A C H ] N E R YA S S I G N M E N TP R O B L E MI N T H E

and all

locations

and taking

polnLs

fix

To define

hematically

start

considerallon

Iteratlons

i rle

the

problem so as to

Ll J.

and

solveing
rlorralnnod

the engine room). 0n the basis of

one and thus

and has been developea

he

be

intercon-

aonl i cabl e - The orocedure slarbs

nery,

qnlrrpino

fon

iterative

applicable

nen

of

the

interconnections

maLrix where independent

nul--elements occurs,when all

The

hpon

nery when neglecting

be 1n those points

consj-dered to

ha<

lo

pipe

The method for

n6St

.
T, ,.1
1n l14l and al-eorithm here used ac.
r--'r
r__-l
c o r d i n s- t o L l f 5 Il a nL d ) fI I i .

an idea

The

ih6
J

are

have a l-ot of

nr^l-rlam

nnn-

wj-th tanks

fj-nding an oplimum layouL giving

An optimum assignment is

of

p c n h i n or nr vr r r

machinery that

located

qttnh

ninino

machinery

nrc-lonated

nections.
Furthermore

and

the

area

define

available

forming

of

and thus

focations

shown in chapler
Pipi ng inlets
to

net

prelocathoir

infll-uence
model as

5.
the engine

Engine Rc,tont
Maclrincr.r'Lay ou t ArrangemettI

room, whether

from tanks

doors as well

as piping

are

senfed

byecupied

As the

tra

cording
T

positioned

already

out-

or

nsnont.

given

i5

(14)

the problem matri* [aJ

to be derived with any machinery

nining

int.enoonneof

inns

pl i-

h
v ve
: ri r n
6 o

v ! r

minated.
is

can be easify
chapter
matrix
zing

cost

matrix

solved

and

an adequate

of

assignmentfx. J. LineariL I.lj

performed by deriving
from

is
r

matrix lS J newmatrix I S
l' .X J " n O
f r o m m a t r i x [Lr^l I .m, .a- t- r- i--.x. f f
.lana
Lby multiplying

l.jt*.^them obtaining new

quadratic matrix

L O ', J .

(r5)

r ' l
The matrixl0 Jls a quadratic matrix
of costs of transporL intensity

chinery

of

locating

on cerlain

only
f ad

to

responding
k

cordlng
the

[o']

with

pre-loca-

nery piping

fix

located

machi-

to

corloca-

(15)as;

negl

iy'F,j{E

i4F,keF

[''l

(16)

keE,jy'E

where:

Fe[

represents alI
locations

pre-loca-

ma-

nonrr

F = E by number of

eot.cri

Thc

the

ma i n

melhod developed

locabing

beside

pre-located

nf

nf

in F,.t] is in
when fix pre-

Afterthelntial

that

certain

solution

I ^,,i

-^

^-,.---,,6

number of
enlarged

criLerion:

( t.

' " k j ' - .k

n
" 'n

for all

kfE and jdE

f"

way E

criterian.

preloeaLed machinery is
fal

k . 1' '. 5. )' m a x .

(r7)

t,,. - elements of lhe matrlx [f

^J
"
c,, -

c.,
J

total

number of

for

machinery

all

other

is

from lhe

that

(17)

is

having

iterafive

the aid

all

means that

tl.on one or

the

step

in

repeats
can be cho-

one itera-

enlarge

can be
E )

Chosen machioery in

this

w111 be asslgned

locations

treat,ed

to

wiLh

The procedure

more machinery

sul,ting from the

T ''l
l Q _ J, a n d t h e n e x t

resl

any conneclion

and the

chosen which wiIl

of

by delermini-ng

as any machinery

This

k wilh

and then eliminating

al-ready chosen.

as long

or

machinery.

consideration

machinery

done with

,K .Jl'

connections

The choice

in

machinery already

enlarging

and F following

tr

have

nni

more and more machinery

lteralions

sen.

= [s'] '

all

lnterconnections

machinery k or

= feF. fn that case acr- -'1 ..

Il5lit ispossible Lo wrlLe

rel-ation

= J and

relating

number ofoccupied

naahi

above crilerisn

those

the

is

= eE were assigned

nery k

ma-

nonrr

Assume lhal

tions

are

connections

menhi

various

locations

shown. These costs

all

r '-l
SolveinC LQ Jone can get Lhe oplimum
matrix of assignment fX . .l Uut
.
r Jkeepirg in mind that all
the machi-

tr +

[ n ' r r ] =[ r ' t u ] , . I t u , I

where cost

represents

making minimum error

as shown in

by finding

l.

E -

p lcmonf

been

a typical

represents

f cd

the
It

v u e q v f

by malrix

To linearize
is

J -

36-

. f'l

L O J= L S I

n a n r r n i e er vJ

chinery.

inf.ensitv

5.

ell

focations.

and repre-

when
l

nenrescnf.s

location.

c ha p l e r

outlets

follows
(

JJ]

solution
iteration

as pre-l-ocated

E.

iteration

of

rematrlx

w1l1

be

machlneny.

336

K. Duliit and M. Senjanovii

This

way lhe

locations
as for

number of

have been enLarged

lhe

equal

number of

1s always E = F.
tinues
f

occupied

forming

tt-l

The procedure con-

can be again

easily

method shown in

procedure

solved

chapter

continues

(I8)

The

3.

according

by

to fig.

coefficients

have been used regu-

above and two way flow

Taking inLo

thickness,

preselected

certain

iferatlons
in

contj-nues until

every

is

number m of

reached satisfying

ileration

all

the

purchasing

production

costs,

installatj-on

costs

coefficients

and experience

( d1fferent

mula

pbions

and requiremenls

lation

and procedure

the

number of

led

becomes 3 as il

condi.tion

for

flow,or

machinery

for

calcu-

is

to
the

baslc

y_E
i9!yg! 4IM_ 3!q_99J_E9iI
_I gUgII9I
To run
4.

ter
clear

procedure

the
it

is

shown i-n chap-

necessary lo

model salisfying

ditions

and conslraints

chapter

2.1.

nake

all

the

given

bo fig

the

in

room machi-nery layoul

to

know exaclly

area

and shape of

lable
that

lo

be easily
funclional
ble.

in

machinery.
derived
piping

To find

space,

weight
the

mac-

out

common piping

from

as

connections

This

later

can

availa-

an adequate share
which

belongs

machinery

Aux -

This

structure

the

of

well

as aIl

resl

area are

the

be

have

(main

di cscl

way the

s.

snnle

internal-

engine room as
communications

already

and

determined.

ng

rest
the

area

areas

Iocated

area are

resf

oF

free

f he

of

al-1 the

multiplied

enced coefficients

lo

for

menhi

must be equal

to

1o-

nonrr

the

sum

machj.nery to

be

by some experial-lowing

for

some necessary intercommunications,

accesslbilily

and planed losses

machinery.

in

fn

case the

area

available

large

il

will

be an indication

start

thinklng,

after

final

sol-ution,

about shortening

engine room. fn
area

seems to

the

be loo

i-s too

area smaller

to

obtaining

other

case when

smal-l, some

smal-1er equipment with

standard

diagrams

boi'l ens .

to

such space

pre-located

area when locating

if.

be known, as well
and piping

function

wj-th olher

of

to

is

machinery

dimensi.ons of

are

engine

room aval-

approximative

and oulline
hlnery

the

be located

Furthermore

the

engine

and what are

are

the

and structure

and in

pumps etc.).

eat-i

arrangement

what is

huII

considered

number of

been already

This
oul

the
are

det.er-

[t ]

Lhe ship

A11 the

3.

working

model as this

pre-delermined

of
The main point

machinery can

conin

The whole procedure

fl-ows according

connection

Thi-s i.s most essenbi"a1

for

engine
5

for-

shi pyard ) ,

every

between various

certain

procedure.

assignment

certain

Lhing

of

be loca-

for

and

be found.

The shape of

until

through

transport

mines matrix

assum-

as weIl

data regarding

value

pipe

account

quality

material

pos-

as Lhe experience

a modified
The procedure

flow,

and certaj-n experience

sibililes.

-l

il

machinery fluid

veloclty

lating

a new matrix.

rr

the

a certain

elements

F
I
f
L a J '= L s J x L r J
i / r ' , 5 / e 1 y ' Fk;eF ' * e r ,i y ' n '

which

F*F,

weight

than preselected

and
value

w and a can be selective

excl_uded

from

the

the

model following

cri-

EngineRoom Machinery Lay'outArrangement

terion

of

(t. c ).

minlmum connections

mirr.

These equipment are supp-

55 I

The way described

developed in

a resbricted

osed t,o be hang somewhere on the

room space free

bulkhead or

de1 where the

of

shaped shelI.

pre-located

the

introduced

in

machi.nery is

the

locations

model and bhe outlet

connections

is

area weight

centre

machinery.

ReaL area

of

the

assumed to
of

The rest

the

of

has been devlded

number of

the

model- of

the

38U8in"o.
tions

is

This
all

available

obviously

nol

of

but

most of

If

pre-located
iq

in

on mind

the

faot u

area

have
rema-

; nP nPFr ^ vv i^ f
o

The de-

mentioned coefficienfs

that

in

equipment

loose

and with

of
the

excluded

frorn

located

is

to

machinery being
be such to

one more condition

said
with

i.e.
all
to

the

rest

this, if

The number of

1s advizable

nections

wilh
guides

larger

poseq rn

lo

follow
very
for

functional
r

-'l

[91.

not

max ( t.c

)-

provided, it
some smaller

few pipi-ng congatherlng

units

A1I the

model is
connec_

are assumed

path along

net

lines.

j.n certain

points

bulkheads

and shell-.

Assuming lhat

along

tions

is

a unil

slble

to

make malrix

[e].
of this

the

dlstancerit

malrix

tance in
ght

the

of

distance

order

cost.

to

allowing

piping

find

or

for

multlply
for

elc.

It

tical-

is

must de_

unil

plpe

distances

connecbions

route

dislance

preselected

assumed lhat

connections
pipe

val-ue

with

as well

route

1en_

by expe-

verlical

larger

elemenls

distance

Every shipyard

velop itsowncoefficienls
rience

distances

a -ea1 dis-

get

to

pos_

is

the

unlt

mulbipJ-ying to

ver-

as with

distances

it

be necessary more bends, shap_

ing,productj.on and installation
worK
counted on unit

englne

fhem

as pro-

length.

matrixes

the model-of

piping

room is

IL - p l J a n oL f rJl
transport

fully

and according to

(I)

methods shown in

chapter

chapter

machi,nery can be enlar-

To provide

can be marked

can be provided

the

machinery that

ged fol-lowing cri.terion

equipment

satisfy

beside above

be l-ocated.

pre-located

pre-

have pipi-ng connectlons

lo

crossing

conneetions

Determining

number of

net

will

model can be accommodated.

This

be shortest

Iarger

spaces smaller

previously

be used.

than a certain

can be compensated through

planned area losses

in

area.

method

equipment

s a m e p J _ a na r e a .

of

already

are

the

repre_

manner and the

Wiren determining

assumption

bearing

larger

enrrinmenf

viations

the

that

equal

thls

the

mo_

are

between any two heighbourgh Ioca-

the

and an averaie machinery

malely

fact

Verti-cal

is

lrue

been already
inerl

to

by the

toca-

net

between locations

engi-ne

fo

assumption

has been found.

thal

tions

be located.

has been made because of

used,

very

net

in

The locatlons

ready to

the

equal

machinery are

That is

i-n adequate

l-ocabions is

machinery lo

implies the
the

pipe

machinery and the

The number of

number of

Ilnes.

engine

locations

locations

sented by points

net

be in

the

room area

above can be

3.

slgnment
posilion

and (2)
4.

can be applied

the corresponding
IX]
for

matrix

wnicn wilt
aII

in

formulated

to
of

give

the
and
find
as_
right

the machinery.

338

K. Duliit and M. Senjanovii

99r9!g9I9I

layouL arrangement although

given

The paper shows an application

of

thc

^.i

mcf.hod

ginally

dcwe l nned

for

the

i n

optimization

the workshop facilj.ties

with

regard

port,

lo

on the

certain

the

engine

room.

engine

as transport
matrix

of

modified

lensitv"

flulds.

Developing

transport

the

fel

descrj.bed can be .pirluo

designing

of

rangement.
accept

machlnery

space as well- as
of

certain

that
lhe
of

machinery

accordlngly

the

be lhe

of

finalof

the

piping

the

power plant
result

in

rnd

ni

only

and the

on piping

cosl

resb

fecti-ng

machinery

is

lically
the

formulating
of

in

van der

"tJr

! ,

HANSA

H: Gestattung

und

von Maschinen

G.:

Tack,

1B

C.,

Koopmans, J.J.

The 0ptimum Routing of

Pj-pes

a Ship Engine Room, Computer

Applicati.on

in

the

nneretion

Automation
:nd
q r r v

S
v r h
r L iy n

of

Dg-

sign II,

North Holland Publlshlng

(
C o m p a n y1 9 7 6 ) , p p . 3 3 3 - 3 4 1 .

The meconbased

f61

W o o d w a r d ,J . B . :
Shi

problem.

nhn:nri

puter,

af-

A r r a n g e m e n to f

r l ri t nsir i r ' l
a
r [n ri l _n nn t s huryr u
Lal- u
om-

Pi

Marine

No. 2 (I975)

Technology,

V o J _1 2

pp. 138-145.

have nol
pre-1oca-

and engine

a separale

Peler,

Shinv:rd

equipment and

an altemplion

problem

the

R e i t . n q:6 o

u v r v r

18 (r98tl) 1799-180r.

Meier -

in

facfors

layout
Also

slrucLure

room space is
This

r-'l
L5I

can

is

H.:

( 1 9 8 3 ) ,L 7 2 3 - L 7 2 8 .

piping

the

M e i e n .r

. ' ! r ! r

u n d M a s c h i n e n r d u m e n , H A N S AN r .

f hai-

crilerion

important

shaping of

help.

infLuence

been considered.
of

'in

I9B0 s,

Rescarch No. l-

Instandhalfung

in

each other,

minimizabion

A11 the

Lion

tl].

collection

cl-rrdrr

Man- G.:

Nr.

pipj-ng ar-

great

can lreat

nections

ft - fJ lJ .-

Another

method is

Any

the

ng

( 1 9 8 1 ,) 3 r r - 4 1 .

However bhey do not

nrnamof

Influenci

and

obtained

sol-ution

Factors

Machinenraumoptimierung

and

project

way can be of
lhod

Norwegian Mar.

areas

conneclions.

too much from

in

Machi-

Design, Trans

Engine RoomDesign in

weights

different

rangemenl.
differ

LZI. Fargerland , H. :

of

plan

N o b l e , W . A . : B e n n e f , t ,I . :

r^'l

ar-

be treated

consumming dala

machinery areas,

alI

the

machinery

one.

cri lerio n .

M a r , E . V o l . 8 5 . S e r i , e sA ,
Parr 5, (r973).

method

to

solution

economic

I.

of

Iayout

real

cannot

disadvantage
time

lhal

techni-

ti !m. pn rn n vr vr ua --

functional,

nery Installation

in-

The disadvantage

melhod is

cannol

nl.

pre-J.ocali,ng

number of

space.

check it

rf r r n f h e n I

!EiE!E!9E9.

engine room

fix

to

l l l d ^ er

and non-economic

The melhod used can

any shape of

!
us

a solid
an expe-

Under

Oistances

deslgner

^ _ i
dllu

for

any

ar-

wel-1 as matrix
L l TJ I a s

modified

basis

ments following

trans-

room can be trealed

of

rienced
^ ^ r r . '
UdIrJ

pipi.ng system

assumptions

1n the

layout

layout

can be only

man hour saving

of

lnternal

machinery

rangement in

f t U' Jl
L'

solution

k].

WangdahI, G.E.,

PoIIack,

Woodward, J.B.:

M j - n i m u mT r a j e c -

Lory Pipe Routing,

S.M.,

Journal

problem.

Ship Research, Vo1 18 No.1

mathema-

(1974)pp.46_49.

and solveing

making machinery

of

Engine Room Machinerl Layout Arrangement

1 8 1 .H u n t ,

A.M.:

and the
ted

The Link

Produclion

with

Between Desrgn

Process Associa-

Shipboard Pipework Systems,

Compuber Applications
mation

of

Shipyard

Ship Design II1,

in

the

0peration

North

and

Holland

Company (I979),

Publishing

Auto-

pp

171-182.

l9l. Budd, E.B., wilkinson, H.C.: Modular

Design of Marine Auxiliaries, Trans
I. Mar. E. Vot 80, No. 9. (1968).
tIO].Flood, M.M.: On the Hitchock Distri.butlon ProbIem, Pac. Journ. Math.
3 N o . 2 ( 1 9 5 3 ).
tlI].

Vranjei

B.:

Melhods for
misation

Comparati,on of
Facilities

from

Efficiency

the

for

Constnaints

(in

M. Sc. Thesis,
Univ.

[4.

Problem with

Croat
Ind.

language),

Eng. Dept.

Konig, D.: Theorie der Endlichen

u n d U n n e n d l i - c h e nG r a p h e n , C h e l s e a
PubJ.ishi-ng
Co, NewYork (1950).
L j -n e a r

programmi ng ( i n

Ianguage ) Savremena

administracija,

B e o g r a d ( 1 9 6 6) .

E4J. Jaeger,

H.:

Method for

Workshop Facilities
Designing

Productlon

Croab language),
of

Ind.

grade,
f

Wiev of

Zagreb, (1976).

of

E 3 ] . K R E K A, B . :
Serbocroat

Layout Opti-

Poi.nt of

the

Existing

OptimizaLion

Layout in
process (in

Ph. D. Thesis,

Engineering,

Univ.

of

Dept.

Bel-

(1970).

f5J. Jaeger, H.: Problemsof Faci.lities

Locations in the WorkshopLayout
(in Croat language), Slrojarstvo
18 No. r(1976), pp. 25-3r

339

340

K. Duliii and M. Senianovrc

'f'ri'=.

hlTz/t
oF
Hob/F/ED
'rR a
L/SPj'<7/47,t/S/ry.

!e;i_

tti= n'n 6
_ - , t .?)
.

()=lz,.'";

I q'l

/;- /,), .,-)

/6;\
'v

b =t , ' r
h,

/.-1rk

l/"s

('s'''t, ,n)

?;, " rpz

i=r ,)=k

e b = tr t . ] ; f
, ' l = r ' , 2 ,, . , n )

?pi /P d/k
17'1t, ,^;

fn

{rfk
( )- lz,

,r""

' 'n1

./.
'{t'

?,i=f,i=o
( S'=/,2,, "S

,4r"2,

,i:X

/"s
f

'b",i,

,?
<s

//oe

lz,,=xo*
t '
't" 2
l'=e
tn

d=l2, ri).

'1lo7,<<,4/o2')
1'(7?,./n)

s.ftt,.,")
^
\ , ,
f ;/r 7a ;7p
(;-1,2,.,*)

d'| * {",o
b-tt'(a)r,a%r)
=l"Gp*)
t=m,^ (2,j)
7le
') t d

r^r

ra hr
I

)-d

L c s J ' l g+ F S 7 /

-y-^4 = m / 4 ' /o
ry\
''<'d / J
0
-' , 1l

/t=,/ z

la']kI-h,l
'/ ' =

t/e

'41[dJ-7'
1

1'l=la*lVi"t

_l_
\_Yy_)

(tfn

le'/r- ;..

L
tri o

Flow Ci-agran of

liner

problen

:rethod

solvlng

Engine Room Machinery Layont Anangement

[a] '- [ P_/ " [rJ

F

r [e]

frl

i /t)/

t (F, te

k1 )y'

So/ue /4e nal*t

c-,ka<

nar

'ketr

341

fq J

ftq,c,

bas\

tk>? P*/
71dft

{o,n

[a].

ke F z //sn

// -

F]-t \df2-/

prn6
7A7ama-#it
//T/

f pl

malr,r

[r?,[r']

/a Fr-' LFzt

S o/ue 2fi6,-okU

kF2-,

fQJ

kVe sd
"m'
,ll"'s o/ r/.azrons
'''
I kef
j c./,bha

T;tt:,,,!t, cr fkett-7,)y'8,-/

td Fz-r z"z

Asqqa.

kct

ou/ptt/

on teF

Flow

diagran

t.n^nsnnnt

II
I

I
I

resu/ls

for

enst

solving

n
nobler
F l

r,odified

342

K. Duliit and M. Senjanovic

ent. rch
/SAafe,

3/.P

(catt4,

Ji/crmirctl*

t r'sf s/ a//
macr'uhz.l ?
eqalPm44r

//uV/u1rs / d. fte4rbas/
aaPaala
4 o/lttr
r'e2h,ru'ez./ darte,

)nae4.

e e E

1o/miq4

al ma*t'r

las

d mo*1fted , ttuep /n/e4+,/'/

LT

ntaK

//.c)

/ti rQ k.

.'6s

!1 klrt

D/ a//

o.

a/aca//

f , aal

s +u./a re

en9lha

@a

ay'a

a,'.1okro

42=4.r-5a;
-)<b
0, 1b4
/,
e./:E.t'a/2 n/4 tt A

/22a./v/ ( of

[a]-[p] , Lrl

F i

Fl-ow dlagrar
cost

natrix

of

the

transport

fornufatine

nethod

I
i
i

Computer Applications in the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Banda and C. Kuo (Eds.)
Elsevier Scien ce Pubiishers B. V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

343

INTERACTIVE DESIGN OF SHIP COMPARTMENTATION

Ulrich
Schumann-Hindenberg
Technische Unlversltiit
Berl_rn
Instltut
fiir Schiffsund Meerestechnlk
Fachgebiet
Schif f sentwurf
Berlin,

W .- G e r m a n v

This paper describes

a methodoly and a rea1ized
system for the interactive
design of ship compartmentation.
Because various
other qeometry-orlented
q h i n
n ^ - ^ - , 1
^ h
f : q k q
i n
d osc ri ar ng r l
- + i ^ u
u
cPencl o
n c+ Lnr e ii nnf fn o* mr m
ation
c^ -r^ e. a t e d i n t h i s s t e p , a n e f fort
has been made to find a geometrically
and topologically
complete description
of the ship compartmentation,
which is usable also for other apcliprograms.
cation
'l'ha

ro:l

ding

i zod

the

cuc+cm

inner

nrovidoq

volume

q turlrl fo uaecJ e q
D

sr:ttl ntttred

nnqqi_bllitieS

a given

of
Thc

hull
i q

J-onol norr

tO

daqcri

tLhr er s

u
dE
e fr r ri rnse

by planes,

o es n
V
um
l Lcr icrLv L y

taburated
- i. I nhgl - ' - ' ^J ^e ^C1- L a- 1

ho^

-s ur rvLurrcviri r z i -

h jv
p

cylinders
+ Ln ^e
C

^ ^e +t
S

or
Of

bOUn-

ding elements for each surface and volume element.

The qeometric
model built
up from these definitions,
contains all necessary information
for calculating
vol-umes and centroids,
stability,
and trim.

1.

'fho
rrrs

INTRODUCTION

^p rr ia r L- L- 'dr r, y

tem is
-- ---_F
*- drrdngenrent l_s t.ne essential
basis for j-ts functional
segmentatj-on and constructional_
development.
Through the subdivisj-on
of ship space
into varlous
zones of utilization,
dephysical
cisive
characteristics
of its
behavior - such as its
trj-m, stability,
longitudinal
strength,
and damage sta- are determined.
bility
Just as important,
however, j-s the inf l-uence of the
general
arrangement on the steel
construction,
because the elements used
to subdivide the ship's space (i.e.,
the decks and bulkheads)
simultaneousq h i n r c

I rr

a o n o r : l

nnnc+i

+rrf 6

i f S

nri

i ^

qtrrrcf

mar\r

! l

rr;gf

members. The design of the general

arrangement assumes, therefore,
a central
noqifion

ri rn r

JL -r hr ea

ce -n- f i- r* o-

dacinn

n r n -' J e S S
r-

Its descri-ption
and result
constitute
the basis for numerous other design
decisions.
To design

a spatial

subdivision

s h i n

d ri lf rf ri Lc ur -r ,l t
u

n r n n o q c

i q

nlics

narticrrl:rl\/

during
>nd

which

nanmarrrr

quite

stiIl
I

a
q

n16=f

have
:a^nttnf

the
n

be
.

+ha

l -sl o rvr a
u
s l vl 1n: rnI.l i9 - ^

and for

nnqcil-'lo

^* _
f

crrnlr

nnm^'r*ar-

*n

SyS-

and manipulation

i -+-ernal_

model-

of

tLhr tcE

re1h
! J I i/

a'e

which

enlrr+i.2ng

and taken
^^^i
9OOo'

-^1
,,+ I .
SOIUt,I-On

into

thi

concenf

wi

l l

h
v uo

yn !r a c o n + 6 d

2.

THE GEOMETRICMODEL OF THE SHIP

STRUCTURE

- .

1i

panr6c6h+=+irln

in

^ \ v y r v v v r r e q u f v . r

tlonship

! r r

fu hr aee

E n 1 - i f v - Q g Il 4 -

! r . e r L y

Model

The mapplng of a realistic

ship structure onto a computer-j-nternal
representation
entaj-ls various
steps of abstract10n.

l-S

process in
a1so, however, an iterative
which many calculation
steps have to be
continually
repeated.
It can therefore
be seen that the attempt to assist
this
task through the help of a computer represents
a vafuabl-e contribution
towards saving lead time in designing
a
ship. The hlgh number of possible
solutions
makes the automatic
processing
of
problem impossible,
this
so that only
an interactive
approach can come into
question.

structure,
wlth which the spatial
subdivision
of the hull-enclosed
volume can
be described.
Based on this mode1, it is
then possibl-e to cal-culate volumes and
centroj-ds of the individual
compartments,
and the effect
of these on the trim and
stability
of the ship. Furthermore,
the
description
of the ship structure
shoul_d
be used in other geometry-orj_ented
applications,
.9.,
in steel- construction.
In
the following
article,
a geometric model
of the ship structure
will
be presented,
in which a1l aspects of the ship's
compartmentation
can be described.
I'lnalIy,
the concept and the realj_zation
of a
program system for the interactive
design of ship compartmentation
based on

location,

r:Omnar1-mFnts

investj-gated

+L -d-s1l (-

definition

a
ap^r.--^
Ptre-c,

^u v^ rnt ^u as P
nL
+

function,
fhe

undetermined

nrrml-'^-

to

1-A

of

r F h i c
-..r-

the

The first
step is the description
by
means of the entity-relationship-mode1
introduced
by Chen /1 / . In this
model_
the part of the real world which is of
interest
can be described
by so-called
entities
and so-called
relationships
whlch exist
between the entities.
Both
c:n

ha:cciana^

afl-ril-rrrt-ac

+hr^,rdh

WhiCh

the observed characteristics

of the entiti-es
and refatlonships
can be descrlbed.

U. Sclununn- Hirtd en b erg

344

the fact that a surface

efement intersects with a curve,
through which
point 1s created;
another lntersection

the ship's
For the sake of describing
in entities
and relationships
structure
of the
we can have a look at a section
^Li ^
SrltP

ing

k^I,,
uuuy

tr: ^
\ r !Y

^*r
allu

1| \
|

i*^..
ul qw

!L^
urrs

t.)]-IOWr\

\7nl

conclusions:

j-s formed by surface

The structure
extenslon;
elements of llmited

the boundary of a surface

which
formed from curves,
+u hI rl n
r rUn Yh r M r s
IU

mited

^n6

by

raa

r rrr f
rc U

r'l

element
arise

aman+

l-.ai
u s t l l Yn a

is
aI r i

element;

another

surface

volume
surface

1s subdivided
elements;

rrma-l-rnrrnn:rrr-ral:{-

the total
means of

surface
be seen that
it can further
one anelements can not only limit
but can also interother mutually,
!LLl l -! v^u"Y^l h
'vv h i - c h f u r t h e r
curves
r
J s 9 u ,
can be created.

bY

doscri

nf i on

2.2

T]ne Entities

shnrrl d

of

2.2. 1 The Surface

f rrc

' in

the

rrqcr)

ere

Aqqi

'iIe-

+hrnrral^
tho

order

In

f harof

to

nra

the

describe
1 -h o

n'l

I nr^ri na

ship
onf

i f

in

For

the

structure,
r z - t r-., ' P e S

have been chosen:

- Surface element:
An analytically
desurface e1escri-bable or sculptured
This is
extension.
ment with limited
the element which can be manipulated
the qeometric
in order to describe
mode1.
- Curve: A curve of llmited
in
length
space. These space
three-dimensional
shape of
the actual
curves describe
element.
the surface

f nr

fu rl rr ou

cr rl rr r iy n

nri

Between these
'inn

rol

rf

i nnchi

rtmon

mif

the

n-Fr;no<

ovi

follow-

qt.

:
Surf ace-boundary-relationship
ftescrintion
of the fact that a Surface element is bounded by another,
through which a curve is created;

Tabul-ated
-1rr\/o

Intersection-relationship:
of the fact that two
tion
which
elements intersect,
creates
a curve;

Vertex-relationshlc:

Descripsurface
also

Description

of

each

NrD.

1 n r , rv ' fi l rnYn

1'hrnrrnl-r

..,Li^1"
of:

qeometry
of

the

nri
y!

mi

whiCh

and

g l r s

rOintS
nrimi-

file.
surface

+ i \/ac

f n

rrscd

dcqcri

ele-

a16

l're

ni-4n41

bulk-

Thj-s element reE n r o u g n qma .o' i v r nr g a

cylinder:
qltrf
* - - a -c^ e^

:lnna

ql-raioh1-

s r v r r Y

+hv^.1-;

is

!L*^..=L
urrruuYrr
the
de'i

^*-^r
cu
r r! r \ v/ cF
o JPaue
u
ni no
stra i ohf

a rnr du
q

not

on the

In

1ie

al onri

i f 5

thm.

attempts
surfaces
- l
pf

q- h
r rad*l

^ i , , ^ n
9 I v s l r

The

described

n
On
vo rnr cs
t JO\ i n t
I i no - whi ch
does

curve.
!f vn !r

(qimnle

ino

The primitive

c i ^ - - l
> f Y l r q f

a n

! r ^ !

addition,

A ^ ^ b a
UEU^>

f :hrr'l af ed

- n d
dlru

i n f oL r Ln! nP l var 1q -L i f nr a
r Y

cvl

i nder

regularly
to describe
and can also be used
c vn rr r r r! o u
aY
f quuqa d
u

it is
Furthermore,
ration
of cut-outs.
-

J u ! u f Y r r

sweep).

used

curved
for non-

h r r l L 1 . ^ r l -

for

the

gene-

This represents
a
Raster surface:
three-di-mensional
surface with facets
and is oescribed by a topologically
ronrr'l:r

rrctor

nni

n{- q

Tho

qaf

-rrn

grid
is given in the form of n space
each. The addicurves with m points
information
is again an intertional
-^r-!r^-

TL LVLPL ti r -

l- i rro

ner:mcterq

i q

i rze

nraqon1-

l-a1- i on

entity-t-ypes

of

structural
elements , e.9. , normal
heads or plane decks.

nnmn:

f aCe

(Fig. 2l:
available
- Plane: This can be described
by three
(non-collinear)
points.
This
spatial

exCompartment: Section of limited

of the three-dimensionatension
snace- Tt descrlbes
of the
the result
rlesi on nror:ess. which is of i-nterest
r ! v v v v v

1-,,+^

basic

f al

suf

oeonetrv

imi

description

+ha

the

is designated
and is stored

1 - r ' r fc

nr

effr.i

the

s + Y v !

f o

described
through a
This can be identi-

attri

enncrefe

tive

ImL6ehr +r u ,

Lai,'
uuuy

1ri nd

nninfer

1.cl fhp

aned

The

fu rhr o
!

Y r !

rro<

the

-Li^tsrrtP

i"lode1

Geometri-c

This information
"Basic Geometry"

snecial

f i od
ai

nreqenfed,

Element

surface efement is
geometric
primitive.

^v It

he

The central
descriptive
element of the
subdividlng
is the surface
structure
element.
Each element is identified
by a
Bul-knumber and receives a name (e.9.,
head 1) , through whj-ch its
use is des(to be set
cribed.
Geometric input data
elements.
the form

recoun f iLnr n
vrr

n-

srrs

fhc

hr'

1| -.

- J S C ra p surface
a com-

n.

Now is must be determined

in which attributes
or relaof the entity-types
tionship-types
the geometrical,
topolooical . and oroani zational
information
of
,

r: '. r' Yi d.

i nnchi

tion
of the fact
that various
elements form the boundary of
partment.

PUIdLfurr

c1^!Id9.

Tr .hr ri rs

tn/ !r

imifirre

offers

- ^ ^ ^ r \ i l i f r z
f n r
f- h^ o- , d* os
, crrpossrL----r
a s r m p 1r e- p
t i on of scr I ntrrred surf aces . It al-So

Interactit'eDesignof Ship C o n t p a rt m e n t a t i o r t
provides
a possibility
to represent
analytlcal-ly
described
surfaces
which
cannot be represented
by a tabulated
(e.9. a conic surface).
cylinder

TYPE

and

345

\- R
\ uGu

nni
nJ-q
1lvrr_ __

tive,
but with
matrices given
z. z. z

+^

fho

c:ma

nr
-;f

mI_

different
transformation
by IM and/or IT.

tne uurve

The space curves created

section
and the Ilmitation
q

el emFnt

"curve".

: re

ranresented

by

the interof surface

bv

fu rhr se

sern
r f e ri

ls-Jr r

It forms the derived

geomerry
of the ship structure.
Its descr:_ptlve
values consj-st
of offsets
on1y, between which it is interpolated
linearly.
For the purpose of the fast estimation
of lntersection
the extreme val_ues of
each curve:
XMIN, XMAX, yl,lIN, YMAX,
ZMIN, and ZMAX are stored additionally.
The space curves are treated
as pure
geometry elements.
fn reality
they aJ_ways describe
zones of special
mechanicaf treatment,
e.g.,
flame cutting
or
welding.
It would, therefore,
in practice,
be appropriate
to give additional
information,
such as the quality
of the
welding seam or the shape-of edie_
'>

Fig.

2:

The

comn:rfmah+c

2.3
Al

o o o m e f L rr ri u
c

yn !r i m i f

i r rv ov cJ

rl .r rs: vr !z, o

-i n
.,

pffn-

ciple,
only a limj-ted extenslon
in
space. Planar elements which can be
mathematically
defined
as unlimlted
in
- :

- ^

^ , , ^ L

^ ^

>rLy,

susrl

d5

I l _l^_^
rf rlqcl

> ,

dI

- l

prdnes
-1__tru q
dJ-WqJ

Of

tabulated

ron:rdorl

*: c-

cy-l -C. I. n g

defined
only between the definition
points.
Because all objects
to be model1ed in the technical
w
o
r
l
d
are of
'Iimil-od
ciza
f-l .r.i - s
as not too restrlctive
in generalities.
The advantage 1s
then the algorithmic
equal treatment
of naturally
limited
primitives
fike
rasLer surfaces
and of unl-imited primitives
like
straight
lines or planes.
Geometric

transformations

Fined

al

for

aaomc]-ric
Y e v r " s

mL^

lrre

^^-^^-!

LOmpart.ment'
nrmon

Lrrr

+. ,} ^- s, ^

-,.,
cuffd.C

elements are the actual

e]ements of interest
1n the spatial
subdivision,
Each
compartment receives
a number a1so,
through which it w11I be identified,
and a name with whlch its
intended
use
(e.9., Forward Peak, Cargo Hold 1) is
designated.
In addition,
the information on the kind and specific
weight of
rnho
its
conf
entc
i s
o i _ r .r o_n. .
a o n m o. +
, _r _ ; r c
:
descriptlon
resul_ts by means of the artribute
CONT, XS, YS, and ZS, whj_ch describe
the capacity
of a compartment
and the coordi_nates of its
centroid.

primitives

Geometric

.) . 2 . J

can be denrim
f r it Lf ri ur f z o c v s 5 .

This occurs through the attributes

IM
and IT. IIl te1ls
us whether the geomeprimitive
tric
shown through TypE and
NBG should be used reflected
or not.
IT points
to a transformation
matrix
with which the geometric
primitive,
descrlbed
by TYPE and NBG, can be rotated,
translated,
and scaled.
Through
this
it
is possible
to determlne the
geometry of surface
el-ements relative
to one another,
in that each entry of

The Refatj-onships

of

the

Geometric

tY-s.
The relationships
between the entities
form the topological
description
of the
mode1. Through them the connection
between the indlvidual
el_ements is described
so that even when an elementr.s
geometry changes, the overall
strucrure
can be adapted. This possibility
to
Adanf

: 1u 1u v+ -n. h
q
L qr fu r u qi n
r I=y l

l'r

+
t t ^' )

+
t nl e- \ ^

COnSeqUenCeS

of a change is very important

entlre
interactive
desiqn.

for

the

2.3.'1 The Surface-Boundary-Relationship

This relationship
expresses the boundj-ng of one element by another and conq f i f r r l - a q
' - , , +
f h o
+_n ,nrn_l n
a ig
a r lrca-L
ro
ti h- n
p u c ol ^ .+a E a , a s
defined by the user.
Surface-boundary-relationships
can be
"B limits
uni-directional:
A" and ',A is
limited
by B", or they can be bidlrec"A limits
tional
B" and "B llmits
A',
(Fig. 3) . 'Ihe appearance of bidirect:-ona1 refatlonshlps
describes
the case of
the solid,
where an edqe is alwavs
formed by two faces.
fhe relatioiship
used in the present
system, whlch also

346

U. Schumann-Hindenberg

a11ows uni-directiona
sents an extension
of solid modelling.

I
of

hnrrndrri
v v g r . s s !

1-ra

oc

! u J

ma+1-rnia
l aa"
urrvvvrvYf

F
' ' i ao '

q a . + i ^ n - P o l a f i n n c h i n

4 .

situated
haq

no

of

the

|ha

in

the

shape.

nr

as

does

and therefore
f

On the

hih^

rel-ationship
n- f-

interior

imnnrl-anno

ha

rlacnri

other
a

it

has

s u r f a! cq ee - $s 9 gvpv d :u rr rruzq -!

for

the

l-^^-,1-^

c- n- m
. . .nr :*r- f m o - + .

- yn,+l _ o n

hand,

)/

determination
+u hr r^c

^ iu^y^e^s
e

Of

the compartment
can be both boundarlz
curves or intersection
curves of surface elements.
2

Fig.

The surface-boundary-relatj-onship
also
descrlbes
the association
between the
limiting
and the lj-mited element.
A
change in the limited
element refers
onIy to itself
and leaves the limiting
element unchanged.
On the other
hand, a
al-r=nna

i n

+hn

I i ni

for a recalculation
curves and of allelements. In this
fn

Aa+armih^

ol

i no

Fmonf

ce

fhc

effecfg

the change of an element and to

the process of recalculatj-on
to
nimum required
scope.
2.3.2

IlS

of its own boundary

curves of the limited
way, it is possible

^?^^iselv
YruvrJU!J

lirnit
the mi-

The surface-intersection-relationship
describes
the intersection
of two surface elements,
without
their
creating
a
(FiS. 4). This relationmutual boundary
shin ariseq from the StrUCtUre defined
chin

e ..L Y

fore

#ha
=c

doeq

crrrane-hnrrn|:rr.-ral

Ao*i"o.l

no1-

t - n n n l n n vuY l

renresent

The Vertex-Relationshi

Apart from this,

further
vertex-rel_ationships
are possi-ble in the interior
^F

+h6

w e

n*

py;a6l

r v r

rrlran

+he

e]-e-

ments used to produce the curve limit

or i-ntersect
other
surface elements.
Even when elements are inserted
later
it
is possible
that more vertex-re1a. :
raonsnr-ps arl_se.
2.3.4

The Vo]ume-Boundary-Relationship

9f

The Surface-Intersection-Re1aEaonsnlp

+hrnrrah

This rel-ationship
describes
the intersection
of a suriace
element with a
boundary curve or an intersection
curve.
Each of these curves has at least
cwo
vertex-relationships
with its
respective
end-elements,
which correspond
to
the edge-verLex relationship
in solid
modeling.

Surface-Boundary-Relationship

3:

Tr rhres

d ce D
q ce rr i
u

l -r ui r nr n
r 1nl L

n *f
u

{-ho

^^mn:rf

- .m
, , 6- .n. +- S

l-S

realized
in this
system through a boundary representation.
It consists
of
surface
elements,
which form the boundary of the compartment,
and therefore
represents a list
of polnters
to the
bounding surface elements.
For this
reason it
is similar
to the sol-id mod a l i n a : n n r n : n h

Mr^n.i nd

^h+^

the

Relational

Data

Model

-tiOnrnrl

qr r v

r ru f
+i n
r rn
yu

1u r-r h\ - 1 g -

d qaLt( 4
u

The surface-intersection-re1a-.,onship
describes
a basically
differenc
case
than that of the surface-boundary-relationship.
That is that an intersection
curve between two surface
elements
i-s

The descri nf i on i n the enf i tv-re l ationship-modeI

is independent
of the data
processing standpoint.
It is necessary
to choose a data model (as part of a
further
abstract
step) in order to find
a computer representation.
For the present system, the relational
data mode1,
as j-ntroduced by Codd /2/,
has been

InteractiveDesignof Ship Compartmentation

347
TRANSFORMAT
I ON-

G E O M E T R YL-EF I

CONSTRUCTIVEG E O M E T R YL-EF I

Fig.

5:

Relatlonal

data

structure

T---

348

U. Sc ltttrnattr Hirtde rt b erg

chosen.
Frlr the renreqenfation
of entities
and
thi-s model offers
the conr
relati-onships
mon concept of a two-dimensional
table,
with rows and columns, which is called
Each entity-type
and each
a relation.
re] af i onsh i n-f vne wj-1I be shown in one
The attributes
form the corelation.
and a row delumns of the relation,
entity
or a relationscribes
a concrete
ship.
has

This concept
ges :
-

the

following

c^-

r^-i^-1

as a mean

table,

The two-dimensional
I U !

^+*rrctrrrino_

a U Y ! U q f

advanta-

fi rq

- L t u U L u r f I I Y r

se a: rs)

to

comprehend.
rrlhrnrroh

ranroconl-:+i

^^

Of

we get
and relatlonships
logical
data structure.

titj-es
simple
-

qamo

the

en-

f l r a

A fixed
defined
mndcl

ihiq

a v i

< l - i n a

number of basic
by Codd for the
c qar lf L uI
u

c f r l r ^ l - r r r o

-1 --L-^

Within

O 1 9 C l r q .

sel--Oriented

Y 9 v ! 9 ,

were
data

functions
relational

r! uel ld L I^U! Irr d r^ - - 1

cd

alcelrra-

g f

L r I r J

d a f a

fUnCtiOnS

are

through which the relations

available,
to create new relations
can be linked
Through the concatenation
as a result.
i-t 1s possi-ble to deof such functions,
fi

ne

comnl

ex

nf

wavs

nroceqq

i nc

i n

moThe
disadvantage
of the relational
dynamic capability
de1 is the limited
table.
one of its
of the two-dimensional
of aII
assumptions
is that
the entries
i-nstances
show the same number of vageometrj-c situalues.
In describing
!:

^-^

LI9ll-

L^-.^--^IIVWg

.hi

Vs!

rs

Lrrf

case, as the example

numbers of
different

. iq

rr

n
l l vo f u

e
q f l ww: qvJ s

i n

sneci

al

dvnami

the

to

oc^mcfrv

entire

logical

oenmetric

data

mndel

fi

relatj-ons

meens
of
nointerqqncci el
at1. ri hrrteq.
for

'i q

which
Fic.

:nd

structure
ehin

I cs.

of

+L^
LllC

^ ^v nl lcD{ u- r! ru rUn u] -f v s
u

f nr'-q

nf

f he

mornc

qf rrr.f-ure

ch i n

nf

nrncodrrra

Evaluation

tho

cleqcri

nf

i on

Of

a1- i nn<hi

n<

Surface-Boundary-

ruhr a
ls

cr ur lr r f ! o -u^s^

^s ll s^ l- tat E
ni-

f h:t

n h \ r qr ir nu :el r f
Prr]

lrr
I

exists
out of the corresponding
tr j-c pr j-mitive . The results
of

geomethe

ovalrrafinn

or

are-

fhorofnrF-

nne

mo1.e

e ,

v r ^ e

v r

fi s -

h
r r^u^u^ c- s- 'b a f y

entitles
of the "curve" type. It is
alqo noqqi]rle for fUrther
VerteX-reIationships
and surface-intersection-reIal- innchinq f-n:- rt p e a r .
rnho

fnl

for

the

l nuri na

nrn^^n''-^
r-Jucudlc

evaluation

of

surface-boundary

ral:l-innclrinc.

Look for bidirectional

relationship.
If a bidirectional
relationship
ex'iqJ-q-

1-he

reqrrlfino

cIr\/e

mtrsf

4|99

be entered for this

relatlonship.
This task can be done by means of
the relational
functions,
algebra
2.

Look for al-I boundary-relationships.

In order to calculate
a boundarycurve it i-s necessary to know all
the honndarrr 4lsmgnlS. ThiS task Can
also be done by means of relational
algebra functions.

3.

Calculation
of the intersection
primicurve between the geometric
tives
of the eLements in the relat i o n s h i n - R e c , 1 1 1 s et h e b O u n d a r i e s
Of

in

1-he

oeometri

i-dentical

the

- " - - ^ ^
5
Ul rdue

comnartmenta-

irra-nonma+r\/YsvltlsL!y

the

The evaluation
of this
relat:-onshlp
determines
the boundary curves for a surface element.
They cut the section
of

the

file.
The relationships
are represented
in the relations
BOUND, SECTION, VERTEX,
and VOLBOUND. Their
attributes
contain
only the pointers
which
to the entj-ties

of

Pal^{-irmhin

The

enti-tj-es
and "compartment"
in the relaare contained
ti-ons ELEMENT, CURVE, and VOLUME. The
geometric
values
are stored
in the bathe transformationsic-geometry-file,
{lll

i nn
l_rrr

3.1

nri

with

mi t i rzes

the

^ l
e
r e^r-L^ L^ te^ n E . s ,

are

not

boundaries
+ L ^

Ene

e ^ ^ , . f

r e s u I E I !ni g

of

the

curve is usually
longer than the
boundary curve of the surface
element. Therefore,
the bounding part
must also be determined.

The discrete
aspects of the
"surface element",
"curve",

-^;
4IlU

nf
od

rpl

ti-on.

fil^
!IIEt

r:onf

f ho

the

stnrgfl

shnws

of

the ship structure.

This means, that
the described
shape of the surface
elements and spaces does not exist
directly in the form of space curves, but is
procedures
derj-ved from evaluation
of

1s done by

are

descri

, . . , d: a, ^ m-a.+. , - ; I Y
and topology
of surface
elements and
compartments.
This information
is
stored 1n the corresponding
reLations

of two curves with

offsets
shows.

Mapping onto the relational

data model
was therefore
in such a way
undertaken
qeometric
information
is stored
that all
connection

DEFIN]TION AND MANIPULATION OF THE

STRUCTURE

The

'1.

fashion.

simple

3.

data
of the logical
The modification
structure
is also simple,
because an
number of relations
can be
unlimi-ted
introduced
or further
attributes
can
relations,
be added to the existing
This can take nlace without
influenn i n a

are related.
The additional
relation
E X T R E M As e r v e s t o r e c o r d i n t e r m e d i a t e
resul-ts.
It is not needed for the
structuraldescription.

4.

The calculation
of further
intersecpoints
tion
between the bounding
curve and other
boundj-ng elements.
It can be said that
for each curve,
the bounding part
ends at two endcl

of

emon1-q

wh i ch

bounding

he

l ono

elements.

fo

fhe

ggl

In t eract ive D esign oI' Ship Compar tm entat io n

The determination
of thc bounding
part of the curve.
ff the other intersection
points
have been calculated it
is possible
to determlne
the
1,.. a"-nr-^

-h .e- l- nr

^-v+
p
a r L v^ E!

o
- -f

thc

the

curve

with

Tt rl t- sr a

remaining curve parts,

outside of
these, are deleted.
This can also
dnno

| . h r n r r auhY r r

rr as f l qa f e li v nr rnqa !

be

*urrry

!^
Le

!L r LllrJ

nrnaor:lrrra

fu rhr dc

Evaluati-on
i

Rp

I A i

r An

c h

of

the

c Ln -a ^p^e
S

Volume-Boundarv-

1 n

The definitlon
of the individual
compartments
occurs by pointing
to their
bounding surface efements, which is
stored
in the form of volume-boundaryrelationships.
In order to determine
the geometrlc
shape of a compartment
this
relationship
must be evaluated.
Al1
J-hp
ncnoqqar\/
donma+ria
i n F a - . ,natIon
was already
calculated
and stored during the evaluation
of the surfaceboundary-re1ationship.
Therefore,
it is
possible
to use relational
algebra
functions
only to determine
the shape
of

dur:e is
1.

'l'ho

comnartmoL
n rf o s r r u oq

fnl

Inuli *..:

of

aI1

y-

JCe-

necessary:

The determination
elements.

n :ql r
u

^
u
r

the

of the surface
element is shown 1n the
form of space curves,
and one can check
for intersections
with other elements.
For determined
intersections,
curves
are calculated
similarly.
3.2

applications
to the deTherefore,
for the togi-

boundary

The determination
of all
curves
which are formed by boundary e1ements, In this
set of curves the
curves which form the edges of the
compartment
are contained
as a sub-

ll-"1 L,
usudrlv,

+L^
LIle

the

hel

of

r r c r t e w - r a l!

r q:

1 u- r iv rnr nr rcr ahP r i n c

Having carried
out this
procedure,
all
surfaces,
edges, and vertices
of a compartment
are known, so that
geomeits
trlc
shape is described in full.
Its
volume and centroid
can now be cafcu1ated.
4.

6 shows the

THE CONCEPTOF THE REALIZED DESIGN

SYSTEM

The real-ization
of a system for ship
compartmentation,
Ii_ke a CAD-system in
general,
creates
problems which appear
similarly
in the development of information-systems.
In both cases means
must be available
to map the conceptual
model of a user onto a computer-internaI storage-structure
and to aflow the

i ^ - l ^ *
L
res.Lgn

logical

q
f sormL . .
- )r z oq u

e n 1u- ri ! rue

descri

nf

neans

of

T^ h- .o_

^ . . ^ -

syst,em,

structure
+_ rrr n i n :

i nn

nf

f hc

f ho
oonmof

qh

i n

ri

of

y-JCe-

qf
r nu * rur ur at c
r L rr r u
mnr:la l

above,Also
the mapping onto
nal data model i_s contained
conceptual
schema therefore
basis

fnr

:l

ffFrlmFf
:uvrlL

lu-y' . '

nracnn+^,l
IJ!sJgllLgu

the relatiohere. The

offers
a

r \ / - o r i o nr sf ar rdu s q

r nP nP l ri rnu: qq

tions
in ship design.
As an example for
such an application
the external
schema
!f vo !r

nrcnari
rJ!eyq!

attached

trn
r ya

in

1L .rl rr ea

Fiq.

n Ir on c^ ]rur C
n t+' I O n i n n
p

^p lI a n- S
-.

IS

6.

The conceptual
schema is based on the
j-nternal
schema, 1n whj_ch the loqical
data structures
and manipulationi
are
!r se oa r r zI ci u z o d

tL- 1l rtr!nurur n
9 ht I

f_ -h-a,

nhrrqi
r.^f

nr'l

functions
and access methods
ci-al system sof tware.
This segmentatlon
vantages 3
-

has the

c+
_
_ ^_ ', : a 9 e

of

a spe-

followinq

ad-

Through the use of different

layers
the physical
and logical
data independency j-s ensured,
so that the further
development
and change of the system
will
not have any influence
on exlst'inn

LrIe

The special
functions
of the external
schema are realized
through the qeneralIy applicable
functions
a.td efem6nts of
the conceptual
schema. It contains
the

L^,,-l
^*-.
IJOuIt(-lary

curve of a surface
element is not
identical
with
the edge of a compartment. The part which exactly
corresponds to the edge must be determined. This can also be done with

+ h ^

dures of the design of the ship compartmentation,

such as defininq
the structure elements and the calculation
of
trim and stability,
are placed together
1n the external
schema. Elements such as
decks and bulkheads,
with which ship
structures
can be described,
are available to the user here.

The determinati-on
of the parts
of
curves,
which form the edges of comh
y a- r! + h L^ rFL+L s l l L .

^ +u ru1 !r ri tr r^ g
rc ur rr rul u

Flg.

: 1r s u
na
q
v l! - ' r : a

functions.
^^^^*Ir
nuuvr

access of other
scribed object.

the widely
accepted and proven threeschema-concept of an information
system
has been chosen for the present project.

the

r z c r f c x - r p l :! ts i tnqnuqr hv ir nr r r t r l J .

349

:nnl

i n =* +- . i- ,n,nS

The use of a conceptual

schema permits
the integration
of numerous other
ap^ 1 i
p - L r^c- ar l E a^o- ^n s rr n- s^ Lhl i p d e s i g n a s w e l l a s
of standardized
software.

The use of external

schemes permits
easy adaptation
of the modelling
system to a variety
of different
problems.

Tr hr re L

se nr tr L r il sr e

n r! nvdyr _^ m
p

q1/q1. om

a:n

^l . .r c_ ' e a S I -

1y divided
into several
modules, so
that,
observing
the interfaces,
complete modul-es can be exchanged. This
is important
for future
hardware realization
of data base functions
or
geometric calculations.
This concept is, therefore,
not only applrcable
to the ship compartmentation,
but also to an integrated
geometry-oriented desiqn-svstem.

350

U. Schumarut-H indenb erg

E X T E R N ASLC H E M A
A p p li c a t i o n p r o g r a m

A p p li c a t i o n p r o g r a m

G E N E R AALR R A N G E M E N T

NUMER
C IA L C O N T R O L

Elements

E le m e n t s

Deck

P o in t
Curve

ii;lilil"'Hlil;::'
Ve

Str :i nh

Tangent
Ci r c I e

B o u n d a r yo f P a r t
B o u n d a r yo f C o m p a r t m e n t

C O N C E P T USACL H E M A
G e o m e t r c. ia l E l e m e n t s
P la n e

C ur v e
Surface-Element
V o lu m e

T:hrr'lrl-

l ^ r r ' li n d o r

Raster-Surface

T o p o l o g i c a lE l e m e n t s
S t tr f a r ^ p -R n r r n d ar v - R e I

Section-Relationship
V e r t e x - R eal t i o n s h ip
V o lu m e - B o u n d a r y - R e 1 .

@d

Datastructure :
Relation

I N T E R N ASL C H E M A
Elements
C y li n d e r s
Blocks
Records

6 .

T,noi c: I
rioci

sf rrrcture

of

the

q\7q1-om

an

EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN

5.

pj-ctures,
taken from /3/ '
The following
show the design of a compartmentatj-on
stages.
of a RoRo-Ship in various

hnrrndarv-rel at i onsh i ns i n fhe rel ation

BOUND. The BUILD-command starts
the
By
evalutation
of these relationships.
these means the entire
structure
is deflned (Fig. 9).
The next

(FiS. 1l
from a given hulI
Starting
to create
elements are defined
further
a

cl osed

enrzel

one

'Ihese

el emcnts

are

the maindeck and the

the flat
bottom,
Fig.
B shows the
nonsymmetric stern.
the surface-element
commands to define
"I'Iat Bottom".
an element
The SET-command creates
j-ts geomenamed FLAT-BOT and defines
+Fr,
Lry

q- r>

q-

, lc^ u^ LL
u

rw. fr i +
Lh
rr

rL r6si fa hY+r r u

vf t.

rF^
rv

!r c- -a rf i , ^ r z s

sten

r+mon+c

i s the
in

+he

definition

of
AS

StrUCtUge.

kind

and

sneci

fic

weiohf

of

1-he contents.

Again the LIMIT-command and BUILD-command are used to define

the topology
The CALCand to start
the evaluation.
the calculation
of volume
conrnand starts
of the centroid
for this
and coordinates
-dmne

rlman

j-n the data-structure,

a geometric
this
n r i mi t i w e o f t h e t v n e " n l a n e " i s c r e a is added in the related and an entry
tion
ELEMENT. The LIMIT-command defines

H:\/ind
dcfined
:nd evaluated
all
'l
{Fi o. 1 )
n;rf ments of i ntercqt
then nossihle
to calculate
trim

l-ha

h i l i t r z

f nnnl

elements

narz

hrz

and

insertinq

nami

na

:* , I* I
h
r
- -n *r r^n.d* - . 1i 9
them as surface-

an

e x a m p l e F j - g . 10 s h o w s t h e d e f i n i t i o n
of 1.hc forward
ncak. The ROOM-cOmmand
defines
the name of the compartment
and

n f

conditions

+ h c

q h i n

i n

q a \ / a r ^ l

comi l- is
and sta-

l o : d i n o

htteractiyeDesignof Ship Compartmentation

Fig.

7:

The

hull

S E TF L A T - B ODTE C O
K.
LIIIIT ELEMEN
FT
L A TB- ( ) TBY HULLPCRT
HULLSTRB
L I M I TE L E M E N
F LTA TB- O TB Y S T E I S
' 1T T R N
B U I L DE L E [ 4 T N
T A TB- O T
FL

_,_-,------

--

Flg.

Fig.

8:

9:

The surface-element

The ship

srructure

FLAT BOTTOM

-;;;==-

351

3s2

U. Schumann-Hindenberg

BK
A L L A S1T. 0 2 5
R O ( ) IFI I , I D - P E A
SB
TEI"1
RU
T LLSTR
I 4W D - P I ABKY H U L L P O H
L I M I T R O OF
TAINDECK
L I M I T R O O IF' I ^ J D - P EBAYKB U L K H DFSL A T - B OM
MW D - P E A K
B U I L DR O O F
PEAK
CALCFI^/D214.A? 0 . 0
V O L U M=E 8 9 1. 2 ? m * * 3 C E N T R O=I D

Pio.

Fia
rf9.

11.

6.

F O R W A R DP E A K

The compartment

10:

dr^r1h
Ylvuy

vn !f

r f! m a n 1 - q
vn vn rmL n, Ia/ q

CONCLUSION

'r'lro nracan{-aA
v v v . . v v s

REFERENCES

crrqlem

s J

i-s

tool

to

de-

fine
the spatial
subdivision
of a ship
hulf
and to calculate
all
necessary i-nformation
for the design of the compartmentation.
geometric
The created
model
of the ship structure
can be used by
other
applications
and provi_des therefore a basic model for an integrated
geometry-oriented
design system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T

am

Mrq

or:tefrrl
E

paring

f n

Krrienal<

this

M
12.31

/ 1/

chen,

fnr

paper.

.T.

fhoir

Encl
holn

i qh

and

-i n- . p r e -

The

entity-realtion-

a unified
vi_ew
Database Syst.1

/2/

Codd, E.F., A relationalmodel of

data for large shared data bases.
C o m m u n .A C M 1 3 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

/?/

Qchrrm:nn-I{inrlonl-rora

tri
Mi qc

P. P. S. ,

ship model - toward

of data, ACM Trans.
(1976\.

qch-J-nnnl

nai

fv ,. l

qnho

lv il o
nmavrrru

-M. n
- *r -l a- ^ l- -Ir i o r r J n g

schif f sinnerer
Raumauftei-1ungen,
Ph. Thesis , Inst.
f i.ir Schif f s- und
Meerestechnik, TU Berli-n (1985).

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O I F I P ,I 9 8 5

353

D E S T G N O F C O M P L I C A I ] E DM E C H A N I C A L E Q U I P M E N T
AREAS WITII CAD TECHNIQUES
Ari Elo
Elomatic Oy
VdhdherkkilSntie
37, Turku,

The ship engine room is a typical

area in whrch rhe positioning design
tack

of

ov

cnmnl

machi

rarrr

)i

aP
n nv a
: r' c
q
ca

Finland

designers

r.

There are similar

areas also in offshore modules and different
kinds of
;m-rir,,, in the chemical
nr:nf
industry.
Typical
features
for this
L i n d
n f
a
e n ^ ^ 6
r: r e e . q . a q r e a t n u m ber of pipes,
equipment positioned
at
di f fcrenihciohtq
in
t -h a
cn^^a
' -qulpm e n t d e m a n d in g e x p e r t i s e
in di fferent
fields
of technology and finally
that
the area to be designed is so large
that
the information
flow between the
m :* n
r
' ^ f

1 _

j ^h6r-

rlac

'

y ! a r i l u t

F,a6.611oq

:n

i mno-t

ant

factor.
The last mentioned point
be taken seriouslv
into account.

must
Picture

The development has led in raising

the level of the design work at the
same trme when the objects
to be
(pict.
designed have become larger
l).

ES
10000

2.

In order to show that profit

is gained
by the computer aided design,
the
nethod currently
in use must be first
carefully
analyzed. The design of
machineries
can be devided in three
phases (pict.3).
Phase l. includes
defining
of the process with equipment
sneci

fi

e:ti

nns

anri

nrnca<c

cnhamac

Specif
icotion
Pl- diogr oms

1000
100
10

section

1950 -80 2000 t ime

1900
Picture

l.

The economical

reasons

are,

however,
--,,r ng
the throughput
time. In thls
case the
number of designers working simultasimrr'l]-:noorrq'lrr'lo:dinn

tn

neottql

mrrcl-

\/

on

tho

in

order

creased
des i on

work

ai r- r^ g

+ h ^

fi ^r i

Lrle

nrniacf

i rn'rf
, i ^ - . ,

u e s r g- -l l

to
-

achieve
E: ch

^ - ^ , , ^

g r uup

2).

i -

nf

--l:-^in6

rho

Picture

cl-rnrfan

l-ro

i n-

sufficient

doe i onor
n , r - +

l l . L SL

work-

^ . , ^ L .
e
xcnange

information
with al] the other members
of the group. This means that the
larger
the group is the smaller is the
nrnf

Yofk drqyings

isom etr ics.

m to' s

n r n er ur [n,

f\ n j C t .
Pr,

3.

Phase two comprises creating

the geometry of the object
to be Cesigned.
The equipment is first
positioned
on
its place and after
this
the routing
j-s done as well as other
of the prping
outfitting
needed. Phase three:
In
this
stage the work drawings of the
designed parts are output according to
fhe

cro:tari

a a_n_ m
. ,o
, ,* -L,r' y .
r

m
^ -n-al I II y
- Lrr -d^ o l Ii ' t+ i o

the work tool of the desjgner has been

pen and paper. When the size and comn l - o- -w. i.
tr

f- rr z

nf

has,

in

the

of
,.ca

^]ir^^+

first

ur

y,

p1ace,

vwr

yn rhr-o. S

tWO

presupposed

^ocinn
ma+hnA
nf
tha
ThiS
a nrnorFqsirze
sten
has
hcgn
^f
^6. i ^model
rrade of
nlaSt

dovelnnino
kind
+ha

f l-\6

A. Elo

354

i n order Lo visual i ze the posiLion i ng

d e s i g n . T n s h j p b u i 1d i n g , t h e p 1a s t i c
model has taken place in r-he destgn of
merchant vessels in the 1960's. Using
the comnttter h:s since I97Ots been dirccfod

f^

_:*rpdrawing process schemes,

nranari

ment 1ists,
^-!

+^
L U

: n d

"^'-k

V U L P U L

W V r

piprng

as to

The graphics
a r : fi v i t v
of
r--entl v

hcen

faron+

d rroaw w
u
f

o^,,

i n l ot ycs .,

yn l r

i rmr ial ,r . i_l _r - r1

drawings

is

rot

onnrroh

vor

routing

properly.

t i on

fhe

of

Pi nem:r

fn

anahlo

In

the

i c

Srzqfom

i -h o

in

Tr

nhcarrzi

1 9R0'5

rlre

no

:raac

r-omnlev

n c ov rm
l t Ua t

hnr,rova-

aw:mnl

naa

d i cnh:

raa

A i c^l

v r J y ! q } ,

Y !

r \ ?/
-

the

I :ra
o ' )l
.

n n1

+U h a

hI a s

manufacturers.
Thus
customary to offer,
for sufficient
size
concepts 1i ke
panni
zooming.
Perhanq

qnoci:l

fhF

'

i st

of

c Lo m nr . r t g l

it has become
as a substitute
of the screen,
ng , rotat i on and

roarr

i romonf

nF

positioning
design has not been understood sufficiently,
namely the need
to simultaneously
see a detail
and
the whole. The need is stressed
hear,rilv

when

narf

fhe

in

qa\/orAl
wnrk

desionor<

ta(g

simrrltanaolqlw:nd

their
mutual exchange of rnformation
quick orientation
requires
over and
over on the different
parts of the
araa

l-ra

l-^

fhe

daci^ncd_

nlaqtie

quite

modol

Tn
h:q

rccneCt

fhiq

nrnrrod

tL -v n

Y L v v s u

ho

v L

superior.

In

order

^ ^ m n a + a

to

plastic
nv

enable
r f

Ir qa or d
r L+

the

data

model
"

^ r - - - k l
v a - 5 o u r y

' . ' i + L
w r L l l

mode1, we have in

r.,h j ah

-enrFqpnf

dcrzcl

the
nngfl

a solution
which uses simultaneously
several
screens at one designers work
terminaf.
The idea is simple:
If it
ic

n^+

nnccjl-.1o

f6

enlaroc

the

la
t

R]

:.'

electroluminescence,
and LCD (liquid
crystal
display),
the manufacturing
: i - ^ l - '
c a n : h i l i + i a c
n f
,1 d- -r ^g^ e r 1r -a+r o
rsprays
has proceeded more slowIy than anticipated,
so that we are, at least
for the present,
forced to be satisfied with the cathode ray tube.
Graphics programs have been develop-

the

sizg

of the screens,
the number of them
must be increased,
so that necessary
area is obtained.

e-l. .:l-.1
l-:'i;li,
yl'L-tr7
Picture
Tf

r16

+n

l-ra

c66n

.. 1 e:rl

r..

Th^

wi

dth

I s

not

4.

ennrnh

ihet

rrqi

nn

!cvnr rmL nt rrur + u^ sr !-

to create data models is possible.

It must also be profitable.
When comparing different
methods, it is easy
to note that the DP systems cause the
greatest
investing costs and, for
this
reason, they must also come off
the work wlth the fewest possible
work hours, The final
objective
is
simply achieving
reliable
work drawings for manufacturing
according to
the timeschedule.
The statistrcs
presented in the fo1lowing are based on the design commrssions made by the design company
Elomatic Oy during the years 1916 1981. Plastic
model have been used at
Elomatic since 1974, so that statrstrcs have been taken only with orojects for which routine
methods by
a trained
staff
have been formed. In
table 1,
14 design commissions are
presented,
in all of which plastic
models have
been used in the posi_
tioning
design. The total
design
time includes also alI work hours
needed for the making of different
model parts.
Modj-fications
and addi_
tr-ons, made in the object
in the
course of work not depending on the
reason, are included in the work
time. Instead,
the makinq of actual
work drawings, that is phuse three
presented in the picture
3,. is not
I

The picture
area has also been enlarged further
in that memory area in
the graphics
processor
have been reserved separately
for each of the
three screens. A large plcture
can be
stored
into
these memory areas which
can then be viewed by panning without
time delay.
practlce
In
the scale
1:20 is the lower limit,
if NS 25 ptn6c

h4yg

capabilities
and intercomo:ters have onlv redprzal oned

ar

Iaroe

for

wo

the

solu-

chosen the size of the background

area of each screen to be 20OOx 2000
pixels,
which enables viewing the area
of l5 x l5 m in scale l:20. The following picture
makes the basic idea
of the termlnal more clear (pict.
4).

most limiting
factor
is still
the
srze of the screen. Although a great
number of display
methods are known,

arl

dnino

basic

consider seriously
the positiondesign (phase 2) wrth the aid of

comnlf

oI

di

prefabrication
r_] r-. _
r . . / r n g s .

: c c a m h l \ '

to
ing

na

of the screen, 40 cm, corresponds to

the drstance of B m rn reality.
Thrs

n -

l r r d ^ i

T 6
L ^
a r r +r n
e !c^ aL jr l t e^ z. ,
22 ob jects are pre_
sented in which the positioning
be_
sr-gn was done using plane and iec_
tion drawings. As in the previous
cases, the recorded design hours in_
clude al1 the design ro.k done in the
project,
but the pipe prefabrificatron drawings and the iiometric
drawrngs are not included in the work
hours.

Desigttof ComplicatedMechatticalEquipntent Areas

ruStrx )trsI

v0luht
li, I

PR0.'t(l

1 . sA-60liGRl\tn vEssEr

TM0.SsIP
iGIl NMI rcDt

tsErRcff sfftP
tiGlri Rmr rtEL

500

IAiXER
PUtf RMI
COAST6UANDEOAT
ENGIlf RMI rcOL

6.

R0R0-sflP
ti6IE nmt ioD(t

5ll

7
E

Ii['f"l,-t '.",-

13(0

Rfr}.SX I P
FffiIS IM

4.

r2l
t3

MEI

NSAACH
SffIP
r6tt n@r rctfL

PASSEiGIR
SHIP
lur.EilGllt Rodt tsD.

5,1

990

0Jt

5400

55

ilt

or.

450

t.60

2t39

5,t
t.t

2150

0.15

1050

t,l

520

927

r_01

?l15

a.l

5tl

at5

rr.

I lo0

taa

0,n

1795

IJ

3.t

fl90

TU6 EOAT
F|GIF RM MFI

PIP IILL
BI.AII LIO. EVAPM.PTAIIT 2500
SIARCNADIfSIVE IILL
tlo0
FACTMYTDL
FERTOCROTiILL
FACTfiY MotL
47000

Table

?.4

2r65

l,0l

12
1 4

5135

0,99

501

1 1

1,32

(94

!01

The comparison figures

compiled from
the statistical
materlal
are positroned in the following
picture
(pic_
ture 5 ) with the axes indicating
vo_
lume vs. number of the lines.
Ii can
be seen that at a density
coeffici_
ent 0,3 the time of the design work
is the same whether using the model
or drawing method. When the complex_
ity
grows, the model becomes mole
economical.

4,0

OJ'

t250

tt0

oJo

2t10

214

0.04

Il

ttt

the pipelines
by the volume. The pipeline number takes rnto account also
the number of the equipment to be positioned.
The number of the lines
is
calculated
simplified
in the way that
all
the connectj-on points
in the
equipments are summed up and dtvided
by two.

0tsr6xilt

?00

t.a

0.01 tSat

35s

4,1

MODEL TlETHOO
D6tcNtN6
$ouns/r_rn:

_srylssg{
O_e91
Cl rUC Xor.leqlu xa

hILLIIIG RI6, SB AFI, PILLAR

ACCCf{tDATIfi ntG, SB Fm PIt

ACCOIITDATIOI
NI6, BB FME PIL
&

D. ri v n +L ,q

Table 2.
rrrn an-hr
desion

metrics
1)

^^h^--:no

maihnris

f roa6--

di

oach

wi-h

n-hor

k i nds
-rvo

of

must be defined:

The size

of

the

d i f f i e t t l r r r

n f

o- n- - -l r z f h n q a
t
i mnorfanl

q
_ nt a*- *a c _ . wh

t h o

i eh

object.
d a q i a n
^, f

I ho

t -h a
noq

As to
cr 'n. .m. .m i -c- c- -i r

nl^'ianF
J__,
i t i nni na

the
)fl t
*: , r_ e
do-

sign can use. The volume of the whole

project
is calculated
in cubic metres
and from this
is subtracted
the volume
reotr

i rod

o v a m n l o

lrrz
l h o

I : rdo
m : i n' r r

a^rr

i nmanl-

o
s l- r- Y: -i l. l s ,

h
u !j Y

| a+L -d *l _t N. -> ,

etc.
" \

n L ^

r, c. o
- Ja
- .r d

, l i . . i ^ ' - l - , .
t o

f h o

diffiettl*r'ic

n o s j t

the

o f

- h o
rrrc
i o r i n o

vo uh i oJ cs .L L .
d o c i o - _

same aS the

L n
t h e

d e ,nr rsa i tu vJ

of the equipment. The best unir of

measure is the coefficient
which is
the result
of dividing
the number of

-^

<

J .

When comparing the methods, attenc_

ron must also be paid to the quality
of the r.rork. Af ter the number of er_
ro.:s -in- f_he completed drawings had
been calculated
separately,
it ,.=
proved that the modellrng technique
l-essened the number of eirors.
witn_
out postrng oneself too closelv
on
these statistics,
it can be stited
that the limit
of profitabilitv
in
the model method is shifted
to the
density
coeffrcient
of approx. 0, I 5 .
The hours presented
above did not in_
clude the work time needed for makrng
the work drawings. Since the year l9B0
the Ptpematic CAD program has been
used at Elomatic Oy. This program out_
puts lsometric
drawingrs, prefabrica_
tron drawings, and parts lists
of the
pipes. About 30.000 drawings have
been
produced with this
p.ogr.*,
so that
the work time statistics
available
are
reliable.

356

A. Elo

The
i n

ortnrrt

h:s

f l-oront

di

rzaried

nroice

some extent

to

tq

no

denondi

ard

6p

n-of :Lrri.Af i Dn
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HULL FORM GENERATION

Crmputer Applicationsin the Automation of

ShipyerdOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Banla andC. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.\2.(North-Holland)
IFIP,I985

3s9

A B - S P L I NS
EU R F A C
SE
Y S T EFMO RS H I PH U L LD E S I G N
N i l s G j e r s o eF o g
D e p a r t m e not f 0 c e a nE r r g i n e e r i n g
T h e T e c h n i c a lU n i v e r s i t y o f D e n m a r k
DK-2800
L y n g b y ,D e n m a r k

T h e p a p e rd e s c r i b e sa d e s i g np r o g r a r n m
f oe| i n t e r a c t i v e s h i p h u 1 1d e f .ni . ti i o n a n d f a i r i n g
u s i n g a B - s p l i n et e n s o r p r o d u c ts u r f a c e . T h e s u r f a c e i s d e f i n e db y a n e t w o r ko f c o n t r o l
p o i n t s a n d d e s c r i b e db y t w o f a m il i e s o f c r o s s i n gp a r a m e t ecr u r v e s .
T h e d e f i n i t i o n i s r e a c h e di n t e r a c t i v e l yb y c o m p a r i nagn d f i t t i n g I o n g i t u d i n a lp a r a m e t e r
c u r v e sw i t h o f f s e t p o i n t s , d i g i t i z i n g c o n t r o l p o i n t i o n t h e C R T .F i t t i n g t h e
s u r fa c e
t h . is
w a y i s b a s e do n t h e i d e a t h a t s h i p s n o r m a l l ya r e s l e n d e rb o d i e s ,c a u s i n gl o n g i t u d i n ai n
l arap
m e t e r c u r v e st o f l o w n e a r l y h o r i z o n t a .l
F a i r i n g t h e s u r f a c ei s a c c o m p l i s h e
bd
y d i g i t i z i n g t h e c o n t r o l _ p o i n tisn t h r e e p r o j e c t i o n
p l a n e s , u t i l i z i n g t h a t s u r f a c ei r r e g u i a r i i i e s o f i e n a p p e a r
e n l a r g e ab y o b s e r v i n gt h i s n e t workof control points
T h e s u r f a c ei s p l o t t e d p a r a m e t r i c al yl u s i n g p e r s p e c t i v ea n d s i m p l e
h i d d e nI i n e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s . E x a c ti n f o r m a t i o na b o u t t h e s u r f a c ec a n b e e x t r a c t e d . i n
i r r e f o r m o f I i n e d r a wn
i gs or
o f f s e t b o o k s .S i m p l ev o l u m ec a l c u l a t i o n sc a n b e p e r f o r m e da, n d f u r t h e r
o n i t i s p o s s i b l et o
c a l c u l a t ei n t e r s e c t i o n w
s i t h c y l i n d r i c a le l e m e n t s
T h e B - s p il n e s u r f a c ed e f i n i t i o n e x h i b i t s . n o . s p e c i f igce o m e t r i c
r e s t r j c t . i o n s a, n d k n u c k l e
I i n e s ' t r a n s o ms t e r n s , v a n i s h i n gd i s c o n t i n u i t i e s b, u l S o u s - b o w s
o r p r o p e l l e rb o s s i n g s a, r e
e l e m e n t sw h i c h c a n b e m o d eI le d .

1.

INTRODUCTION

T r a d i t i o n a1l y m a t h e m a t i c aslh i p h u 11 s u r f a c e
d e s i g nh a s b e e nc o n f i n e dt o c o m p o s i n gt h e h u . l l
f r o m v a r i o u s s i m p l em a t h e m a t i c aejl e r i e n t s .I n
0 p p o s i t i o nt o t h i s r e s t r i c t i v e a n d d i f f i c u l t
a p p r o a c ht h e u s e o f a B - s p l i n e t e n s o r o r o d u c t
s u r f a c ew i l l o f f e r t h e d e s i g n e rm a n ya d v a n t a g e s
a n d g r e a t f r e e d o mi n t h e p r o c e s so f d e f i n i n g - '
a n d m a n i p u l a t i n gt h e s h i p h u 1I s u r f a c e :
.

T h e s u r f a c e i s d e s c r i b e da s a s i n q l e e l e m e n t
a v o i d i n g ' in n e r c o n s t r a n. it s s u c ha a s p e c i f ._i
c a t i o n o f d e r i v a t . i v e s t, w i s t s , e t c .

T h e s u r f a c e i s c o n t r o ll e d s o le l y b y p oi n t s
d e s c r i b i n ga n e t w o r ko u t s i d e t h i s u r i a c e .
t h u s o f f e r i n g a c i e a r i n t u i t i v e f e e li n g o t
the surface.

T h e n e t w o r ki s b a s i c a l l y r e c t a n g u l a r ,b u t
t r i a n g u l a r o r d e g e n e r a t el d. i n e i h a p e dp a r t s
c a n e a s i l y b e i n t r o d u c e dt o m e e tl o c a l d e _
m a n d sf r o m t h e s u r f a c e .

T h e r ea r e n o s p e c i f i c g e o m e t r i cr e s t r i c t i o n s
t o t h e s u r f a c ea n d o n l y a r e l a t i v e s m a l l
n u m b e ro f p o i n t s a r e r e q u . i r e dt o d e s c r i b e
e v e n c o m pi lc a t e d g e o m e t r . i e s .

T h e p o l y n o m i co r d e r i s i n d e p e n d e not f t h e
g e o m e t r y t, h u s m a k i n gi t p o s s i b i et o m a i n _
tain low order.

B - s p li n e b a s i s f u n c t i o n sh a v e. l o c a l s u p p o r r
t h e r e b ye n s u r i n gt h a t m o d i f i c a t i o n sw i i i
a f f e c t t h e s u r f a c eo v e r a l i m i t e d a r e a o n l v .

A m e t h o du t i I i z i n g t h e s e p n in c i p l e s h a s b e e n
i m p l e m e n t eidn a c o m p u t e rp r o g r a mf o r i n t e r a c t i v e d e f i n i t i o n a n d f a i r i n g o f a s h i p h u lI
s ur f a c e .

2.

SURFAC
DE S C R I P T I O N

T h e s u r f a c e i s g e n e r a t e da s a w e i g h t e ds u mo f
c o n t r o l p o i n t s ( p o l y g o np o i n t s ) f o r m i n ga n e t w o r ku s u a l l y o u t s i d et h e s u r f a c e :

N-k M-t
P ( u, w ) =

L
LEr,
i=1 j=1

N i , r ( r )M r , i ( w )
t1:u!t1*1
115uS ri+l

I n t h i s n o . t a t i o n c. i i a r e c o n t r o l p o i n t s a n d
N * , r ( u ), M r , : ( w ) a i e B - s p l i n eb a s i s f u n c t . i o n s
or order k and
N a n d M r e p r e s e n tt h e
numbeo
r f k n o t s j n t h e r e s p e c t i v ek h o t v e c t o r s
(l+,)
( r j ) . T h e s ea r e c h o s e nt o b e u n i f o r m
9nd
w r r n s r a r t a n d e n d k n o t s w h i c ha r e m u l t i p l e b y
t h e c o r r e s p o n d i nogr d e r o f t h e B - s p 1
ine basisf u n c t i o n s . U s i n go r d e r 4 a n d u n i f o r mp a r a m e t r i z a t i o n t h e s u r f a c e. i s f u l l y d e t e r m i n e b
dy
t h e n e t w o r ko f c o n t r o l p o i n t s , i n t h e p r e s e n t
w o r k t y p i c a l1 y a f i g u r e a r o u n d2 0 " 1 5 .

360

\'. GjersfoFog

P o i n t s o n t h e s u r f a c e a r e d e t e r m i n e dr e c ur s i v e l y
u s i n g t h e d e B o o r a l g o r i t h m [ 1] :

'l

ti!u5tia

N r , r ( u )=
0

t " t r , o ()u

-=

f .

o t h e r wi s e

.
i .

T h i s a r r a y o f o f f s e t p o i n t s i s l i n k e dt o t h e
s u r f a c ed e s c r p
i t i o n i n t h e m i d s hpi s e c t i o n d e m a n d i n gt h a t e a c h r o w c o r r e s p o n d st o a c e r t a i n
'l lo n g i t u d i n a l I i n e o f c o n t r o l p o i n t s ( p o l y g o n
i n e ) . T h u st h e m i d s h i pc o l u m no f o f f s e t p o j n t s
m u s t b e f i l l e d a n d m a t c ht h e d i m e n s i o n
of the
n e t w o r ko f c o n t r o l p o i n t s i n u p p e rd i r e c t i o n .

-a+K

- f .
-

'N' i., k - 1

,'

-r+l

nl
r t i . l

i - l

Fig.2 Offset points.

a n d s i m i 1 a r l yf o r

M1,g(w).

T h e s u r f a c e i s t h u s d e s c r i b e db y t w o f a m i l i e s o f
c r o s s i n g p a r a m e t e rc u r v e s , t h e r e b y r e d u c i n gt h e
p r o b l e mo f f i n d i n g p o i n t s a n d i n t e r s e c t i o n so n
t h e s u r f a c eo n l y t o i n v o . l v et h e m a n i p u l a t i o no f
B - s p 1 i n ec u r v e s , u t i I i z ' i n g t h e f a c t t h a t d e r i v a t i v e s a r e B - s p l i n e so f l o w e r o r d e r .
3.

N o r m a l l yl o n g i t u d i n a l p o l y g o nI i n e s a r e c h o s e n
t o b e h o r i z o n t a l ,c a u s i n gt h e l o n g i t u d i n a lp a r a m e t e rc u r v ea t t h i s l e v e l t o f l o w l i k e a w a r e r
l i n e . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i nrgo w o f o f f s e t p o i n t s i s
r e s t n i c t e d t o t h i s s a m ew a t e r p l a n e m a k ' i n gi t
yn vo Js Js i' hu l c

tn

r pL l taut L
pc n
u f. f c p t

nninlc

and: *

l, O n g t -

t u d i n a l p a r a m e t e cr u r v e e x a c t l y .

P R E P A R IT
NH
GED A T A

C o n t r o l p o i n t s . A s i m p l i f i e d p l a n e n e t w o r ko f
coritrof-poTntssituated in the center symmetry
p l a n e a n d m o s t l y b a s e du p o nt h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f s t e ma n d s t e r n c o n t o u ri s d e f i n e d , F i g . 1 .

F i g. 3

C o n t r o l p o in t s .

I n a r e a s o f t h e h u l l w h e r ei t i s n o t p o s s i b l e
f u 1 1 y t o r e s t r i c t l o n g i t u d i n a lc o n t r o l I i n e s t o
w a t e r p l a n e s( F i g . 3 , s t e r n ) , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
r o w 0 f o f f s e t p o i n t s m a yh a v e t o b e f i t i n t u i t i v e l y t o f o l l o w t h e r e s u l t j n g p a r a m e t ecr u r v e .
Fig.'l Initial layout of control point
nerworK.
T h el o n g i t u d i n a lf l o w o f c o n t r o l l i n e s a r e
c h o s e nt o b e a s f a r a s p o s s i b l eh o r i z o n t a l . A s
s h i p s n o r m a l l ya r e s l e n d e rb o d i e st h i s p r o p o s i t i o n s e e m sn a t u r a l .

4.

I ' I A NPIU L A T I NAGN DF A IR I N GT H ES U R F A C E

F i t t i n g t h e s u r f a c ei s a c c o m p
i sl h e d b y d i s p l a y i n g l o n g i t u d i n a l p a r a m e t ecr u r v e sa n o c o r r e s p o n d i n go f f s e t p o ' i n t so n t h e C R Tu s i n g w a t e r
p l a n e p r o j e c t i o n s d e f i n e d b y e a c ho f f s e t p o i n t
i n t h e m i d s h i ps e c t i o n .

Offset points. As a basisfor the definition a

of points (offset points) decetGTn numbEF
s c r i b i n g f i x e d d e m a n dfso r t h e h u l l s u r f a c e a r e
n o r m a l l yu s e d . T h e s ep o i n t s d e f i n e t h e s t e ma n d
s t e r n c o n t o u r ( b o u n d a r yc u r v e s f o r t h e s u r f a c e )
a n d a n u m b e or f s t a t i o n p o i n t s i n c l u d i n g t h e
m i d s h i ps e c t i 0 n . I s i s p o s s i b l et o c h o o s eo t h e r
b o u n d a r yc u r v e s i f o n l y p a r t o f a s h i p h u l l i s
to be defined.
0ffset points are defined in an array containing
m o r e o r l e s s f i l l e d c o l u m n se a c h r e p r e s e n tn. ig a
f i x e d s t a t i o n c o o r d i n a t e ,( x = c o n s t . ) . f o t l o w i n g t h j s c o n v e n t i o na c o n t o u r p o ' i n t m a yo n l y
r e q u i r e a c o l u m nc o n t a i n i n ga s i n g l e p o i n t ,
w h e r e a sa s e c t i o n w i l l n o r m a l l y n e e d 5 t o 1 0
o f f s e t p o i n t s t o r e a c h a n a d e q u a t ed e f i n i t i o n .

F i9 . 4

P a r a m e t ecr ur v e ( s c a le d) , o f f s e t
p o in t s a n d c o n t r o l p o in t s .

A B-SplirteSurfaceSrstem for Slip Htill Design

361

L o n g i t u d i n a lc o n t r o l p o i n t s o f p r e d o m i n a ni nt f l u e n c e a r e d i s p l a y e da n d d i g i t i z e d t o o b t a i n
t h e d e s i r e df i t ( F i g . 4 ) . A s B - s p l i n e sh a v el o c a l s u p p o r tt h i s p r o c e s si s r a t h e r e f f e c t i v e
a n d a c o u r s ef i t i s u s u a l l y o b t a i n e dr u n n i n g
t h r o u g h s u b s e q u e nct o n t r o l l i n e s a c o u p l e o f
times.

F i g . 7 P a r t p r o j e c t i o no f c o n t r o l p o i n t s
near stern

Fig.5 0ffset points andlongitudinal

p a r a m e l e rc u r v e s .
T h e l o n g i t u d i n a l f l o w o f p a r a m e t e cr u r v e s i s
c h e c k e db y s i m u l t a n e o u s luys i n g t w o p l a n e p r o j e c t i o n s ( n i g s . 4 a n d5 ) .

K n u c k l eI i n e s a r e i n t r o d u c e db y m u l t i p l y i n g
c o n t r o l l i n e s , a n dk n u c k l ep o i n t s . i n s t e mo r
s t e r n c o n t o u r a r e e x p r e s s e db y n a r r o w i n gt h e
c o n t r o l l i n e s t o w a r d st h e mt h e r e b y c r e a i i n g 1 o c a l f l a t a r e a s , w h e r ec o n t r o l l i n e s a r e s p a c e o
far apart (Fig.7).
S t e ma n d s t e r n c o n t o u r sa r e a l s o f i t t e d d u r i n q
t h i s p r o c e s sd i s p l a y i n gt h e c o n t o u rc u r v e st o :
g e t h e rw j t h o f f s e t p o i n t s ( F i g . 8 )

Reachina
g c l o s e r f i t i s a c c o m p l i s h ebdy f o c u s i n g o n a s p e c i a l p a r t o f t h e s u r f a c e ,u s i n ga
z o o mf a c i I i t y ( F r ' 9 . 6 ) .

F i g . 6 F i t t i n g t w o p a r a m e t e rc u r v e s
near tne srem.
B e s i d e st h i s p r o c e s si t i s p o s s i b l et o v j e w a n d
d i g i t i z e t h e n e t w o r ko f c o n t r o l p o . i n t so r p a r t s
of it as projections into one of the three coo r d i n a t ep 1 a n e s( f l 9 s . 3 a n d 7 )

F i g . 8 L o w e rs t e r n c o n t o u r , o f f s e t p o . i n t s
andcontrol points.
F i t t i n g t h e s u r f a c et o a s p e c i f i e d b i l q e r a d i u s
is-accomp
i sl h e d b y d i s p l a y i n gt h e c e n t 6 r v e r t i c aI p a r a m e t ecr u r v e a n d a c i r c u l a r a r c ( F i g . 9 ) .

362

\'. GjersdeFog

5.

D I S P L AO
Y F T H ES U R F A C E

Percnoeiivo

r l i ov ur rr ir nr n
r v

paiamernrrntrl;
ns.t!;.:!il::'rl;, BUIl;:
.

transformation
a n d a s i m p l eh i d d e nl i n e a l g o r i t h m b a s e du p o n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f s u r f a c e n o r m a l
i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p e r s p e c t i v ee y e p o i n tp o s i t i o n .
C a l c u l a t i o na n d p l o t t i n g a r e p e r f o r m e d
simultaneously.

F i g . 9 F i t t i n g p a r a m e t ecr u r v e sa n d
bilge radius.
S c a il n g o n e c o o r d i n a t ew i l t h e lp c r e a t i n g p l a n e
a r e a s o n t h e s u r f a c e ( F i g . t 0 ) a n d t o v i s r , a il z e
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l f l o w o f p a r a m e t ecr u r v e s ( F i g .

F i g . 1 1 P a r a m e t r ipc l o t .
Line drawingsA
. n a c c u r a t ee v a l u a t i o no f t h e
s u r f a c E - l s a v a i l a b l e b y p r o d u c i n ga s e t o f
I i n e d r a w i n g so r b y p r i n t i n g o u t t h e e q u i v a l e n t
o f f s e t t a b l e s . T h e m e t h o dI ' s b a s e do n N e w t o n Raphson
i t e r a t i o n a l o n g p a r a m e t e cr u r v e s . T h e
p r o c e d u r ed o e s n o t i n c o r p o r a t ec l o s e d c u r v e s
f r e q u e n t l yt o o c c u r i n s i d e v i e w s( [ j 6 ] d e a l s
w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m ) .S e c t i o n a lo r w a t e r p l a n e
a r e a s a s w e l l a s a b o d yv o l u m ec a n b e c a l c u I ated.

\
.\\'\'\\'.:\\---\..i-:
\\\-

\S:-..--\

F i g . 1 2 B o d yp i a n .
F i g . 1 0 S c a il n g a n d z o o m i n go n a b o t t o m
view.
A s i n i t i a l d e f i n e d o f f s e t p o . i n t sa r e r a r e l y c o n s i d e r e d s n r o o t ha f a i r i n g p r o c e s sh a s t o b e i n cluded. A fair surface is the result of smooth
r u n n i n g c o n t r o l l i n e s . C o n t r o l p o . i n t sn o r m a l l y
l i e o u t s i d e t h e s u r f a c ea n d i r r e q u l a r i t i e s i n
t h e s u r f a c e a r e r e c o g n i z e dm o r ei i s t i n c t l y a n d
e n l a r g e d b y o b s e r v i n g t h e n e t w o r ko f c o n t i o l
p o i n t s . T h i s q u a li t y w i l l f a c . i l i t a t e e f f e c t i v e
f a i r i n g , o f f e r i n g t h e d e s i g n e ra n o p p o r t u n i t y
t o u s e e x p e r i e n c ea n d i n t u i t i o n . i n a c r e a t i v e
p r o c e ss .

Generap
l i a n e i n t e r s e c t i o n s .B y r o t a t i n q a n o
t r a n s l a t r n gt h e n e t w o r ko f c o n t r o l p o i n t s d e s c r i b i n gt h e h u l l s u r f a c ei t i s p o s s i b l et o c a l c u l a t e g e n e r a lp l a n e i n t e r s e c t i o nc u r v e sf o l l o w i n g t h e s a m ep r o c e d u r ea s u s e d f o r g e n e r a t i n g
l i n e d r a w i n g s( F i g . 1 3 ) . C a t c u l a t j o nas i e c o n c l u d e db y t r a n s f o r m i n gi n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t s i n v e r s e l yb a c kt o o r i g i n a l c o o r d i n a t e s .

363

A B-SplirteSurfuceSystemlor Ship Hull Desigtt

T h i s r e o r e s e n t - a t i o -n o n c e d e t e r m i n e d- m a k e s
p o s s i b l ea f a s t p e r s p e c t i v ev i s u a li z a t i o n o f
t h e s u r f a c e d i s p l a y i n g a w i r e f r a m ea n d / o r
s h a d e ds u r f a c ee l e m e n t s U
. s i n gt h e G a u s s i a n
c u r v a t u r ei n f o u r c o r n e r p o i n t s o f e a c hs u r f a c e
patcha clear picture of the surfaceflow and
c u r v a t u r ei s o b t a i n e d ,[ 1 0 J . B y n o r m a l i z i n tgh e
Gaussian
c u r v a t u r et o l o c a l i n t e r v a l s i t h a s
b e e np o s s i b l e , b yt h e c h a n g e si n c o l o u r , t o d e t e c t e v e nm i n o r b u m p sa n d i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e
surfacefl ow.
7.
F i g . 13 G e n e r a lp 1a n e i n t e r s e c t io n c u r v e s
I n t e r s e c t i o nw i t h c y l i n d r i c a l e l e m e n t s T
. his
cti on
b e t w e e nt h e s u r f a c ea n d a s t r a i g h t 1 i n e . A
m e t h o dp e r f o r m i n gb i s e c t i o n a l o n g l o n g i t u d i n a l
p a r a m e t e rc u r v e s f i n d i n g t h e p o i n t o f s h o r t e s t
d i s t a n c et o t h e I i n e i s u s e d . B i s e c t i 0 n i n t h e

CONCLUSIONS

T h e p r o g r a mh a s s o f a r b e e nu s e d f o r d e f i n i n g
5 t o 6 d i f f e r e n t h u l 1 t y p e s . O n eo f t h e s e ( e x a m p l e3 ) h a s b e e nf a i r e d f r o m p r e l i m i n a r yl i n e
d r a w i n g sb y t h e d e s i g n e r .P r e s e n t l yd e f i n i t i o n
o f a y a c h t d e s i g ni n c l u d i n ga s p e c i a l c o n c a v e
a r e a i n t h e a f t e r b o d yi s g o i n g o n .
Effectivedefinition andfairing is obtained
taking as a startjng point a relatively small
numbeo
r f o f f s e t p o i n t s d e f i n i n g s t e ma n d s t e r n
c o n t o u r sa s w e l l a s a p r o x . 5 s e c t i o n si n c l u d i n g
p r i m a r i l y p o i n t s r e p r e s e n t i n gs u p e r i o rd e m a n d s
for the surface.
C o n t r o l l i n gt h e s u r f a c ei s b a s e do n t h e i d e a
t h a t I o n g it u d i n a l c o n t r o l I i n e s c a n b e m o d eI le d
a s w a t e r l i n e s . M o s t s h i p h u l l s u r f a c e sc o n t a i n
a r e a sw h e r ei t i s n o t p o s s i b l ef u l l y t o c a r r y
t h r o u g ht h i s p r i n c i p l e . I n t h i s c a s e l o c a l
m o d e liIn g i s d e p e n d e notn t h e d e s i g n e r se x p e r i e n c e a n d f e e l i n g o f t h e p a r a m e t r i cf l o w o f t h e
s u r f a c ea n d e x a c t e v a l u a t i o ni s b a s e d0 n t h e
r e s u l t i n g 1i n e d r a w i n g s .

Fig.14 Line- surface'intersection.

o p p o s i t e p a r a m e t e rd i r e c t i o n i s u s e d s i m u lt a n e o u s l ys e e k i n ga l w a y sc u r v e so f s h o r t e r d i s t a n c e . T h e m e t h o dh a s p r o v e dr e a s o n a b l ef a s t b u t
o c c a s i o n a l l yu n s t a b l ei n a r e a s w i t h r a p i d c u r vature changes.

U s i n g G a u s s i a nc u r v a t u r e s e e m st o b e a p r o m i s i n g
w a y o f e v a l u a t j n gt h e s u r f a c ef a i r n e s s . D i s p l a y i n g c u r v a t u r e a l o n g 1o n g it u d i n a l p a r a m e t e r
c u r v e si s a n o t h e rp o s s i b i li t y f o r v i s u a li z i n g
the hull fairness.
H a v i n gc o m p l e t e dt h e s u r f a c e d e f i n i t i o n p r o c e s s
i t i s p o s s i b l ed i r e c t l y t o u s e t h e o u t p u t ( o f f s e t t t a b l e s ) f 0 r c a l c u l a t i o n sc o n c e r n i n gh y d r o s t a t i r . s .' dv p su i oJ n |a n5 d n
rn
d . u cYf i n. n g ( p| n|
|
|

ihc

ISH-

b a s i cp a k a g [e1 7 ] , [ 1 8 ] ) .
Reducing
i n p u t d a t a w o r k ( t y p i c a l l y 1- 2 d a y s )
definingan initjal layout of control points and
o f f s e t p o i n t s , [ 1 1 ] , w o u l dm a k ei t p o s s i b l em o r e
r a p i d l y t o r e a c h t h e f i n a l s u r f a c ed e f i n i t i o n ,
t h o u g hc r e a t i n g t h e f l o w o f c o n t r o l l i n e s i s a
m a t t e r e v e n t u a l l yi n v o l v i n g b o t h h u m a n
experie n c ea n d i n t u i t ' io n .

F i g . 1 5 C y 1i n d e r i n t e r s e c t i o n s .
T h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r i n t e r s e c t i o. lni cnue rsv e i s c a l generated
rf
culated intersecting a numbeo
f r o m a s i m p l e p a r a m e t r i cc i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r b y
rotation andtranslation.
the surface
S o li d s u r f a c e m o d ei ln g . R e p r e s e n t i n g
i s h e d b y c a l c u l a t i n ga
@p1
c l o s e n e t w o r ko f s u r f a c e p o i n t s a l o n g p a r a m e t e r
c u r v e s . A t t h e s a m et i m e f i r s t , s e c o n da n d m i x e d
d e r i v a t i v e s i n e a c hp o i n t a r e c a l c u l a t e da n d
stored.

E x a c t a n d s m o o t hr e p r e s e n t a t i o no f a s h i p h u l 1
b y m e a n so f a B - s p li n e t e n s o r p r o d u c t s u r f a c e
w i l l p r o v i d ea n e x c e l l e n t s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r
p l a t e d e v e l o p i n gp r o c e d u r e sp, o s s i b l y u t i l i z i n g
ef t h e s u r f a c e c u r v a t u r e .
o b t a i n a b l ek n o w i e d g o
C o n s i d e r i n gr e c e n t d e v e l o p m e ni n
t computer
g r a p h i c sa n d t h e f a c t t h a t v i s u a l i n f o r m a t i o n
i s p e r c e i v e dr a t h e r i n s t a n t l y a s a w h o l ei t i s
o b v i o u st h a t v i s u a l m a n / m a c h i ni net e r a c t i o n
w i I I r e a c ha d o m i n a nD
t o s i t i o n .T h ei n t e n t i o n
o f t h e p r e s e n tw o r k h a s b e e nt o d e v e l o pa t o o l ,
e x p a n d i n tgr a d i t i o n a l c r e a t i v e h u l l s u r f a c e
d e s i g nm e t h o d sa, n d h e l p i n g t h e d e s i g n e rc r e a t e
f a i r , a e s t h e t i cs a t i s f y i n g a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l
w e l l d e f i n e ds h i p h u l l s u r f a c e s .

6.

EXAMPLES

E x a m p l e1 . T h e f i g u r e s s h o wp a r a m e t r i cp l o t s o f
a n o T d - l I S . C a r g o s h i p m o d e l l e db y a n e t w o r k o f
11" 7 c o n t r o l p o in t s ( p o ly g o n p o in t s ) .

E x a m pel 2 . T h i s e x a m pel s h o w sa c l a s s i c J - c l a s s
huTI- cfa racteri zed by a h i n h l r r r r r n r r o l r o n f o n
c o n t o u ra n d a k n u c k l eI ' in e b o u n idn g t h e c ur v e d
stern area.

A B-SplirteSurfaceS.tstemfor Ship Hull Design

E x a m p l3
e . A m o d e r ns a i l i n g d i n g h yi s d i s p l a y e d ,
T e a l u 7 l n g - b o t hh i g h l y c u r v i d a n i m o r ef l a t a r e a s
o n t h e s u r f a c ea n d a t r a n s o ms t e r n .

Example
4. Thefigures relate to a motorferry
h u T f Z e s c n i b e db y a n e t w o r ko f 1 4 " 1 1c o n t r o l
p o i n t s . A l o n g i t u d i n a l k n u c k l el i n e f o r m s t h e
b o u n d a r yo f t h e h i g h l y c u r v e d u n d e r w a t e a
r rea
a n d f a d e s a w a yn e a r t h e b o w . T h e t r a n s o ms t e r n
is representeu
dsinga vertical control line of
m u l t i p l i c i t y 3 . F u r t h e ro n a k n u c k l ep o i n t i s
p r e s e n t i n t h e l o w e r s t e r n c o n t o u r .M o d e l l i n g
t h e c o m p l e xa r e a w h e r et h e b u l b o u sb o w v a n . i s h e s
i n t o t h e u p p e rs t e mc o n t o u ri s a c c o m p l i s n e o
u s i n g c l o s e l y s p a c e dc o n t r o l I i n e s . T h e f a i r . i n q
p r o c e s s ,w h i c h t h i s h u l l h a s b e e ns u b j e c t e dt o ,
i s p r i m a r i l y b a s e do n v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o nr a r n e r
t h a nf i t t i n g a l l o f f s e t p o i n t s ( a p p r o x . 7 , 1 0 )
exacrry.

365

366

\-. Gjerstle Fog

E x a m p l5
e . F i g u r e s I - 1 3 , a n d 1 5 s h o ws t a g e s .
T n - T h - ren- o d e l l i n go f a c o n t a i n e r s h i p b y a n e t w o r k o f a p p r o x . ' 1 6 , 1 8c o n t r o l p o i n t s t r y i n g t o
f i t a l a r g e r n u m b eor f o f f s e t p o i n t s ( a p p r o x .
1 5 0 ) p l a c e do n a p p r o x .3 0 s t a t i o n s . T h e m o d e l 1 i n g i n c l u d e sa p r o p el le r b o s s i n g .F i t t i n g t h e
b i l g e a n d t h e p a r a l l e l m i d s h i pe x a c t l y i t w i l l
b e n e c e s s a r yt o i n c l u d e a f e w e x t r a p o l y g o n
rrnes.
R E FREE NECS
D e B o o r , C . ,A P r a c t i c a l G ui d e t o S p 1i n e s ,
llew York, 1978
l 2 l R o g e r ,sD . F . a n d A d a m s , J, . M a t h e m a t i c aEl lwi 1 1 ,
e m e n t sf o r C o m p u t eGr r a p h i c s ,M c G r a H
N e wY o r k, 1 9 7 6
t 3 l B a r n h i l l , R . E .a, n d R i e s e n f e l d , R .(Fe.d . ; ,
C o m p u t eAr i d e d G e o m e t r i cD e s i g n ,A c a d e m i c
P r e s s , N e wY o r k , 1 9 7 4
t 4 l F a u x , J . Da. n d P r a t t , M . J . ,C o m p u t a t i o n a l
, ew
G e o m e t r yf o r D e s i g na n d M a n u f a c t u r e N
Y o r k, 19 7 9
t 5 l R o g e r s , D . F .B, - s p i n e C u r v e sa n d S u r f a c e
f o r S h i p H u 1 1D e f i n i t i o n , P r o c e e d i n gosf
t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y m p o s i uomn C o m p u t e r - A i d e dH u l l S u r f a c eD e f i n i t i o n , S C H A D
7 7 , A n n a p o l i s ,l ' 4 d . ,1 9 7 7
S c. ,h u b e r t , Ca. n d N o w a c k i , H . ,
t6l Munchmeyer,F.C
I n t e r a c t j v e D e s i g no f F a i r H u l l S u r f a c e s
u s i n g B - s p l i n e s , P r o c e e d i n gosf t h e T h i r d
o n C o m p u t eAr p p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e
Conference
A u t o m a t i o no f S h i p y a r d0 p e r a t i o n a n d S h i p
D e s i g n ,I C C A S
79
for the
1 7 l Y u i ll e , J . M ., I n t e r a c t i v e P r o g r a m
79
D e s i g no f S h i p H u l 1 F o r m s ,I C C A S
, h i p H u 1 1D e f i t 8 l I z u m i d a , Ka. n d M a t i d a , Y . S
n i t i o n b y S u r f a c eT e c h n i q u efso r P r o d u c t i o n
79
Use, ICCAS

t 1I

S t r o o b a n t , Ga. n d l " l a r s , B . S
, h i p H u ll F o r m
F a ir i n g, I C C A S
82
[ 1 0 ] R o g e r s , D . aF n. d D i ] l , J . C . , C o l o rG r a p h i c s
BZ
- - a n d S h i p H u l l S u r f a c eC u r v a t u r e ,I C C A S
[ 1 1 . ]R o g e r , D . Fa.n d S a t t e r f i e l d , S . G .D
, ynamic
B - s p l i n eS u r f a c e s ,I C C A S
82
[ 1 2 J R o g e r s , D . F .P, r o c e d u r aEl l e m e n t fso r C o m p u t e r G r a p h i c s ,l 4 c G r aH
wi l l , N e wY o r k , N Y ,
u . s . A . .1 9 8 5
t 1 3 l F o l e y , J . D a. n d V a nD a m , A .F, u n d a m e n t aolfs
I n t e r a c t i v e C o m p u t eGr r a p h i c s ,A d d j s o n l , ^ l eesyl , U . S . A ., 1 9 8 3
[ 1 4 J F o g . N . G .C, r e a t i v eD e f i n i t i o na n d F a i r i n g
o f S h i p H u 1 1 su s i n ga B - s p l i n eS u r f a c e ,
C o m p u tA. i d e dD e s . , V 0 1 . 1 6 N
, 0 . 4 ,J u l y 1 9 8 4
[ 1 5 J B a r s k y , B . Aa. n d G r e e n b e r g , D ., PI.n t e r a c t i v e
S u r f a c eR e p r e s e n t a t i o S
n y s t e mu s i n g a B s p 1i n e F o r m u l a t i o w
n i t h I n t e r p o i a t i o nC a p a b i l i t y , C o m p u t eAr i d e dD e s i g n ,V o l. ' 14 , l l o . 4 ,
J u ly 19 8 2
., Pro[ 1 6 ] S a t t e r f i e l d , S . Ga. n d R o g e r s , D . F A
c e d u r ef o r g e n e r a t i n gc o n t o u r l i n e s f r o m a
B - s p li n e s u r f a c e , p r e s e n t e da t C o m p u r e r
G r a p ihc s , T o k y o ' 8 4, 2 3 - 2 7A p r i1 19 8 4
[ 1 7 ] A n d e r s e n , PA. , S y s t e m
f o r B a s i cS h i p D e s i g n ,
ICCAS
82
l p[ 1 8 ] J i n g e n , G o na gn d J e n s e n , J . J .A, R a t i o n a A
p r o a c ht o A u t o m a t i cD e s i g no f S h i p s S e c t i o n s , I C C A 8S2
t9l

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationard Ship DesignV
P. Bandaard C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O I F I P ,I 9 8 5

367

A P P L I C A T I O N S O F A N A D V A N C E DH U L L S U R F A C ED E F I N I T I O N S Y S T r u I N S H I P D E S I G N
D. CATLEY, C. WHITTLE and P. THORNTON
The British
Ship Research Association.
W a 1l s e n d - o n - T y n e
UniLed Kinedom

A systen for the maEhemaEical modelling

of a hull- surface is described and the inporEant
uniqueness
of
the
definition
is
ernphasised.
Applications
of
Ehe systen,
designated
HULLSURF' are illustrated.
The surface is defined using a set of bi-cubic,
B-spline
surface patches.
The forro can be manipulated and faired
vj-ithout the need to iterate
between
orthogonal
sets of Iines as is required
by tradirional
methods.
Deck line inEersections,
weld seams, etc.
can then be defined
in an expedient manner and data output for hydrodynamics analysis
and to shel1 plating
prograns.
General surface-to-surface
inEersecEion
is a powerful
faciliEy
for the definition
of surface features
and appendages; pacches of
sirnple geometrical
character,
including
developable paEches, can be defined and integrated
into
Ehe form in an expedient nanner'
More advanced applications
are also discussed in the
paper.
I.

INTRODUCTION

WiEh the
advent
of
compuEerj-sed technology,
several
surface definition
schemes have becoroe
available,
these
tend
to
be based on Coons
patches , B'ezier paEches or one of various
types
of
spline
surfaces.
References It,Z]
have
out]-ined
the
approach
adopf ed aE BSRA r"rhich
offers
a formulat.ion
nost suitable
for interacLive
design
and
rnanipulation,
other
approaches have also been discussed in
In
[2].
t.he BSRA sofCware,
bi-cubic,
B-spline
surface
patches are used to give a unique definition
of
the hul1 surface,
Indeed,
Ehe systero, designated HULLSURF, is applicable
Eo any rolled
or
sculpcured
s u r f a c e a n d s o H U L L S U R F II ] i s r n e r e l y
a
custoroised
general
version
of
Ehe nore
s y s E e m , G E N S U R F2I] .
In
ship
design,
hydrodynanic
criteria
are
becoming
more
importanE
as
inproved,
more
efficient
forms are cont.inually
being sought.
So EhaE iE
can be used
Eo advanlage,
lhe
HULLSURF systeu
has
been tailored
to
link
closely
to
oEher syst.ems applicable
to
Ehe
desi.gn of fhe hullforro.
This incl-udes systems
for
preliminary
design,
iniEial
hullforro
generators
and programs for
producing
offsets
from previous
ship or methodical
series
data.
Links
have al-so been provided,
for use during
the design,
to various BSRA analysis
suites for
hydrodynanic
assessmenc or hydrosEatic
calculations.
Figure
I roodified
from [: ] is
a
schematic
diagran,
i 11ustrating
how !he
HULLSURF system
relates
Eo oEher
prograrns/
phases in Ehe BSRA hydrodynaroic hul-1forn design
process,
SHADES.
In general,
rhe links
to the other programs are
provided
by Ehe HULLSURF systen accepting
or
generating
a relevanE data fil-e in a compaEible
format.
The B-LINES sysEem, see Ref.
l+] tor
exanpJ.e, represents
an efficient
cooputerised
version
of
the
shipyard
draughEsroan's trad-

itional
approach
using
orthogonal
sets
of
1ines.
The B-LINES and HULLSURF systems are
complenentary
and
coll,ecEively
represen!
a
natural
progression
from a lines
definilion
Eo
a
true
and unique
surface
defini!ion,
the
advanEages of which have been cired in nef.Itl.
Alternacively,
d a E a f c r H U L L S U R Fm a y b e i n p u t
direcE
froE,
for
example, a body plan.
Bot.h
B-LINES
and
HULLSURF are
importan!
centralrnodules in che BSRA conputer
aided design and
det.ailing sysr.en, BRITDES
The basic phil[5],
osophy is to siroulate Ehe logical
strucEure and
f uncEions
v,/'ithin the routj.ne
design
process,
see Fig.2,
by allowing
the designer to use more
advanced and accurale nethods in an inEeractive
nanner.
Maximum use
is
nade
of
compuler
graphics
and Ehe BRITDES sysEem is
strictly
modular
to alLow
for
rnaxirnurn flexibility
in
implenenEaEions of and ext.ensions to Ehe Eotal
system.
In parcicuJ-ar, the geometrical, definition
of
a ship
hull
is
made available
for
interrogation
by che preliminary
and advanced
hydrodynamics nodules of Fig.l.
There is a need to offer
the designer the Eool-s
whereby alEernative
forns
and the effecE
of
design changes can be expedienlly
assessed.
By
using
the HULLSURF system these changes,
rnade
at all
sEages, fron design !o production,
can
be
iroplenenEed
with
reference
to
a
unique
surface
definiEion
and
by
recourse
to
an
efficient
datastore.
Undoubtedly,
there
is
w1despread interesE
in
advanced
mechodologies
for
hul-1 design.
nef,IO]
for
example,
conErary
Eo t.raditional
practice,
describes
rhe design of a seakeeping
- optimized
hul-l forro rrrhich is then xnodified Eo
irnprove other
performance
consideraEions,
for
example
resisEance,
wiEhout
degrading
the
seakeeping.
Ref. [7] enphasises rhe importance
of Eruel-y Ehree-dirnensional
rnodelling
and the
requireuenc
to be able to assess lhe adequacy
of a design using specified
criteria.

368
2.

D. Catley et al.

FEATURESOF HULLSURF

Although
the
mathemat.ical_ background
of
HULLSURF has been given lI,2),
a user of the
system requires
only a basj-c understanding
of
Lhe principles
of the B-spli.ne theory in order
to drive
the sysEern efficiently.
The input
dala required
are a general particulars
file,
optional
frames daEa and a set of daEa fil,es
patches.
for
the individual
The dala points
defining
a surface paEch can be quite irregular
lie
and
on defining
curves,
which
nay
be
secEions for one patch, possibly
waterlines
for
patch,
an adjacen!
or
indeed
any set
of
general,
non-crossj.ng
curves.
These data are
p r o c e s s e d b y t h e H U L L S U R Fs y s t e o w i t h r e f e r e n c e
grid
Eo a regular
in parane!ric
space.
The
input
daEa, the grid
of patch polygon point.s
and flags
which specify
the required
Eangency
matching conditions
across pa!ch boundaries are
the only stored intormation.
Manipulations
are
with
reference
to
selected
surface
points.
This philosophy
contrasts
w - i r h r h a r o f n e f , 1 8 . 1,
for example, where the designer manipulaEes the
coefficients
of
surface
the
equations,
A
tablet
menu of HULLSURF commands is shown in
l.
Table
HULLSURF has been impleroented on a
VAX lll780,
an IBM 434L
and an ICL PERQ;
furEher imDlementations
are in hand.

Table

l.

A Tablet

Menu for

HIILLSURF

HULLSURF
D E F I N I T I OS
NY S T E M( 1 . 3 ]

CBLENO

)EF LLE

us

,r.r
9f' ,0,'!,r

;;;; I ;;L; I

t*;r

f ;;; I
25p5

;T;
DRAW
sEcTon

S E C TI O N

SECTION
@ r r3Rr 3ornut

2.L

the
existing
patch.
forebody
Selection
of
paEch
boundaries
is
impor t.anf
buE
not
difficult.
Flat
and single
curvaEure regions
are
defined
firsc
leaving
Ehe more complex
regions
to be tanged-in
to,
for
example, the
paralJ-el
mid-body.
In
cerEain
cases,
see
secEion 2.3, blending is carried
out. to give a
smooth surface which is auIonatically
generated
b y t h e H U L L S U R Fs y s c e o .
HULLSURF has been applied
to
several
orher
forrns;
sone further
examples
are
shown in
Fig.5,
For a defined form, the user of the
HULLSURF systen can obtain
convent.ional
Iines
drawings and/or
oblique
views on the graphics
screen and optionally
initiat.e
a general ploE
file
for larger-scale,
quality
drawings.

2,2

Surface

llani

u 1 aE i o n

Shape changes co the surface can be obtained at

several levels.
Figure 6(a) illustraces
how a
defining
curve can be nodified
and refitced
by
the
addition/renovalof
data
points
in
a
secEion vj,ew.
Changes are effect.ed either
via
the cursor or by changing the palch input data.
A single
data point has been introduced
into a
previously
fair
defining
curve.
Figure
6(b)
shows the resulting
oscillatory
nature of che
curvaEure
of the curve compared with the previous curvature,
The new polygon points of che
rnodified
curve are shown in Fig.6(c).
Figure
6(d)
shows the type of change Eo Ehe original
curve
effect.ed
by directly
rnoving a polygon
point
of t.he same defining
curve.
In
Ehis
l-atter
case, the change to the curve is more
predictable
and
shows how more
conEroll-ed
changes
can
be made to
patch
the
daEa.
7 shows how, by accepting
I'igure
the rnodified
curve of Fig.6(d)
and regenerating
the paEch,
the
lota1
surface
can be rnodified
Eo accommodate the nanipulaEion.
A plot
of conEours
through points having equal vaJ,ues of Gaussian
curvature
is shown superimposed on che section
Iines
Ehrough the surface.
Reference IS] ttas
also emphasised Ehe use of Gaussian curvat.ure
to highlight
unfairness
of a surface.
With
HULLSURF, equi-Gaussian
curvature
conCours can
be plouted eiEher in an orEhogonaL view or else
obliquely
!o further
aid the fairing
exercise.

Pi@cr

Patching

In HULLSURF, there is no effective

lirniE on Ehe
number
patches
of
which
can
be defined,
paEches are used Eo
typically
twenty to thirty
define
the
synmetric
half
of
a hull
foro.
There is a greaE deal of flexibiliEy
in the
alLowed inpuE procedures.
Figure 3 shows lhe
patch
boundaries
and
secEion
lines
for
a
trar^r.Ler and Fig.4
shows the patch
boundaries
and section
lines
for a ship to ertrich a bulbous
bow was added so as to improve the hydrodynanic
characEeristics.
This
latter
form
was
construc!ed
using x0ulti-body
integraEion
of a
geometrically
defined bulb by inEersection
rrith

Once t.he total

surface
has been defined,
the
surface
can be manipulaued
in
any of
three
"offsetting",
orthogonal views by
i.e.
moving,
a point
lying
on any specified
section
curve
(or waterline
or buttock)
to a specified
new
posiEion.
This manipulation
is irrespective
of
the patching
and is essent.ially
identical
!o
conventional
lines
procedures
fairing
excepE
that
Ehe need for
cross-fairing
beEr^reen, for
exarnple, sect.ions and waterlines
is eliminaEed,
The technique
is
applicable
co any surface
section.
An exarople is shown in Fig.8
which
aLso illustrates
the nudge facility
that
is
available
for
fractional-ly
cancelling
Ehe
effect
of an imposed offse!.
Correspondingly
nodified
section
lines
and buctocks are shorrm
in an oblique view in Fig.9 r.hich also gives
the contours of equi-Gaussian curvaEure for the
region
of surface
\"tlere the major changes have
occurred.

Applic at io ns ol' an Ad y-a nc ed Hull SurfaceDefinition System

2.3

Blending

To overcome inherent
unfairness
in a complex
region,
or perhaps where daEa are unavailable,
the informaEion
available
in the datasCore from
adjacenE patches can be u!ilised
in a cont.rol
led manner to blend-in
a surface pa|ch.
Figure
l0 shows a nesh of Ehe blended pat.ch and the
conpleted
surface
after
blending.
Figure
Il
shows
a
comparison
betr.reen but.tocks
lines
defined
by using
Ehe original
body plan data
and t.hose generaEed using
the blend
coromand.
This feature
is nos! useful
in complex regions
and for the fairing-in
of appendages in roultibody incegraEion (see also Fig.4).
2.4

Fifletlng

Knuckl-e lines
can be specified
at patch bound
arles
when assembli-ng
the
datast.ore.
The
knuckle
lines
can subsequently
be rernoved using
one of the fillet
comuands.
Figure
l2 shows
the
fiIJ-eting
of a sErut
onto a cylindri-cal
paEch.
FiJ-leting
is
also
appropriate
as a
fairing
aid,
even when a knuckLe line does noc
exist,
because direct
cont.rol is thus possibte
over a specified
boundary; eit.her one or boEh
of the two adjacenE paEches can be roodified co
achieve
the
sroooth filIeE
which is
required
and Ehis can either
be tangent (shal-low fillet)
or curvagure (deeper filLet)
conEinuous.
2.5

Surface

InEerseccrons

Conventional
body plan drawings can be obcained
by
intersecting
mac.hematical definition
the
\,rith a series
of arbitrary
pJ-anes.
The user
can obcain
a graded set. of lines
in regions
where
finer
decail
is
required
and this
is
withouE recourse
to expanding data sets.
The
required
intersection
curves are calculaled
and
drawn in real
cime.
Sufficient
interseccion
poj.nEs are
calcuJ-ated,
consistenE
wiEh
Ehe
current
view,
resoluEion
and
crown
height
tolerance
criterion,
to enable t.he syst.en Eo
generate
Ehe intersection
curve.
Figur'e f3
shows the
section
lines
for
che previously
menEioned bulbous bow forrn.
More generally,
any surface patch may be inEersected \{-ith another surface
patch or else allof the resE of the surface.
In this nanner the
internal
structure
(Fig.l4)
can be defined
and
required
openings specified
(Fig. f5).
Subsequently,
if required,
by using the ordered sets
of points
auEomaLically
output
fron t.he inEer
secCion
ca.l-culation,
che auxiliary
structure
and appendages could
be roade an integral
part
of
Ehe surface
by
specifying
new patch
boundaries.
FurEheroore,
lhese could Ehen be
filleted
if required.
2.6

Shell

Pl,aring

Once the
hullform
has been defined
and
faired,
pJ,aEes can be defined
the
over
Ehe
surface and poi.nts data output to a shell place
development module.
Figure 16 is a siroplified
representaEion
o f a n e x a m p J _ ep l a t e s h o w n s u p e r iroposed on the surface
representacion.
The
poinEs which represent
t.he plate Lie on section

'{

I
I

369

curves
of
the surface
buE the
seans can be
general curves over the surface.
fairly
Marked
poinEs
can opcionally
be specified.
By
t.reating
the pla!es
as surface
patches,
Ehe
curvature
of
the
individual
plates
can
be
quantified
and visuali.sed.
2.7

Hydrodynamics

Once a hull
form has been defined,
a file
of
outpuE points
can be obEained, using the FACET
command, to
provide
daEa
for
conventional
hydrodynanics
prograns.
The poin!s
are shown
in Fig.I7
for part of an example hull,
subsequently
the applications
prograns fit
a series
of flat
panels over Ehe surface.
It is envis
aged thaC Ehe next genera!ion
of hydrodynaroics
prograns
wil-1 direcEly
access
Ehe avail_able
surface spline informaEion.
Once a hull
forrn has been defined
in Ehe rnnner
described
in
this
paper,
Ehe definition
is
relevant
to hu11 flow and pressure calcul-ations
and estiroates
of the roodal added oass and surface excitation
forces
for
vibraEion
analvses

ftol.

2.8

Structural-

and Dynamic Calculations

Finite
el-enen! forrnul-ations
which are based on
B-spline
-geo-netries are now beconing available,
see Ref.l f1J for exampl-e. Surface definition
schemes such as HULLSURF can thus be expecEed
to be linking
soon to struclural
and dynamic
calculations
involving
Ehe hull plating
and lhe
g1obal hull characterisEj.cs,
3.

C O N C L U D I N GR E M A R K S

The paper
has described
applications
of
a
surface
definiCion,
fitEing,
fairing
and
xoanipul-ation system,
HULLSURF.
Illustrative
examples of the use of HULLSURF have been given
and its
role in the process of ship design and
production
have been discussed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors
would like
Eo thank
the chairman
and Research Council of BSRA for permission
Eo
publish
this paper wtrich was written
prior
to a
Derger wiEh NMI LCd.
A new conpany British
Mari t iroe
(BMT)
TechoJ-ogy
rras
f orned
on
April
lst,
1985.
As rhe work described
has
been progressed
over
years,
several
acknowledgernen! is due to a nurober of colleagues
at
BSRA, both past and presenc.

D. CatleJ' et al.

370
REFERENCES
It]

lzl

[:]

CATLEY, D., OKAN, M.B. and wHTTTLE, c.,

Unique Mathexoatical- Definition
of a Hu11
its
Manipulation
and InEerrogaSurface,
tion,
WEMT, Paris, July 1984.

c A T L E y ,D . ,

D A V r s o N ,c . H . , o K A N , M . B . ,

GENSURF: A
W H I T T L E , C . , a n d T H O R N T O N ,P .
System for General Surface DefiniEion
and
Manipulation,
NATO Advanced
Study
Insticute;
on Fundaxoen!a1
Conference
for Computer Graphics,
Illley,
Algorithns
Yorks, UK, April
1985.
FrrzsrMMoNS, p.A.,
and
oDABAST, A.y.,
WRIGHT, B.D.W.
SIIADES: A Ship Hydrodynaroic AssessmenE and Design Systen for
'83, Tokyo,
Single Screw Ship Forrls, PRADS
f983.
Oct.

[+]

HORSHAM, llr., Hul1

Form Design
of Small
Craft
using BSRA Conputer SofEware, RINA
on Comput.ers and Snall
Craft,
Conference
London, nec. 1984.

[ s ]

P A R K E R , M . N . ,
o D A B A S T , A . Y . ,
FITZSIMMONS, P.A.
and GOGGIN, C.J.,
in
Design
Advanced
Technology
Ship
Analysis
and Production,
ASNE, 1984.

[O]

Lin, W-C., et aL,

An Advanced Methodology
Prelininary
Hul1
for
Forrn Development,
Naval Engineers Journal,
July 1984.

Iz]

POMMELLET, M.,
Three-Dimensional
Representation
of
Ship's
Geometry, RINA
Conference on CompuEers and SroaLl Craft,
London, Dec. 1984.

I Al

Fairrine
LETCHER, J. S. ,
Merhods for
Design,
Hull
SNAME
Computer-Aided
(Southeast Section) Jan, 1984.

I S]

Design and
NOWACKI, I{. and REESE, D.
Fairing
of
Ship
Surfaces,
Surfaces
in
Publishing,
CAGD, North-Hol-land
Co.,

r983.
The Mathenarical Modelling of
I fO] Carr.uv, l.
Ship llydroelastics,
C E T E N AV i b r a E i o n
S y m p o s i u m ,G e n o a , M a y , 1 9 8 4 .
T.Y.,
MooRE, c.J.,
and
Irt] vexc,
Geonetrically Nonlinear
A N D E R S O ND
, .C.
Formul-ation of a 48 D.0.F. QuadriIaEeral
Shell Element with RaEional B-spline
Journal for
Geometry.
International
N u m e r i c a f M e t h . E n g , V o l , . 2 l , I s s u e N o . 2,
r985.

Applicotions of an AdvancedHull SurlaceDefinition System

371

SHADES
H vo R o o v r uav
r c Anawsr s ANDDEsr or .rSvsr Ev

Sr r p
I D E N TI FI C A T I O N
OF PRINCIPAL
DESIGN
V A RIA B L ES

a
LLJ
O

OPTIMISATIO
FUNCTIONS

( r ) ' C O D E S 'P R O O R A M S
( i I C O N S T R A I N EMDI N I M I S A T I O N
PROORAMS

SIERN

PENALTY
FUNCTIONS

I M A I N B O D YI S T E M / B U L B

DEFINITION
OF
PRELM
I IN AR Y
HULLFORM

L!

o
z

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LIJ

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ul
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B - L I NE S

HULLSURF

S E C O N DL E V E L A N A L Y S I S
G EM A K
A D V A N C E OA N A L Y T I C A L
H Y D R O D Y N A M IMCE T H O D S

FREESURF
Elfcclive
Woke t
Thrust

N AO A S

Dcductio

F I N A L H U L LF O R M
D EF I N I T I O N

HULL SU R F

CUTTING PLAN FOR TANK

INPUT TO BRITFAIR

Fig.l

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DEFINITION

l-lRoFLL

The Relationship
o f t h e HIJLLSURF Systen
a n d P h a s e s i n t h e B S R A Ship Hydrodynarnic
Design System, SHADES.

Eo Other Systems
Analysis
and

0
N
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372

D. Catley et al.

C O N C E P TD E S I C N

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I

B-LINES,/
HULLSURF

ADVANCED
DESICN
I

-A--tNd- -l

| ^OyucEg
I erorxe:nrro
tsY9ttr
roEstcx

il:s-rnuEl

| | rpverCtO
| | rrructuaer
I tEstq
I I

I
]
I
I

NOTE: Plat of side boundaries are oalural

bu!
optional.
Sinllarly
the flat
of botton oav be
used to define patch boundaries.

8 R I T L O F T , / BI R
TDET
L O F T IN 6

FIg.2

O E T ALi E O
D E S I O NA N D
DRAUGHTI N G

The Applicabiliry
of HULLSURF co an
Overall
Ship Deslgn System, BRITDES.

Fig.3

Pacch Boundaries
Trawler

Sections

and Sections

Shown

Patch Boundaries

Fig.4

Patch

Boundaries

and S e c t i o n s

of

a Bulbous

Bow Form

of

Applicatictrtsof an Adt'artcedHull SurfaceDeJ'irtitionS),stem

373

Propeller

Defined

by Two patches

HI]LLSURF
Simultaneous
and Buttocks

Display

of

Section

==Z%,

==:2
Mesh Lines

of

Swath Pontoon

After

Fig.5

Surfaces Defined

using

HULLSURF

Region

of

Submarine

374

D. Catlet' et al

x
x
x

(a)

Insertlng an additional
data point
defining curve, fiLs shom.

to a

(b)

Resulting
curve.

(d)

Xanipulating curve control

(polygor points).

change to curvature

of

the

{
I

6
d

,
{
I

(c)

Resulting

polygon

points

for

the curve

Fig.6

Fig.7

RegeneraEing the Surface patch;

Modified
Sections and Gausslan
CurvaEure Shown

vertices

PaEch Manipulations

Fig.8

Surface

Manipulations

using

Offsetting

Applications oJ art AdvartcedHull SurfaceDeJ'ittitionSystem

Fig.9

(c)

The Corpl.e:ed Blend

Fig.l0

I
;
i

Oblique View of an Offser Surface;

Modified
Section Lines and Bu!tocks
Shourn together with Gaussian CurvaEure

Orthogonal

View of

Blended Surface

J I)

376

D. Catley ss s1.

Fig.II

Buttocks Lines for Blended Surface

Patch compared with Patch based on
Input Data

(ontinn<

Fig, l2

Example of

a Filleted

Patch

rftor

fi

Boundary

l lari.o

--r-

378

D. Catley et al.

NOTE:

Flat of side boundaries are

natural
but optional.
Similarly
the
flat
of bottom may be used to define
patch boundaries.

Fig. I 6

tLg.t/

Definition

of

Facet Points
Output
Analysis Prograns.

Shell

Platine

to Hydrodynamics

Il
I
I

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . )
ElsevierSciencePublishersB-V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, 1985

31 9

THE USE OF BEZIER SURFACETN THE DESIGN OF A SHIP

HULL SURFACE

Zhou Chaoj r.rn

Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityr
I,lu
Dingyuan
r\:dan Universityr
China

China

The paper proposes a method to design ship hull surface by using compurer.
Designers ca.n represent ship hul-l surface by a few of bicubic BEzLer-patches
according to i-ts roaj-ndimensions and form coefficients
together with a draft
of its profile.
The composite surface should have contlniities
of positions
and tangent plane when they are used to generate a fine and practi".t
ftr.tt "r.,"face.
Designers can adiust a group of parameters to achieve form requi-rements,
such as prisnatic
coefficients
and posilion
of longltudinal
center of buoyancy'
ect, and derive different
considerable schemes

1.

IMRODUCTION

Shipts lines plan is used to describe

the form of a ship huJ-l and basically
deterroine its properties.
Its offset
values are the base of shipbuilding.
So shiprs lines plan is an important
draft in ship design and ship building.
It was welL known that desisners formaIly had to draw shiprs 1in6s plan by
hand according to their experiences
and referential
informations
from
parent ship and model_ experinent.
But
iiue to the development of computation
and numerj-cal control
technology in
shipbuilding
industry,
the trad.itional
roethod becomes rlnsuitabl_e.
Desisners
prefer to find a new method usini
computer and graphical d.evices. It
can rapj-d.1y generate a fj_ne and practica1 ship hull surface which satj_sfies
design requirements.
At present stages,
there are four ways to describe a irutt_
sl.Lrface roathenatically.
(f)
Use mathematical method to approxi-mate and smooth the traditional
manual Lines pIan.
It is usually ca11ed
as rrroathematical lofting'r
{1 i
(ii)
Mathematically define a ship
wh-ich has the lowest resistance according to dynanic wave theory.
The rqethod.
is unavaiLable in ship desi_gn, because
the results
are far away from normal
practi-ca1 ship forms. {2}
(iii ) Transform the lines plan of a
parent ship into a new lines plan which
satisfies
the design and practical
requirements.
It is ca11ed. "Transformafinn

na*hnArl

J"l
| ) t

(iv)
Generate a fine and smooth ship
su-rface directly
according to required
nain dimensions and form coeffi-cients.
It is called as [mathematical design
of shlp hul-l surface".
{4 }

There are also two types of geometrical

methods to describe a ship hu1] surface.
(i) curve nethod. t5I
The method is using a set of parallel
plane cllrves to construct
ship hul_I sr:rq a a n a A i n f q a a
u ! 1 r 5 +v^ v a c e r t a i n r e g u l a t i o n .
These cr.Lrves (sectional
cu_rves or waterl1nes) ean be determined by different
functions,
such as polynonial chain,
tri-angular
functions
and other transcendental functions.
Eecause there are
many types of ship forms, the curve
nethod has certaln li_nitation
in representing some special ship surfaces.
(ii)

Surface method. {6i and {?)

Thls nethod uses surface equati_on ro

describe ship huJ.l surface directly.
It nornal_ly divides hul-1 surface into
several patches, then combines them to
construct a fine Anrl nrAc ti .'r'l shi

hurl surraceby til:i"":;?ilii?t'"i*o? oo-

sition

and tangent plane.

According
hnrrnd

onrr

flexibly
surface,
bow etc,
2.

sfzrnn

2.1

to different
combj_nations of
i *i
" r va n s , t h e m e t h o d c a n
represent different
shapes of
such as buttock lines,
bulbous
and achieve good results.
anrrl

CUR\rEAND sURFASE

B6zi-er cu-rve

The curve can be deflned as foll_ovrs:

1et the polygon consist of n+1 vectors,
the Bezier cu.rve can be represented. as

P ( t ) = . E -t r n r , r r { t )

0<t(1

( 1)

Where, Bi,n(t) is calfed as density of

binormal d.istributioh
and can be representeil as fol-l_ows:

-T---

380

Zltott Chaojurt arrcl Litt Dingluatt

fBr
)t \

r ,+ \ _ n f

+l

n \ v / - v n v
trr

(2)

/ 1 _ +v /\ I r - - L
U

8 6 . ( u ) = 1 t- u ) l

n l

t i
"n

m=n=J, then

If

(i=or112r.,.n)
il(n-i)!

The polygon can be constructed by connecti-ng end points of adiacent vectors

polygon
and. it is cal1ed characteristic
We prefer to use cubic Bezier cu-rves in
Its matrix equation
ship design work.

t-r)3
86
" r =/ ( w ) = (

-2
1-w),,lw)=lw(
Br.(w)=Jwt(1-w)

t -u)2
ni',r{u)=1"(

u,

B r , r ( u ) = 3 u z( 1- u )
U3,3(u)=r.r2

_=rl,
B)t)\w

\
?
)=w't

where, parameters u and w lie

intervai [0, t ].
The

eor:at i gn

m:r:ri v
w r

of bicubic

v Y 4 * v 4

! / r

the

in

Bezter

su-rface 1s:

'lIo"l

(-1
I
t

P(t)=(tl t2 t t)

I '
l-1
[ 1

3
0

O
0

o Il o , l
olIorl 3 )
oJ brj

P(urw)=q
f : u' u 1)

P ( 0 ) =b o

- 6 1

o
o

o
o

3
o

l-3
[ r

"21

"22

oor'l B . - ," ( w ) 1
o , r n . = ( w )|
ort I n r , r ( w )

"71

"72

bsr )

"01

"00

"o2

v ,

"10

(i )

l 1

B e z i e r cu_rve has

It can be pro ved that

+i oa.
followi-ng p r o

{ - 1 1 - 3 1
z

o ( 1, \ - h
t_"n

P'(o)=n6o6,,,

"20

"h i o

P ' ( 1 )- n h n - 1 h" n

"12

"11

t r /

|
n r , r ( w))

It means that not only the BezLer curve

coi-neiales with two end points of its
polygonr but also the
characteristic
sid.es of its polygon are tangents of
BezLer curve at two end Points.
(ii)
Suppose p and q are midpoints of
bnb" and b^b=, then p(Z) divides pq. by
l
a
w
)
Vector p'(Z) is located beratio 1t3.
anil b.b, as shown in Fig.1.
b
.
tween bn
v
)
l

lpqt

P'(;)

I
t 3

I
:/

P ' (x )=(bob,+b,b2)

(4)

fhis property is useful

of patch boundaries.
2.2

Fig.2.

of raldDiscrlption
points Properties

Fig.1.

Bezier

surface

with

in construction
two parameters

G i v e n ( n + 1) ( n + 1 ) p o i n t s b . . , ( i = 0 r 1 r 2 r
. . . , n . j = o r 1 ) 2 r . . . r n o ) ,t i 6 p a r a m e t r i c
B6ziet surface of order nxn can be constructed as follows:
rvm

p ( u , w ) = |-

< -

i=Q i=0

Bl .t r r - ( u ) nr*t u - ( t . l ) b
..
r.J

and (8. -(w) ) are cal-led

Jtu
of order n
fanily
function

where, (g. -(u)

IttI
Bernstein
and m.

(5)

The characteristic
of bicubic B6zier

polyhedron
surface

polyheFig.2. Shows the characteristic

d.ron of a bicubic B6zieg patch, when u
or w equals 0 or 1, equation represents
the four edges of the patch.
upper edge of the patch.
lower edge of the patch.
left edge of the patch.
right edge of the patch.

u=O
u=1
w=O
w=1
Tn

f l r

shi

u r r t } J

srrrfacp

laci

-r

i +

r v

'i c

4 v

hv v6v fv

+g1'

tO

let ro and n less than 5, otherwise the

controlling
influence of pol,yhedlron could
be reduced.
Usually, we use m=n=j bicubic Brizier surface, in shj-p design.
Fnr

some

enmnl

ex

sr)rf2cp

strnh

ss

bU-f -

bous bow, we use Bezier sr.rrfaces of

order 4xJ, 4^4 or 5x1, 5x4,

The Useof Bdzier Surface in the Design of a Ship Hull Surface

APPLICATION OF BEZIER SL,RFACE

3.
1.1

patched dividing

(i)
Analysis
ri-sti-cs

meaning as the characteristic

potygon of
a Bezier curve.
Actually,
a bicuLic Be_
zier patch is a multiplication
of two
Bdzier curves along different
directions.
The end property of B6zier curve is also
a property of Bezier patch.

principle

of longitudinal

characte-

Usually; Ship surface can be divided.

I to 5 patches along longitudinal
llto
di-rection.
The roethod is as iol_lows:
firstly,
the surface is divided into
forebod.y and afterbody along maximum
secti_on. Then, the afterbod.y is divid.ed.
into two patches by stern protite.
The
forebody can be one patch or divlded
into 2 or I patches accordj_ngto dif_
ferent si_tuations.
It is better that
some of sectlons are located at the
edges of B6zier patches to form plane
edges.
It is convenient to arranse
vertices of characteristic
net.
(ii )
tic

Analysis

of vertj_cal

The principles
of division
of patches
and lays are si_mple. They shoul_d forn
simple patches which can be represented
by Bezier patches and have no nore than
one inflection
point at its sectional
curve, and the changes of curvature are
wrsignificant.
Under the above conditions,
the shlp surface can be represented by Bdzier sr:rfaces easily.

Three surface

patches

Fig.l.
gives the idea how to divide hull_
surface below waterl-j_ne into three par_
ches, vrhil_e the upper part has the saroe
number of patches
as that of the part
below waterline and connected. each
nihon

ve um. v^v^ + hv r1r !r 'J

ond
n^i
n+a
^va
vectors bi ; conStruct
a three-dimensi-onal net, wniSn is call_ed
eharacteristi_c net.
It h.as the saroe
fhc

He only need to adjust the characteristic

n e t ( b r . 1) t o c o n t r o t t t r e s h a p eo f t n e
patch.
F9" representing a bicubic 86_
zier patch, only 16 vertices are needed
and the for:r bouadary curves should be
deseribed first .
3.2

Net vertices

allocation

Fig.4 shows the method to deterroine the

vertices of forebody surface.
It con_
tains following steps.
b1"

characteris-

Shi-p surface can be divid.ed into 2 or J

Usually, the designed waterplane
1"y".
is taken as one side of these lays to
make good approximation, because it has
close relation with ship properties,
such as stability
and resistance etc.
It is unnecessary to take roany lays for
a.simpl-e ship form.
llut for a ship
with knuckle line,
the knuckle line
shoul-d become the side of these lays.
Because Bezier sr.rrface is a continuous
function
and has continuous d.erivative
function in its defined regi_on, the
tangent planes are contlnuor.rs everywhere.
As knuckle l_1ne causes -Lrnconti_nuous
tangent planes, using knuckle line as
the edges of Bdzier patches ivill certainly
achieve uncontj_nuous tanEent
planes

FiS.l.

381

bt
Fig.4.

bt,
The vertices
surface

br
br,
of forebod.v

(i)

Decid.e the four corner points boo,

a
o O\ 1r l o O
2 L, o ^o j 4 o f c h a r a c t e r j _ s t i c p o l y g o n
of watertine-.
The bg6 and bg3 can be
decided easily, because b6g is the inter*
q o n * i n r
^ e
D
v u u l r l g y^ ^ui -r+- n r , o
r stem profile
and de_
signed waterline
r anil b6a is the inter_
secting point of maximum"{ransverse see_
ti-on and deslgned waterline.
Thenr bO,
and b62 can be decided accord.ing to the
half entrance anglelO and area coeffi_
cient of designed vaterl_ine
cw. They
t

alSO

Can

be

declded

hv

mi.lnnint

"'

nn66p7a17

of Bezier;;;;-;;;."i
r "i"ix-i'i."'-yl:1
parent ship. rr';::i;;:l:"';.;:;,f';""

given sultabl-e parentship, he can draw a

draft of designed waterline as a model
by himself.
Because the designed water_
1ine. is a plane curve, it d.oeJnrt change
in the vertj-cal_ dJ_rection, ie Z=T. But
for a ship with sharp bilge, the upper
edge of BdzLer patch j_s 16cated, at the
knuckle line, not at the designed water_
Iine.
Designers shoul_d consid.er
p 91rrye not only at x and
but also at z direction
in
of r w
u
vaeo tcn nLq O r s ho O O , ho O 1 , t0- r 0 2 ,

the change of
y direction,
deteruri-nati_on
L
borr Such aS

deck edge and deck center line.

After
acquiring four corner points of charac_
teristic
palygon, designers can iietermine
the shape of designed waterline
. Be_
cause i-t has a close relation
to
stabi__
lity and resistance of a ship, the de_
sign requ_Lrements of entrance angte f0
area coefficient
cw and entj_re s[ape of
the designed waterline shoul_d be consldered carefully.
Deslghers can adjust
the positions
of tO., anO bO, to aci.i_eve

382

Zhr.tu ChaojLut and Liu Dittg,v-uart

a suitable desisned waterline

requ].re0 70 an0 cu,.

whlch has

(ii)
Determine four corner vertices b6.r
polygoi'
b 1' /z , b 1 j , b = z o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
))
o f m a x i m l r mt r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n .
Obviously, bo< is located at designed waterline.
b31 ts the start point of maximumtransverse section.
b1, and b23 can be determined accordi-ng to its shape and area
coefficient.
The rqethod is similar with
by a
the method. of d.esigned waterline
parent shlp.
Designers can aehleve a
required shape of maximum transverse
section by suitable choice of b11 and
bzj.
(ii-i)
Deterrnine four corner vertices
bggr b1O' b2O' b3g of charactistic polygon of stem profile,
the bOOis the
btO
same vertex of designed waterline.
is the tangent point (or intersecting
noint) of stem line and keel 1ine. There
are many shapes of stem profiles.
It
the stem profile
is parabola, the requ-ired shape can be achieved by adjusting vertices b16 and b2g. If the stem
profile
has a bulboi.rs bow, it is usually
needeal to use B6zier cu-rve of order 5
with two additional vertices.
y v l r r v /

v L

are

basicsllv

thc

aona,.laai-n

Sarne aS the
*La

r ] , r +v
!q
r

r.nnan

normal
^v u
. r6- v6

Of

Surthe

surface should locate at the buttock 1ine,

not at the designed water lj-ne.
Because
the buttock line is a three-diroensional
curve, designers should consider changes
not only at X and Y d.irections, but also
in X and Z directions.
So, there are
polygons to form a
two characterj-stic
three-d.iraensional cunve, for example,
deck edge and d.eck center line.
1.3

Patches combination conditions

Another important
tl.p

shi n hr:l I

consideration

srrrfece

can

he

is

that

rpnrosgnted

qi mnl
q
hrz
a
PAz
i on
nof
nh
hrrf
- * - h- y a
conposite Bezier srtrrface. How to combine severa.l patches to form a smooth
q r r i n
q r r n f q a o
q n
i +
i q
i n l a .n-o.q f -i n a -,,,6
problem. The combination of several patches
should have continuities
of positlon and
tangent plane.

nnf

For two bicubic

sarv

and

The four inner vertices b11, b1Z, b21 ,

b22 nainly are used to control the fineness and longitudinal- center of buoyancy
etc.
As soon as tbey are determined,
the shape of the patch is al-so d.etermineal completely.
Soe after forming
ealge curves of the patch, designers can
adjust the four vertices and derive different shapes of patches, which have the
same alesigned waterline
, seme stero prof i 1 e , s a m e r o a x i m u mt r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n
and same keel line.
Formal- curve nethods were difficul-t
to
represent a ship surface with sharp
bi1ge.
Now, the surface method. solves
the problem easily.
The design steps

t.;nns

nnndi

of position

tinuities
aTe 2

v l v r r v

the necesnf
v r

cOn-

and tangent plane

I
t

(fv;
Deternine the four vertices blor
polygon
b31, b3Z, b11 of characteristic
of keel 1ine.
Keel line usually is sirople.
For flat keel' b39r and b13 are
and
c o m m o nv e r t i c e s
of stem profile
naxinum transverse section respeetly.
b33 and b32 have the same X components
as bg1 and bg2 of designeil vraterline.
Their Z conponents are equal to zero.
Y components are equal to the half wi-dth
of keel.
FiS.4 shows how the 1 2 peripheral vertices of characteristic
net of bicubic
Bezier patch deterrnine four edge curves
of the patch.
It can be lmaged that
after forming the peripheral- edge curvest
of the patch is deterthe basj-c profile
needs to deri-ve
mined, but designer stil1
its shape completely by adjusti-ng four
inner vertices b11r blZt b21, b22 of
characteristic
net.

patch,

B6zier

srfficient

\\

\
\
\

Combination of patches

Fig.5.

(f)
Two cbaracteristic
nets have the
S a m ev e c t o r s c 1 ) c 2 , c 3 a . s s h o w n i n F i - g .
(ii)
Correspond.lngvectors of two characteristic
nets have the following relations:
1
,l

ao=kbo+uc1
a1=kt1+L.tc1+|uc2

(7)

a2=kbr+lt'c2+!uca
I
\ ar=kbr+tc,

twrlerer h
r

rrL^e^

rh6

+,.,^

,.

ur

nolnLaa

a transverse
smoothly,
then
a , 6 , t 7b 6 1
v

and

^L a
re

constants.

t'ave

COrLmOn

section

bOUffdafv

at

and are combined.

a.=7rb=.
) .

u=t=O

where, k is a constant vrhich isntt equal

to zero, so, afl- ai are parallel
to \

The L'seof Btzier Surfacein the Designof a Ship Hull Surface

f

383

r \

\L=trtr)r+)

4.2

Flow chart

In practice,
the ship hu1l sr-rface will
be sroooth, only if the combinations of
patches satisfy the above equations. The
practice has proved the theory complete_
r_y.

Z I

generate section
curve

B! ,r r 1- ( u ) e . - ( r ) b . . k . , /
rJ
tt/
Jru

generate verti-ces of
maximun and typj-cal

L=oe =o

z 2n t r n ( u ) l

',*(")

q 6 ^ + i

(8)

ki;

In practice,
t{e can chanEe the fineness
of surface and achi-eve the desiqn requirements of displace:oent anrl longitudinal center of buoyancy by adjusting
these pararneters, while ,reeping the positions of vertices.
4.
4.1

area

generate vertices of
designed waterline and
deck edges

Y^

i"=oi=o

calculation

input main dimensions

and form coefficienrs

In order to achieve design requirements

of displacement and longituclinal center
of buoyancyr wo use a group of parameters to adjust the vertices of characteristic
net.
The equation of sr:rface
b e co m e s :

fL

of

^ h a

generate vertices of
sten and stern profiles
generate inner vertices
of Bezier patch

\,/ORXEDEXAI{PI,E
enerate sections,
waterline and profiles

Tnput datum

Input datl;m of main dj-mensions and form

coefficients
of a ship.
. length of designed i,raterfinC
. length bett^reen perpendi_culars
. Molded breadth
. I{olded draft
. I'iolded depth
. Fore sheer
. After sheer
. Prismatic coefficient
. llaterplane area coeffj-cient
. M a x i m r . r ms e e t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
. longitudinal
center of
buoyancy
. Longi-tudinal center of
floatati-on
. Half angle of entrance of
designed waterllne
. Nunber of stations
. Iftmber of waterlines

cu-rves of static stabi_

lity
and l)onzea.ncurves

Llrl
Lbp

B
T

q,4 irra*

displacement, longi tudinal- center of buoyancy

are suitable?

H
I S

Ag

cp
cw
cm
AC

X
" a^
7|t

T
J

4.1

Profiles

(i )

Stem profile

Stem

nnnfi-l

htq

thrco

tur Jr yn ue Jq

r ^ u. ^unv dr . iuharl r B
@

to its positions at the edges of patch.

First type of stem is located at lhe
edges of two patches.
And it has a
piece of straight 1ine.
See Fie 6a.
Second type of stem is located it an
edge of patch, which has for.rr edses.
See Fig 5b. Third type of stem Is bul_bous bor,r. See Fig 6c.

384

Zhou Chaojunand Liu Dingy'uan

rl
A

,4t

v:

12,

,dt

D1

r4,

bt'

bl

,3t

,b,

Fig.6 '
(li)
\

! !

Stern

Q*arn

Rfom

bro

bro
nnnfi

l o

Drofile

nnn fi I 6
!r vrr+e

haq

accordj-ng to its
edges of patch.

a'l sn

thnoo

positions

Thp

f rrnos

spcond

trrnc

of

Stern

iS

at

lOcated.

an edge of patch which has only three

at the

vo ud t 3dcooq

c lnt u
^
a

patch.

The fi rst tvne of stern is locatecl at

the two edges of a patchr such as
See FiE.7a.
transom stern.

q
!i J

qq
aJ

n un lnr rq! il s r ^ o n a 9d u
u

See Fig

d
u co ed3asnr rosnr a * a4 u u

7b

Thi rd tvne nf sttrrn iS located at an

edge of patch, which has four edges,
such as cruiser
stern.
See Fi-e 7c.

l )

,2,\

bl

r4t

,al

ba

be

Fig.7.
Vertices

4.4

Stern

nnnfi'l

determj-nati-on by area

of section area curve

The net vertices
and designed water 1i-ne can be derived
either by midpoint property of cubic
B*zLer curve, or by given area and moment.

uo=[o,r)
b1=(cr1l
b2=(arbJ

b l = l 1, o )

Fig 8 shows the area of cubic B5zier

curve.

Fig'e

of the

g3;;::":*on

vhere, C is adjustable control parameter,

normally
C = O . 3 a , b a r e L r n k n o w nv a l u e s .
Accorcling to formula

(8),

the area

s =f [ a + u ( - ] l * { l * . ) )
Fig.B.

The area

of

The rnoroent

cubj-c B|zier

nrrF\t6

0 15 6
l l- 1 5

4 i

S = / [ U 6 y t U 1 + U b obA2 + b q n b 3 + ' l b 1 A b 2
+Nr1 n b1+b2 n tf ]

(10)

(9 )

For given area and moment about y axist

the B6zier cr.lrve can be constructed as
Fig.9 .

v = l * ( t t h" n" ,,t )\ |l _ 1 0_ e

ll
t\ \ t - : K

_hr

35
-15 0
-15 -6
-5 -4

^t
rzl

iq

* l
D a

'lo

o l

10

3 1 5 4

5 l

151n"" it Il l'
1 5 1a c I l

6
- 1 - 9 0

-5 -15 -io

i]5)

"
n

l l
l l

c tl
a ) )

( 1 1 )

Tlre UseoJ Bizier Surface in the Design oJ'a Shtp Htrll Surface

Jd)

(a)

(b)

\c /

(d)

(e)
F i g . 1O . F i v e b o d y p l a . n s

386

Zltou Chaojunand Liu Dingyuatr

The values of a, b can be d.eri-veil from.

area S (Fornuta(10)) and momentM (form u l a ( 11 ) ) .
It is useful- to use given area and moment to derive net vertices
of a c\rve,
such as designed naterline
etc.
Accord.ing to the cornbination method of
several patches described- above, we made
a conputer program and derived different
results.
See Fig 1Oa to 1Oe.
Some of resul-ts derivecl frorn composite
patch, have been useal in ship design and
ship building.
The lines plan of a ship
of 500 t with flat botton treated by the
in ship bui1d.method was used directly
lofting
ing, and no three-dimensional
was needed.. Six shi-ps of this class
hnwo

]repn

4.5

Features

S h i p R e s e a r c h v o l . 2 5 r N o . 2 r J r . r n e 1 9 8 1,

95-11

{3) H.Iackenly' on the Systematic Geometrical

Vari-ation of Shj-p Forms Trans.
f-ilL 1950.
{41 J.M. De Sendagorta, Tntroduction to
the Foran System, Foran Semi-nar, Brj-tish
Oxygen Company,Oct, 1969.
i5] Z.Chaojurr' Mathematical design of
hull lines with longitudinal
function,
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
N o . 1 , 1 9 8 0 ,9 1 - 1 0 5 .
{6} l.f . R.ogers,S.G. Satterfield,
mi

a*a_l
rr
vv4J
.

tpchni

nel'l rr smnnth

gllpfoaa

D,'nnaaAi

hdc

DynaOf

Tnteraeti

wo

Tlosi

cn

nf

Frni r

Tlrlf ]

Surface Using L3-Splines, Proceedings of

(i)
The contructed ship surface can
reach the design required parameters
i s

j np

{ 7 } E . C . l 4 u n c h m e y e rC, . S c h u b e r t r H . N o w a -

nnmnlclgd.

The method of combination of several 85zier patches to forn a ship su-rface has
following
features.

Tt

R-Snl

rccAS, 1982, 189-196

nlri

nn-n_l
vv4yrv

r:

nnd

nen

fg

useil in ship design and shj-p building.

(ii)
fhe method can generate different
types of ship surfaces, such as bul-bous bow, sharp bi1ge, round. bi-Ige, flat
bottom, singl-e screw and twin screw etc.
(rii ) The nethod is slmple and similar
with normal traditional
method. which is
based on section area curve.
It can
control the shapes of section and waterlines easily.
Designers can flexibl-y
adjust vertices,
show different
types of
surfaces on conputer screen and compare
them.
(iv;
More than ten of ship surfaces
were derived by this nethod ' including
a 500 t ship hull surface with flat
by
bottom.
The ship was built
directly
1:1 and no loftframe lines with ratio
ing procedure was neeileal.
is ten times higher than
Its efficiency
nanual design and saves half of lofting
tiroe.
is signifi-The ecomonical profit
cant because the labour is reducedr euality
is rai-seai, design and building
periods are shortened.
REFERENCES
and S.Wenrony, Method of
t1 ) X.ti-tong
Sequence of CircuJ-ar Rates with j-ts
Application
in the Hudong
Partial
H u . J - lC o n s t r u c t i o n S y s t e m , P r o c e e d ings of fCCAS, 1982, 155-168.
{Z} C.C.Hsiung. Optirnal Ship Forms for
Mininum Wave R.esj-stance, Journal of

rccAs, 1979
, 67-76,

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationard Ship DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . ) ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

387

T H E N U I V I E R I C ATLR E A T I V I E NOTF G E N E R A LC O N E S
I N T H E D E S I G NO F D E V I L O P A E L S
EH i P

HULLS

P e r S K A F T EH A N S T N
Department of ltlathematical- Sciences, lJniversity
Dundee 001 4HN, Scotland, U.K.
Dedicated to

of Oundee,

Finn E. Jensen

This paper addrasses the numerical treatment of general cones, i.e. developable
surfaces
in R3 defined by a top point and a parameterized curve.
The process of development is
reduced to an integration,
its inverse to an interpolation
and/or zero search, and the use
of some high order osculatory methods is advocated.
The determinatj.on of the intersection
point of a line rrlith a cone is reduced to a search for zeroes or mi-nima.
The i.ntersection
o f t t l o c o n e s i s s h o r , r nt o p r e s e n t a m u l t i t u d e
of difficulties
and a polyalgorithm
for their
resoLution is outLined.

0.1.

Statement of the problem: In the design of

hulls it is advanlageous to use, as far
as possible, developable surfaces, Loosely, devel ooable surfaces are ruled surfaces belonging
to one of the three classes: general cylinCers,
general cones and Langential surfaces. as described in e.g. KlingenberC {5}. Incidenralllr,
by the word general it is suggested that the
leading
cur.rE-?Eil?ibing
the surf ace may be ar(see below). Only the general cones
bitrary
be considered here, and as methods for
will
fitting
such cones to various tyoes of data
have been described elsewhere (see e.g, Clements {lJ),
this aspect will noc be dealt with
here: the cones thernselves will
be taken as the
given data, The problem to be studied can now
De surnmarrzed as:
Given an adequate matheinaEical descriction
of a general cone, find efficient
numerical
methods for:
I) the process of developing and its inverse

-s h- i p s

l) The cu:rve u4 is "srnooth" , viz, suf f icient1y differentiable

for the DurDose at hand. fn
Dractice, the functions ar,d'ce
wil I tvnical ly
be nolynomials. A reader *ho'widhes to use splines should l<eeDan eye on differentiability
denands.
2) The .o.," O is assumed to be non-selfintersecting and con.uex. The latter
imolies that if
o is anv tangent plane of 0, ttren all points on
C tie in or on one side of n, all noints on 0lie in or on the other side of o. In a design
problem r+here non-convex cones may be useful,
these can be divided into convex segments.

General cone:

2) the determination
of rhe uoint(s)
of. intersection
of a given cone rvith a given
l ine
3)

the determination
of rhe ooinr(s)
of intersection
of two given cones and a given
p1ane.

The emphasis is on the numerical analysis

and the overall
idea is to reduce the oroblerns
1),2) and 3) to some for which efficient
nuurerical
solution
rnethods are already known.
0,2. Some definitions:
For claritv.
sone notation and a few definitions
are given here:
A general cone Oin 1q3 is described bv a too
point T and a parameterrzed curve l:
u * a(u) =
/ ^ \t u. r. \ ^ / . . \ ^ / . . \ \
\ o l
u c ru :u.l
such th]t T
r d ? \ r r l
r 4 1 \ u / / .
is'not
a"point-on u(, Any poYnt'p lving on a
ruler,
i.e. a line joining
T to some point A of
u4, is a point on 0, and its distance d from T
is positive
if the vecrors
T-p-ffi-m_are
parallel. The rulers through A(u^) and A(u,) will be
aalloA rh^ \^1,n.t.r,,rulers."
A point on 0 ;"
(uniquely,
thus described
when 0 does not intersect itself)
by a parameter value u in [u ;
u,J and a distance d. points of positive dis8anc6 frorn T are said to 1ie on the r;ositive half
cone [+,
points
of negarive
distaG-6i-T=lI,Iithouc undue loss of relevant
generalitv
the
following
restrictions
will
henceforth be imposed:

tangent

388

P. Skafte Hattsett

0.3. On coordinates and inner produccs: Unless

o t h e r w i s e S t a t e d a l l n o i n r q -P' fYnI r t l nr Y -1 nt ) a n d
rronrnrc

n1c
: ' - l

n
n
' ^ t ' - 1 .

e^ rL ^c .

a- -r ^e

-r ^e : P. -r ^c ;s^ e^ n( ^L Ae c

a s

eLements in'Rj-with
the standard orthonormal
basis e, (l ,0,0),er(0, I ,0),e.(0,0, I). The inner
* urr, T'v.w..
In practice
prod,rcE'v.w = "'ii
a surtab Ie cfrorce ol or1gln and coordrnate axes
must be made. Failure
to use an orthonormal basThe r.rrong
is leeds to meaningless results.
f t jt, v
' 6e ^pr r^ L ' 1
nhnina
nF
cnel
i n,o. _ m
. .e.. ., y g
o D r ^e- l- l r S.w' i I+ Lh l l c o n p u tatiorral
overflow or underflow.
\'^f^.

i fI

^^-iLl
^
P U r J r u r E ,

u.

np rr ^ o r r m

fnr

nnmnrrrino

inner prodr-rctsmight advantageously be r,'ritten

in machine code Lo save computing tire,
since
the inner prodr-rct is central
in all the methods
described be1ow. Even for the three-dimensionalcrse srrch F nroerem should accumulate the nrodrrcr qrns in a hipher nrec is ion ard rei rrrn the
rounded result.
See for instance Wilkinson &
Reinsch tl 5l For a discussion of this.
1.1. Developing I; - the geometry: The process
of develoninq a cnne nr A sepmpnf oI a cone can
be reduced to that of computing an integral
of
a function of one real variable.
If the plane
onto which the cone is to be developed is equip^ ^e Jo . ' iwr IhL i l
p
d

"-'f

nlaced

a.

^ ^o 1l a- rr
p

" * ; .r J

- ^o ^o r- d -i n, .r. r* oe

-r r r , tLhr ar nc r r r f t p

u'irh

irs

fon

crzctam wirh
conp

r]evelonej

ooint

in

and

oTr gln
can

ihe

be
u

-ru-

1er along m:

evalrrrrinr rhiq
will
emerge, to
found,
I r

i n r o q r a l n r r m o r i c e l-l w
. e
- -n. d- r 3 S
inEerpolate the values thus

^ ^ _ . . 1^

-tOdS: ror

numeriCal inreora_
ticn and interpolat-ion,
esnecially
in situations
where high accuracv is important,
the so-ca11ed
m et h o d s , i . e . m e t h o d s l ^ r h i c h e m o l o y
osculatorv
values not only of the function involved, but
also of its derivative(s),
sornetimes recommend
themselves. The choice of a suitable rnethod is
problem; motivation
alwavs a tricky
for the algori lhns susqested here rvilI be siven along wi th
their descriotion.
As a basic intesration
nethod take the fo1lowing three-point-two-derivative
formula :
h
\

)a

^ ; r
e
( x ) o x=

t L , . - ! -

d.{i(at(r"+
h{f:.
h

18

fil
r I

'2t

Fo)+ 128rr) +
f;
f:'
D

2l

16 fn
m r r r
-

2l

i +

where m = (a + b)/2, h = b - a, and f" is shortnano lnr '(a, efc. ine lOrT'ulaIS wrtLLen aS a
nested product - so watch lhe par:anthesises but it can alsc be conputed as an inner product
of arrays; the use of f"f2!
rather than f" rvil1
'belorv.
be explained in 5l.3
The erior term has
the form
rn /rn\
R = C h'"9""'(r),
E e [albl
I

c = l3I9776bO

for a derivation
forrnulas in
of this and relared
a slishtlv
dif ferenf conrtrxr. qee T.nrhort & llitche11 {7]. One important characteristic
of this
fcrmula is that it combines hitrh accurac.T rvith
a sirnple structure
and sirnple coefficients.
In
this respect it compares well with its irnnediate
competilors,
lhe nine-point
\lewton-Cotesr and
the five point Gauss-ru1es. (See Davis & Rabino\r:-tz 1.2\ and their refei:ences).
Along with the numerical integration
cones
the qeneral polynomial interoolation
oroblem:
Given a set of nodes {x,,...,X_},
a set of integers Is,.....s
] and i set oH function values
ano oeilvafives
Providing that the completely developed conc
does n^l overlan irself
there is now a one-toone correspondence between points on $ and
noinfs

in

nlane.

Tef

the

dorrhle

anorrlar sFpnenf of the

nnjnl
on C with distance d
from T and parameter
value
The polar
u
coor( r ^ .q ) o F r h e d e v e l o o B C o o i n t
rlinafes
i are then
P he

("^

'

u -

d
Here, at = E,
J-.
square v- ls v.v
_
In

?
crmnl

rlv

1r

V ( ( e- o - T1) s t ; '

'Iu o
a(u),
.

mrffprs

')

"

( a _ 0 T ) r

and for
sl

iphfiV-

r = a - OT and use the idenr ir v

vtwL - (v.w)2. This gives

a vector
t

v the

iL .r fr Lr .I dv |u C
u \ e

/r'

'.')
:,

(L'"'2 - (r.a';2;*

0 = \ : '
Notice, that
inner proCucts.
1,,

^,,^:l-Ll^

--==_____z-du
r

o
the integrand involves
Since the p-coordinate

rL--^

-em:ins

o
u r- l, vr )

fLh, c' s

three
is direct-

n
P r, nu \JI g m

Of

1. -p 1( o )

, ( s t ) , ( o ) r . . . r o! (. s -r )
,(sr)r
' - 2
' . . r . . " m
1
p
o
l
r
'
n
o
n
i
a
l
find a
P ( x ) o f d e -g r e e s , + . . + s + m - I
I
m
suchthat
- ( i ) , ( * . ,) = . ( i )
1
I.
. l'j<n.0<i-s.
J
]
I
This can be solved in man'vdilferent
ways. One
of the most satisfactory
from a computational
ooint of -ziew is the third
of the aJ.gorithms
presented bv Krogh {6}. - A recentlv published
method (rrrerner {ta])
may prove even better.
1.3, An aside: recursive differentiation:
The
reader r.rho at some point in his/her
career has
had to differentiate,
+ 16;
sav, f(x) = l/(;
mav wish to argue that exact higher derivatives
are troublesone to compute. This, in facl,
is a
c o f i t r n o nm i s c o n c e p t i o n ,
and it has been carefully
exorcised bv, amonq others, R.E. lloore ({8} pp.
24-31). For a fu11, rnainlv graDh-theoretical,
description
of the recursive techniques, see
Ra11 {iO}. Here, the following rvil1 suffice:
Let u anC v be functions of x and let

GeneralConesin the Designof DevelopableShip Hulls

.lJ

r; = j! dxi ul___

, j = 0,1,...

t ^-^O

and sinilarly flor v.. In other words,ui andv.

are the scaled deriJatives (or Taylcr cJeffi- J
cients) oJ-i-rnd ,, ut x = x^, I^Iirh rhis noLaiion one can easily prove (b! induction):
u . =| u + v

=> ur = u. + v.

rr=uv

=>rr,,= tJ
c

u.v.

r( J-K

x=o

= > r r , .= r / u { u . - f . j - 1 , . u .

w = u/v

j-r
= ) r r r .= r /' u fL k = o

w
- = ,/u

i:lk

"- k u j.- k

2j

389

the quadrature rule. To surrmarize, the gains of

using recursive differentiation:
The classical
rclosed expressionst
for the Cerivatives of f
ara

irAaaA

h
r ri r- gh 1 r"r y

^u ^u -i ^l r1u r ,l 'c^a- LF e^ uI .;

L..+
DUL

Ft-^-tney
are

unnecessary. A11 we need is an algorithn

for
computing their values. Moreover, evaluating
f, f',
f. at one point rnay in fact be cheaper
in terrns-of cpu-time than computing three different values of f: for f, f,
f, only one divisicn and elC square root is'neeled.
This is vet
another advantage of osculatory
methods.
1.4. A caveat: adaptivity is necessary: Consider
probtem of developins a
the formally
trivial
plane ccne segment

The first
two of these are nothing but statements of linearity
and of Leibnitzr
rul.e for
rhp,4ifforont

ir rol r

' hn^e?r ^e -a^S

\! V

^u "p os -t a
. rL^O- r ,

tFnhe^

Ll a S l

EWC

are slightly
disguised versions of the farniliar
rule for differ:entiaticn
of po\.rers of a function, Note, that the last two are genuinely re^c, u
' r r- ; " ^ .
- - ^ , , i ^ , , ^ 1 . ,
^ c
stve; p
r e v r o u s t - y c^ ^o- -m, , FF ^Ui ,L, ^e1o.v. ^a^l u e s o
I \. ,, r k e n t e f
into the expression for wi
The function to be diflerentiared
is

. 2 2

(r ar

. 2 . +

(r.a,)

----------------

.)'

r'
l ^ - ^ * ^ ^
w n e r e a^ t d
e t o t e s a^ t a s a b o v e .
Compare the fo1lowing pieces of pseudo-code for computing, ref alone and f and its Taylor coefspectively,
(- for clarity,
ficients
the intermediate variables d, tl,
t2, L3, t4, t5 and n have been int r o d u c e d ; a s t a r d e n o t e s m u 1t i p l i c a t i c n ) :

. , L ^ * ^

= r.t

tt = 9r.9r

. t j = f i = " ( = r ) u .( " 1 ) . ; - r .

t 2 = r . -aI .

L2, =
J

LK=O

t3 = t2*t2

t 3j . =

Lt kj = o

y,j

Readers who are familiar: with problems of

numerical integration
will
recognize this as
'Rungets
examplet. For o, increasing,
the error
in the computation of g by means of a fixed quadrsture rule grows very raoidly:

shoun

0, and

vs.

1J-t<

0 .

I z 30"

For

abs. err.

4 ro-7'

d- k. * t- I- j - k

a u j = t 4 . - t 3 .

n/d

l+gZu:

L z * t 2j - k

t 5 = t 4 - t 3

n . = r / t s fL iK-=ro
J

, 0 = o\
,-

Abs. err.

t- 4 . =
j

/+q

0r = laollrl

r. .(a.).

-.

t4 = d*tl

f ik = o
L

For definiteness,1et T = (0,0r0), u^ = -1,

u l = I , A ( - 1 )= ( 1 , - o , O ) , A ( l ) = ( 1 , o , 0 ) Y T h e l
I = e = (l,our0), 9' = (0,orO)and
d
, r --du-^
.-T1

i- 3k
2 k

rj = r/a {n. - t;=:

*|q

J-k

, n o j _ nJ

Osculatory quadrature rules tend to be beccer

behaved ihan ordirrary ones, but nevertheless
adaptivity
is necessary. In the cone-developmeni
pr:oblem the integrands
are srnooth; hence, the
' un L1 L1 i^J, l. v, i r- .- r < . . i - ^ 1 ^
bL.ilprc

There remains the question of hor,i to compute

vec!p and (a,)u; but r and a are essentially
tors of polynomials
and obviously
the standard
rnethods for evaluation
(Horner's
of polynomials
scheme for the ordinary
representa!ion,
three
term recurrence
for Chebyshev- and sirnilar
expansions etc.) can be augmented by the rnethods
just described to give subroutines for computing
any number ol (scaled) derivarives.
One tricky
detail
is worth pointing
out:
= (j + l)g;*,.
(ar)
The polynomial evaluaricn
i
subrdutiue returds'the ar.'s, so the extra factor
(i+l) musr he reremhered)
The output of the algorithrn with j = 2 is
precisely Ehe set of values f, f,, f. used in

d- -t -r rDn _r -. h- _ - - ,

u. .h.i .a- h, . .

oo.or"t.
o,.._-**IZeS

Ronbergts rnethod (see {2}) suffices:

Let I" denote the exac! value of the intesral
of f o'ref, a;b
and ler Y! a"not"-itr"
^"".."ir":tion of ID bv a lixed qladrature ru]e with steplength h.aAssume tnat ib is related
to ib throt,eh
an Euler-llclaurin
tyoe 3s1-nptotic expans?o.r (.""

]-]\ '

_ -r b ,+ c- rnp- ... \- t( o - l )
;Lb =
a
a
o
rvherec^nc,,,.,
o '

1 l

/ -i t' =

are constants,

l '

/i\
f " ' ( b )

N o w,. c or m pLu t e .
If = II,
I.

_ ^ u p * 2 n r ( p * l ) ,+ . . . .
l

= I-

o is

even and

_ ( 'i () ,a )
t
h

+ I"

D=

(a+b't/2

-T:_I
390

l!

P. SkaJteHartsert

and eliminate the first

expansion by setting

tern

after

Tb in
2

the

T - T
I = l ^ + E , w h e r eE = ' 2 ' 1
t
2P-1
The process can be repeated if necessary. It
is not difficult
to prove that the quadratu::e
rule in 5 1,2 has an Euler-Maclaurin
type expansion with p = lO. The correction
T
- . ) - - -r
1
F
I023
can be taken as a rough estimate of the error,
so that the exit criterion
is of the simple
form E < tol,
a prescribed tolergnce.
Note, that the computation of I" uses three
(f, f'
sets of values
f"), namel$ at a, m
4nd b, These are reused in the computation of
:k
:l" and If , so rhat only two such extra sets
a f e n e e C i d , n a m e l y a t ( a + m )/ 2 a o d ( m + b ) / 2 . F o r
comparison, a nine-point
Newton-Cotes t:ule
would require
eight extra function
values,
a five poirrt Causs rule an extra ien.
-

practical
1.5. Developing II
consideratio4s:
So far, only rhe developnent oF a comp1"t" "-",
or more precisely,
the calculation
of its angu1ar span, has been considered.
I{hen the images
under the development of a set of points on
such a cone are required,
trvo possible procedu:-es srrsoesi fherse lygg;
l) The ruler through the given point deieim i n n c r ^ o a f \ a r " i n h t h e n e a r c s t b o u n d a, rJ v r! ru r, Ll cr ,r a smaller cone segnent, rvhich can be treated as
above. This method is more accurate, but also
costlier
than
2) The values of (0r0, r0r,0") =
(8,f,1/2f1,1/3f)) at e.gi .^, Cu^+r,)/3 and u,
can be stored ifi the data bSse dEsciibing the'
surface and any interrnediate
values of g(u) can
be obtained by osculatory
( cfr.
interpolation
5 1 . 2 . ) .
In practice
one uses both methods concurrently. It is worthwhile
to point out the advantages
of the osculatory approach:
i) The values of (0,0,,o",0") at (u +u,)/?
can be extracted
relativdlv'sa?elv
frofi tl-re
last step of the Rcnberg-type process; although
the 0-va1ue will
not have the same order (in h)
of exactness as the end point values, it will
in gener:a1 be sufficiently
accurate since the
interval-halving
gives a facror (1 /D10 on the
err or .
ii)
The inter:polation
method autonatically
p i c k s u p t h e ( u ^ + u , ) / 2 - v a l u e s a s r n ' e 1 1a s t h e
extra derivativE
reaped from ? being computed
(If a Ne\,7ton-Cotes or Gauss
as an integral,
formula were used, a ful1 integration
rvould
have to be carried
out for each internal
point
to make interpolation
possible. )
iii)
trtren the process l) above is ernployed, the
values of (f,f1rf7)
at one integration
end
point are alreidy-available
and hence only two
more such sets are needed. Note, that the nearest ruler may be the one corresponding
to
(u^+rr.,)/2 and that the integration
interval
thErefore is never larger than (u^+u,)/4.
(Newton-Cotes and Gauss rules would hSve'e.ren finer
subdivisions but reuse less infornation.)
A note on the use of splines:
if the Leading
curve .4 (u) is parameterized by splines ratirer
chan polynomials a subdivision of lrr ;u,] at
the knots before the use of the abo.r8 *Sthods
is necessar:y.

1.6. The int'erse process:

To get from the
nlane (develoned) seqment back unto the orisina1 cone is essentiaLlv a question of computing
u as a function
of 9, -{gain, trvo Drocedures
<rroeocf

fhomcelrrac'

l) Frorn the values of 8(u) and its first

three (scaled) derivatives w,r.t.
u at three
ooints, u^, u, and u- = (u^+ur) /l one can obf ain the Val rres of u'(tr) a:rH i ts f irsl- three
( s c a l e d ) d e r i . , , a t i v e s r ^ r , r. t . 3 a t t h r e e p o i n t s
= Q(u_), ,c = ?(u,) and I = 9(u ).
(NB:
^
Oo
O
I
l
t
n
m
-m0 + ( o- g + ,l A ) / 2 ) . T h e d e r i v a t i v e s c f u w , r . c .
I can be found by tedious manipulations;
from
explicit
formulas (Traub {t2});
or by a recursive process much as in 5 1.3.
An even more accurate::esult
is obtained as
follcws:
2) Defining,
fcr a given value of 9, the
func t ion
9q (u)

(u

3 - \

,
.a(t)dt

to

the vaLue u corresponding to 3 is now a zero of

gg. This can be founC b;r a straightforward
apThd i-r---.rL
olication
o f N e w t o nr c m o th a l
in
Ehe expressicn for Bg shorrld be evaluated by
the quadrat':re mefhod oi lhe orevious oaragraphs.
A B^ a
. Li i- l ,
A

-r ^l ut L
^e

fLL, ^r e

a- Jq "v ^d -, Fl (^a q c' ^5 ^

^F
ot

^^^..1 ^+
osJulJLory

melhods: (inverse) interpotation

for 0 as a
function of u lvill be (almost) as accurare as
(in 5 1.5.) Eor u as a functhe interpolation
tion cf 9. - lnterpolation
at five Gaussian
nodes for u will
be fair'lv accurate; but the
inverse i:rterpolafion may not, since the int_erpolation points ate irregularly
distributed.
\eedless !o sav, the sLarting guess for the
zero-search in 2) above is provided by an interpolation
as in 1). Tn general, one Ne\.r'ton
cor:rection rvi11 be sufficient
to give fu11 rnachine accuracv.
It mav be fair
to add, that for zero-searching one usua11-y gains verv little
from methods
that use hiEher de;:ivatives (see e.g. Rheinboldt

I r r l ).

2. Intersection
of a ccne with a line:
The
problem of findine the incerscction point(s)
of a convex cone rn'ith a line is fairly
simple
and rvi11 only be discussed very briefly
here.
Let the line I be described by a point p
(on 1) and a direction
vector v. ltith the noration frorn 5 0.2. let the funcrTon g(u) be defined by

s(u) = ru pi rirr,l I = (v , fr).fi(u)

\ote,
that11 = a t Pt need o.rty t" formeC once
and that g(u) is then computed as an inner product, 41so, gt(u) = c.at . Apar:t from a con^ F ^ - F

4 . . , F ^ . .

LUr,

^ / . . \

ts\u/

: -

rs

the

volume

of
+

the

tetra+

- j t-h., , e v e c t o r s v , P T a n d T A .
r h e n t h o \v /LAu a. or t - s v
I i u ^ i s a z e r o o fL o
< "(. '/ ),
and TA(u") arr. coplan:r. This irolies
thar thE
ruler on- 0 through A(u.) anC the line I are
c o n l a n a r r n d h e n c e a i i h p . i n f o r c o : f i .n r- ." ' t a
point S or paral1e1. The latter
situation,
l,rhich occurs only rar:ely, can easilv be de Eected by using the fact that
) - , a - r 1
.=>
y'(TA) -(v.TA)-=O
hp.lrnn

enarno,l

v and Ti

hrr

are parallel

Irrhen the cone is

follorving
situations

or antiperalle1.

strictl./
convex, only the
can occur, assuming I

391

GeneralConesin the Designof DevelopableShip Hulls

tive

does not pass through T:

i) l,nO= d, no intersection:
g is of one sign in
[uo;u,J
.q,0
n = {S},

ii)

one inrersecrion:

a) g has one sign

[uo;u,J

change in

g has one zero and no sign changes

: Q is a tangent of O
in [u_;u,l
c
l
Sr0= {S,,S^}, two intersections:

b)

iii)

g has two sign

changes in

!uo;u,'

In cases i) and iib)

it may occasionally be
useful
to determine the value of u in [u iu.]
for r.rhich the distance
d between the cor?es$onding ruler of C to I is a minimum. (rln iib)
this minimum i.s a zero,) Witfr g = yxPT and
r =: T A t h e- v;a l u- e s: o; f d c a n b e c o m n r r f e d f r o m
=
( C. r ,,

,L

"

2 2 - ,
( y ' I /, 2
v r
'

-.ilL^,,F
nA ^r r a- 1rnB^ U
r r L I U I c^ -a- -r ,r, y: - ^ L i l g u
u L +Lhi :l ^L S a^ -n- 1a. r, y, s 1 s l l u l y
look like:

IF g has one sign change THEN

find zero of g intuo; u, J;

I.

to rounding errors.
The minirnizations
in levels 2 and 3 can be
carried
out efficiently
by means of an algorithm
l .
^ l
due to Davidon. (See Walsh ll3rfor
details.)
Essentially,
lhis method consists in repeatedly
polynomial
a third-degree
fitting
to the data
c' irl\'
't i- i' : ' i ' r
'/ ^- -i - l '
't ir r_l,', f l _ , )
and taking its
:i-l'-o"..^o1'
rnifiimuft as-a new-appro*irhati6n'of
the ninimum
^F
ur

th i c

^F

+L^

-^i-rpurrrLs

-^:

-.
^,._1.

in 1evel'2 cin'be
chanqe is detected.

e l l g t

nr.rhl.m

p1ex,
lines

f rrrnc

^rti

lro

t^

:"rnri

- " c i n .o' bl r' ) /

cOm-

sone /+000
are:

the complete code totalling

at Dresent. The main issues

(Systematic)
check for exigtence of intersec t ions
Elirnination
of unwanted intersections
involving
Ol and Cl
.
L
Isolation of Z, 1.e. determination oF sEarting guess for stage v) or iv)
Special treatment
of various
/ elimination

i)

find m = min. of og(u) in [uo; urJ;

(^ r- L^ l E

Two cones and a plane:

v .

ii)

let o be the sign or g(uo) and g(ur)

"

.1: ^^^-A:^^
urDLdrurrtx

Tf twc cones 0,
at all,
they *i11
@on
in qen6ral intersect
in one or several curves
.
- ?
RJ. The designer rvi11 on'ly be interested
in
in
beEween the positive
intersections
halfcones
d\+ and O+ and- raiher fhen trAcine rhe entii.e
.'-l^-^^^.:iL^
'.^-. .,: -L
+^ c:-r
rL^
-^p.int Z,
assumed unique,
common to
O
f
CT,
and TT, a
given plane. From a computational-point
of view,
3.1.

FI qF

2.

F
r,

Note, that the minimization

abandoned as soon as a siqn

iii)

IFm <0 THEN

turo intersections existt
one for u < tu^; ml,
one for u c [ul; ml;

Ao

ELSE
I F t h i s is desirEd THEN
Finri
i= min. of d(u) in [uo; urJ;

Every.rhere it is desirable
that the anount of
computation
is kept at a minimum. For each individual ruler of, say,
O, the inLersection(s),
: F 4^r -r ) "/ r
'w-r :L i *l L vA
^ - - o f i o u r s e b e d e tL cer Lr' m
hu J v
Lo,r
rr
L r r ir n
L vc d

iv)

Aeoarct^fo

,v, \ uL r .L'f_i L L
'
/

rnrfi

orrratinnc

^,, dete-mination

dLeur

of

dLy

Iet rl = argmin o(u),

3 = a(l)

i.e.

T H E N
I F d = 0
is
the ruler through n(i)
a tangent of O ;
END IF
END IF
END IF
END IF
One may of course build
into this a check
for the position of S: if S lies on the negative half
cone it will
in zeneral be of no interes t .
The zero search in level
I of the algorithm
can be carried
out by any suitable
methcd, a
combination of bisection
with Newtonrs method
being the most obvious choice. Seeing that the
values of gt(u) at u^ and u, should be computed
(for the benefit
together with the values of'g
of the minimizations
in levels
2 and 3, described below),
one may however use a t'do-point
nethod due to Jarrat
{4}:

ti+t = x. - r./ri + rf H

lrhere

1 . =r. - - - -l
, fl
.rirri_ll

fl =

Ai

't-1

a-

(, E *t{ r -

2. Tn general, this is too

the rnethods of'9
cpu-time
consuming, and some alternatives
are
paragraohs. Some stansketched in the following
d:rd

n n f e t i n n -J r r t

[x.rxi_]l

= ti-

ti_l

FL-+

^t

v L

q
a

\ t . . .

Will

be

3.2. The final

stage - finding Z:
Stage v) is
the most straightforward:
it also helps to motivate the structure
of stages i)iv) and will
therefore
be lreated
first:
Assume, that the
'been
existence
of Z has
established,
and that
values t and i ha.re been fo,:nd, such that the
(on 0, and C" resp.) through A(() and
rulers
,

1 .

B(v) intersect
1[ in Ddints Z, and 21 cLose to Z.
Now, 1et ! and j be orthogonAl unir-vectors
in
- 1
lR'and

n,rinf

in

ll

qilch

thzl9 r r g !

lo
\ v

'

' . 1

r'l
/

f61p

an orthonormal
(x, (u), y, (u))

coorCinate system for TII tet

be the (0,i,j)-coordinates
of the
pcint Z,(i),
ttte intersecti6n
of the ruler on
. . J
A
F
0, with II when u is in a neighborhood of t; and
sinilarlv.
I e r (\ .x' -? (\ rY' /) r. 'J ;. -) (\ r" 'r )/ ) h e r h e e , r n 1 d i n 3 1 g g

ot Zr(v) . Let h' ([,.r) = i, (u) - x, (v) and

''The parimeter
h
. . (r r\r lswr ) ' =
' J vl- \ ( r
* r/) r . )v ( v ) .
values

rE-rr)i

characterizine
u- and v
the point
z
z
,
fdunC by-numerical
solution
of the
nnn-l

r'nae-

Z can now be
system of

pnrraiinnc

h, (t:rv) = 0

-1.

uhere

evj-crri-^
E . r L c r r u r r

helr:ful:
The cones C, and 0. are determined by
their too ooints T aia T
an6 learlino curves
o 4 z u + a ( u ) , . . A: . , ! - ' p { v f . T y p i c a l p o i n L s o n
C, and 0. .r" denoteC P and Q respecrively.
-"
" [v_;v,l will be desigT h A r p n r a n S -l a
- - - n '.-"l I
o, I
nated X for shoYt.'

Ai = fi-

hr(u,v) = 0

ti_l

Jarratrs
metirod uses the same amount of new
information
as Ne\^rtonrs at each step, but has
faster
convergence; it is slightly
more sensi-

This can be accomplished'either by calling a

library subroutine (e.g. Mor6 & Cosnard {9}) or,
hprrer-

hw

innlempntinq

as

Dari

oF

the

code

392

P. Skafte Hansen

simple Newton or quasi-Newton method (see Dennis & Schnatel {3} for details).
Ncre, thar
xr, Yt, x) , Y.1 can be expressgd by.neans of inner produdts of the vectors TlA, T;B, !, j etc.
3.3. Existence of i"lefSSgliSAq:
For breviry,
I e t ! = T , T r , ! = T r A ( u ) , I = T . B (,v )' a n d i n t r o duce, as in'aid
in dtages i) - iv),
the function

F(u,v) = tlrcl

= L.(rxg) , (u,v) e4

Then F(urv) = 0 exactly when the vectors !, !

and q are coplanar, i.e. when the ruler on 0,
through A(u) intersects
or is parallel
with tffe
ruler on O, through B(v). Hence, disregarding
parallel
rufer
pairs,
the zero leve1 curve cf
i in the uv-rectangl;
.R^.;t""po"d.
ro rh"
intersection
curve in
IRJ of 0, and 0". A
systematic
search for intersections
must cacer
for all the possible configurations
of the zero
level curve. To illustrate
the complexity
of
the problem: if u4 and Jb are srraight
lines in
Rr, each coordinate
paraneterized
by a first
degree polynomial,
then F(urv) is a (sum of)
product(s)
p(u)q(v),
where p and q are again
polynomials
of dggree one. Hence, the surface
w = F(u,v)
in
RJ is a hyperbolic
paraboloid
in general position,
and its
zero level curve
cari be any part of a hyperbola.
In particular,
it can have two disjoint
components. When curvature is added, even more cornplicated situations can arise.
Another aspect, which tends to
make the progranrning for this problem nightmarish,
is that for each configuration
of the
zero level
curve a number (from I to 5) of
others can be obtained by turning
or reflecting
the uv-rectangle,
corresponding
to interchanges
of u^r ut, V^ and v,. A piece of advice to any
readEr, who #ishes to implement some of the
methods described here: do not be loo clever
about this;
it is better
to duplicate
parts of
the code and make the relevant
adjustments
than
to try handling all
equivalent
situations
in
one go.

(J.) Compute F and its first

partial
at the corners of ,9. . Count the
IF more than

one corner

zaro

derivatj-ves
zeroes.

THEN

(2)
S E L E C Ta c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r n u r n b e r
C A S E2 !
IF F = 0 along one edge THEN
one cons ls planar and contains
(2") a boundaryruler of the othEr.
E L5 E
normal intersection; proceed (6);
E N DI F
C A S E3 1 4 ! d a g e n e r a c y ; e x i t .
T N DS E L E C T
ELSE
(3)
S E L E C Ta c c o r d i n g t o n r - r n b a ro f c o r n e r z a r o s s
C A S EO :
Count the sign changes and
S E L E C Ta c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r n u m b e r
C A S EO :
p r o c E e d( 4 ) ;
C A S E1 ! d e g e n s r a c y ; e x i t .
(S.)

C A S E2 :
IF urong-end intersection expected THEN
e xi t .
ELSE
normal intersection; proceed (5);
E N DI F
C A S E3 : d e g e n e r a c y ; e x i t .

C A S E4 ! F o u r s i g n c h a n g e s i m p l y
t r r l o - c s n p o n e n ti n t e r s e c t l o n c u r v e .
(3b) Find edge-palr ulth zeroas stemming
f rom posi.tive-haIf-cone-intersection :
IF no such THEN
a xi t .
E LS E
procaed (5 ) ;
E N OI F
E N DS E L E C T( o n s i g n c h a n g e s )
C A S E1 ! ( . r y e x a c t c o r n e r z e r o )
C o m p u t ev a l u e g o f F o n e d g e s o f , - 4 . s l i g h t l y
off the zsro. Then count slgn changes on
edges.
S E L E C Ta c c o r d i n g t o s i g n c h a n g e s
C A S E0 !
IF cones share boundary rular THEN
find Z; 9g!!.
ELSE
d e g e n e r a c y ;e x i t .
E N OI F

and corresponding

C A S EI 3
Find zero on edge uith
Proceed (6);

uv -

C A S E2 : d e g e n e r a c y ; e x l t .

Intersecting

cones

diagram

presented below proceeds by

The algorithm
first
the corners
searching
and then the edges
of ,4. for zeroes/sign
changes and analyzing
these. The action
taken next depends on the
(Example: t\^to zeroes
number of zeroes found.
indicate
one intersection
curve comoonent. Tf
- intersection
it is a AIC;
its end poinrs
are found is in 5 2: if these are on the same
side of TI, search is abandoned, otheroise
the
code enters the final
stage).

slgn change;

C A S E3 : s i g n c h a n g e s o n t h r e e . e d g e s .
F i n d c o r r e s p o n d l n g z a r o e s . A m o n gt h e t o t a l
of four zeroes find thE tuo corresponding
to relevant intarsection.
lF no such THEN
exit.
E LS E
p r o c e e d( 6 ) ;
E N OI F
E N DS E L E C T( o n s i g n c h a n g e s )
E N DS E L E C T( o n c o r n e r z e r o a s )
E N Di F

GeneralConesin the Designof DevelopableShip Huils

IF no zeroes so far
THEN
(4)
Let o= sign (r) at corngrs.
Find minima of sF along tha edges of,R .
Count the negative ones, and
S E L E C Ta c c o r d l n g t o t h e i r n u m b e r
C A S E0 !
conas do not intersect; exlt.

(4")

(4b)

C A S EI :
tuo zeroes on one edge of
i
find these and check the corresponding
intersection polnts;
THEN
IF irrelavant
exit.
E L5 E
proceed (6 ) ;
E N OI F
C A S E2 : f o u r e d g e z r o e s . S e p a r a t e
thesE and find tuo relevanti
IF no such THEN
e x1 t .
E LS E
proceed (6);
E N OI F

3,4. The degenerate configurations:

The algorithm exits on a nurnber of degeneracies,
nost
of which will
be extremely rare anC always due
to numerical instabilities/roundinq
errors or
to bad design, or both, A few other desenerate
configurations,
however, are quite likely
to
occur and in fact desirable.
It seems \rorthwhile
to describe them here (nunrbers in brackets refer
to the algorithm):
If one cone is in fact a plane segment and
the other has a boundary ruler
lying
in this
p1ane, then the intersection
curve is a segment
of that boundary ruler
and its intersection
with
IT is easily
found. This takes place at (2a).
If the tr,/o cones share a boundary r:uler,
Lhe
zero level curve consists of exactly
one corner
zero. (See 3c). The intersection
with TI is aeain
easily found.
The most troublesorne ccnfiguration
(6a) is
illustrated
be1ow.

C A S E3 1 4 : g h a s t l y d e g e n e r a c y ; e x i t .
E N D S E L E C T( o n n e g a t i v a m i n i m a )
E N OI F
IF tuo sign changas found in (Sa) or ( 3 b ) T H E N

(s)

Find corrEsponding zeroes. Check if

section ulith IT can exist;
IF not THEN
exit.
E LS E
proceed (6);
E N DI F
E N DI F

intErdsnotes
paral le1
rulers

(6) At this stage the follorrring has

establ lshed:
1) the cones intersect
i i ) t r r r op o i n t s o f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n
have been found satisfylng ry
c ondit ions I

( 6a)

curve
of the

1) Both points lle on the positive halfcons; furthermore, they lia on

e i t h e r s i d 6 o f T i.
2) One point is on the intersection of
the tuo positive half-conesr the
othEr on the intersection of the tuo
negativa half-cones. (See g 3.4 belor,r)

S E L E C Ta c c o r d i n g t o 1 ) o r 2 )
C A S E1 !
( 6 b ) C o m p u t et h e s i g n e d d i s t a n c e s f r s n t h e
trrrointersection points to TI and intErpolate to zero in u and v separately to
obtain the startinq gussses for thE final
s t a g e ; p r o c e e d( ? ) ;
C A S E2 :
(oc) trace along the zero leve1 curve in R
from the positive-intersection
point until,
if possibler .!99,positive-lntersection
points have been found lying on aither side
ofll .
IF no such points THEN
e xi t .
E L5 E
p r o c e e d a s i n C A S El ;
E N DI F
(7) - This is the final
i n 5 3 . 2 . -

atage ae described

The most troublessne confiouration

The zero level curve consists
of two segmencs,
one for the O] Ol - intersecrion
and oie for
tne Ol 0, - idt"isection,
joined snoorhly in a
point ioriesponding
to a pair of parallel
rulers.
(- intersection
at infinity).
This configuration
is rstructrrrall-v stable'
(it won't go away if
you only push the cones a little)
and quite common in designs. The only way to treat
it numerically
seems tc be the one suggested in (6c) in
the algorithn:
trace along rhe 0i 0l - inrersection;
if the intersection
curvd n6ves "way
frorn II, then,skip,
else carry on until
two points
on the Ol 0l -intersection
have been forrnd
lying on 6ither
side of TT. The rbestr curve-rracing method has yet to be decided upon.
A nutnber of other degeneracies ere treated in
the existing
code, but they are all of a fairly
sirnple nature (one cone has its top point in TT,
a ruler in lT etc.).
3.5. Tools and tricks:
Needless to say, all the
one-dimensional
searches for zerces and minima
are carried
out as described in $2. In fact,
the
same code is used.With one of the parameters urv
fixed and the other free,
the geometrical
problem is exactly that of 92.
However, the policy
throughout the code has

394

P. Skafte Hansen

been that of extracting

a1l information
from
existing
data before computing any new. Thus,
in (3a), (3b) , (4a) and (4b) an attempt is made
to discarC non-intersecting
fincones without
ding exact zeroes of F. This is done by low cun-

g!.rg'

For a convex cone 0 tet Jl be the tclosedt

cone cut out in R3 b:r the tangent planes of 0
-r

.it.

!'^,,-J.r',

*' , ,u' rl c ar Jr -r

iL^U- ^Ef i E L Tl -T,

^ ,L

,,;

rL

!Le

il

anp

spanned by the boundary rulers.

Then 0 is entirely contained in Jl and iniersections
of lines
w i t h , 1 1c a n b e f o u n d b y s o l v i n g
3 by 3 linear
systems of equations, The idea, of course, is
0 r,rust intersect
that any line intersecting
3 ;
and if two 0s intersect,
Eheir Is must, too. Intersections
with II have sirnilar properties,
The fi, and Jl^ can be formed from the data involved ii computing F and its partial
derivatives at lhe corners of .R. Thus, they can be used
to rejecL non-inLersecting
cones already in (l).
Similarly,
in (4b), when a negative minimum of
oF is found, the corresponding ruler divides its
cone into two parts,
for which the,ls
may be
formed straight
away.
Occasionally,
theJls intersect
when theCs do
-^F.
^-1.,
n
oL; o
n r y li -n c+ Lo^ e^ ^s e c^ a s e s m u s l e x a c t z e r c e s o r
minima be found before decisions
can be made,
D
:--11.'
:r !L J^rLr u-u"r 1e d n e r h e n s h e n n r e d t h a l i t
r rrrdr!_Y,
is possible,
again from the infor:mation involved
in forming F and its partial
derivatives,
to
compute tangent vectors
of the zero level curve
in .R, as well as the intersection
curve of the
process0s. These are used in the inlerpolation
es in (6a) and (6b).

4. Various remarks: About accuracy: an overall aeatraev nf 7 rn 8 dpcimal dipits

fl mmor
l/10 mm in 1000 m) is desirable.
Considering the
fact
that some of the numbers involved
are colnputed by subtracting
coordinates
of vectors TA,,
TA^ where T mav lie several kilometers
from th6
, z l
As-( - in lull
scale, that is ...) thus giving
rise to cancellation
of 6 to B decimal digits,
that high precision/high
one sees clearly
accuracy computations are needed throughout.
Most of
the work reported here rvas done on Hewlett Packard 9000 and 9816 computers rvith I6 decimal
digits
for real variables.
About further
work: most of the results
obtained can be exiended to tangential
surfaces.
The author hopes to report
on this in the near
future.

nL ittle
Acknouledoements:
lvly f riend,
Finnrr
perJ e n s s n , t o r r r h o mt h i s p a p e r i s d e d i c a t e d ,
suadsd me by his enthusiasm to try to solve
some of these problems. ThE maJor part of the
out at the Burmeister & Uiain
uork rrrascarried
Shlpdesign Aps, uhere Otto Jakobsen rrrith unpatience and diligence
failing
assisted
in co(in turo verding the intersection
algorithm
sions!).
ily stay as a Ph.D. student at University
of Dundae is supported in part by the Otto
Relersenske and CarlsFlOnsteds, Th.B. Thriges,
berg Foundations.

REFIRENCES:
(l) Clements, J.C.: rA Computer System to Derive Developable HuIJ. Surfaces and Tabl-es of
fYlarine Technology, 18, 3, 198I,
0ffsetsr,
pp 22?-233,
(2) Davis, p.J. & Rabinouritz, P.: rMethods of
Numerical Integrationr,
A c a d e m j - cP r e s s 1 9 ? 5 .
(3) Dennis, J.E. & 5chnabel, R.B.: rNumeri-cal.
lvlethods flor Unconstrained 0ptimization
and NonPrentice-Hall
1983.
linear Equationst,
'Nurnep.,
(4) Jarrat,
P. (ed.):
1!g Rabinouitz,
methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equarical
tionsr,
Gordon & Breach 1970, pp 1-26.
(S) xtingenberg, Iy'.: rA Course in Differential
C e o m e t r y r , S p r i n g e r 1 9 ? 8 ( G T I v lv o l . 5 1 ) .
(6) xrogn, F.T.: tEfficient
AJ.gorithms for Poand Numerical Differenlynomial InterpoLation
tiati.onf , Itlath. Conp. 24, 1970, pp L85-190.
(7) Lambert, J. & fiitchall,
A.R.: r0n the Solution of yt = f(xry) by a Class of High Accuracy
Difference
Formulae of Lou 0rdert,
Z A t Y l p1 3 ,
1962, 9p 223-232.
( 8 ) w l o o r e , R . E . : r l Y l e t h o d sa n d A p p l i c a t i o n s
of
I n t e r v a l A n a l y s i s I r S I A f v l1 9 7 9 .
rAlgorithm 554
(s) tttord, J.J. & Cosnard, ll.Y.:
I
,
p
p 240-251.
E R E N T l t l A C l vT
l rans. 6, 2, 1980,
rAutomatic Differentiationr,
(10) Ralt, L.8.:
(
L
e
c
ture Notes in Computer
Springer l98l
SCtencevoI. tzur.
( tt ) nneinuoldt,
! J . C . : r t Y l e t h o d sf o r S o l v i n g
S y s t e m s o f N o n l i n e a r E q u a t i o n s r , S I A f Y1
I 974
( C B l v l Sv o 1 . 1 4 ) .
rlterative
ttlethods for the
Trauu, J.F.:
1964.
Solution of Equationsr, Prentice-Hall
(12)

(13)
!JiIey

t r J a I s r r ,G . R . :
1975.

r l Y l e t h o d so f 0 p t i m i z a t i o n r ,

(14) trJerner, lJ.: tPolynoniaJ. Interpolation:

Lagrange versus Nerrrtonr,Math. Cpmp. 43, 1984,
pp 2O5-2I?.
(15) uJilkinson, J.H. & Relnsch, C.:
Algebrar, Springer f9?f (HACLA).

rLinear

Computer Applicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O I F I P ,1 9 8 5

395

FAIRING
O F S H I PL I N E S
A N DS H I P S U R F A C E S
D ir k R e e s e
Vl^l-GEDAS
B e r li n , W e s t - G e r m a n y

A C A D - m e t h of od r f a i r i n g o f s h i p h u l l i s p r e s e n t e dh e r e . T h e s h i p h u l l i s d e s c r i b e dw i t h
t l r g h e _ l P9 f a w i d e m e s h o f p r o i e c t l i n e s p l a n w h j c h d e l i n e a t e s t h e t y p i c a l f o r m o f t h e
s h i p . B ' i c u b i co r b i q u i n t i c C o o n sP a t c h e sa r e g e n e r a t e df r o m t h e s e l i n e i . ' t h e f a . i r i n g p r o c e s s r u n s f o r t h e b o u n d a r yl i n e s o f t h e C o o n sP a t c h e so r f o r t h e s u r f a c e i n t e r i o i o f a
C o o n sP a t c h b y m i n i m i z i n gt h e s t r a i n e n e r g y . A n i n t e r a c t i v e h a n d l i n g o f o f f s e t s , a s w e l l
a s c a r t e s i a n d e r i v a t i v e s , c u r v a t u r e a n d -s u r f a c e p a r a m e t e r sa r e a l s o p o s s i b l e . F o r d e s i g n
v e r i f i c a t i . o n t h e g r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o no f c u r v a t u f e , c a t t e s i a n d e r i v a t i v e s a n d s h a d ei m a l e
o f t h e s h i p , h u l l a r e u s e d . T h i s m e t h o de n s u r e sC ' o r C z c o n t i n u i t y a n d s h o u l d c o n s . i d e r a b i y
i m p r o v es u r f a c e f a j r n e s s .
jn
The^surface.fairing
(Fairing andModifjcation
l g . t l o d _ i s i m p l e m e n t e d t h e C A D - S y s t eFmA M 0 S
o f S u r f a c e s )a t t h e T U B e r l i n , I n s t i t u t f i j r S c h i f t s - u n OM e e r e s t e c h n i kS, " e k t . i oSnc h i f f s e n t wurf und CAD.
I.

INTRODUCTION

The great majority of all existing ship fair i n g m e t h o d su s e d t o d a y a r e b a s e do n f a i r i n g

o f c u r v e s . S u r f a c e sa r e d e f i n e d w i t h t h e h e l o
o f a m e s ho f i n t e r p o l a t e d c u r v e s .
T h e p r o c e s s o f a c h i e v i n g t h e s a m es m o o t h n e s s
for al I the curves i n an orthogonal mesn,
i s t i m e c o n s u m i n gT
. his is dueto the process
u s e d t o a c h 'ei v e t h i s s m o o t h n e s sa n d a l s o
b e c a u s eo f t h e i t e r a t i v e m e t h o du s e d b y t h e
u s e r s . I n a d d j t i o n t o t h i s , a m e s ho f s u r f a c e
g e n e r a t e dw i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e s e s m o o t hc u r v e s
does not automat'ically guaranteethe smoothness of a surface i nteri or, as Munchmeyer
/ . | , / d e s c r ib e s .
T h e i n t e r i o r o f a C o o n sP a t c h / Z / i s n o t o n l y
i nfl uenced by the boundary curves, but to
a great extend by the m'ixedderivatives at
the corner points. Therefore,it is important
n o t o n l y t o u t i l i z e t h e m e t h o do f c u r v e f a i ring, but to go further with the fairing of
s u r f a c e s. T h e f a i r i n g m e t h o d i s a p p li e d
s i m u tl a n e o u s l y f o r w id e r a n g e o f s u r f a c e s .
T h e f a i r i n g c r j t e r i a a p p li e d f o r s u r f a c e
fai ri ng covers the whoe
l fi el d of fai ri nq
s u r f a c e a n d i s b a s e do n m i n i m i z i n gt h e s t r a . i i
energy.
For the cont'inuity of curvature at the transit i o n b e t w e e nt h e C o o n sP a t c h e s , a b i q u i n t i c
base 'is necessary. However, the developed
f a i r i n g m e t h o d ' is a p p li c a b le f o r t h e b . i c u bci
C o o n sP a t c h e s, t o o .
T o s u m u p , i t i s t o b e m e n t i o n e dh e r e t h a t
t h e m e t h o d o f m i n i m ' i z i n gt h e s t r a . i n e n e r g y
in a Coons Patch for surface fair.inq wiil
b e c o m em o r e a n d m o r e p o p u l a r .
2.

S U R F A CDEE F I N I T I O A
NN DS U R F A CDEI V I S I O N

The sh'ip surface is divided into auadrjlat e r a l p a t c h e sw i t h h e l p o f b a s i c l i n e s . T h e s e

l i n e s s h o u l d f o r m a n o r t h o g o n a lm e s ht o p o l o g y .
T h g p a t c h e s a r e g e n e r a l y r e c t a n g u la r U u t
under certain conditions they may be triang u l a r ( F i g . 1) .

The basic lines are digitized point by point

from the initial
drawings with the help of
g r a p h i c t a b l e t s . T h e n a c u b i c B - S p l i n ec u r v e
i s u s e d f o r t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o na n d f a . i r i n g o f
t h e s eb a s i c l i n e s .
In order to describe the surface, each mesh
is defined as a bicubic or a b.iquintic Coons
P a t c h . T h e C o o n s - T e n s o r - P r o d ui cn t t h e o a r a m e t r ic f o r m i s g i v e n a s f o l I o w s ( f i g . Z ) :

r ( u , v )= U l , tP t l T V T
w h e r ea s

r ( u , v ) = p o s i t i o nv e c t o r
u

= ( u 5 r 4 r 3 r 2l,)
resp.
( u 3 1 2 r Il )

= ( u 5 v 4 v 3 v l2) v
ra(n
,

s e H .

( v 3 v 2 vI )
w i th0< u,v <l
M

= coefficient matrix

= g e o m e t r i cm a t r .xi

The matrix P is known as geometric matrix.

I t d e s c r i b e s t h e m e s h f o r m a n d c o n t a . i n st h e
offset and the derivatives of the parameters.
A f t e r t h e p a r a m e t r i ct r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h e d e r i v a tives with respect to u and v at the corner
pojnts are taken over by the basic l.ines. In
t h e c a s e o f c o n t i n u i t y o f m e s ha t t h e t r a n s i tion point, only one corner pojnt at a time
i s r e q u ' i r e dt o d e f i n e t h e C o o n ss u r f a c e . I n

396

D. Reese

the case of discont'inuity, there are more

t h a n o n e c o r n e r p o i n t s . T h e s ep o ' i n t s c o n t a i n
an offset and 'its oarametric derivat'ives for
e a c hm e s h .
3.

FAIRING
CRITERIA

The stra'in energy criteria has been adopted

here for the fairing of surface. The stra'in
energy of fI exure and tors i on of a th i n
r e c t a n g u la r e l a s t i c p l a t e o f s m aIl d e f l e c t ' i o n i s g ' i v e nb y
aa_

u = cmstJJ[ (r,c(+f]ry)'-2fi-0(r,"f)y-fv)]dxdy
N e g l e c t i n gt h e P o i s s o nn u m b eyr i e l d s J
A A
q
u

U = const ff
,od

f f z .xx
. . . + 2 f xy
2 . . . . +yy
f2....)

dxdy

l ' l it h t h e h e 1p o f 1i n e a r is a t i o n , w h i c h t >
e x p l a i n e d l a t e r i n t h i s p a p e r , w e deri ve + h o
functi on

f =

;to,o)

; ( 0 , 1I

;(1,0)

;(r,r)

i?v(o,o)
l;v(r,o)

;v(o,r)
;v(1,1)

-rw(0,il
l;"rto,ot.
I
l;uu{r,ol

;w(i,t)

X ( 0 , 0 ) 1 ( 0 , 1 ) l ; u v ( o , o ) ; u v ( 0 , 1 )i ? u w ( o . o ) F u w { o , r )
t u ( r , o ! ; u { r , 1 ) l i r u t r , o t ; u v ( r , 1 )l ; u u r { r , o ) F u w ( r , r )

5 = J t r <+i r < l ) d s
t
l
F u u ( l , 0 ) ? u u { l , 1} ; u u v ( 1 , o ) ; u u v ( . l , 1) F o u *
|
|

Fig.2.

(r, o ) ?uuw (1, I t.

Coons Patch with parametric coordi

n a t e s a n d g e o m e t rci m a t r i x f o r a
b i o u 'n
i ti c oatch

eo>
o

Or)

F i g . l . M e s ho f b a s i c l i n e s f o r a f t b o d y

Fairing of Ship Lines and Ship Surfaces

Kr and k2 are the main curvatursof the surf d c e . T h e ' m a ' i nc u r v a t u r e k , a n d k ^ c a n b e c a l culated with the help od funda6entalforms
( L i p s c h u t z/ 3 / ) f r o n
( E G - F ' ) k ' - ( E N + G L - 2 F+M( )LkN - M ' )= 0
T h e f u n d a m e n t a fl o r m s a r e w r i t t e n a s
-F

'u

F = F F
v u
G = F F
v

'ut

M = F
uv

N = F
v
v

-|

wnere,

u s a n o n - l ' i n e a r e q u a t i o n s y s t e m . T h e s ee q u a tions should then be transferedwith the helo

of accurate reduction into a linear eouation
s y s t e n . T h e f u n c t ' i o n a l 6 - ( s ) s h o u l db e t r a n s fered jnto
6 (s). The followinq relat.ion
s h o u l dc o u n t :
l . T h e p a t c h b o u n d a r i e ss h o u l d b e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o e a c ho t h e r :
_
l
" r ' " u
andfor F it follows:
F=0=ir.Fu
2. The length of the tangent along the direct i o n o f p a r a m e t e r b e t w e e nt h e p a t c h c o r n e r
p o i n t s s h o u l db e c o n s t a n t :
E=const.=iF
u u
=
=
G const. Fu Fu

F x F
U

N = -rr, x r l
I u
vl
The funct'ional
written as

t,lith

ds =

llEG=

we get for the funct'ional

/J lL
-3
oc
-2(LNJ"1'
(EG-F'
(EG-F"
)'
)
2 dudv(I )
)
[Le*s,raf
il
I#
T h e f a i r i n g c r i t e r i a d e m a n d st h e m i n i m ' i z i n g
of the functional for whole fairino area:

0-_!j_r_
6 t"t
^t x^ ik,
j

= n

(ur,1)

=5,8
e)
t.,1 = 0,]
k

*f,i (d,1)
i;:

the parametric derivatives at

c o r n e r p o 'ni t s ( i , j ) .
Up to
4 Coonscorner p o i n t s c a n b e a t a t r a n s i t i o n
p o ' i n t ( F ig . 3 ) .

from (l)

5(s)

can now be

[ , = i{ f , 0 n , "+ ,2 B, I,nr 'r u l ' + c nIr u ul ' ) o u o vg()

w'th A =fG/Er

c = ''fErT

, B =,f7arAl

L = l r r r l , Y = l F u val n d N = l - \ u l
n

number
of patches

Using (2), we get out of (3) a linear equat[on system. Now the parametrjc derjvat.ives
R i , 5 1 " , e 1c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d .
The CAD-System
F A M O Sc a l c u l a t e s u p t o f o u r
u n c o n s t r ani e d m 'xi e d p a r a m e t rci
d e r . vi a t i v e s
for each corner points of the fairinq area.
T h o s e c o r n e r p oi n t s o f p a t c h e s w h .ci i h a v e
already been defjned or calculated and need
not be calculated aga'in,can be characterized
with a Drotect-code.

The i nd'ices k give the mixed parametric derivati on:

''i

^K i7

I r J

a
,.i

;
l r J

uv (1,J,l
=
F
u u v ( 1, J ,
- ; '
uvv(1,JJ
= Fuuvv
(i,j)

*t,i0,o)

*t,i(o,o)

Ri,i(r,r) *i,i(o,r)
|

In the case of continujty at the transition

p o i n t i n b o t h t h e p a r a m e t r i cd e r i v a t i v e s , f o r
e x a m p l ef o r t h e c l r n e r p o i n t ( i , j ) , t h e d e r i vat j on 'i s g'iven as fol I ows:
^n k' i , i (
^k
. l ^k
. | , 0 ) ^=kK i , i
(0,0)'
l , r ) = n i , i ( 0 , ) = n i , i(
T h e c a l c u l a t ' i o n o f t h e p a r a m e t r i cd e r i v a t i v e s
t o t h e m ' i n i m i z et h e f u n c t i o n a l O - ( s ) , g i v e s

Fig. 3. Indices description at a corner point

D. Reese

398

T h e m ix e d d e r i v a t i v e s a r e r e s p o n sbi l e f o r
the fairing of surface interior. Therefore,
before the fairing process we have to make
sure that the patch boundaries are smooth.
A n o n - s m o o t hp a t c h b o u n d a r yw i I I h a v e a n e g a tive influence on the surface'interior. The
process cannot compensate
surface fairing
for this negative'influence.

4.

T o c o m p e n s a t ef o r t h i s e r r o r t h e C A D - S y s t e m
i e s t w o m a i o r p o s s ib i I i t i e s:
F A M O S p r o v 'd

F i g . 4 s h o w sa q u a r t e r t o r u s w h i c h h a s b e e n
a p p r o x i m a t e dw j t h a b i q u i n t ' i c b a s i c l i n e s .
The values of mixed derivates has been set
to zero. As a result of th'is, the surface int e r i o r i s n o l o n g e r s m o o t h .T h i s c a n b e s e e n
w i t h t h e h e l p o f G a u s s j a nc u r v a t u r e j s o l i n e s .
After the calculation of mixed Darametric
d e r i v a t ' iv e s

l. to

digitize

the

corner

points

again

2. remove angle and curvature error at the

p a t c h c o r n e r s t h r o u g h I ' in e f a i r i n g p r o cess
T h e s u r f a c e f a i r i n g m e t h o ds h o u l d b e s o f o r mulated that it can be applied to the line
f a i r i n g a 1 s o . A l o n g t h e p a t c h b o u n d a r i e st h e
f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t r i cd e r i v a t e s a r e a v a j l a b l e :
'I
I 'J

EXAMPLES

T h e t w o e x a m p l e sw h i c h f o l l o w h e r e h a v e b e e n
c a l u c l a t e d w it h t h e C A D - S y s t e mF A M O S .T h e
F A M 0 S - S y s t e aml l o w s t h e u s e r t o e x a m ' i n et h e
surface wjth the help of angles and curvatures as'isolines and continioustone shadinq
during the fairing process.

"uvlx,y
with respect to fairing criteria, it is seen
t h a t t h e G a u s s j a nc u r v a t u r e i s o l i n e s a r e s e g ments of concentric circles and this qives
u s t h e D r o o f o f a s m o o t hs u r f a c e .

^1

F i g . 5 a n d F ' i g . 6 , s h o w st h e i s o l i n e s o f s e c tion falre angle before and after the fairing,

respectively. The difference is only due to
t h e m ix e d d e r i v a t ' iv e s

I rJ

D
,\i 3

i
I rJ

D
"i 4

F o r t h e l i n e f a i r i n g a l o n g a m e s h1 i n e , w e
g e t o u t o f ( 3 ) a n d f o r t h e u p a r a m e t r i cd i r e c tion the fol1ow'ing
valuefor 6 (s):
e

( 4 a)

<

) f\
J n t

(s)u=niAnlruul

,
u vl y

w h i c h h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e da n d c a l c u l a t e d f o r
t h e c a s eo f f a i r i n g .

ou

The derivatives lruvl and lrvvl vanishe, as

t h e y d o n o t e x ' i s t f o r a m e s hl i n e i n u - d i r e c t i o n.
In the same way we can get the value of
5 ( s ) i n t h e v p a r a m e t r i cd i r e c t i o n :

( 4 b)

( ^ - \ \
(s)v

- <i=

t n ll ;t u ul lz

ov

For the u-parametricdirect'ion only one co1umn

and for v-parametric direction only one row
of the P-Matrixis occuoied.
In case of line fa'iring only two derivates
can be calculated at each meshpoint, and
t h e y a l s o d e p e n do n o n e p a r a m e t r i c d i r e c t i o n .
The derivatjon of the equat'ion system (2)
o u t o f ( 3 ) a n d ( 4 a ) o r ( 4 b ) , h a s b e e nb r i e f l y
described in Walter /4/
and Reese /5/,
respectively. Walter /4/ decribes only the
b i b u b i c C o o n ss u r f a c e , w h e r e a sR e e s e/ 5 / d e s cribes both the biouintic and b'icubic Coons
surface. The CAD-SystemFAMoS'in based on
t h e m e t h o do f R e e s e/ 5 / .
For bicubic Coons Patches only one paramet r i c d e r j v a t i o n ( k = I o r k = 2 ) a t e a c hm e s h
point or one mixedderivate (k = 5) can only
be calculated.
Fig.4. Quartertorus with isolines of Gaussi an curvature before (-- ) and after
( . . . ) tne fai ri ng process

Fairing of Ship Lines and Ship Surfaces

5.

CONCLUSIONS

B a s e do n t h e C o o n sS u r f a c e d e s c r i p t i o n , a n e w
m e t h o do f s u r f a c e f a i r i n g f o r n o n a n a l y t i c s u r f a c e s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d .T h e f a i r i n g p r o c e s s
should base on minimizing the strain energy
of a thin plate. The mixed derivatives of
C o o n sS u r f a c em a k ei t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e u n f a i r nessin surfaceinterior to vanishe.
P r e m i s e si s f o r d e s c r i b i n g t h e C o o n sP a t c h e s
a w j d e m e s ho f l i n e s o n t h e s h i p s u r f a c e . O u t
o f t h e s e m e s hC o o n sP a t c h e ss h o u l d b e d e f i n e d .
T h e p a t c h b o u n d a r i e sw h i c h a r e p a r t i a l l y u n s m o o t hc a n b e c o r r e c t e d w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e
f a i r i n g m e t h o d ,t o o .
'l
T o ' i I u s t r a t e t h e f a i r i n g c o n d it j o n o f t h e
s u r f a c e i t i s p o s s i b l et o v i s u a l i s e c r o s s s e c t i o n s , c u r v a t u r ea n d f l a r e a n g l e o n t h e s c r e e n .
The surface fairing method is a part of the
C A D - S y s t e mF A M 0 S , w h i c h h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d
f u r t h e r , s o t h a t i t c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e da t t h e
s h i p y a r df o r f a i r i n g o f s h i p s u r f a c e s .

R E FR
EE NECS
/1/

F . C . M u n c h m e y eM
r , a t h e m a t i c aS
l hip Lines
and Surfaces, Mar@

M':-3;-fi'rt-T982
/2/

S.A. Coons, Surface for

9gsign of Spa@

C o m p u t e rA i d e d

4T, T96-f/3/

Lipschutz, D
- 'ifferentialgeometrie, McGrawHilt, 1980

/ 4/

W atl e r , H . , N u m e rsic h e D a r s t e lI
0berf I lichen UEEF

/5/

D., Reese, Surface Fairinq for

andBiquintic@

B'icubic

...........i.........'........:+

not yet pu5TilStrecll-

/6/

H. Nowacki, Recent devel

ter aided scuTotu
sur
s'lum,

ts in com-

AFTER

Fig.5.

I s o l i n e s o f c o n s t a n t s e c t . i o n fl are
ang'le before fai ri ng ( Nowacki / 6 / ) .

Fig.6. Isolines of
angle after

c o n s t a n t s e c t i o n fl are
(Nowacki / 6 / ) .
fairing

Fairing of Ship Lines and Ship Surfaces

5.

C O N C L]U
OSN S

B a s e d o n t h e C o o n sS u r f a c e d e s c r i p t . i o n , a n e w
m e t h o do f s u r f a c e f a i r . i n g f o r n o n a n a l u t i a, r r _
f a c e s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d - .T h e f a i r i n i p r o c e s s
s h o u l d b a s e o n m i n i m i z . i n gt h e s t r a i ' n e n e r g y
o f a t h i n p 1a t e . T h e m rx: e d d e r i v j t i v e s o f
C o o n sS u r f a c e m a k ei t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e u n f a i r _
nessin surfaceinterior to vanishe.
P r e m i s e si s f o r d e s c r i b i n g t h e C o o n sp a t c h e s
a w i d e m e s ho f l i n e s o n t h i s h i p s u r f a c e . O u t
o f t h e s e m e s hC o o n sp a t c h e s s h o u l d b e d e t i n e d .
T h e p a t c h b o u n d a rej s w h ic h a r e p a r t i a l l y u n _
s m o o t hc a n b e c o r r e c t e d w i t h t h e h e l p o i t h e
f a ' ir i n g m e t h o d ,t o o .
T o i l l u s t r a t e t h e f a i r i n g- v i cs u
oa
n ld. i st ieo n o f t h e
surface it is possible to
iross sec_
! l o n s , c u r v a t u r ea n d f l a r e a n g l e o n t h e s c r e e n .
T h e s u r f a c e f a i r i n g- w n
mi ce nt h o d i s- a p a r t o f t h e
C A D - S y s t e mF A J V | O S ,
has Oeei- jevetoped
further, so that it can be implementJ at
the
s h i p y a r df o r f a i r . i n g o f s h i p s d r f a c e s . - -

R E FR
EEN C E S
/1/

F . C . ^ M u n c h n r e y elrv,l a t h e m a t i c aSl h i p L i n e s

tr+#:trh,nar@
/2/

!.A: Coons, Surface for

Designof sp@

C o m p u t e rA i d e d

4rT9-6'r/ 3/

L ' ip s c h u t z , D
- . i f f e r e n t ia l g e o m e t re. i,
H iI t , l 9 g 0

McGraw_

/ 4 / W a l t e r , H . , N u m e rsic h e D a r s t e lI
0berfldchen
m at p r i n z i p s

/5/

D.,. Reese, Surface Fairing for

/6/

H . N o w a c k j , R e c e n r d e v e l o p m e n t si n
ter ai ded scuTptuymposium,

Bicubjc

BEFORE

F i g . 5 . I s o l i n e s o f c o n s t a n t section
fl are
a n g le b e f o r e f a i r i n q ( N o w a c k i / 6 / ) .

Fig.6. Isol.ines of
a n gl e a f t e r

c o n s t a n t secti on f 'lare
fai ri no (Nowacki /6/).

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . )
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP,I985

401

R A T I O N ACLU B I CS P L I N EFSO RS H I PH U L LR E P R E S E N T A T I O N
J . - S . K o u ha n d H . S i i dn
i q
I n s t i t u t f i i r S c h i f f b a u ,U n i v e r s . i t y6 f H a m b u r g
H a m b u r gW
, e s tG e r m a n y

S h i . pf i n e s a r e d e s i g n e da s c o m p o s i t eos f s t r a i g h t 1 i n e s , c o n i c s e c t j o n s ( e s p e c i a l l y
circles)
a n d s m o o t hc u r v e s o f o t h e r t y p e s w h i c h a r e w e l i r e p r e s e n t e db y c u b i c r p r i r . i . - n l t . i o n a l
cubic
s p l i n e s p r o v i d e t h e a d v a n t a g eo f d e s c r i b i n g t h e s e d i f f e r e n t c u r v e t y p e i e x a c t l y b y t h e
same
f o r m u l a : r a t i o n a l c u b i c p o l y n o m i a l s .T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e p o l y n o m i a l ta . . a l t e " m i n e d
from
g i v e n o f f s e t s a n d , p o s s i b l y , f r o m a d d i t i o n a l b o u n d a r yc o n d i t i b n s l A s h i p
ir.fu.e js f.itted
t h r o u g h a n e t w o r ko f . c u r v e s d i v i d i n g t h e s u r f a c e i n t o a n u m b e o
r f p a t c h b s .T h e p a t c h s h a p ei s
d e f i n e d b y a n e x t e n s i o no f t h e r a t i o n a l s p l i n e c u r v e a n d f i t t e d w . i t h c ; ; i i n u i i y " o t p o s . i t \ o n
a n d s l o p e o f t h e s u r f a c e a t t h e p a t c h b o u n d a r i e si f t h e u s e r d o e s n ' t s p e i i i y o i r ' e r w i s e .T h e
f r e e d o mw h i c h t h e u s e r o f t h e s y s t e mh a s i n c h o o s i n gt h e n u m b e a
r na poiiiio"n oi ottsets, the
n u m b e r _ a nadr r a n g e m e not f c u r v e s , t h e p o s s i ! ] t i t y t o m a k er e f e r e n c et o o f f s e t s a n d s l o p e s
comp u t e d f r o m c u r v e s d e f i n e d p r e v i o u s l y e t c . a l l o w t o g e n e r a t ea h u l l s n a p ea e i i n i i i o n
roi^prod u c t i o n p u r p o s e sw i t h r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l m a n u a le f f o r i .
1. INTRODUCTION
T r a d i t i o n a l l y a h u l l f o r m i s d e s c r i b e db y s e v e r a l s e t s o f c u r v e s f o r m i n g a n e t w o r k .T n e
c u r v e s c o n s ' i s tn o r m a l l yo f d i f f e r e n t p a r t s :
s t r a i g h t l i n e p i e c e s , c o n i c s e c t j o n sa n d f r e e form curve segmentw
s ith djfferent geometric
c h a r a c t e r i s t j c s . F i g . 1 s h o w se x a m p l e so f s u c h
curves.

T h u s , t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s p a p e rd e a l s w . i t h
t h e d e f i n j t i o n , t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f r a t . i o n a lc u b i c
s p l i n e s ,a n d . t h e i r a p p l i c a t . i o nf o r r e p r e s e n t i n g
c u r v e s b y g i v e no f f s e t s , s l o p e s o r l a n d c u r v a E u r e
c o n d ti i o n s .
C o n t r a r y t o m e t h o d so f s u r f a c e d e s i g n d e a l i n g
d i r e c t l y w i t h p a r a m e t e r so f t h e s u r i a c e i n o i d e r
t o g e n e r a t et h e d e s i r e d s h a p e , t h e s e c o n dp a r t
o f t h j s p a p e rd e a l s w i t h a s u r f a c e d e s c r i p t i o n
b a s e do n a n e t w o r ko f c u r v e s d e s c r i b e db y r a t i o n a l c u b i c s p l i n e s . T h e n e t w o r kd i v i d e s t h e
s u r f a c e i n t o a n u m b eo
r f p a t c h e s ,w h i c h a r e o e f i n d e d b y a n e x t e n s j o no f t h e r a t i o n a l c u b i c
s p l i n e s c o m b i n ew
di t h l o f t j n g t e c h n i q u e s .
2 . C U R VR
EE P R E S E N T A T I O N
2 . 1 D e f i n i t j o n o f a r a t i o n a l c u b . i cs p l i n e
A r a t i o n a l c u b i c s p l i n e i s d e f i n e dh e r e a s a
sequence
o f r a t i o n a l c u b i c p a r a m e t r i cp o l y n o m i a l s . E a c he l e m e n to f t h i s s e q u e n c e
deicrr'bes
o n e r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e nbt y m e a n so f t h e f o l I o w in g f o r m u a
l :
1

1i\
\y

Straight line

@
ri
@

C o n i cs e c t i o n

\:7

Free-formcurve segment
Circular arc

Fig. 1 Different curve parts of ship ljnes

I n s h i p b u i l d i n g ,s p l i n e f u n c t i o n sh a v eb e e n
u s e df o r a l o n g t i m e f o r f i t t i n g c u r v e s . F r e q u e n t l y p a r a m e t r i cc u b i c s p l i n e s a r e c h o s e n ,
s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e s i m p l e s t a m o n gf u n c t i o n s
w h i c hf u l f i I I t h e m i n i m u m
r e q u . i r e m e fnot r a
s m o o t hc u r v e : c o n t i n u i t y u p t o s e c o n do r o e r d e r i v a t i v e s . H o w e v e rc, u b ic s p l i n e s c a n n o t d e s c r i b e c o n i c s e c t i o n se x a c t l y , a s , e . g . r r d t i o n a l q u a d r a t i cs p l i n e s d o . R a t i o n a lc u b i c
s p l i n e s o f f e r t h e a d v a n t a g et o c o m b i n eb o t h
curve types in a single mathemat.ica
f ol r m .

d. u

Q ( u )= 3

0.< ur< I

(1)

w t r e r eQ ( u ) = [ X ( u ) y ( u ) Z ( u ) l i s t h e p o s i t j o n
vectorof a point of the spline. It .is defined
b y t h r e e C a r t e s i a nc o o r d j n a t e sX ( u ) , y ( u ) a n d
Z ( u ) . I n t h e n u m e r a t o r ,d ; a r e c o e i f . i c j e n r
v e c t o r s w i t h t h r e e c o m p o n 6 n tcso r r e s p o n d i n gt o
t h e C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t e s :
i r = t a- x-l . a . y.r - . a _ r - l i = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3
r

zLJ

(z)

T h e - a n ,i n t h e d e n o m i n a t oorf ( l ) a r e f o u r
s c a l a i - c o e f f i c i e n t s .A c u b i c s e q m e nits t h e
s p e c i a l c a s eo f a r a t i o n a l c u b i - s e g m e nwt i t h
a h t= a h 2 = a r , 3 = 0 .

402

J.-5. Kouh and H. Soding

D e n o t i n gt h e n u m e r a t oO
r VF ( r ) = [ x ( u ) y ( u ) z ( u ) ] ,
t h e d e n o m i n a t o rb y h ( u ) a n d b o t h t o g e t [ e r b y t h _ e
f o u r - c o m p o n e n tcso l u m nv e c t o r 4 ( u ) = [ F ( r ) h ( r ) ] ,
a point in 3D-space
i s u n i q u e l yd e f i n e db y 4 ( u ) .
T h e f o u r c o o r d i n a t exs( u ) , y ( u ) , z ( u ) a n d h ( u )
a r e k n q w na s t h e h o m o g e n e o uc so o r d i n a t e s o f t h e
p o i n t Q . T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e nC a r t e s i a na n d
h o m o g e n e ocuoso r d i n a t e si s g i v e n b y

f r 1 0 ;a n Uf i 1 t ; a r e s t i l l t o b e d e t e r m i n e T
d .h e
c o r r e s p o n d i nCga r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t easr e g i v e nb y
+

Q ( u )= F . G f L H , ( u H
) r ( u )H r ( u )H o ( u ) . 1

F+

lotol

l6<'>

Q ( o ) + Q ( o ) h ( 0\

(3)

[ 6 t ' t * 6 t r l r i r |r
U s i n g H e r m i t ec u b i c p o l y n o m i a l s ,t h e h o m o g e n e o u s
c o o r d i n a t e so f a r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e-q m e nct a n b e
r e p r e s e n t e di n m a t r j x f o r m f 9 l :

Ic(o)
l6rrl
) r ( u )H o ( u )l Jr
6 ( r l = [ H r ( uH
) 2 ( uH
lq(o)
Ltttl

(4)

(1i)

w i t h h ( u ) = 1 * f , l ( OH) " ( u )+ r r 1 r lH o ( u )
J '

2.2 lhe conic conditions

{ ( u ) o e s c r i b e sa g e n e r a l c o n i c s e c t i o ni f a l l
u r - t e r m s d i s a p p e a r .T h e s u f f i c i e n t a n d n e c e s s a r y
c o n d i t i o n sf o r t h i s a r e

h l o y= - h 1 r y

W h e r eQ ( 0 ) a n d ( ( 1 ) a r e h o m o g e n e opuoss i t i o n
vectors of the points of the rational.cubic segp e n t a t u = 0 a n d u = 1 , r e s p e q t i v e l y(.( 0 ) a n d
fr1i; are the derivatives oi {1u; wi*r'ieipect
t o u a t t h e e n d p o i n t s . H r ( u ) , H z ( u )H 3 ( u )a n d
H o ( u ) a r e t h e H e r m i t ec u b . i cp o l y n o m i a i s :

(12)

and

6to)* trrt = [z+ fr(0)]

tirrl - dtoll

(13)

Fig. 2'illustrates this relation geometrically.

='1 , ,2 ,3'l
[ H . ( u )H ^ ( u
' )H ^ ( u
' )H . ( u ) l
l '

J '

It o o ol

. 1 00 1 o l
l - 3 - 32 - 2 - 1 |
i 1l
l2

(5)

T o d e t e r m i n ea r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e q m e n t .t h e

[z+irloy] tdtr I - dtoll

h o m o g e n ev oe uc st o rds t o ) , i ( 1 ) , 6 ( o ) i n o f r 1 r y

h a v e t o b e s p e c i f i e d . F r o mg i v e n t a r t e s i a n * p o s i t i o n v e c t o r so f t h e e n d p o i n t s Q ( 0 ) a n d Q ( 1 ) ,
4 ( 0 ) a n d( ( 1 ) f o l l o w b y s e t t i n g s i m p l y
h ( 0 )= h ( 1 )= 1 .
+

q ( 0 )= L a ( 0 1
)l

(6)

(7)

Thederivation of (3) with respectto u

f

p ( u ) = Q ( u ) h ( u ) + Q ( u )h ( u )

^ i . , ^ ^

g I vtr>

(8)

B e c a u s eo f
l

nolal-inn

/ 1
?\
r v l ,

q ( u t = L p ( u )n ( u ) _ l

(e)

nlncod

q ( 1 )= L a ( 1 1) . 1

C o n i cc o n dt.iio n

T h e t w o e n d t a n g e n tv e c t o r s Q ( 0 ) , Q ( 1 ) a n d t l e
v e c t o r c o n n e c t i n gt h e t w o e n d p o i n t s a ( 1 ) - a ( 0 )
m u s t b e i n a c o m m opni a n e a n d c o n s t i t u t e , u n d e r
fho

and
+

Fig.2

friennlo

ThjS

COf-

r e s p o n d st o s t a t i n g t h a t c o n c i s a r e p l a n e c u r v e s ,
j ; i : t h g y r h a v en o t o r s i o n . F r o m( 1 3 ) t h e s c a l a r s
h(0) andh(1) canbe determined:
f
,
3

l a ( t )+ a ( o ) l
fr1oy= -fr1ry

(i4)

l 0 r r-r d t o l t

T h e s e g m e n its a c i r c u l a r 5 a r c i f t b e l e n g t h o f
both end tangentvectgrs Q(0) and Q(1) are equal
t o t h e c h o r dl e n s t h l Q ( 1 )- Q ( 0 ) l a n d I o l = l e l .

e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) m a y b e w r i t t e n , u s i n g e qu a t i o n s
( 6 ) , ( 7 ) a n d( 8 ) , a s

2 . 3 F r e e p a r a m e t e ros f a r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n t

6 ( r ) = [ H r ( uH
) r ( u )H r ( u yH o ( u ) l

, rO.
g r o d u c to f i t s l e n g t h l Q ( O ) l a n Oi t s u n i t v e c t o r
f/n\

[+

la(o)
. l6rrl
+

rnd fho Fa+i^ of

'

.its lenoth
|

tn the CnOrO

l e n g t ht = l a ( 1 ) - Q ( 0 ) l o f t h e c u r v es e g m e nb ty
A ( 0 ), r e s utl s i n

I
I
.

fq r1 rv n7 r --

l a ( 0 +) +Q ( 0 ).h ( 0 ) h ( 0 )
l n i /1 \ + Q ( 1 )h ( 1 ) h ( 1 )

(10)

'fi[3ii'oi?
r,

w h e r eQ ( 0 ) a n d Q ( 1 ) a r e t h e t a n g e n t
t h e c u r v e s e g m e n at t t h e e n d p o i n t s .

t i r n r t ?L,\ "v ,, / -- A ( 0 ) g t ( O ) ;

lv\w/1

(15)

c o r r e s p o n d i n g l yf o r t h e s e c o n de n d p o i n t :
+

a ( 1 )= l a ( 1 ) tl ( 1 ) = A ( 1 ) . e , t ( i ) .

(i6)

Rational Cubic Splinesfor Ship Hutt Representation

B y c h o o s i n gd i f f e r e n t v a l u e so f A ( 0 ) a n d A ( l ) ,
the length of the end tangentvectois can be
v a r i e d w i t h o u t c h a n g i n gt h e e n d p o i n t s a n d t h e
c l r y g ^ l a n g q n , t : - g t h e s e p o i n t s . D . i f f e r e n tv a l u e s
o t n . ( U )a n d h ( I ) c a n b e c h o s e nt o p r o d u c e i t h e r
a c u b r c s e g m e n(th ( 0 ) = h ( 1 ) = 0 ) , a c o n i c a r c
o r s o m eo t h e r r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n t T
. o that
e n d , t w o a d d i t i o n a l p a r a m e t e rC
s 1 O ;a n OC ( i ) a r e
i n t r o d u c e d . T h e y a r e d e f . i n e ds u c t rt h a t t h e i o n i c
c o n d i t i o n s( 1 3 ) a r e s a t i s f i e d , j f b o t h C ( 0 ) a n d
L ( . [ Ja r e t :

403

f r e e p a r a m e t e r sA ( 0 ) a n d
f o r c o n s t a n tC ( 0 ) = C ( 1 )
a ( a ) , a ( b ) a n d4 ( c ) .
o
o

/\ -a/ l

c ( 0 ) r^/'1\

on a curve segment
i s s h o w ni n f i g s .

--;

a
+
x
o
+
x
z
Y
x

i .00 1.00

h t o )= c ( o )(

l0fl\ + n
lnll
x \ - / I

r x \ - /

= c ( o )( l n t o il l o y * A ( 1 t)( 1 ) l - 2 )
+

A(01 At1)
0.50 0.5c
1.CC
1 50
2.00
2.50
? na
3.5C
+.ac
4.50
5.0o

f 00
1.5C
2.CC
2.50
3.50
4.CO
4_50
5.00

(17)

- 1 . 0 0 - 0 .6 0

, ,( .1. )= - ^c ,( .1.) r| l. Q (+1 Q

) ( o ) ^l \
h

- 0 . 2 00 0 . 2 0

0.60

1.00

a(0)

Q(1)

9"

(b)

= -^ c, .(,i )| l "A, (^ 0, ?t) ( 0 ) + A ( 1 )t ( r ) l _ 2

|
)

o
a
+
x
o
+
x
z
Y
x

1.00 1.00
r)

T h e r e b y ,a r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n it s f . i x e d i f
the end points, the unit tangentvectors at the
e n d s , a n d f o u r a d d it j o n a l p a i a m e t e r sA ( O ), A (1 )
,
C ( 0 ) a n dC ( 1 ) a r e f i x e d ( f i g . 3 ) . I f t h e u s e r
doesn't specify otherwise,ihe A and C param e t e r sa r e a s s u m e d e f a u l t v a l u e s l .

-1.00

i t rl

A(0)

c(0)c(1)

tral

- 0 . 2 00 0 . 2 0

-U. bU

0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.AO
4.50
5.00

0.60

Q(0)

c(0) c(1)
1.00 1.00

a(0)

\u/

o
^
+
x
o
+
x
z
Y
x
x

semi-circle

A ( 0)

4.00
5.00
6.00
7.DA
8.00
9.00
10.00

1.00

a(1)

6rrI
A(1)
c(1)

1.00
2.00

At0)

A(1l

0.r0
o.20
0.30
0 40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.8c
0.90
1.00
1.10

0.10
0.20
0.30
0.4c
0.50
0.60
a.70
0.80
0.9c
1 00
1 .J 0

c( 0 )
Fig. 3

D a t af o r d e f i n i n g a r a t i o n a l
cubic segment

B e s i d e sC ( 0 ) = C ( 1 ) = 1 , a n o t h e rn e c e s s a r cy o n d . i t i o n f o r c o n i c s e c t . i o n sf o l l o w s f r o m s u b s t i t u t i n g ( 1 4 ) , ( 1 5 ) , ( 1 6 )a n d( 1 7 ) i n t o ( 1 3 ) :

A ( 0 i) ( 0 ) + A ( 1 ) t ( =1 l)A ( 0 ) t 1 +0 n1 1 l ) t ( 1i ) l
(1e)
w h e r3e = t d t r l - d t o l l / e ,i s t h e u n i t v e c t o r

p o i n t i 4 g f r o m Q ( 0 ) t o - Q ( t ) . t ^ l j t ha n q t e so b e t w e e nt ( 0 ) a n d 3 a n d B b e t w e e nT ( l ) - a n A 3 a c _
c o r d i n g t o f i g , 2 , t f 9 . r a t i o o f A 1 O ;t o A (t ) c a n
b e d e t e r m i n e df r o m ( 1 9 ) :

A ( o ) l s i nB l

|i x i1tyl
---F-

|
A(r) lsina
l

'+

(20)

lsxt(0)j

W h e r ex m e a n sv e c t o r p r o d u c t . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e

0,

0.60
n / n\

1.00

a (t )

Fig. 4 Curve
l e g m e n t sg e n e r a t e db y k e e p i n gC ( 0 )
a n d C ( 1 ) e q u a l t o t h e c o n s t a n tv a l u e i , '
a n d . v a r y i n gA ( 0 ) a n d A ( 1 ) : ( a ) r a t i o n a j
c u b i c s e g m e n tw
s ith

4( b1) 9 l / n l *1 l)s i n s l / l s i n=osl . 5

c o n i c s e c t i o n sw i t h
A ( 0 ) / A ( 1=) l s i n B l '/wl s. ii n' o=l0 . 5
( c ) c o n ic s e c t i o n s t h

=1
l/lsin
o ;l l o l= l B l=e 0 0 .
ll Jn eo cl 0z nni ct=ls)el sc ti iqo B
nw j t h
A(0)=A(1)=C(0)=
C ( 1 ) = 1r e s u l t s i n a s e m i - c i r c i e .

404

J.-5. Kouh and H. Soding

t ith given
2 . 4 R a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e nw
c u r v a t u r e sa t t h e e n d p o i n t s

1 )

\q/

J h e c u r v a t u r e v e c t o r K ( u ) o f g p a r a m e t r i cc u r v e
Q ( u ) i s d e f i n e d( s e e e . g . l i 6 l ) b y

o
A
+
x
o
+

K ( 0 ) K (1 )
0.00 0.00

0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00

0 . 50
1 .0 0
1 .5 0

z +.oo
Y 4.50
ts 5.00

4 00
4 50
5 00

2 .0 0
2.
3 .0 0
50

R ( r )= r < ( u ) f r ( u 1

t d t , l. 6 ( , ) ) t

. ( u )Q
) ( u-) ( a ( u.) a ( u ) )Q ( u ) l
| ( Q ( u )Q
L

( 2r )
H e r e , t h e p o i n t b e t w e e nv e c t o r s d e s i g n a t e s . t h e
s c a l a r p r o d u c t . k ( u ) i s t h e c u r v a t u r ea n Oi 1 u ;
i s t h e p r i n c i p a l n o r m a lu n i t v e c t o r o f t h e c u r v e .
T h e c u r v a t u r ev e c t o r s o f a r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e q mentat the end points are given by
+
2
K(0) =

Q(0)
K ( 0) K ( 1 )
- 0 . 5 0- n ( n

\v/

(.o

/n\

a (1 )

+-

a o( )

n 1 o ) 2 1L

K (0 ) K ( l)
00 - 1 . 0 0
1

+ A ( 1 ) l t t t. ot (l r t ) t t o-)r ( 1 ) t ]
(22)

1.00

+
+

K ( 1=
)

A (1 ) ' ! .

ll - ( : * f r 1 0 1 1 [ 1- 33.+t ( r ) l T t r ) l
+ A ( 0 ) [ - ( T ( .oT) (r nt t r l + t t-)o t i

a(1)

Q(0)

Fig. 5 Rational cubic segmentg

s e n e r a t e db y s a m e
s l o p e s ( l o l = I B l = a 5 o ) a n d c o n s t a n tc u r v a t u r e s ( k ( 0 ) a n dk ( 1 ) ) a t t h e e n dp o i n t s ,
a n d v a r y i n g v a l u e so f A ( 0 ) a n d A ( 1 )

(23)
l h e c u r v a t u r e v e c t o r K ( 0 ) d e p e n d sl i n e a r l y o n
f r 1 t ; o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , ' C ( 1 )i n d v i c e v e r s a .
] h e r e f o r e , i f t h e p r i n c i p a l n o r m a lu n i t v e c t o r s
n ( 0 ) a n d n ( 1 ) a r e k n o w n ,i t i s e a s y t o d e t e r m i n e C ( 1 ) a n d C ( 0 ) f r o m t h e g i v e n c u r v a t u r e so f
t h e e n dp o i n t s . F i g s . 5 ( a ) , 5 ( b ) a n d5 ( c ) s h o w
the effects of constant curvatures at the end
p o i n t s a n d v a r y i n g v a l u e so f A ( 0 ) a n d A ( 1 ) o n
t h e s h a p eo f a c u r v e s e g m e n t .
2 . 5 P r o p e r t i e so f r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n t s
- C u b i c s e g m e n t sa r e a s p e c i a l c a s e o f t h e
rational cubic segments.
- C o n i cs e c t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g c i r c u l a r a r c s , c a n
b e d e s c r i b e de x a c t l y .
- By satisfying the conic conditions, the curve
c u r v a t u r e v a r i e s g r a d u a l l y w i t h o u t c h a n g eo f
s i g n b e t w e e nt h e s e g m e net n d p o i n t s e v e n i n
c a s e o f e x t r e m ec u r v a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n
both end points of a curve segment.
- E v e ni n c a s e o f p r e c r i b e d t a n g e n t d i r e c t j o n s
a t t h e e n d p o i n t o f c u r v e s e g m e n t s t, h e
c u r v a t u r e c a n b e m a d ec o n t i n u o u st h e r e .
- B e s i d e st h e e n d p o i n t s o f c u r v e s e g m e n t sa n d
t h e c u r v e t a n g e n t d i r e c t ' i o n st h e r e , f o u r
a d d i t ' i o n a l p a r a m e t e r sp e r c u r v e s e g m e n tm a y
b e c h o s e nt o i n f l u e n c e t h e c u r v e s h a o e .
- N o t o n l y p a r a l l e l p r o j e c t i o n s ,r o t a t i o n s a n d
scalings but also central projections of
r a t i o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n t sa r e e a s i l y p e r f o r m e d
i n h o m o g e n e o cuos o r d i n a t e sa n d r e s u l t i n t h e
s a m et y p e o f f o r m u l a ea s t h e o r i g i n a l c u r v e s .

2 . 6 F i t t i n g r a t i o n a l c u bi c s p l i n e s t h r o u g h a
seniesof data noints
,, u -i!ed
by n(n > 2) data
points (position vectors) Qi., i = 1 to n, there
a r e n - 1 r a t j o n a l c u b i c s e g m e n t st o b e s p e c ] f i e d .
T h eg g u a t i o n o f . t h e t
t f s e g m e nbt e t w e e nQ t
"e n
' ,r -l 6Y i + l 'i c" - r. l'a' f'i 'n"a"d I j k e

(10) by

) o(u)J
i r t r ) = [ H r ( uH
) 2 ( uH) r ( u H
Qi
n
Yi+

i = 1 t o n - l

+
+
.
Q . ^ + Qr . hl .r u^
+. r r u

0' I r. l

+ Q- t f.l , h .
I r l

(24\

wi t h
n
v. ^ .
t
r
u
+

n
n
+
n. ^ l. u. ^
r r u
L.l r u
-

0- l.r l. = AI r. l , 11, . Itr .l

)
hr .r u^ = Cr r.U^' ( l A ^. t I.r U^ + Ar .,
IrU
.

h.

rri

= - C . . ( l A ^. t . ^ + A .
Irl''

rru

L i . = l d r . ,- i r l

rru

r,

,i r , ,|

-z)

, t ' , , 1- z )

I
i

Ratiorul Cubic Splinesfor Ship Huil Representation

H e r e t h e s e c o n di n d e x d e s i g n a t e su - v a l u e s a t
t h e e n d so f a s e g m e n t .
T o f j t a c u r v e t h r o u g hn g i v e n p o i n t s , w e h a v e .
t h e r e f o r e , t o d e t e r m j n eA . i , . . , , A ,r ,' C , n , C , , , t ; ' "
-the
anq !r, for i = I to n - ti'lf
p i i i m e - t 6 i s4 , "
and U are not specified by thg user, default
v a l u e s 1 a r e a s s u m e dT. o i i x t i . o a n d t ; we
p r e su m et h a t t h e s l o p e o f t h e i i l " lr 'n e i I '1i o. n t i
nu_
o u s .C u r v e w
s i t h d i s c o n t . i n u o us si o p e a r e s u b _
d i v i d e d . i n t o s e p a r a t es p l i n e s a t t h e p o i n t s o f
:t ]a:nc go en nl i tn u i t y . T h u s , w e h a v e t o $ e t e n n i n en u n i t
v e c t o r s t - _ , , = t , ^ = T _ . a tt h e n d a t a
r
!
rv

D01nts

C o r r e s p o n d i n tgo d i f f e r e n t r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r t h e
g e n e r a t i o no f s h i p 1 i n e s , t h e u s e r h a s f o u r
drtterent options for the conditionsfrom which
t n e v e c t 0 r s t i _ a r e d e t e r m i n e da t i n t e r . i o r p o i n t s
( i = 2 t o n - 1 ) :
1 ) T o e n s u r ea s m o o t hc u r v e t h e c u r v a t u r e v e c r o r
i s i m p o s e dt o b e - c o n t j n u o u sa t t h e s e g m e n t
b o u n d a r i e s( s e e [ 2 ] ) :
2
Ki-l,l

+
Ki,o

Q5)

T h i s c o n d i t i o n s e r v e sa s d e f a u l t c o n d . i t i o n .
T h e f o l l o w i n g 3 o p t i o n s r e s u l t , n o r m a l l y ,i n
d i s c o n t in u o u sc u r v a t u r e .
2) The curve part after the point has no influe n c e u p o nt h e c u r v e p a r t b e f o r e t h e p o i n t ,
which ends- for default valuesfo A and C i n a c i l g y l a r s e g m e n tT. h i s . i s a t t a i n e o o y
the condition
t

t i _ , * f?i = I, +T i _ ,* +t i l i r _ ,

( 2A\

3) lle curve part before the point has no inf l u e n c e u p o nt h e c u r v e p a r t a f t e r t h e p o i n t ,

w h i c h b e g i n s- f o r d e f a u l t v a l u e s o f A a n d i _
with a circular segmentT
. h . i si s a t t a i n e r t h v
t h e c o n d it i o n

(27)
4) The tangentdirection 61 is specified by the
user:
+

l -

, , + ,

/ l a

( 2 8)

T h e s e c o n da n d t h i r d o p t i o n s a r e u s e f u l f o r
d e s c r i b i n g ,e . g . , t h e w a t e r lj n e s a t t h e
b o u n d a r yb e t w e e ne n t r a n c ea n d p a r a l l e l m j d _
s h i p b o d y , o r s e c t i o n sa t t h e f l a t o t s i d e
c u r v e 0 r a t t h e f l a t o f b o t t o mc u r v e w h e r e
t h e c u r v a t u r ei s d i s c o n t i u o u s .
For the.starti!9 (i. 1) andend (i = n) points,
rnree 0ltterent options are cons.idered:
1 ) V a n i s i n gc u r v a t u r e ,i . e . a n i n f l e c t i o n p o i n t
at the end of the curve:

(,^
I ru

= o

o r Rn -- I_ ,I , = o
,

(zg)

2 ) ] h e f i r s t o r l a s t s e g m e nits a c i r c u l a r a r c .
T h i s j s a t t a i n e d w i t h t h e s t a n d a r dp a r a m e t e r s

l',o

405

= A t ^ t = C l , o ^ =C l , l = 1 o r
=
Arr-,-n

iA;lfiiont"-',o

= C n - t i, = 1 , r e s p .6' ! - t t r e

t , + t r = l t , * t r li ,

or

tn-t * t, = ltr-, + trl irr-l

:)

(30)

t t r g . s t a r t i n g e n dp o i n t , t h e t a n g e n r
fd! l r e c t i o n
9r
t" or t" is precribed:

t , = t " z l t " l o r L n =t " / l t . l , . e s R . ( 3 1 )

B y s o l v i n g a n o n l i n e a r s y s t e mo f e q u a t i o n sc o m _
appropriatesubso
e ft e q u a l i o n s( 2 5 )
! :0
t ?( qJ ,. :i .f ) ,a
! l|:|
E
t h e t a n g e n tu n i t v e c t o r sT . , i = ' 1
to n, can be determinedT
. hereafter, th6 A and C
p a r a m e t e r so f a n y s e g m e n tc a n b e a d j u s t e d
accord_
' r n gt 0
s e c t i o n s2 . 3 o r 2 . 4 i f a c o n .ci s e c t i o n o r
a certain curvatureis required. Theoption to
c h a n g e , t h eC p a r a m e t e r sw i 1 1 , h o w e v e r ,n o t b e
a p p i i e d t o c u r v e s e s t a b l i s h i n g a n e t w o r kf o r t h e
d e f i n j t i o n o f a s u r f a c e . E x a m f l l eosf c u i v e s d e _
f i n e d i n t h i s w a y a r e s h o w ni h t i g s . 1 0 ( a ) a n a
11/r\
3 . S U R F A CREE P R E S E N T A T I O N
3 .1 B a s e s
T h e s u r f a c e i s r e p r e s e n t e dh e r e b y m e s h e s w
, hich
a r e g e n e r a t e ds t e p b y s t e p s i m i l a r l y t o m a n u a l
r ,l n e s d r a v /n' l g p r o c e s s .
_ S u c ha m e t h o dh a s b e e n
developeb
dy Sijding.lla]. Input for this fairing
p r o g r a ma r e t w o f a m i l . i e s o f c u r v e s : p l a n e
trans_
v e r s e s e c t i o n sa n d 3 - d i m e n s i o n a lp, r b d o m i n a n t l y ,
l o n g i t u d i n a l c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t e db y ' t w o - p r o 5 e c _ " '
t i o n s o n t o t h e c o o r d i n a t ep l a n e s .
T h e r e i s n o s e p a r a t ef a i r i n g p r o c e s s , i n w h i c h
g i v e n d a t a a r e c h a n g e ds l i g [ t i y t o s m o o t h e n
the
c u r v e s , b e c a u s et h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r yi f t h e
p r o g r a mu s e r h a s t h e f r e e d o mt o c h o o i e t h e
n u m b ea
r n d a r r a n g e m e not f i n p u t d a t a p o i n t s a c _
c o r o l n g t 0 t h e a c c u r a c yo f t h e d r a w . i n g f, r o m
whichthe data are read, and accordini'to ttre
c u r v a t u r eo f t h e l . i n e . T h u s , t h e u s e r c o n t r o l l s
t h e c o m p r o m j sbee t w e e nt h e i c c u r a c y o f t h e c o i n c i d e n c eb e t w e e nt h e d r a w i n ga n d t h i n u m e r i c a l
representat'ion
on the one hand,and the smootnn e s s o f t h e c u r v e so n . t h e o t h e r h a n d , n o t b y
g i v i n g a d d i t i o n a l " w e i g h t s "t o t h e f u z i y o t t s e t s ,
b ! ! O V r e d u c i n gt h e n u m b e o
r f offseti: Less
o f f s e t s r e s u l t . i n s m o o t h e rc u r v e s , m o r eo f f s e t s
i n g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y .E x p e r i e n c eh i s s h o w nt f r a t
c n 0 0 s l n ga s u i t a b l e n u m b e a
r n d a r r a n g e m e not f
data points is at Ieast.as easyfor it,"-p"og"a,
u s e r a s g i v i n g t h e m e n t oi n e d " w e jg h t s" w h iT e
,
r e d u c i n gt h e a m o u n o
t f input data"considerably.
H o w e v e r , . t h i sr e q u i r e s t o s t r i c t l y a d h e r et o t h e
tree cholceof offset points. In caseof 3_dimen_
c u r v e s r e p r e s e n t e db y t w o p l a n e p r o j e c _
;t ]r oonnasl,
d a t a p o i n t s , w i t h e x c e p t i o no f t h e i i r s t
a n d t h e l a s t o n e m u s t b e a l l o w e dt o b e d . i f f e r _
e n t l y a r r a n g e do n b o t h p r o j e c t i o n s , s o i h u t b o t h
p r o j e c t i o n s c a n b e d e s c r i b e ds m o o t h l ya n d p r e _
c i s e l y . A n e x a m p l ef o r t h a t i s a d e c ' kl i n e ,
w h o s et o p v i e w j s m o r e c u r v e d t h a n i t s s i d e v . i e w
a n d r e q u i r e s , t h e r e f o r e , m o r ed a t a p o i n t s .
S i m i l a r p r i n c i p l e s a r e u s e dt o p r o d u c ea f a i r

406

J.-5. Kouh and H. Soding

s u r f a c e w i t h o u t a s e p a r a t es m o o t h i n gs t e p . D a t a
p o i n t s i n t h e c u r v e d e s c r i p t i o n c o r r e s p o n dt o
curvesin the surface description. Thus, if
c u r v e s m a yb e a r r a n g e di n a n a r b i t r a r y f a s h i o n ,
the user can control their distancesuchthat
the compromisb
e e t w e e ns u r f a c e a c c u r a c ya n d
s u r f a c e s m o o t h n e scso r r e s o o n d st o h i s i n t e n t i o n s . H o w e v e r c, u r v e s w h i c h a r e n o t c o m p u t e d
from offsets read from the linesplan, but computed from their intersectjonswith other, previously defined curves, do not contribute to
t h e a c c u r a c yo r i m p a i r t h e s m o o t h n e sosf t h e
surface. Thus, for the definjtjon of the surf a c e , t h e u s e r s h o u l d h a v e t h e f r e e d o mt o c h o o s e
c u r v e s i n a n a r b i t r a r y s e q u e n c ea n d t o s p e c i f y
a d d i t i o n a l o f f s e t s o f a c u r v e o n l y w h e r ei t i s
n o t a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e db y i t s i n t e r s e c t i o n s
w i t h p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e dc u r v e s . T h i s h a sb e e n
r e a l i z e d i n t h e f a i r i n g s o f t w a r e .P r a c t i c a l l y ,
t h e s u r f a c e d e s c r i p t i o n b e g i n sw i t h t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f a w i d e - s p a c e dn e t w o r kc o n s i s t i n g o f
keel I i ne, stem, stern, deck I i ne, fI at of si de
c L r r v e ,f l a t o f b o t t o mc u r v e a n d a f e w l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s a n d p l a n e t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n s . T h e
n e t w o r ki s t h e n r e f i n e d g r a d u a l l y b y i n t r o d u c i n g n e wc u r v e s , u s i n g o f f s e t s r e a d f r o mt h e
f i n e s p l a no n l y i n p a r t s o f t h e s u r f a c e w h e r ea
m o r ea c c u r a t ed e f i n i t i o n i s r e q u i r e d .
I n t h e m e t h o do f S i j d i n g , a d r a w b a c ki s t h a t o n e
curve family mustconsist of plane transverse
s e c t i o n s . I f a h u l l c o n t a i n sl i n e s w h i c h m u s t
b e d e s c r j b e da s m e s hl i n e s ( e . 9 . t h e s t e ma n d
stern) andwhich are steep, but not or only at
c e r t a i n p o i n t s v e r t i c a l , t h e y m u s tb e d e s c r i b e d
b y " l o n g i t u d i n a l s " . L o n g i t u d i n a l sa n d t r a n s v e r s e
s e c t i o n s , t h e n , i n t e r s e c t a t s m a l l a n g l e sa n d ,
therefore, describethe surface only roughly in
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d ' i r e c t i o n .F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,a
g e n e r a l s c h e m ei s c h o s e nh e r e , w h i c h a l l o w s
3 - d i m e n s i o n acl u r v e s f o r b o t h c u r v e f a m j l i e s ,
s o t h a t a p r o p e r , m o r e f l e x i b l e n e t w o r kf o r
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s h i p c a n b e e s t a b li s h e d .
F i g . 1 0 ( a ) a n d f i g . 1 1 ( a ) s h o ws u c h n e t w o r k s
f o r a s a i l i n g y a c h t a n d f o r a n a f t e r b o d yo f a
m u l t i - p u r p o s ec a r g o s h i p , r e s p .
T h e n e t w o r ko f c u r v e s d i v i d e s t h e s u r f a c e . i n t o
a n a s s e m b l yo f r o u g h l y , r e c t a n g u l a r p a t c h e s ,
e a c h o f w h i c h i s b o u n d e db y t w o c u r v e s o f e a c h
o f t h e t w o c u r v e f a m i l i e s , n o wc a l l e d u - c u r v e s
a n d v - c u r v e s ,a s s h o w ni n f i g . 6 . H e r e i t i s
assumed
t h a t b o t h p a r a m e t e r su a n d v , a s i n t h e
Q( 0, 1 )

I,v)

curve definition, run from Q to I a]ong the

l e l e v a n t p a t c hb o u n d a r i e sQ. ( u , 0 ) ,Q ( u , 1 ) ,
Q ( 0 , v ) a n dQ ( l , v ) r e p r e s e n t h e f o u r b o u n d a r y
c u r v e s ; t h e y a r e k n o w na f t e r t h e c u r v e s g e n e r a t i o n s t e p . T h e p r o b l e mo f d e f i n i n g a s u r f a c e
patch, then, is to find a suitablefunction
Q ( u , v ) w h i c h r e d u c et o t h e r e s p e c t i v e b o u n d a r y
c u r v ef O r u = 0 , u = 1 , V = 0 o f v = 1 .
3 . 2 R a t i o n a lc u b i c I o f t i n g p a t c ] n
F u n c t i o n st y p e s u s e d f o r p a t c h d e f i n i t i o n a r e ,
h e r e a s i n m a n yc a s e s , g e n e r a l j z a t i o n so f t h o s e
for curves. The rational cubjc lofting patch
u s e d h e r e i s d e f i n e d a s a n e x t e n s i o no f t h e r a tional cubic spline by a vector function in
h o m o g e n e ocuoso r di n a t e s a n a lo g o u st o ( 1 0 ):
+,

,
q ( u , v\ )= TL, H
, ( vH
) r ( v )H r ( v )H o ( v ) J

* 0 ( u 0 , 0h)f( u o , o )i r | ( u 0 , 0 ) |
l0"tro,o)
* Q ( u , , 1h)} ( u , , 1 )h } ( u , , t ) _ l
lfl{r,,i)

= litr,v) h(u,v)l

( 3 2)

Thecorresponding
C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t e sa r e
given by

i(u,v)

(33)

Q(u,v)
h(u'v)

In (32) andin the following,the superscripts

u a n d v d e n o t ep a r t i a l d e r i v a t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t
to u or v, while the subscriptsu and v denote
d i f f e r e n t f u n c t j o n s u s e di n i n t e r p o l a t i n g a l o n g
t h e u o r v p a r a m e t e r ,r e s p .
F o r m u l a e( 3 2 ) a n d ( 3 3 ) d e s c r i b ea r a t i o n a l c u b i c
g e g m e n t o b e i n t e r p o l a t e d b e t w e e nt h e p g i n t s
y n dQ ( u , , 1 )
Q(uQ,0o
) n t h e l o w e rp a t c hb o u n d a r a
o n t h e u p p e r p a t c h b o u n d a r y .u s i n q t h e d e r i v a t i , v e sQ v 1 u 6 , 0 )h, $ ( u q , 0 )a i - t o w e r - a ntov ( u 1 , 1 ) ,
h i ( u r , 1 ) a t t h e u p p e rb o u n d a r y I. n s t e a do f o n l y
o n e p a r a m e t e ru f o r b o t h u - b o u n d a r i e so f t h e
p a t c h , t w o d i f f e r e n t p a r a m e t e r su 6 a n d u l a r e
' i n t r o d u c e dT
. h e ya r e f u n c t i o n s o f - u a n d
serve
f o r r e p a r a m e t r i z a t i o no f t h e u - b o u n d a r i e s .D i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n su 6 ( u ) a n d u 1 ( u ) m o v et h e p o i n t s
Q ( u , 0 )o r Q ( u , 1 ) , r e s p . , a l o n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s
w i t h o u t c h a n g i n gt h e c u r v e s h a p e ' T
. heajm of
the reparametrization is to attain slope
continuity acrossra corunon
v - Q o u n d a r yb e t w e e n
a d j a c e n tp a t c h e sQ r ( u , v ) a n d Q 3 ( u , v )p l a c e s
side by side (fig. 7). To that end, us andu1
h a v e t o b e d e t e r m i n e ds u c h t h a t d e r i v a t i v e s o f
Q1 andQ3with respect to u at the adjacent
c o r n e r s o f b o t h p a t c h e ss a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g
c o n dti i o n :

1dQ,(u,..1
,,0)
\

6(o,o)
/
P a t c h b o u n d a r yc u r v e s

, 0, 1
. lQ{u

l-J

Fig. 6

fo{ro,oy

du

/ u=\

d d ,( ' r ' 1 )
\

o,

/,=r

/ d 0 . ( u n , O\ )

[ - J
\

du

/ u=0

/ d Q . , ( , , , 1 )\

l - l
\

du

lu=O

(34)

Ratiorral Cubic'Splinesfor Ship Hull Reptesentatb,t

407

*
,
r
s v ( u )= Q ( u r , 1 -) Q ( u o , 0 )

(3/)

H e r e ,A . r ( r 0 , , 0 I ,
, ,r(u,,1)
.\(9t,1), Cv(ue,0)C
t , r ( u 9 , 0 )a n d t r ( u 1 , 1 ) a r e f u n d a m e n t a l ' f u n c t i o n s
w h i c h d e f i n e t h e s h a p eo f t h e s u r f a c e p a t c h b e t w e e nt h e b o u n d a r i e s .
B e c a u s et h e C r - p a r a m e t e ros f a l l v m e s hc u r v e s
a r e r e q u i r e d t o h a v e t h e s t a n d a r dv a l u e 1 , t h e
C . - p a r a m e t e r os f t h e i n t e r p o l a t e d c u r v e s a r e
a l s o d e f i n e dt o b e 1 :

P a t c h e sp l a c e d t o g e t h e r a l o n g a
,:
,7
v - b o u n d a r y( Q , a n a
o . a l o n ga
9l)
u - b o u n d a r y( Q , a n d q r ;

Fig. 7

I n ( 3 2 ) a n d ( 3 3 ) , Q ( r o , O )a n dQ 1 u 1 , 1 d
) enote
the lower and uppe
r u - b o u n d a r i edse f i n e da s n a r t
rK Dy
of the given netwo
1
r.,l(
u^, u )
"

t t t ,( u o )H 2( u o )H r ( u o t)t o( u o ) J

h,.,(uo,o)

C . r ( u 0 , 0 )= 1

0 - <u o r < 1

(38)

C , r ( r , , 1=
) I

0 < u , - <1

( 3 e)

B e c a u s et h e A r r - p a r a m e t e rosf t h e v m e s hc u r v e s
m a y d e v i a t e f r o m t h e s t a n d a r dv a l u e , t h e y a r e
d e t e r m i n ew
d i t h i n a p a t c h b y a s i m p l ei n t e r p o l a tion scheme:

A , r ( u 0 , 0=)[ H , ( u o )H r ( u o ) l

In"ro,ol]
1,0)
LAv(

_ [n..1o,ry']
l t " l

A . r ( r , , 1 =) [ H , ( u , ) H r ( u ),

( 4 1)

LAv(1,1)l

T,

'

( 4 0)

lQ(o,o)
tl 0
. 'r t . o t

iQ " { o '+o0)( o , oh) : ( o , o )

lL Q " ( r ,+od )( t , o ) h u ( 1 , 0 )

T h e t a n g e n t u n i t v e c t o r s a r e i n t e r p o la t e d a n a -l
o g o u s l yt o t h e p o s it i o n v e c t o r s b y

( 3 5)

t , o ( u o , o=) -

) 4(uo)]
[ H , ( u oH
) 2 ( u oH) r ( u oH
nr(u0,u)

and

f*

0 ( rr , 1 )=

itv(o,o)

1
h , (u , , 1)

IT " t r , o t
i t $ ( o , +oT), , ( o , oh)E ( o , o )
LTt(1,o) +t , , { r , o h) i ( 1 , 0 )

r )o ( u , ) j
I H , { u ,H
) r ( u ,H) 3 ( u H

f*

lQ(o,i)
.l8(1,1)
* Q ( 0 , 1h) H ( o , t )
I Q " { o)' l
1 8 "t{, t ) * d ( r , 1 )h l ( 1 , 1 )

w it h

h E ( o , o )- h : ( 1 , 0 ) =
(36)

T h e o t h e r f u n c t i o n so f u 6 o r u 1 n e e d e dt o e v a l u nnrrocnnndinn
fn
ate (32) nr 1??\ are defined
the curve d e f i n i t i o n g i v e n b e f o r e , b y
I u v

i l ( r o , o )=
0 ' ( ,r, 1 ) =

A r ru
( o , O) t , r (u ) t

r(

(42)

l t i ( r , o*)t l ( o , o ) _l z

I t r ( 1 , o-) t , , { o , o ) |

h . ( u o , 0 )= 1 + h i ( o , o )H 3 ( u o+) h i ( t ' o ) H o ( u o )

v v l

uo,o;

and

tr(u,,t;

I t t , { u ,H) r ( u ,H) r ( u ,H; o ( uI, )

h.(u,1)

A . r u( t , 1 ) t v ( u ) t . r u( , , t )

T*

It (0.1)

h f ( u 0 , 0 )= c , . ( u o , o[) l A . r ( u o , o ) t r ( r o , o )

+ A . , r ( u 1 , 1 ) t , r ( u|, ,-12)]

I T " (1 . 1) +t . r {1 , 1 )h i (1 , 1 )

h ] ( u , , t ;= - c , r ( u t , 1[) | A , o ( u o , o ) t o ( u o , o )
+ A , r ( u 1 , 1 ) t . r ( u|, ,-12)]

L v'

w it h

h.r(u'v) = 1 + h ; ( u o , O ) H . ( v )
+ t r l ( u 1 , 1H
) 4(v)

T t r r r
lLv\rrr,/
l T" vu \/ "n 1 \ + 1 . , { o , ih
)i(0,1)
t'r
l

h : (0 , 1)

= -h:(1,1)

( 4 3)

408

J.-5. Kotth and H. Sddirtg

.
'u,^
h t ( u l , l ) = r + n l ( u , 1, )

H ^ ( u . ) +h " ( 1 . I )H , ( rt ,, . )
J,

t,

E.

+,

E q u a t i o n s( 4 2 ) a n d ( 4 3 ) g i v e s l o p e c o n t i n u i t y
n - b o u n d a r yo f t w o p a t c h e s Q 1
a c r o l s t h e c o m m ou
a n d Q r c o r r e s p o n d i ntgo f i g . 7 , i f t h e v - b o u n d a r i e s " o f b o t h p a t c h e sh a v e n o k n u c k l e sa t t h e
c o m m ou
n- b o u n d a r y .
i n o r d e r t o d e f i n e a , p a t c hc o 4 p 1 e t e 1 yt $, 1 0 , 0 ; ,

) ,y ( 1 , 1 ) - i(n4 1 )
t g 1 r , o i; n ( 4 2 )a n at i ; 1 0 , 1 T

t h e s e v a l u e sd e f i n e t h e
r e m a i nt o b e d e t e r m i n e d
twist of the surfacepatch at its corners. For
s m o o t hs u r f a c e s , t h e t w i s t s h o u l d v a r y s m o o t h l y
a l o n g s m o o t hu - c u r v e s . H o w e v e r i,n m a n yc a s e s ,
t h e v c u r v e sd e f i n e q u i t e i r r e g u l a r m e s hs h a p e s
d u e t o v a r y i n g d i s t a n c e sa n d d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e
v c u r v e sc r o s s i n gt h e s a m eu c u r v e ( F i g s . 1 0 ( a )
a n d i 1 ( a ) ) . T h e r e f o r e ,t h e s m o o t h n e sosf t w i s t
i s n o t d i r e c t l y r e p r e s e n t e db y s m o o t h l yv a r y i n g
t r r v a l u e sa l o n g a c e r t a i n u - c u r v e . A s m o o t ht w i s t
i s , h o w e v e r ,a t t a i n e d , i f t h e s u r f a c e n o r m a . l
v e c t o r v a r i e s s p o o t h l y a l o n g s m o o t hu c u r v e s .
Therefore,the tS values at the patch corners
w i l l b e d e t e r m i n e dw i t h t h e a i d o f t a n g e n t v e c tor T,, gf the u curves and the surface normal
vector N.

f r o m t h e p a t c h b o u n d a r yc u r v e s .
T h e d e r i v a t i v e sf u a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n so f a u
c u r v e w i t h t h e v c u r v e sa r e c a l c u l a t e db y s p l i n e
i n t e r p o l a t i o no f a n g l e s2 a l o n g t h e a r c l e n g t h s
L t ( f i S . 8 ) b e t w e e nt h e p a t c h c o r n e r s .
f i " i s m o r ec o m C o m p a r etdo y u , t h e c o m p u t a t i o n
p l e x , b e c a u r ssem a l l c h a n g e o
s f y c h a n g eo n l y t h e
p a r a m e t r i z a t i o no f . t h e s u r f a c e , b u t n o t i t s
s h a p e ,c o n t r a r y t o [ t , w h i c h d r ' r e c t l y i n f I u e n c e
t h e s u r f a c e t w i s t . l \ c a n b e d e t e r m i n e df r o m a
s i n g l e a n g l e 4 , ( f i g . 9 ) : B e c a u sfer i s p e . p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e u n i t t a n q e n tv e c t o r t . . o f a u
ii ,
.
,-T
c u r v e , N l i e s i n t h e n o r m a lp l a n e ( E ) o f t h e
u c u r v e( f i g . 9 ) .

Fig. 9

D e s c r i p l i o no f t h e s u r f a c e n o r m a l
v e c t o r N i n t h e n o r m a lp l a n e ( E )
of a u curve

I n o r d e r t o d e s c r i b et h e d i r e c t i o n o f i l i n t h e
n o r m a lp l a n e ( E ) , a v e c t o r R w h j c h s e r v e sa s
r e f e r e n c e a n d w hi c h i s n o w h e r ep a r a .Il e . l t o t h e
u c u r v e w i l l b e u s e d . D e n o t i n qt h e p r o . i e c t i o n
K 0 n r 0 ( r J D y r , r n e a n g r eu D e r w e ern\ a r d T
w i I I b e u s e df o r I o c a t i n q N . { r i s d e f i n e da s
p o s i t i v , i f T , R 'a n dt u i o n s l i t u t e a - r i g f r t h a n d
Fig. 8

D e s c n i p t i o no f t a n g e n tu n i t v e c t o r t
alonqa u curve

I f y i s t h e a n g l e b e t w e e nT . , a n d T u 1 t i g . 8 ) t h e
f o l l o wn
i gr e l a t i o n h o l d :
t__.1..=
v

(0.F.tt)

cosf

( 4 4)

and

t v_ . . tu . , = s i n f N ( 0 , f . r )

(45)

= c o s p t+ s i n r ( t . f r )
l

'

( 4 6)

Thederivative of t-- with respectto u is then

v
givenby

t" = -sinff"tu + cosyt'+ cosFFu(t.,'fr)

+siny(q , fr + t,, ,, fr";

l\1S re-

l a t e d t o r 1 a, n a l o g o u s l tyo ( a 6 ) b y

N = c o s' . f6 - s i n u( 6c ' t

( 4 8)

u'

C o r r e s p o n d i ntgo t h e p r o c e d u r ed e s c r i b e db e f o r e
f o r f , p ' i s i n t e r p o l a t e da l o n g t h e u c u r v e s . A s
d e s c r i b e df o r c u r v e i n t e r p o l a t i o n , b o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n a n d c o n t r a i n t sw i l l b e u s e da l s o h e r e t o
a v o i d , f o r i n s t a n c e ,t h e p r o p a g a t i o n
of wiggles
of ip from strongly twisted to plane or lightly
r-rrrvcd naris, nf

thp Sufface.

T h e s p l i n e i n t e r p o l a t i o no f p g i v e s 0 u a n d - b y
m e a n so f t h e u d e r i v a t i v e o f ( 4 8 ) - N " . T h e n ,
f r o m e q u a t i o n( a 7 ) , t $ i s d e t e r m i n e dc, o m p l e t i n g
t h e p a r a m e t e rd e t e r m i n a t i o no f t h e 5 s p f s r a n r r e h

From*(44E
) n d ( a 5 ) , t , c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d ,i f
f , N a n d t , a r e k n o w n ,b y

c \ / < 1 ' a mL l i t h t h a r- r" n' -i i V e C f , Or t = l / l l l '

( 4 7)

F o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o no f t l a t t h e c e r n e r s o f
t h e p a t c h e s , t h e d e r i v a t i v 6 sp u a n d N ' h a v e t o
b e d e t e r m i n e df i r s t , w h e r e a sa l l t h e o t h e r
v a r i a b l e so n t h e r i g h t - h a n ds i d e o f ( 4 7 ) f o 1 1 o w

4 . F x a m n l easn d c o n c l u s i o n
.rO trGJ rn* the definingcurve
,,n. ,*)
n e t w o r kf o r a s a i l i n g y a c h t a n d f o r t h e a f t e r b o d yo f a m u l t i - p u r p o s e
c a r g os h i p . F i g s . 1 0 ( b ) ,
1 1 ( b ) a n d 1 1 ( c ) s h o ww a t e r l i n e sa n d t r a n s v e r s e
s e c t i o n si n t e r n o l a t e dw i t h i n t h i s n e t w o r k I a r o e s c a l e p l o t s w o u l ds h o wt h a t l i n e s q u a l i t y a n d
c o r r e c t n e s si n d e t a i l i s a t l e a s t t h e s a m ea s
l y a t t a i n e d w i t h e xi s t i n g f a i r i n g p r o t h a t u s u a1
g r a m sf o r s h i p p r o d u c t i o np u r p o s e .H o w e v e r t, h e
amouno
t f i n p u t d a t a t o d e s c r i b et h e r e l a t i v e l y
f e w m e s hc u r v e s i s m u c hs m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f
| \ .

9 v l

J v

Ratiornl Cubic Splirtesfor Ship Hull Representatiort

409

o t h e r f a i r i n g p r o g r a m sk n o w nt o t h e a u t h o r .

IT;:l;,':??:
:io,:'n:;:::;.'il:'
li,i:lll.lnf;,,,
s h a p ed e f i n i t i o n .
.\

\ i

- t -

i
l

i
I
l

I
I

r i l i i
'

. ,
I

il
[,

|t r ,i n
Y .

J
t
I

II
II.

1 0 ( a ) N e t w o r kf o r a s a i l i n g y a c h t

Fin

J.-5. Kouh and H. Soding

410

r i -i''l'l

.i' . 1

t'

i 1'i--: i

'.1

t:.

fi' 1

rI

\
i t
I

r..i1

\I
'*
\

F i g . 1 1 ( a ) N e t w o r kf o r t h e a f t e r b o d y o f a
m u lt i - P u r P o s ec a r g o s hi P

F is . 1 1 b( ) N e t w o r kf o r t h e a f t e r b o d y o f a
m u l t i - p u r p o s ec a r g o s h i P a n d
interoolatedcurves

Ratiottal Cubic Splittesfor Ship Hull Representatiort

F i g . 1 i ( c ) I n t e r p o l a t e d s e c t i o n c u r v e s f o r t h e a f t e r b o d y o f a m u l t i - p u r p o s ec a r g o s h i p

4t1

412

J.-5. Koult and H. Sodirtg

R E FR
EE C
NE S
t 1 ] A d a m sJ, . A . , C u b i cS p 1i n e C u r v eF i t t i n g
w i t h C o n t r o Il e d t n d C o n dtii o n s, C o m p u t e r a i d e dD e s i g n ,V o 1 . 6 , N o . 7 , ( 1 9 7 4 )2 - 9 .
L 2 ) B a e r , G . , P a r a m e t r i s c hIen t e r p o l a t i o n
e m p i r i s c h e rR a u m k u r v e n
Z ,A M M
57, (I977)
305-311.
t3]

B a l l , A . A . , C O N S UP
RaFr t 1 : I n t r o d u c t i o n
o f t h e C o n i cL o f t i n s T i l e , C o m p u t e r - a i d e d
D e s i g nV
, o l . 6 , N o .4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

fq]

p aFr t Z : D e s c r pi t i o n
B a 11 , A . A ., C O N S U R
o f t h e A 1g o r i t h m s , C o m p u t e r - da ei d D e s gi n ,
V o l . 7 , N o .4 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

1 5 ] B a l l , A . A . , C O N S UpRaFr t 3 : H o wt h e p r o g r a mi s U s e d ,C o m p u t e r - a i d D
e de s i g n ,
Vol. 9, No.1 (1974).
[ O ] C o o n s ,S . A . , S u r f a c e ,C o m p u t eGr r a p h i c s
f o r D e s i g n e r s ,E n g i n e e r i n gS u m m eCr o n f e r e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n ,1 9 7 2 .
t7]

F a u x , I . D ., P r a t t , M . J ., C o m p u t a t i o n a l
G e o m e t r yf o r D e s i g na n d M a n u f a c t u r e ,
( E 11i s H o n n r o oLdt d . , C hi c h e s t e r , 1 9 7 9) .

ig]

F o m e s t , A . R . , 0 n C o o n sa n d o t h e r M e t h o d s
for the Representation
o f C u r v e dS u r f a c e s ,
C o m p u t eG
r r a p h i c sa n d I m a g eP r o c e s s i n g ,
N e wY o r k, ( 7 9 7 2 ) .

L 9 l F o r r e s t , A . R . , T h e T w i s t e dC u b i cC u r v e :
A C o m p u t e r - a i d eGde o m e t r i cD e s i g n
A p p r o a c hC
, omputer-aide
Dde s i g n ,V o 1 . 1 2 ,
No.4 (1e80).
[ 1 0 ] F o r r e s t , A . R . , M a t h e m a t i c aplr i n c . i p l e sf o r
C u r v ea n d S u r f a c eR e p r e s e n t a t i o nP
, r o c .o f
Conference
o n " C u r v e dS u r f a c e si n E n g i n e e r i n g " , ( I C P S c i e n c ea n d T e c h n o l o ghye s s
Lr.d., 1972).
g p li n e C u r v e s
[ 1 1 ] L e w i s ,J . W . , I n t e r c h a n g i n S
U s i n g I G E S ,C o m p u t e r - a i d e
dd
e s i g n ,V o l . 1 3 ,
N o .6 ( 1 e 8 i ) .
lI2)

R a b i e n ,U . , G e b r a u c h s a n l e i t u nf igj r d a s
Programm
E u k l j d 5 z u r B e s c h r e i b u n vgo n
S c h i f f s k i j r p e r o b e r f 1 i i c h eB
n ,e r i c h t N r . 1 8 ,
I n s t . f . E n t w e r f e nv o n S c h i f f e n u n d
S c h i f f s t h e o r i e , H a n n o v e Ir9 7 6 .

[ 1 3 ] R o g e r s ,D . F , A d a m sJ, . A . , M a t h e m a t i c a l
E l e m e n t sf o r C o m p u t eG
r r a p h i c s ,( M c G r a w H i I I B o o kC o ., N e wY o r k, 1 9 7 6) .
i g , H . , D a s S t r a k e nv o n S c h if f s l i n . ei n
[14] Sddn
m i t D i g i t a l r e c h n e r nH
, a n s a ,( 1 9 6 7 )1 3 8 6 .
1 1 5 ] S d d i n g , H . , B e s c h r e i b u n ug n d E n t w u r fv o n
S c h i f f s f o r m e nm i t H i l f e v o n R e c h n e r n ,
R e c h n e r g e s t i j t z t e rS c hi f f s e n t w u r f,
( 9 . F o r t b i l d u n g s k u r sI,n s t . f . S c h i f f b a u ,
Hambur1
g9i6).
, ., Differentialgeometrie,
[16] StrubeckerK
( B d . 1 , W .d . G r u y t e r V e r la g, B e r li n ,
1 9 6 4) .

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship
- DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . )
E^lsevie
r Science PublishersB.V. (N orth-Holland)
o r F r P .l 9 8 s

413

SURFII - INTERACII'T8 PROCRAUFOB

DEFININGTREE FORMS
3ORIS ROSOVId
Shipyard 3.MAJ, Rijeka, yugoslavia

The paper describes the steps ln definlng

the curves and surfaces ln space
uslng 3-sp11ne flrnctlons.
A speclal eraphases is la1d on autonatlc
paranetrlsatlon i.e.
optinizing
of parametric net layout on the gurfaee.fhere
ls also
a short mentlon of problens arislng
1n that such as the question of converIn the article
Sentlon etablllty.
is shoum an enpirlc
algorlthn
which solves lt 1n a satlsfactory
way. The second part of the article
shows the progran reallsation
of the steps suggested. It glves a brlef
descrlpti.on
of
the program and a nunber of exanples fron practi.ce for denonstraiion.
INTRODUCT]ON

are

tain the body deflned in each polnt.

Using the analltlc
geonetry nethod, we
can evaluate soae crlteria
for the fair*
ness of the surface. liowever, its disadvantege j.s that the ueer can no longer think as a draftgnan,
which is to
say a higher level of knowledge is reciuired. Furthernore,
these nethods require more hardware resource (CpU) and
it is raore difflcult
to program and lnplenent then,

a) ttre nethods uslng the space curvee

of varlous types (sp1ine, B-spline,
B6zier, Manning, Aklna etc. )

Sonehow or other, in the past years

just these nethods which deflne the
forn usj.ng the equations of surface have been developed and used.

In the past decade a long step forward

has been nade in the fleLd of forn defining.
A nunber of new nethods nave
been developed and the existlng
ones
lmproved. the development of new hardware has opened the door to the use of
new techniques.
We can say that following
uethods
today used in defi.ning the fo:ml

b)

lhe nethods uslng surface equation

(Coons, B-spline, Bezier etc.)
with
cartesian
or tensor product
of functions
1n dj"rection of paraloeters u and v

Eaeh of the above raethods has 1ts advantages and disadvantages.

Generally
speaklng, the advantages of the nethods
uslng the curves lie in slnp1iclty,
Iow CPU coneumpti.on and 1n the fact
that the way of work on conputer 1s
sinilar
to the conventi,onal work of a
draftsman. the nethods are bgwever not
free of di.sadvantages as it 1s sometiees diffieult
to malntaln
the harnony between surves (when the characrer
of the curve 1s abn.ptly
changed) in
whlch case a manual interventlon
to
each curve is neeessary. Another disadvantage is tbat the body is not defined 1n the fleld
between the curves
whlch sometine can be a serlous probIen.
lhe nethods using surface equatlon have the advantage of bej.ng able to ob-

2.

GEIERAI

This article
describes a surfaee definlng nethod uslng the B-spline funeticns tensor product. Ihe nethod has been
so worked out that 1t'ean be used interr
actively,
deflntng
a new forn rlirect on
the screen, or using offset
polnts and
fairlng
thetr autonatlcally.
The naln polnt of autonatlc
fairing
ls
the abillty
to optinise
the eonstant
paraneter curves distrlbution
on the
surface,
starti.ng from a certain
one
initla1ly
g1ven. In a si.npler word, the
algorithn
lloves the vertices
of Bezier
polygon not only 1n ftperpendicularn
directlon
to the surfacer but also tengent1ally,
grouping then 1f necessary
1n the part bei.ng rnore conpllcated.
yet
thls nethod needs a lcjt of CpUr as it
calle for the solution
of nonli,near
equations,
which 1s done in the convent1onal way. the systen is fi.rst lineari.zedr after which follows
the iteratt

414

B. Rosovit

solvlng
of linear
equatlons as long as
an aeceptable result 1s attained.
Ihe
process encls when the divergencieo
get
satlsfactorily
reduced and the forn
meets esthetlcs
crlteria.
However, the nerhoti of optlnlzing
the
parameter net distrrbution
1s not elways stabl.e. In the author's
oplnion,
the problem l1es in the fact that there ara more thnn one solution
about
equally good in view of distances of
the points to the surface. Thie is to
eByr that tbere is more than one local
mlnlmum. But some of these solutions
do not satlsfy
aesthetics
criterla.
to
prevent the problem of a )rwlldl jurap
of a vertex of B6zier polygon, we have
latroduced
an enplrlc
expression to
provlde the stability
of the forn.
3.

SURFACSDEFINING AI,GORITHM

Ihe baeic expression for deflning

the
surface 1s the tensor produet of 3spllne functlons:

Bdzier net vertlces.

Exanple:

lig.

Introducing the Rj,t (u) and R1,y(v)

functions
has provlCed a possibili.ty
of generati.ng a surface wj,th a knuckle
Such knuckle line can extend
line.
along one part of surface, wh1Ie the
remaining part w111 be snooth:

(-.-

--

F(u,v) =)Dr(v).Br,r(u).|E:(u).B;,t (v)

L

?{r

t r , u ( ' ) r r ,(1v )

31rt(u) are well-known 3-spline functlons which are set by the expresslon3

,lli -

.'(u-x,)
{*i;=; ["',1:;1]
Flg.

o
' 1( ,nk)- rIJ . _ _ t _ t . . * ( n"-' 1r i)i t , x - t

q;-x;

+
4. OITIMIZING OT PABA^UETRIC
NET

/- \

('-":.*o)"lij.,o-,]

(z)

f.(",1 i" an n-th derj-vation of i-th

frifrtt:.on of k-th order.
OrCvl ana fr(r)

are the curves whlch

are deflned by the expression:

4 =f {l tl,t (v)
u, =T{, Rt,v(o)

(:)
(4)

H e r eR r , t ( r ) a n d R . , k ( u ) are special
B-spllne firnctions lncluding a posslblllty of discontlnulty, and coefficients Alj are the coordinatee of

4.1. Alplicatlon

to cgrygg

In dolng the ship llne falring the following way 1s nostly taken ln practice. Fron a sketch of body plan points
are tsken. Ihese polnts ar6 taken as
inputs to a progran, wbicb on the basls of then and sone addltlonal lnstructions produces a data file of the
ship falred. In all falri.ng prograns
involving elther curves or surfaces 1n
para.netric forn, there i-s a probleu 1n
the lnitlal
settlng the parametric value to the polnts which have been taken fron the drawing. There are varlous algorlthrns avallable that are used

StRF/f

InteractiyeProgramfor DeJ'iningFree \-ornts

for this purpose. For exanple, for tbe

falring
of certain
curves an ldes rather often
used 1s that changes of
paraneter along a series of polnts
shoul.d be proportiona]
to the dlstance
between the points. lhere are soue
other nethods but those applled to the
surface nlght be problenatleal.
Here presented method j.ntend to flnd
out an optlmun layout of the pararnetric
net on the surface generated by
m e u 1 so f B - s p l i . n e f u n c t j . o n s .
It is based on the approach given by S.iy.
Southwell in {0}.
Though h1s artlele
has a somewhat general approach and
does not partlcularly
deal wlth the
dlstrlbution
of paratreters along the
curve, the baslc principles
proved to
be very useful
in the paranetrically
defined curves and surfacee, too.
Hereafter follows a derlvatlon
can be used for optlnizlng
the
bution of paraneters along the
defined by B-spl1ne functions,
for the surface only the frnal
are glven.
The start

is

whlch
distri.curve
whi.Ie
results

as foll-ows:

Presume that a poi.nt Fi n." been grven

by i.ts cartesian coordi.nates (xryrZ).
the dlvergence of point ft-1 fron point
F on the curve 1s defi.ned as:

4t5

This applies e.g. to edglng polnts,

then to polnts we know the curve will.
be discontinued in then etc.
In order a curve can wel1 approxi.nate
a series of points we will set up the
following
condltlon.
'l

s = i/

\-,

(*n-.ll

z - ' 1 1

^2r
+ f f t .''r, /+

IIIIn

\2/

For expression (l)

nua, the following
satlsfied:

O
- 's
=

to have (the) ninlconditions should be

\o/

oYi

1 = 1....
O J

nunber of polnts
t.r\

= Jd

--i

C)\

A - Ml,rAyrrAzrrAx, ......
Condltlons
iteratively.

(6)

and (?)

ArrI

can be attained

Clond. (6) will not be regulred in the

polnts having the fixed parameterr Brt
in these points will be Wti > l. For pointe havj.ng Wt1 = /, condition (6)
should be net.
( 6 ) 1s obtained by bringlng
Condition
down the perpendlcular
from the polnt
to the curve. The nain iseue
of thls
article
Ls how to Eeet cond. (T).
It has been efflciently
solved by using
a nodified
Newton-Raphson iterative
laethod, glven in (2) .

?s

(8)

Assuning that

gk

and

P
-- - Y - D
"lc,L
),1D4..

a\

)2^

then
Here N1 and 11 is the norroal and tangential
divergence,
and Wni and tYti
are thelr weights. In F (pirA) pi is
the paraneter value at whlch polnt I
has been calculated,
wh1le A, is a serles of coefficlents,
Bdzier polygon
vertlces,
on whleh the forn of curve
F depends.

In nost cases we are not interested 1n

v e c t o r d l , b u t only Fi. Iet, sonetj.ues
vector F:. w:.tt h a v e t o b e i n v o l v e d .

l
I

Matrix

=
hl
L ,lnew

- l . n; t1 . L( 1s l
LAJ

[n] wi:.r b e a t t a i n e d

(e)
(ro1

as follows:

Fx(pi,Axx./Axr)
(
lY P,' Ayr.rAAyx)

Fx(pi,A
Fl(pi,Ayr)

F x( p i ,A x r *A A x r )
y ( p ; ,A y . )

B. Rosovil

4IO

If x conponent of coefflclent
Ap ls
changed by anount AAkr because of Iiit will
be:
nearlty

g( pr,Ek*

A x o ) = r k (p l , M k ) + d a x u . 1

anil changlng of y conponent will

in:

Accordj.ng to
we can have:

(1I )

fig.5

(:)

and expresslon

I(r., t ,5 aK = ;Ut,vn
I ( nx-rx ) cos(n,x ) *( ny-ry ) cos
z-.L

( n, y ) J -+wtl(Rx-Frc)coe( t, x ) +( Ry-Fy)
2

result

- Dr

Fy( pt,AJt+AAyr)=Fy( pt,Ay* )*Aeyk.3k ( 12)

In fornulae (11) and (12) 3k lndlcates
the baslc 3-spline functlon.

(15)

cos(t,v)J'f=
)

5 . =i{t*g-c-Fc )cos(n,
" )l 2* f i t [ :

\ rc-

lhe assumption on which is based the

further derlvation
1s that c,rrveu fL,
f-Z ana ?-3 rn fig.4
are parallelrwhich
1s the case when AAxy and dAyy are fairly snall. Another assumption is that
the above functj.ons in the range considered are fairly
snooth.

(rs1

Fc)cos(t,"1]2)

Sa*atr=illwrl/
lrr

r(

( nc-Fc) cos(n, c ) -AAkBr

c o s( n , x ) ] 2 + w t [ f ( n c - F c) c o s
n

I,et us have a look at how we can obtain

expresslons (B) ana (9;.
If

( t , c ) - A A o \ c o s tt , x l ] 2 )

(rr )

we lntroduce the slgns' S(pilAX1r

Ayl rMZ....Ak,Ak*l...

Sunation over i. neans su&Batlon

offset polnts.

.4yn; = 5.1,O

( l r ' . t x n , A J 1, A x 2 . . . . A k , A k * 4 , . . A l r A
[*t ,
,

..Ayn) = )\r4,.
according to (B) ttrere will

be:

Sn,-+aq--5.q8 k = 1ln
A*O

--!---A-.A
AA
K

\ rJ /

*0,,

-51+a\, n,
5tr*a1 1A1+AA1

= Lim -----;{il;-=--tu-

Sinilar
gent.

1s applied

to

A\*O

A A r *o

cosine

of

(U)

tanUy fim

6 k = { 1 [ w r r c o s ( n , r ) . f ( n c - r c ) c o s ( n c, ) +
L

:1d.5:1,.4:5
AA AAT

all

cos (nrc) 1s coslne of angle between

the normaL and axis c=xryrz of tbe coordinate system, and cos (nrk) j,s cosine of angle between the nornal and coordlnate systen axls into whose dlrectlon acts coefficlent
AU.

(16) fron
After subtractlng
for4A"-0weobtainl
lr
t

for

+ w r c o s ( t , k ) . t ( R c - F) c o s ( t ," ) ] ( r a 1

(14)

ffe siroilarly

derlve

the expression

for

krt

t * , , = I r * u , .I w n c o s ( n , k ) c o s ()n+,w
L rcos
f

(t,t)cos(t,t )]

(19)

we can eee that both above expreseions

ar very si.nple.
4.2. Alellggtion

to_ggrlgceg

For surface we can have ln principte

the same approach as for the curve.lhe

SURFIT

httet'acti,-ehogram for Defining Free Fonns

basic difference
1s that wlth the curve there is one tangentlal
dlvergence,
whife with the surface tbere are two
tangentlal
divergences to-wit-T
an Q.
Analogously with expression (l) for
the surfaee we can write:
1r-z

5 = tlt

r Y.N
n --+ w t.rl * w q i Qi)

After sone derivations,

1n the case of curves,
expressions
for

)-

si.nilarly
we obtaln

417

F i n o{ c :p pr o x t m ot r o n

f ' r st
a=0

t euI
as
flnal

aPP(ox

t
Fig. 5

g5 and R5:

q . = I r o [ w n c o s ( n , t ) Z ( n c - F c ) c o s ( n ,c ) +
1

,
.\-w t c o s (t , r ) L ( R c - I c ) c o s (t , c ) +
c
w q c o s ( q , k )I ( R c - r c ) c o s ( q ,c ) ] ( 2 r )
c
R , . , = f B . B , I w n c o s ( n , k ) c o s ( n , )[ +
nr(

l( t.

.-*-

-r-

+ W t c o e ( t r t ) c o s t( , t ) +
+ l l q c o s ( q , k )c o s ( q , I ) J
4.1. lgsts

-l;<+-

. + i2i+-

(zz)
Fie.7

qf mejlgl

The Author has done the above derlvation for the purpose of optlnizlng
the
paraeeter
dlstributi.on
on the surface
approxlnatlng
a serles of points set
1n space. In order to check up the
efflcieney
we have drawn up a sinple
test progra^n to optinize
the parameters distrlbution
along 2-D curve.
The prograu generates a series of polnts uslng the nathenatlcal
expresslon
set by tbe user, and inltially
dlstributes pararoeters uniformly-proportiona1ly to the distanccs between the po1nts. All points have tangential_ welght lttt = /, except end points,
whose
Wt = Wn. For al.l polnts Wn = 1.
Results of the approximati,on of the
curve is shown in Fig. 6.
The second case, Fig. 7r shows a surface approrinating
a gi.ven set of points and the flnal
di.stribution
of l_iparameters on the
nes of constant
surface obtalned
through the given aJ.gorithm.

5. SfABIIITY

OI'MEIHOD

In cases where a snall nunber of points

1s set th optlnun coefficient
seeklng
algorlthn
runs lnto a 'rpocketil of a
certain
local roiniuiuurwhich does not
flt
our aesthetic erlteria
for the surface forn. The surface gets ilcreasedrl
and drvergencies
are sma1l. Consequently
1t is necessary to lntroduce
sonethlng
to nalntaln
aesthetlcs
as weII and not
only seek a smaLl nunber of divergences. After a longer experinentlng
we
have j.ntroduced the followlng
enplricaI algorlthn
for the stretchlng
of tho
surface'.
Frrnctlon S for which we are seeklng the
mlnlnun hae been nodlfi.ed 1n the foUowlng way:
'l\-.

t = il(wnrrvi+wtrTi)+
oC.P(A)*nln (z:)
1
where d-is

a scalar and p(1) :.s:

418

B. Rosovit

N_t

P ( i )=z

r J?
, + - .1r ?
-!--

(z+)

-a

J=2

d. o
J

u and v,

cL= &t,

N has been roade.

(2r)
5.

l
l A t r * l- A 5 - r l

A3
Fig. I
P f\rnetion
deflned this way has the
good properties:
following
prevent
A

IiS

windlng

1.

It tends to
coefflcients

2.

It endavoures to nake all

polygon of unlfora
length

J. Does nct tend to shorten

of the curve (surface)

of

sides

the
of

the length

of coefficF
An exa.nple of distrlbutlon
ente obtalned on the baei.s of the abowith no 1nclus1on of offve algorlthn
set points is shown on the followlng
flgure:

In phlsical
reali.satj.on of the protratr
tbere appeared a problen of convergentlon speed. Several algorithns
for seeklng the funetion
ninlnun heve been tested. However it i.s lnportant
to polnt
out that the conventional
Wewton-Raphson toethod, forclng
the posltive
defj.niteness of the second, derivatlve
natrix In], d1d not prove efflcient.
It
was good for solvlng the problens wlth
(sinpler
a snall nunber of coefficlents
surfaces or curves only). 3ut ln practical
user Newton-Raphon nethod is too
slow, as the nunber of iterations
being
proportlonal
sought is approxlnately
with the nurnber of variables.
We have
applied another nethod, gi.ven UV t2]
,
whlch has been nodified
in order that
we can take advantage of the symnetry
and sparslty of the natrix
[Rl.
In this nethod the speed of convergenpractically
does not depend on
ea
the nunber of varlableg.
7.

REAIIZATION OF fROGRAM

7.1.

f ixed

n
I'J
\

SOIVItrG OF NON-IINEAR SYSIEM

(26)

A,

& X z

a nornalizatlon

glven by the user and N j.s total

&4is
nunber of verti.ces.

l*
:|
where 1, = l A 5 * l - A i l
J

and

rections

Genggal

{ r e e i nx , f i x e d r n )
-=-=-

i
Yt4
'/
\ . /

lree

H5

-.- f reein y
i x e dr nX

Ae \ f
f\7

fi xed

F1e' 9

In case of a surfacer lnstead of a curve, f(?) 1s obtalned by naking sunmatlon

1n both dlrectlons, u end v, for all
vertlces of the net.
Coeffi.cient o4 is eupiric. In order that
the ueer can with tlne acqulre a sense
for d,, and as sultable value for oCdepends on the nurnber of vertexes 1n di-

0n the basls, of algorithns

stated a package progran for fairing
free forms
It was programned 1n
has been reallzed.
Fortran anti contains
abt 70OO statements
fI,OI 10. lhe program is
not includlng
devided into nodules whlch are aetlvated by an approprlate
statement from
the naln nod,ule.
The communi,cation between nodules has
been realized
t h r o u g h t h e c o M n l o Nf i e l d .
Initiation
of variables
ae well as the
values 1s done in
inputting
of thelr
the naln nodule. the program stores a1l
what has been done ln the file.
pothere are stored surfaces, offset
ints,
coordinate
systems, transformation natrixes
etc. This 1s the nain file. 3esides, the conmunlcatlon (output)
wlth soqe nore f1les has also been solved. These will be described berei,n later.

SL'RI:IT

?.2.

Opergtion_of

Interacriye Prograrnfor Defining Free Fonns

419

the llosree

We control
the actions to be carried
out by the progran, uslng the cone,ands.
Conmands are short words coneieting
of
three letters.
Sone typJ.cal conuands
are 11eted below:
REf - calls
fron the nain file
for"n whlch wae previously
thereln

the
stored

FIT - carries out surface fltting

procedure using prevlously deflned
points
S10 -

stores the
parameters

surface and afl i.ts

into the nej.n file

etc
The prograrn carries
out the conmands
uslng the appropriate
variables
from
the COVrllON
fle]d.
These variables
should be set (given) prior to act1v1ting the conmand which wj.Ll use then.
The foru of giving tbe values 1s s1n1Lar to the N.A}{ELISI lnput:

JoB = 1334
x
= 11.5r l-2, 12.5113
lYlvDw=
l, 10, 1, 10
The sequence
variables
is
once glven to
1s unt1l tbe
applles even
Consequently,
at the point

of settlng
comnancis anal
ful1y free and the value
a variabl.e renains as it
ueer changes lt. Thls
to a case of break of job.
the job can be contlnued
1t was broken up.

As to the type of device through whlch

the corunands data are fedr besides the
keyboardr there is a screen and a tablet. The screen 1s used for interative nodlfication
of a surface forn by
rneans of a cross-halr
and for a vlsual
check-up of varlous sections of the
surface.
Tbe tabLet i,s intended excl,usively for
pofeeding geometrical data ( set-off
lnts),
where a set of conmands is prepared for thls prrpose.
llhile drawing cross sections it 1s posslble to generate the llnes on constant paraneters or the sectlons with
a sequence of planes deflned in an arb1trarlly
set up local coordlnate
system. For drawlng surface cross sections (frame, water lines etc.) a direct non-iterative
nethod has be6n developed:

Flg.

10

z(r)=z(!':lj.a+q1).
^ ".*sQ. Y.. ..

(zt)

By solvlng this eguation seeklng

v using Cardano fornular
the program ca1culatesthe necessary Av to satlsfy
requirenent for I polnt to lie 1n plane
Zo.
Cross section l1nes cen !s output
several devi.ces, which are:

at

- Tektroni-x screen
- tektronix
plotter
- taper tape for kingnatic
plotter
Kongsberg
- Autoxon E-file
- GIt-l ciata base of hone-d,eveloped
l-D
graphic package
- lrlnterl
in a form, of nrlmerical
data
the progran has been used for abt 2
years and has falred a larger nunber
of ehi.ps, sone of whj.ch of very unusual
foru:
Iie.
ll
Aftbody of a
large screw
ship

420

B. Rosoyit

of offsets

given.

ACKNOWIEDGEMNqT
Ihe author expresses hls thanks to Mr.
Sp1n61C and Mr.Rukavlna for thelr
suggestlon anq ideas that were beLpful
ln solvlng sone of the steps described.
flithout their support 1t 1s not very
li.kely rhat thj.s job riIL ever be conplet ed.
Fig. 12
A notor-boat

REFEREI,{CES

{f}

{t Z '}

r1g.13
Part of the

i3)

ear body
{+}
Yet the progran has sone shortconings.
It ls prlnarily
the problen of paramewhen the flgure
trlc
net dlstrlbution
is of such a fonr that it 1s difficult
to nake it fron squares, but 1t should
or pentagons. In
be nLOe of triangles
this case the loftsnan
should solve the
problen by careful
choice of distrlbution of vertexes.
8.

CONCIUSIONS

The nethod was developed for free surfaee falrlng

and 1t j.s very appllcabfe
of ship's lines.
to final
falrlng
lefining
a surface uslng surface eque,tj.ons has no doubtr the advantage over
rnetbod deallng wlth
the conventional
eurves, because the foru is defined in
i.ma).1 poi.nts which i.s of partlcular
portance in the parts of hlgher curvature. Sornemore attentlon
has been
pald to the optlnlzlng
of the parameon the surface.
tric net dlstrlbution
Y/1th this tbe use of 3-sp11ne surface
in practlce
1s nade nuch easier, maklng tbus applicable
automatic fairlng
of the fonn whose approxi.nate forn has
been known slnce long ago on the basis

{:}

{6}

r.,1. Hartley and C.J. Judd, Paranetrization

of Bezier type B-spl1ne
Compgjgg-gl9g9
curves and surfaces,
vol.1O, l{o.2, Mareh 1978'
9e"ig,
130-1 34
S.Incerti , F.Ziri1li
and V.Pari.sil
subroutlne for solvi.ng
A fortran
si.nultaneous
systens of nonlinear
Tbg gggpBtel_igg!091,
equations,
vol.24, No.1, Jan.1981, 87-91
K.Izunida and Y.Matida, Ship hull
definition
by surface techniques
for production use, ICCAS 1979,
June 1979.
Glasgow, Strathclyde'
It.F.Rogers, 3-spline curvee and
surfaces for shi-p hul] deflnltlon'
Synposiun on colalruter aided hull
eurface defrnltlonl'Annapollet
Sept .1977.
nong Loh, oonvex 3-sp11ne surfaces,
0ogpu:pg aidgg_g-gl&qr vol.ll'No.
I'
May 1981' 145-149
w.H.Southwell, Flttlng
data to nonwlth uncertalnties
functions
Ilnear
thg
in all neasurement variables'
vol.19, No.I,
conlutqf_jgurEafr
Feb.1976 | 69-73

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P . B a n d aa n d C . K u o ( E d s . )
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP, I985

42r

C O M P U TAEI R
D E DG E O M E T R I D
CE
AS
L I GO
N F H U L LL I N E SA N DL ] F T I N GS U R F A C E S
O FH I G HS P E EM
D A R I NVEE H I C L E S
P e t e r A . B o g d a n oavn d S v e t l o z a r I . K o v a c h e v
B u 1g a r i a n S h i p H y d r o d y n a m iCc e
s ntre
V a r n a, B u 1g a r i a

A - m e t h o df o r c o m p u t e r - a i d egde o m e t r i c a ld e s i g n o f t h e h u l l l i n e s a n d t h e l i f t i n g s u r f a c e so f
p l a n i n g c r a f t s , h y d r o f o i l c r a f t s a n d A C Vi s p r e s e n t e d .T h e m a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e g e o m e t r yo f
t h e l i f t i n g e l e m e n t s- p l a n i n g s u r f a c e , h y d r o f o i l s a n d d u c t s - a r e d i s c u s s e d T
. h em a t h e n n t i c a l a n d a l g o r i t h m i cb a s i s w h i c h i s u s e dt o t r e a t t h e g e o m e t r i c asl i n g u l a r i t i e s o f t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e l i f t i n g . e l e m e n t sa n d t h e l i n e s o f t h e d i s p l a c e m e nhtu l l i s a l s o g i v e n . A b r i e f a n a l y s i s o f t h e f e a s i b i l . i t y a n d u t i l i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t e dm e t h o di s d o n e . T h e f i r o g r a mp a c k a g e
a l l o w s i n t e r a c t i v e a d j u s t m e n to f p r e d e t e r m i n egde o m e t r i c a lp r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d i s p t i c e m e i t
h u l l a n d t h e l i f t i n g s u r f a c e ( s ) .T h e n u m e r i c a ol u t p u t o f t h b p r o g r a m
yields offest tables
a n d f i l e s o n m a g n e t i cm e d i a .T h e o u t p u t m a yi n c l u d ec o o r d i n a t et i i p l e i s o f e q u i d i s t a n ts u r f a c e s f o r N Cm a c h i n e sT. h e g r a p h i c a lo u t p u t i n c l u d e sl i n e s d r a w i n go f t h e d i s p l a c e m e nhtu 1 l ,
t h e h y d r o f o i l s y s t e m ,t h e a i r d u c t a n d 3 - D p i c t u r e o f t h e w h o l e s J r f a c e o r o f a s e l e c t e d
s u r f a c ed e t a i l .
NOMENCLATURE
A,B
BR.
J

(ci)

s l o p e so f d o m a i nb o u n d ;
b a s i cf i l e i d e n t i f i c a t o r ;

i - t h c o n t o u rl i n e , b o u n d i n gt h e
domain;
- m i d s h i ps e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ;
C
- p r i s m a t i cc o e f fi c i e n t ;
CM
p
C R N X , C R N Y , C- RvN
eZ
c t o r s , c o n t a i n i n gt h e c o r n e r p o i n t s o f c o n t o u rl i n e s ;
- l o c a l c o o r d i n a t es y s t e md e f i n i t i o n
CSD
vector (length7);
- v e r t i c a l p r i s m a t i cc o e f f i c i e n t ;
C,,
- w a t e r p l a n ec o e f f i c i e n t ;
CJ,
D ; R , U , L - i d e n t i f i c a t o r s o f d o w n ,r ' i g h t . u p
andleft contours;
d s , d u , d v - i n c r e m e n tos f t h e c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s;
i , j , m , n , p , g , - d u m miyn d i c e s ;
- v e c t o r c o n t a i n i n g t h e b o u n dc o n d i Jl"lC
tions for the surface:
- a s a s u p e r s c r i p t - d e r i v a t . i v ef r o n r
(k)
k-th order
- 3 r d o r d e r L a g r a n g ei n t e r p o l a t i o n
L3
polynomial;
- n u n r b eor f c o o r d i n a t et r i p l e t s o f a
l'{,N
givencurvilinear coordinate;
- n u m b e or f b o d y s e c t j o n s ( c o l u m n s ) ;
NC
- n u m b e or f w a t e r l i n e s ( r o w s ) ;
NR
- integer vectors, defining nonrecNX,NY
t a n g u l a r w o r k i n gs u b t a b l e;
- C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t es y s t e n r ;
0
^' x1 v z
: 3 r d o r d e r p o l y n o m i a;l
- p o i n t o n t h e s u r f a c e , d e f i n e db y
rlJ
'i-th andj-th
s u r f a c es e c t i o n s ;
- s u r f a c er e g i o n ;
S
q.^
- i n t e r p o l a t i n gs p l i n e p o l y n o m i a l
of 3rd order;
- s l o p ea t j - t h p o i n t ; c u r r e n t c o ti
o r d i n a t eo f i - t h p o i n t ;
- c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s ,s u r f a c e
Ur V
g r i d 1i n e s ;
- C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t et r i p l e t , d e Xt!,Z
fining point p on the surface;
- l o n g i t u d i n a lc e n t r e o f b u o y a n c y ;
Y
,'c

- l o n g i t u d i n a lc e n t r e o f f l o t a t i o n ;
- v e c t o r sc o n t a i n i n gt h e l e f t c o n t o u r ( I e n g t h N R );
- v e c t o r sc o n t a i n i n gt h e r i g h t c o n XR,YR
t o u r ( I e n g t h N R );
- v e c t o r c o n t a i n i n gb o d ys e c t i o n s
XS
l o n g i t u d i n a ip o s i t i o n ( l e n g t h N C )
- vector containingthe offest ta- ;
b l e ( l e n g t hN R * N C ) ;
- v e c t o r s c o n t a i n i n g d o w nc o n t o u r
YD,ZD
( l e n q t hN C ) ;
- v e c t o r s c o n t a i n i n gu p c o n t o u r
YU,ZU
( l e n g t hN C ) ;
- vertical centre of buoyancy;
ZC
- v e c t o r c o n t a i n i n g w a t e r li n e s v e r ZW
t i c a l p o s i t i o n ( l e n t g hN R ) ;
- w a t e r li n e e n t r a n c e / r u na n g l e s ;
0- r0.
L
K
< s h i p n a m e >- a 1p h a n u m e r isct r i n g , f i 1e i d e n t ificator;
r.i)
- j - t h d i v i d e d d i f f e r e n c ef o r i - t h
I
polynomial;
- logical union;
- logical section.
n
Xf
XL,YL

1. INTRODUCTION
T h e d e s i g no f t h e s t r e a m l i n e sa n d l i f t i n q s u r f a c e sf o r m o f h i g h - s p e em
d a r i n ev e h i c l e s - . i sr e a l i z e d b y i t e r a t i o n s . B e f o r eo b t a i n i n qt h e f j n a 1 d e s i g n ,a t t h e d i f f e r e n t s t a g e so i t h e O e s i g n p r o c e s sd i f f e r e n t d e g r e e so i d e t a j l i z a t i o n . o f e a c hg e o m e t r i c ael l e m e n td e s c r i p t i o n
are in use. At that, a considerab'le
n u n r b eor f
h u l l s a n d l i f t i n g s u r f a c e sf o r m v e r s . i o n n
s ave
t 0 b e t e s t e d . T h ea i m i s t o s a t i s f v i n t h e
b e s t w a y t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s c o n n e c t e dw i t h t h e
c o n t r a d i c t i n g r e q u i r e n t e n tos f t h e p r o b l e m sf o r
s o l v i n g t h e g e n e r a la r r a n g e m e no tf s h i p , t h e
h y d r o - a n d a e r o d y n a m icch a r a c t e r i s t . i c s ,t h e
s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a al b i l i t i e s .
T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r i s a f u r t h e r d e v e i o p m e notf
a l r e a d y r e p o r t e d m e t h o d si n ( 2 , 3 ) b r o a d e n e d
b y t e c h n i q u e sr e f l e c t i n g t h e p e c u il a r i t i e s j n
t h e s t r e a m l j n e sa n d l i f t i n g s u r f a c e sg e o m e t r y
for high-speem
d a r i n ev e h i c l e sa n d t h e i n t e r -

P.A. BogdartovunclS.L Koracltev

A l l

a c t i v e g e o m e t r i ce d i t i n g o f t h e i r e l e m e n t s .
T h e p r o g r a n r msey s t e md e v e l o p e do n t h e b a s i s o f
t h i s a p p r o a c hi s a c o r e f o r h y d r o - a n d a e r o d y n a m i cd e s i g na n d a n a l y s i s o f h u l l f o r m , t h e
f o i l e l e m e n t sa n d a i r d u c t s o f t h i s t v p e o f
s h i p s( 1 ) .
DA
EL
S I GO
N F T H EH U L LS T R E A M L I N E S
2. GEOMETRIC
A N DT H EL I F T ] N GS U R F A C E S
2 . ' 1 . M a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e g e o m e t r yo f t h e h u l l
lines-anZ-llTTTng ffi
I n t h e f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i n go f t h e m a j o r p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e g e o m e t r yo f s t r e a m il n e s a n d
l i f t i n g s u r f a c e sa s c h e m a t i z a t i oins u s e d , c o n s t i t u t i n g o f t h e f o 1l o w i n g a s s u n p t i o n s :
- t h e s h i p h u l l a n d f o i l s y s t e m sa r e a b s o l u t e l y h a r d b o d i e s ( d e f o r m aito n f r e e ) ;
- t h e s t r e a m l i n e sf o r m i s g i v e n b y t h e i n s i d e
s u r f a c e t o t h e e x t e r n a l h u ll c o v e r ;
- t h e f o r m o f t h e l i f t i n g s u r f a c e s ,w h e nn o t
p a r t o f h u 1 1 ,i s g i v e n b y t h e i r e x t e r n a ls u r f a c e , i n c l u d i n gf o r t h e e l e m e n t so f t h e f l e x i ble skirts of ACV;

andthe single vs. multipiy connected

surfaces.
r^rrnrrel-rrra Tn fha

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t r ' a - s - T h r e e - d i m ieonnsa l c u r v a t u r e . T h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s h i p f o r m s h a v i n gs e c t i o n so f z e r o c u r v a t u r e - " f l a t " 0 r " p 1 a n e "p o r t i o n s o f t h e s u r f a c e . S u c ha r e t h e a r e a s o f t h e b o t t o r na n d s h i p

b o a r d si n t h e c y l i n d r i c a l p a r t a n d o f t e n - t h e
t r a n s o m .C o n s i d e r e di n t h e a c c e p t e dc o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e m( F i g . 1 ) , t h e s e f l a t s e c t i o n sc a n h a v e
c e n p r a ld i s n o s i t i o ^n i . e . t o b e i n c l i n e d t o w a r d sa l l t h e c o o r d i n a t ep l a n e s .T h e s ea r e t h e
c a s e so f d e a d r i s e ,i n c l i n e d b o a r d s ,i n c l i n e d
t r a ns o m .

(
- tv h, , cr uaPny un, p
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, un
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I p r vhI lu vae d

s h a f t l i n e , s p r a y s t r i p s ,e t c . ) a r e t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f r o n rt h e m a i n h u l l ;
- t h e s u r f a c e i s c o n s i d e r e df a i r e d w i t h a d e g r e e a d e q u a t ef o r a p p i i c a t i o n , i n c a s e t h e t r a ces of two arbitrary intersections (bodysectio n - w a t e r l i n e ;w a t e r l i n e- b i l g e ; b i l g e s t e m p o s t / s t e r n p o s te, t c . ) h a v e a c o m m opno i n t
o f 1 m ma c c u r a c yf o r f u l l s c a l e h u l l .
F o r t h e s a k eo f b r e v i t y , t h e t e r m " s h i p s u r face" is herein further usedinstead of
" s t r e a m l i n e sa n d l i f t i n g s u r f a c e s " ,b u t f o r
raqcq whpre thev shorrld hc exnl icitlv
!

w " v J

diffe-

r e n ti a t e d .
A t t h a t d i s c u s s i o no f t h e g e o m e t r i c apl e c u l i a r i t i e s o f s h i p h u l l s u r f a c eo f d i f f e r e n t
s h i p t y p e s , o n l y i t s p u r e l y g e o m e t r i cc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e r e f e r r e d t o , i n f l u e n c i n gt h e
c h o i c e o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c aal p p r o a c ha n d t h e a F
g o r it h m sr e l a t e d t o i t . P r o be
l m s1i k e o p t i m u m
i n h y d r o d y n a m i ct ,e c h n o l o g i c a lo r o t h e r a s p e c t
are nct dealt with here.
N e v e r t h eel s s, t h e d e v e ol p e d a p p a r a t u sa l I o w s
a l l n e c e s s a r yg e o m e t r i c a lp a r a m e t e r st o b e o b teinod

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cJ et ae iv i , r v

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w e i g h t s , m o m e n tosf i n e r t i a , e t c . a p p l i e d i n
s i m iI a r e s t i m a t i o n s .
I , i i t h o u te x a g g e r a t i o ni t c a n b e a s s u m e tdh a t
e a c h s h i p h a s f o r m p e c u il a r i t i e s w h i c h d i f f e r e n t i a t e h e r f r o m a l l r e m a i n i n gd e s i g n s .P o s e d
l i k e t h i s , t h e p r o b l e mo f t h e s h i p f o r m g e o m e t r y m a k e st h e t a s k t o s y s t e m a t i z ea l l e x i s t i n g s h i p s u r f a c ev a r i a t i o n s i m p o s s i b l e .
N o t w i t h s t a n d i n gt h e g r e a t v a r i e t y o f s h i p f o r m s ,
s t i l l e x i s t a g r o u po f f e a t u r e s e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l ei n e a c h p a r t i c u l a r c a s e .
E a c ho f t h e s e g r o u p so f f e a t u r e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e di n b r i e f . A s m a i nc h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa r e
a s s u m e dt :h e c u r v a t u r e ,t h e c o n t i n u i t y , t h e
s i n g l e v s . m u tl i - v a l u e d s u r f a c e p r e s e n t a t i o n

F i g . 1 . l ' l a i nc o o r d i n a t es y s t e mf o r d e s c r i b i n g
s h ip s u r f a c e
I n s o m ep a r t i c u l a r c a s e so f l o c a t i o n o f t h e s e
f l a t p o r t i o n s t h e y a r e p e r p e n d i c u l atro a t
l e a s t o n e o f t h e c o o r d i n a t ep l a n e s . F r o mt h e
p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c adl e s c r i p t i o n
o f t h e s h i p ' s s u r f a c e , t h e s e p a r a t i o no f t h e
p r o b l e m sc o n n e c t e dw i t h t h e c u r v a t u r e a n d t h e
c o n t i n u i t y i s t o s o m ee x t e n t f o r c e d , s i n c e
t h e s e t w o q u e s t i o n sa r e c o n n e c t e db y t h e h i g h er-order derivatives of the surface.
T h e p r e s e n c eo f f l a t p o r t i o n s o n t h e s u r f a c e
i s f a v o u r a b l ei n t h e s e n s eo f r e d u c i n qt h e v o I u m eo f i n p u t i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r yf o r t h e
d e s c r i p t i o no f t h e f o r m . 0 n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
t h e p r e s e n c eo f f l a t p o r t i o n s o f t h e s u r f a c e ,
r e g a r d l e s so f t h e j r l o c a t i o n - q e n e r a lo r s i n g u i a r - l e a d s t o p r o b l e m sw h e ni o n n e c t i n gt h e m
s m o o t h l yw i t h t h o s e s u r f a c er e g i o n sh a v i n gc u r v a t u r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m z e r o . T h e r e a s o nI i e s . i n
t h e j u m po f t h e s e c o n dd e r i v a t i v e i n t h i s t r a n s i e n t z o n e .A d d i t i o n a ld i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e w h e n
t h e s e f l a t r e g i o n sa r e i n s o m es p e c i a l p o s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c tt o t h e c o o r d i n a t ep l a n e s .
l h e nb e s i d e sb r e a k o f t h e s e c o n dd e r i v a t i v e s ,
a p p e a r st e n d e n c yf o r i n f i n i t e g r o w t h o f t h e
f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e ,a l o n g s i d el o s i n g t h e s i n g l e v a l u e df e a t u r e o f t h e s u r f a c e f u n c t i o n .
T h e i n f i n i t e g r o w t ho f t h e f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e
a n d t h e m u l t i - v a l u e ds u r f a c ea t s i n q u l a r c a s e s
o f r e g i o n sw i t h z e r o c u r v a t u r ec a n 6 e o v e r c o m e
b y s u i t a b l e e x c h a n g eo f t h e c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m .
I n t h i s c a s e t h e p i o b l e mf o r t h e d i s c o n t i n u . i t y
o f t h e s e c o n dd e r i v a t i v e r e m a i n sp e n d i n q .I t
c a n b e s o lv e d b y d i v i d i n g t h e s u r f a c e . i i t o f l a t
a n d c u r v i l i n e a r r e g i o n sa n d s e t t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e f u n c t i o n a n d r n e
f i r s t d e r i v a t i v ea l o n gt h e I i n e o f s t i c k i n g
( F j g .2 ) .

GeorttetricalDesignof Hull Lirtesattd Li.f'tirtgSurJaces

+/J

T h e na r n a t h e m a t i c adle s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h o n e o f
t h e s e r e g i o n sw i l l b e d o n e , a sf o r o b t a i n i n gt h e
c o r r e c t i m a g eo f t h e s u r f a c e a r e s e t b o u n d a r y
c o n d i t i o n sc o r r e s p o n d i ntgo t h e s e p a r a t i o n si n
t h e s l o p ef u n c t i o n s .
S i n g l e v s . m u l t i - v a l u e ds u r f a c e . T h e f u n c t i o n
b e s . i n qel - o r
m u l t i - v a l u e dT. h e s i n g l e - v s . m u l t i - v a i u e d
features of the surfaceto a greater extent
a r e p r e d e t e r n l i n e db y t h e u s e o f a c e r t a i n t y p e
o f c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m- C a r t e s j a n ,p o l a r , e i 1 i p t i c a l , s p h e r i c a lo r c u r v j l i n e a r . T h j s w a y , b y
s u i t a b l e c h o i c e o f c o o r d i n a t es y s t e mf o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c eo r p a r t o f i t , c a n b e
o b t a i n e da s i n g l e v a l u e ds u r f a c ep r e s e n t a t i o n .
F i g . 2 . B o wh a lf w i t h c y 1i n d r i c a l p a r t . T h e
f l a t p o r t i o n s ( 1 2 3 ) o n b o t t o ma n d ( 4 5 6 ) o n
hoards can hp senaratelv

defined.

The a im is

t o a v o i d c u r v a t u r ed i s c o n t i n u i t yd e s c r i p t i o n
w i t h o n e a n d t h e s a m ef u n c t i o n . T h e i n f i n i t e
s l o p eo f t a n g e n t i a l st , , t n
- t. is over
t-

come.

L'

C o n t j n u i t y . P a r t o f t h e q u e s t i o n sc o n c e r n i n g
T h e c o n f T n u i t yo f t h e s u r f a c e f u n c t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h i t s d e r i v a t i v e s w e r e v i e w e du p o n
w h e nd i s c u s s i n gt h e c u r v a t u r e .D i s c o n t i n u i t i e s
( a n d m u l t i - v a l u e dc a s e s )o f t h e s u r f a c eo c c u r
f o r e x a m p l ea t l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e
h r r lI

s te ev vne .s - eD i s c o n t i n r r i t i p q , n f

fho s1nne5

( f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s ) o c c u r i n t h e c a s e so f
s h a r pb i l g e s , s h i e l d s , r o o f t a n d s m o o t h l e s s
c o n n e c t i o no f e l e m e n t so f t h e m u l t i h u l l s h i p s .
T h ed i f f i c u l t i e s c o n n e c t e w
d ith the mathematic a l n r e s e n t - a t i oonf t h e c a s e sw i t h d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o f t h e s u r f a c ea n d t h e s l o p e sc a n b e
o v e r c o m be y d i v i d i n g t h e s u r f a c ei n r e g i o n s .
T h e s er e g i o n s o f t h e s u r f a c e a r e r e s t r i c t e d
b y c o n t o u r s ,c o i n c i d i n gw i t h t h e l i n e s o f d i s c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e f u n c t i o n a n d / o rt h e s l o p e s
(Fig.3).

(2).(156

1 11 3 1 1 )

A n i m p o r t a n tc h o i c e o f c o o r d i n a t es y s t e mi s t h e
t r a n s f o r mo f C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t e st o a c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d . i n a t er e c t a n g u i a rg r i d o n t h e s u r f a c e u n d e rc o n s i d e r a t i o n T
. h ec u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e g r i d l e a d s t o r e l e a s i n gt h e c o n n e c t i o n
of the surfacedescription with a fixed space
c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m .I t a l l o w s e a s y 3 D t r a n s f o r m s
o f c o o r d i n a t e s- t r a n s l a t i o n a n d r o t a t i o n . B e sides, the difficulties relatedto the strong
g r o w t ho f s l o p e sa t s t i c k i n g w i t h f i a t s u r f a c e
p o r t i o n s p e r p e n d i c u l a rt o a n y o f t h e c o o r d i n a t e
p l a n e s d r o p o u t . T h e c a s e sw h e nt h e f u n c t i o n i s
m u l t i - v a l u e dd u e t o m u l t i p l e c o n n e c t i o n t, h e
s h i p ' s s u r f a c ew i l l b e s e p a r a t e l yd i s c u s s e d .
Singlevs. multiply connected
s u r f a c e s .T h e
r a b le
part of the non-conventiona
l ipsare single
sh
connected.
S i n g i e c o n n e c t e di s s u c h a s u r f a c e a t w h i c h
e a c h c l o s e d c o n t o u r c a n b e c o n t i n u o u s l yd e f o r m e du n t i l i t b e c o m eas p o i n t r e m a i n i n go n l y
o n t h e s u r f a c e . | , ^ l t ' tthw i n h u l i s h i p s h a v i n g
Hi p s ) , w i t h A C Va n d s m a l l w a t e r l i n e( S W A T
sh
s r . r mf el o a t i n g m a r j n es t r u c t u r e s t h e s u r f a c e s
a r e m u tl i c o n n e c t e d .
I m p o r t a n tp e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e m u l t i c o n n e c t e d
s u r f a c e si s t h a t t h e y a r e n o t s i n g l e v a l u e d .
I n t h i s c a s e t h e m u l t i - v a l u e ds u r f a c ec a n n o r
b e h a n d l e db y c h a n g i n gt h e c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m ,
i n w h j c ht h e d e s c r i b i n gf u n c t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d .
I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d es i n g l e - v a l u e ds u r f a c ed e f i n i t i o n , i t n n y b e d r ' v i d e di n t o r e g i o n s . I n
t h e s e s u r f a c er e g i o n sc u r v i l i n e a r g r i d o r C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e sm a yb e u s e d i n s u i t a b i y
o r i e n t e dl o c a l c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e m( F i g . 4 ) .

,1231)

F i o ? P r n i c r t i n n n f s k i m m ehr u l l . T h e b o w
h a l f i s c h a r a c t e r i z e db y d i s c o n t i n u i t yo f s u r f a c e a n d s l o p e s s u r f a c ef u n c t i o n , w h i l e t h e
s t e r n b y d i s c o n t i n u i t yo f s l o p e so n 1 y . F o r m a thenntical description the following regions
can be separated:
- b e l o wt h e l o n g i t u d i n a l
(t).(tZSq)
step
- a b o v et h e s t e p
(2).(45678)
( 3 ) . ( 9 1 0 1 1 1 ? ) - b e l o wb i l s e
( 4 ) . ( 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 ) - a b o v eb i l g e

F i g . 4 . C o n f i g u r a t i o no f f o i l s y s t e m . T h e
surfre
g i v i n g t h e i i f t i n g s u r f a c e si s d o u b l e c o n n e c t e d t h e c o n t o u r s( C ) a n d ( C 1 ) e t c . c a n n o tb e c o n t i , n u o u s l yd e f o r m e dt o a p o i n t w i t h o u t I e a v i n g t h e
v e r y s u r f a c e . T o e n s u r es i n g l e c o n n e c t e d n e a
s sn d
s i n q l e v a l u e dp r e s e n t a t i o n . t h e
s y m m e t ravn d d i y l ! l S ! - j n ! 0 - r q g i o n sc a n b e - u s e d ,S- e t i n 2 l o c a l
c 0 0 r d r n a t es v s t e m s .

A'A

P.A. Bogdanov antl S.I. Kot,acltev

Skinrners

-4t- i/

P e c uila r i t i e s o f t h e s u r f a c e

P e c ui la r i t i e s o f t h e s u r f a c e

l i t h p r e s e n c eo f
C u r v a t u r e :T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n,aw
s e p a r a r a T e - f lraetg i o n s . D i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o f t h e
c u r v a t u r ef u n c t i o n s .

C u r v a t u r e :2 D a n d 3 D c u r v a t u r e , p r e s e n c eo f
T T a T - s e c E i o n sD. i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o f t h e c u r v a t u r e
f u n c t i o n.

C o n t i n u i t y : D i s c o n t i n u i t yo f t h e s u r f a c e i n
T r a n s v e r s ea n d l o n g i t u d i n a l s t e p s , s p r a ys t r i p s '
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e so f t h e s l o p e s .

C o n t i n u i t y :T h e s u r f a c e ' i s c o n t i n u o u s p
, ossible
i T o r r e7 l s c o n ti n r r it i e 5 .

Si n q le v s . m u tl i - v a l u e d p r e s e n t a t i o n: S i n g le t i - v a lu e d
"Foxa t d o u b l e - h u l l s ,t h r e e - p o i n t e d ,t y p e
S h a d e, " s k e g - h u11s , e t c .
S i n g l e v s . m u l t i p l y - c o n n e c t e dS:i n g l e - c o n n e c t ad

M e t h o d sa p p li e d f o r h a n d il n g t h e p e c u il a r i t i e s
of the surface
D i v i s i o n b y r e g i o n sa l o n g t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y
l i n e s o f t h e s u r f a c e , t h e s l o p e s ,a n d c u r v a t u r e . I n t r o d u c t i o no f c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e
grid.
FoiL conrytleres
P e c u l i a r i t i e so f t h e s u r f a c e
C u r v a t u r e :F l a t , 2 D a n d 3 D c u r v a t u r e .D i s c o n TlmTTiea of the curvature function.
; osC o n t i n u i t y :T h e s u r f a c e i s c o n t i n u o u s p
ffiTe-fiscontinuities of the slopes.
: h es u r S i n q l e v s . m u l t i - v a l u e dp r e s e n t a t i o n T
for the whole
@iphered
foil complex.
S i n g l e v s . m u l t i p l y - c o n n e c t e dl 4: u 1 t i p 1 y - c o n n e c ted surface.
M e t h o d sa p p li e d f o r h a n d il n g t h e p e c u il a r i t i e s
of the surface
D i v i s i o n i n r e g i o n s a l o n g t h e p l a n e so f s y m m e t r y f o r o b t a i n i n g s i n g l e - c o n n e c t e d n e sUss. a g e
o f C a r t e s i a nc o o r d i n a t e s i n l o c a l c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e mo r c u r v i l i n e a r s u r f a c eg r i d .
R e m a r k :F r o mt h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f g e o m e t r yt h e
T o i T - i t a n d s c a n b e v i e w e du p o na s f o i l s h a v i n g
9 0 " ( o r n e a r l y s o ) d e a d r i s ea n g l e t o w a r d st h e
m a i np 1 a n e ,w h i l e t h e a n g l e o f a t t a c k i s 0 o
(or closeto it).
Hudv,ofoiL crafts
P e c u l i a r . i t i e so f t h e s u r f a c e
C o m b i n et h e f o r m p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f s k i m m e r s
w i t h t h o s eo f t h e f o i l c o m p l e x e s .
M e t h o d sa p p l i e d f o r r e f l e c t i n g t h e s u r f a c e
p e c u il a r i t i e s
T h e m e t h o d sf o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f s k i m m e r sa n d
foil complexea
s re used.

5 i n g 1e v s . m u tl i - v a l u e d p r e s e n t a it o n: T h e s u r S i n g l e v s . m u l t i p l y - c o n n e c t e dD:o u b l ec o n n e c t e d

ffis.
I t l e t h o das p p li e d f o r h a n d il n g t h e p e c u li a r i t i e s
of the surface
D i v i s i o n i n r e g i o n sa l o n g t h e p l a n e so f s y m m e t r y a n d a i o n g t h e I i n e s o f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e so n t h e
c u r v a t u r ea n d s l o p e s . U s a g eo f c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s u r f a c eg r i d .
2 . 2 . M a t h e m a t i c ahlu lI I i n e s a n d 1 i f t i n g s u r f a c e s p r e s e n t a t i o n- t o p o l o g y
F o r d e s c r i b i n g t h e t o p o l o g y o f t h e s e p a r a t er e g i o n s o f t h e h u l l a n d l i f t i n g s u r f a c e sa n d t h e
s u r f a c e t h e y c o m p r i s ea s a w h o l e , t h e s t r u c t u r e
of the offset table is used.It is completed
w i t h d a t a n e c e s s a r yf o r i t s c o m p u t e rp r o c e s s i n g
b y f o r m a li z e d p r o c e d u r e .s
T o t h e c o n v e n t i c n a lo f f s e t t a b l e a r e a d d e dt h e
c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t s o f t h e
s u r f a c ec r o s s - s e c t i o n s- r ' i b s a n d w a t e r l i n e s ,
t h e c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o np o i n t s o f
t h e s u r f a c e c r o s s - s e c t i o n sw i t h t h e r e g i o n a l
c 0 n t o u r s , t h e c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e i n t e r s e c t j o n
p o i n t s o f t h e v e r y c o n t o u r s- " t h e c o r n e r s , ' o f
t h e r e g i o n a n d a s e v e n - e l e r n e nv te c t o r , d e f i n i n g
t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e l o c a l c o o r d i n a t es v s t e mi n
w h i c ht h e s t u d i e d r e g i o n i s d e s c r i b e d .I t i s
s u i t a b l e t h a t t h e s e d a t a b e s y s t e m a t i z e jdn
g r a p h ,s h o w ni n F i g s . 6 a n d 7 ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) .
T h i s g r a p h i s f u r t h e r u s e da s f o r m a t f o r r e g i o n
d e s c r i p t i o n .T h e r e g i o n so f s h i p ' s s u r f a c ea r e
c a l l e d e i t h e r " b a s . i c "o r " n e w " ,d e p e n d i n og n
w h e t h e rt h e y a r e i n i t i a l o r o b t a i n e da f t e r m o d i
f i c a t i o n o r g r a p h i c a le d i t i n g . T h i s s t a t u s o f
r e g i o n s c a n b e v a r i e d a f t e r i m p l e m e n t i n tgh e
c o n c r e t et a s k . I t i s c o n s i s t e n to n l y w h e nt a s k s
a r e a c t i v e . I n t h e f o r n r a t p r e s e n t e di n F i g . 7
a r e d e s c r i b e dt h e b a s i c r e g i o n s , w h i l e t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e n e wr e g i o n sa r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y
o b t a i n e di n s u c ha f o r m a t .
T h e f o r m a t i s r e c o g n i z e db y t h e i d e n t i f i e r o f
t h e b a s i c r e g i o n f r o m t h e s u r f a c e ,w h i c hi s d e s c r i b e db y i t . T h e i d e n t i f i e r h a s t h e f o l l o w . i n q
o b 1i g a t o r y f o r m :
. s h i p n a m e - . 8 ;R v. e r s i o n
w h e r e< s h i p n a r f r ei s> a n a l p h a n u m e r i sc t r i n g h a v i n g o n et o e i g h t s y m b o l sT
. h es t r i n g o b l i g a t o r i l y b e g i n sw i t h a l e t t e r a n d i s o r g a n i z e df o l l o w i n g t h e s c h e m oe f F i g . 8 .

GeometricalDesigrtoJ'Hull Littesand Lifting Surfaces

F i g . 5 . M a i n g e o m e t r i c acl h a r a c t e r i s t i c su t
chord
1
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root cross-section
m i d li n e
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H u t to n d L i f t i n g S u r foces ShoPe
< s h i p n a m e ->
Surtoce
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F i 9 . 8 . C r e a t i n gi d e n t i f i e r o f s h i p s u r f a c e
regl0n

Pij=lli

s=U{ur,v,)

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n
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N Ci s t h e n u m b eor f c o l u m n si n t h e s a m et a b l e ,
w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d st o t h e n u m b e o
r f bodysections
K1 is a flag related to the graphical representation of the surfaceregion considerations.
K l = + 1 , w h e nt h e r e g i o n h a s t o b e l o c a t e d a t
b o wp a r t o f h u l l p r o j e c t i o n a n d K 1 = - ' l w h e n
the regionis in aft position.

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F i g . 6 . R e l a t i o n sb e t w e e ng e o m e t r i c a le l e m e n t s
w h i c h r e p r e s e n th u l l a n d I i f t i n o q r r r f a e e i n n n logy and geometry
'

"

T h i s w a y o f g i v i n g t h e n a m eo f t h e s u r f a c e r e gion results from its role as identifier of the

f i l e c o n t a i n i n gt h e d e s c r i p t i o no f t h e s u r f a c e .
T h i s f i l e i s r e c o r d e do n a m a g n e t i cm e d i aa n d
c a n b e c o p i e d i n t h e m e m o r oy f t h e c o m p u t e rf o r
further usage.
T h e u p p e r n r o sl e
t f t c o l u m nc o n t a i n s c o n s e c u t i v e l y : N R - t h e n u m b e or f r o w s w h i c h c a n b e u s e d
f r o m t h e l a r g e t a b l e h a v i n g n u m b e r e rdo w s a n d
c o l u m n s .N Cc o r r e s p o n d st o t h e n u m b e o
r f warerl i n e s i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n aol f f s e t t a b l e .

1! i ! NC

t.--

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i s i n t e g e r v e c t o r w h i c h d e t e r m i n e st h e o o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n s a t s t i c k i n g o f t h e s u r f a c er e g i o n s . W h e nn o t h i n g i s s t a t e d i t i s a s s u m e d
t h a t J I ^ JeCl e m e n t sa r e u n i t i e s . T h i s m e a n st h a t
s u r f a c e r e g i o n s a r e c o n n e c t e dw i t h t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y o f s i o p e sf u n c t i o n s . I n c a s e s m o o t h
c o n n e c t i o no f t h e s u r f a c e r e g i o n s i s r e q u i r e d ,
t h e r e s p e c t i v eJ l ^ l C
e l e m e n ts h o u l d b e z e r o . T h i s
l e a d s t o s e t t i n g c o n d i t i o n sf o r c o n t i n u i t y t o
t h e s l o p e f u n c t i o n . T h e n u m b e r so f J W Ce l e m e n t s

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Gectrnetrical
Desigt'toJ'Hull Lines antl LiJtirtg Surfaces

andthe rpsnective.Ontoura
Sr e r e l a t e d a s f o l I ows:
T a be
l 1
F i r s t f i g u r e o f E x e m p l a r yl o c a - D e n o m i n a t i q l
t h e e l e m e n tN o . t i o n o f c o n t o u r
1
2
3
4

bottom
ri ght
top
Ieft

D,d
R,F
U,u
L,l

T h e I o c a t i o n o f c o n t o u r s" b o t t o m " ," r i g h t " ,

"top" and "left" is givenpurely
arbitrarily,
a i m i n gt o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e m . E a c ho f t h e c o n t o u r s c a n b e c a l l e d " b o t t o m " .T h e n ,h o w e v e r ,
i t i s o b l i g a t o r y t o k e e pt o t h e r u l e f o r c i r c u m f e r r i n gt h e c o n t o u r sa n t i c l o c k wsi e .
E a c hs u r f a c e r e g i o n s h o u . l db e r e s t r i c t e d , a t
that, minimum
f o u r c o n t o u r sf o r m a c u r v i l i n e a r
t r a p e z i u m .T h i s t r a p e z i u mc a n d e g e n e r a t ei n t o
a t r i a n g l e . T h e no n e a n d t h e s a m et r i a n g l e h a s
t w o n a m e s b, e i n g s y n o n i m sT. h i s , h o w e v e r d, o e s
n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e s y n o n i m o ucso n t o u r so b l i g a t o r i l y c o n t a i n o n e a n d t h e s a m ec o o r d j n a t ec o u p l e s . T h e r e a s o nf o r t h i s i s : u s u a l l y R a n d L
c o n t o u r s a r e p r e s e t b y t h e i r i n t e r s e c t i o np o i n t s
w i t h t h e w a t e r l i n e s ,w h i l e D a n d U b y t h e i r
i n t e r s e c t i o np o i n t s w i t h t h e b o d y s e c t i o n s .
P r i o r t o c o m p iiln g t h e d i g i t a l d e s c r i p t i o no f
c o n t o u r sa n d t h e s u r f a c ec r o s s - s e c t i o n s i, t i s
n e c e s s a r yt o d e t e r m i n et h e l o c a l c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e mi n w h i c h t h e p a r t i c u l a r s u r f a c e r e g i o n
i s d e f i n e d . T h i s r ' s d o n eu s i n g C S Dv e c t o r . T h e
f i r s t t h r e e e l e m e n t so f C S Dc o n t a i n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e b e g i n n i n go f t h e i o c a l s y s t e m
t o w a r d st h e m a i n c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m ,a s s h o w n
i n F i g . 1 . T h e s e c o n dg r o u po f t h r e e C S Dc o m p o n e n t sc o m p r i s e st h e a n g l e s b e t w e e nt h e h o m o n y m o u sa x e s o f t h e l o c a l a n d m a i n c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e m s .T h e s e v e n t hC S De l e m e n ti s a f 1 a g ,
w i t h + 1 v a l u e w h e nt h e l o c a l c o o r d i n a t es y s t e m
'is right-handed,
a n d - 1 w h e ni t i s l e f t - h a n d e d .
A f t e r t h u s d e t e r m i n i n gt h e l o c a l c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e m ,a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c o n t o u r s o f t h e
r e g i o n i s m a d e .I t b e g i n s f r o m t h e c o r n e r s . T h r y
a r e f o u r a t t h e l e a s t . T w oa r b i t r a r y a d j a c e n t
cornerscan coincide - then in case the contour
i s c u r v i l i n e a r q u a d r a n g u l a ri ,t d e g e n e r a t etso
t r i a n g u l a r . T h e c o r n e r sa r e b e i n g p r e s e t u s i n g
g r o u p so f c o o r d i n a t et r i p l e t s , e a c h a r r a n g e d
'in the column-vectors
C R N XC
, R N YC
, R N Z I. f w e
n u m b e rt h e s e g r o u p so f t h r e e c o o r d i n a t e sf r o m
1 t o 4 ( w i t h c u r v i l i n e a r q u a d r a n g u l acro n t o u r ) ,
w e w i l l o b t a i n c o r r e s p o n d e n cbee t w e e nt h e n u mb e r o r t h e c o r n e r sa n d t h e c o n t o u rl i n e s , g i v e n
i n T a b l e 2 . T h e v e c t o r s X S a n d Z W ,p r e s e t r e s p e c t i v e i y , t h e a b s c i s s a eo f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
b o d y s e c t i o n sa n d Z - p o s ' i t j o no f t h e w a t e r l i n e s .
T h e v e c t o r sY D , Z D , X R , Y R , Y U , Z U , X L , Y L p r e s e t t h e c o n t o u rl i n e s .

T a b le 2
L o c a t i o no f t h e c o n tour l ine
bottom
right
top
left

No. of cornersdefining the contour

I ine
1,
2,
3,
1,

2
3
4
4

T h el e t t e r s D , R , U a n d L a r e n o t i o n a j l y e x p l a i n e d i n T a b l e 1 , w h i l e ( X , y , Z )a r e C i r t e s i a n
c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t s o f t h e
r e s p e c t i v ec o n t o u r w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l o o o v s e c t i o n s a n d w a t e r l. i n e s .
T h e 2 D t a b l e w i t h n u m b e r e rdo w s a n d c o l u m n sc o n t a i n s Y - c o o r d i n a t ei n t e r s e c t i o np o i n t s o f t h e
b o d y s e c t i o nasn d w a t e r l i n e s .T h i s i s , i n e s s e n c e , a n o f f s e t t a b l e . T h e v e c t o r s N X , N Ya n d N C
a r e p r o g r a m - d e f i n a b l eT. h e ya r e t h e i n d i c e s
t v h i c hp r e s e t t h e f i r s t a n d t h e l a s t i n e r t i a l
e l e m e n to f t h e c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e r e s p e c t i v e
r o w a n d c o l u m n ,a n d c o n t o u r l i n e . I n t e r n a l t o a
g i v e n f i n e i s c a l l e d e a c he l e m e n tl o c a t e db e t w e e ni t s b o u n d i n gp o i n t s .
T h e n e c e s s i t yt o i d e n t i f y t h e i n t e r n a l e l e m e n t s
f o r e a c ho f t h e s e c t i o n s a n d c o n t o u r s . d e r i v e s
f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e g e n e r a lc a s e t h e s u r face region is different from rectangular.By
t h e i n d i c e s o f t h e i n t e r n a l e l e m e n t sa n o n - r e c t a n g u la r ( s t e p wsi e )s u b m ut il t u d eo f t h e r e c t a n q u l a r t a b l e i s d e f i n e d , w h i c h i s u s e df o r b u i l i i r q
t h e i n t e r p o i a t i n gg r i d o n t h e s u r f a c e . p a r a l l e l l
t h e r e c t a n g u l a rf o r m o f t h e t a b l e w i t h d j m e n s j o n s N C* N Ra l l o w s e a s y o r g a n i z a t . i o no f t h e
i n p u t / o u t p u t o p e r a t i o n sa n d o f t h e e x p l . i c j t a n d
n o n - e x pi c1 i t c y c l e s , c o m p r i s i n gp r o c e s s i n go f
t h e g r o u p so f c o o r d i n a t e s .
S o f a r , t h e f o r n n t d e s c r i b i n go n e r e g i o n o f t h e
s u r f a c e w a s d i s c u s s e d .T h e c a s e sw h e nt h e w h o l e
s h i p s u r f a c e c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e da s o n e r e g i o n
a r e p r a c t i c a l l y v e r y f e w . T h i s s h o u l db e o n e
s i m p l es i n g l e - c o n n e c t esdu r f a c ew j t h o u t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o f t h e f u n c t i o n so f s u r f a c ea n ds l o p e s ,
w h i l e t h e c u r v a t u r ec a n h a v ed i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .
l , l h e nt h e r e g i o n s o f s h l p s u r f a c e a r e t w o o r
m o r e ,a n d t h i s r e f e r s t o t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e
c a s e si n p r a c t i c e , t h e w h o l es h j p s u r f a c e i s
b u i l t u p b y t h e c o m b i n a t i o on f a l l r e q . i o no e s c r i p t i o n s , l i s t o f t h e r e g i o n si n c l u d e di n t h i s
c o m b i n a t i o na n d c o n s e c u t i v e n e sosf c o n n e c t i n q
these regions into a total surface.
The description of the wholesurface is ser on
file,
o b li g a t o r i l y n a m e di n t h e f o l l o w i n q w a y :
< s hi p n a m e > N A M .
H e r ea g a i n < s h i p n a m ei s> a n a l p h a n u m e r isct r i n g
o f o n e t o e i g h t s y m b o l s ,o b t a i n e d i n t h e a b o v e l
d e s c r j b em
d a n n e (r s e e F i g . 8 ) . T h j s f i l e h a s
the followingstructure:
shipname
status
numberofregions
< c o m mte>n

<commen
t>
<comment>
< c 0 m mte>n

T h ef o l n r a to f t h i s s t r u c t u r e i s o b l i g a t o r y e x -

428

P.A. Bopdano,- and S.I. Kot,acltet

w,h i c h i s
c e p t f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n< c o m m e n t >
a r b i t r a r y a n d c a n c o n t a i n a l p h a n u m e r i sc t r i n g
h a v i n g f r o m o n e t o e i g h t s y m b o l s .< s h i p n a m e >
i d e n t i f i e s a l I f i l e s c o n t a i n i n gt h e d e s c r i b e d
r e g i o n , p e r t a i n i n g t o o n e c o m r n osnh i p s u r f a c e .
< s t a t u s >i s a t t r i b u t e d t o a g i v e n d e f i n i t e
s h i p s u r f a c ew i t h w h i c h t h e f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g
p r o g r a m sd i s t i n g u i s h t h e o u t p u t s u r f a c e so b t a i n e d a f t e r m o d i f i c a t i o no r e d i t i n g . A c c o r d i n g t o i t s s t a t u s , a g i v e n s u r f a c ec a n b e e i t h e r b a s i c o r n e w .T h j s i s s i g n i f i e d b y o n e
o f t h e s t r i n g s , n o m a t t e rw h i c h , f r o m t h o s e
g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 . 0 n 1 yt h e f i r s t l e t t e r i n t h e
s t r i n g i s u s e da s i d e n t i f y i n g o n e .
Tabe
l 3
S u r f a c es t a t u s
S y m b oi zl i n g s t r i n g

B a si c
B
BA
BAS
BAS
I
BASIC

New
N
NE
NEl,l

T h e s t a t u s c a n b e v a r i e d f r o m b a s i c t o n e wa n d
v i c e v e r s a , b u t t h e r e g i o n sw h i c hc a n b e c o m b i n e d i n o n e t o t a l s u r f a c eh a v eo b l i g a t o r i l y
o n e a n d t h e s a m es t a t u s .
< n u m b e r o f r e g i o ni s >a w h o l en u m b e r g, i v i n g
r n d c o n s e c u t i v e n e sosf t h e h o m o n y the numbea
m o u sr e g i o n sf o r m i n ga s i n g l e s u r f a c ec o m p o s i t i o n . T h e c o n s e c u t i v e n e sosf r e g i o n p r o c e s s i n g
i s s e t b y t h e i n d e xj . i n t h e t y p e o f f i l e s
t h a t d e s c r i b et h e m .

(4) ...P,.,(t)=
'In
B o u n d a rcyo n d i t i o n s :
(5) ...A=to<t
fl.

713''
-lili
i::jiri::1,,

( 6 ). . . s ( ] ) t n l = L j 1s)ltrn){t a
, ) = L ! t( )B )

P a r a m e t rzia t i o n:

(a)...dso=
( 9 ) . . . c l s i = ( * i - r ) 2 * ( y i - v i ) 2 * (r ,
*1 i
*1
*r-r,)z
(i=1,2,...N-'l)
k
( 1 0 ) . . . S 1 = . Id s r , ( k = 1 , . . . , N - 1 ) ,
J=U
fnr

?fl

.rrr\/aq

(11)

I n t e r o o l a t i o n:

( 1 ) . . . s 3 ( t ' f ) = P 3(jt )
t e ( t i , t . i + 1 ) ( i = 0 , 1 , 2 ,..N. - 1 )N > r
( 2 ) . . . s 3 ( t i , f ) = f ( t i ) , ( i = 0 , 1 , .2. ,, .N )N > 1
( 3 ) . . . s t k t) t , , r ) = s 5 (kt)f, r 1

h i l noc

dorlz

I inoc

I oed-

1U"=o
Iv;=0
- x . )?

); 2+*((Xxr .,. n
1 - Xj /

idUt

(1?)....
ou;

t - t

- Y 5) ')*' (+z(Jz*J1+- 12 -. 2
) '.

( i=0,1,2,...,N-1)
(J=0,1,2,...,M-1)
n
(n=1,...,N-1)

dUp'
1"=B?o

Geometry

S h o r t l y , t h e m a t h e m a t i c asl c h e m eo f s u r f a c e
d e s c r i p t i o nh a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m :

{ cf onc

i, n
n/ / lwr, av i I i n a p d n p s ) . a n d
, , Y

2 . 3 . M a t h e m a t i c ahlu l l l i n e s a n d I i f t i n q s u r -

T h e m a t h e m a t i c adl e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e
g e o m e t r yi s d o n e b y i n t e r p o l a t i n g c u b i c s p l i n e p o l y n o m i a l sw
, h o s et e c h n i q u ea n d p e c u l i a r i t y
o f u s a g ea r e d e s c r i b e d i n a v a s t v o l u m eo f l i t e r a t u r e , t h i s b e i n g t h e r e a s o nn o t t o b e d i s c u s s e dh e r e i n . I t i s n e c e s s a r yt o r e m a r kt h a t
t h e s u r f a c e l i n e s a r e p a r a m e t r i c a l l yd e s c r i b e d
i n t h e c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s .P a r a m e t ei rs
t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c h o r d l i n e , c o n n e c t i n gt h e
c o n s e c u t i v ep o i n t s o f t h e c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e . A s a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o nf o r b u i l d i n g t h e
s p l i n e s i s u s e d : t h e s l o p e so f t h e c u r v e e n d s
(bodysectionw
s ,a t e r il n e s , b i 1 g e1 i n e s , s t e p s ,
d e c k l i n e s ) . F o r r e d u c i n g t h e v o l u m eo f t h e
i n p u t d a t a , t h e v a l u eo f t h e s l o p e si s d e t e r m i n e db y i n t e r p o l a t i o n L a g r a n g e apno l y n o m i a l
i n t h e N e w t o nf o r m u l a t i o n .T h e d i v i d e d f i n i t e
differences are calculatedfor three or maxim u mf o u r p o i n t s .

... .tN_1.tN=B

i v r =& o d v q ,

(m=1,...,N-1)

f o r 2 D c u r v e s ( b o d y s e c t i o nasn d w a t e r l ' i n e s ) .
Fairing
F a i r i n g p r o c e s si s p e r f o r m e dw i t h t h e g r a p h i c
e d i t i n g t h e c u r v e so f t h e f i r s t a n d t h e s e c o n d
d e r i v a t i v e o f a n y o f t h e c o n s i d e r e dl i n e s c o n t o u r so r s e c t i o n s .
T h e p r o c e d u r ei s a s f o l l o w s . T h e o r t h o g o n a ls e c t i o n s - w a t e r li n e s a n d b o d y s e c t i o n s a r e p r o c e s s e dc o n s e q u e n t l y T
. h e s m o o t h n e sosf t h e i n p u t d a t a i s m a d ev i s i b l e b y d i s p l a y i n gt h e
f i r s t a n d s e c o n dd e r i v a t i v e c u r v e s . L o c a l c o r r e c t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e do n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d
d e r i v a t i v e c u r v e s w i t h g r a p h i c se d i t o r i n " p o ' i n t m o d e "- T a b l e 1 1 . T h e f a i r e d o r i g i n a l d a t a
p o i n t s a r e r e c o m p u t ebdy i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e d e rivative curves.
2 . 4 . l ' l a t h e m iacta l
a c e s D r e s e n t ar!0 n

I I inesand I iftinq sur-

?fl nrniort
innc fnr
f h o n r e n h i.r-a - l. p r e s e n t a t i o n so f t h e s u r f a c e s e c t i o n a r e o b t a i n e d
u si n g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m a t r i x w i t h d i m e n iso n s
4 x 4 . T h e o p e r a t i o n so r t h o g o n a lp r o j e c t i o n ,
2ll end

sral ina - transl ation.

rnfafinn

and nersnggljyg

t r a n s f o r n n ti o n a r e i m p le m e n t e di n h o m o g e n i o u s
c o - o r d i n a t e sw i t h f o u r t h e l e m e n t- t h e u n i t y .
T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e t r a n s f o r n n t i o nm a t r i x i s

GeotnetricalDesignof Hull LirtesandLifting Surfoces

givenfurther below.

ta

s c a li n g b y c o- o r di n a t e s,
rotation
-;-f
f,^.
"41
a l
J I
perspective
f
"22
t.^
t4?
JL
_
- T' 4 x 4
f

L_ IJ
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Llrq
- 7 ---'-r----:aa
4 A
tl

I
l

Ztranslation

s c a li n g

429

a c t e r i s t i c s s h o w ni n F i g . 5 , a l o n q s i d ew i t h t h e
p r o f i l e f o r m a n dt h e l a w f o r i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n
a l o n gt h e f o i l s p a n .
F o r t h i s r e a s o nt h e n p d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f o r m o f
f o r ' l e l e m e n t s f, o i l s a n d f o i l c o m p l e x ehsa s t h e
f o 11o w i n gr e s t r i c t i o n s :
- t h e f o i l f o r m i s a s s u m e tdo r e m a i nu n c h a n g e d ,
f o r e x a m p l es e g m e npt r o f i l e w i t h r e l a t i v e t h j c k '1
ness 0,"1
i s p r e s e r v e da f t e r m o d i fi c a t j o n ;
- j t r ' s c o n s i d e r e dt h a t t h e p r o f i l e f o r m d o e s
n o t d e p e n do n t h e f o i l f o r m i n i t s o n e D l a n e .
T h i s w a y , t h e f o i l f o r m m o d i f i c a t i o ni s r e s t r i c t e d t o i n d e p e n d e not r c o m b i n e dv a r i a t . i o no f
t h e f o l l o w i n g g e o m e t n i c ael l e m e n t s( c h a r a c t e r '1Sr]CS
l:

2 . 5 . A p p il c a b i l i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t e dm e t h o d
T h e t e c h n i q u eo f s y s t e m a t i c a lm o d i f i c a t i o n o f
s h i p s u r f a c e i s t h e o n e d e s c r i b e di n ( 2 ) . H e r e ,
t h e s a m em a t h e m a t i c aal p p r o a c hi s m a d eu s e o f ,
a s w e l l a s t h e s a m em e t h o do f " t h e a d d i t i o n a l
a r e a s / s u r f a c e s "w h o s eo p e r a t i o n i s s u m m a r i z e d
i n T a b l e4 .
T h u s , i n m o d i f y i n gt h e h u l l f o r m o f s k i m m e r ,
h y d r o f o i l c r a f t a n d A C V ,t h e e x i s t i n g r e s t r i c t i o n i s p r e s e r v e d :t h e m o d i f i e d s u r f a c e h a s
t h e a s m ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f f a i r n e s s a s t h e
basic one. If the basic surfaceis faired, the
n e wo n e o b t a i n e di s a l s o f a i r e d . I f t h e b a s i c
o n e i s u n f a i r e d , u n f a i r n e s sw i l l a p p e a l i n t h e
m o d i f i e ds u r f a c ea s w e l l .
F o r c a s e so f f o i l e l e m e n t s f, o i l s a n d f o i l c o m plexes, the interpretation of the determining
g e o m e t r i c a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t
f o r s h i p s s u r f a c e ( s t r e a miln e s ) . l . ^ l i t ht h i s t y p e o f s u r f a c e st h e n o t i o n s " s e c t i o n a la r e a c u r ve", "blockcoefficient" stultify andstop bei n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ss e r v i n g f o r t h e i r i d e n t i f i cation.
A s d e t e r m i n i n g ,s t a n d o u t t h e g e o m e t r i c a lc h a r -

foil form in its oneplane;

f o r m o f t h e l e a d i n g / t r a i l . i n go d n o .
f o r m o f t h e m a x i m u tmh i c k n e s s I i n c s .
span;
chord length of the root/endcross-section;
s w e e pa n g l e ;
a n ge
l of fl oor;
a n g l eo f a t t a c k ;
- f o r m a t i o n o f s y m m e t r i c afl o i l e l e m e n t .
T h e t e c h n i q u eo f r e a l i z i n g t h e s t a t e d m o d i f j c a t i o n s i s p r e s e n t e dj n T a b l e 5 .
2 . 6 . G e o m e t r i c ae ld i t i n g
A t c e r t a i n s t a g e s i n t h e d e s i g no f h u l l a n d
l i f t i n g s u r f a c e s ,b e s i d e sm o d i f . i c a t i o on f q e o m e t r y f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e c o m m opna r a m e t e r i ,
e d i t i n g o f o t h e r o p e r a t i o n su s i n q t h e s u r f a c e
e l e m e n t sa n d t h e s u r f a c e sa s a w [ o l e i s n e c e s s a r y . L o c a l c o r r e c t i o n s a n d c h a n g e s ,a s s e s s m e n t
o f c o r r e l a t i o n , e s t a b li s h m e n ot f - s u r f a c ei n t e r s e c t i o n 1 i n e s , c o n n e c t i o no f s u r f a c es e c t . i o n s .
a r e t h e o p e r a t i o n sb o r n e j n m i n d .
T h i s i s r e a li z e d u s i n g t h e , ' g r a p h i c ael d i t o r , , .
lorg 9I the majoreditor funitions are given
i n T a b l e s6 + 1 2 .
T a b le 4

M o d i f i c a t i o no f s h i p h u l l f o r m
F o r mp a r a m e t e r s

cp

C,n

C y, X ; , 0 g , 0 p

b o d ys e c t i o n s
sectional
area curve

c
w a t e r ' l. i n e s
sectional
area curve

I eft end
o r di n a t e

zer0

zero

i n c I .n
i ation in
I eft end

70rn

zero

zero or given for section or

w a t e r li n e f o r m c o n t r o l

right
o r di n a t e

zero or %
of midship

zero

d e p e n d i n go n
the bottom
changes

inclination of
right end

zero or given for curve form control

area restricteq Dy curve

d e p e n d i n go n
dco

d e p e n d i n go n
dcu

d e p e n d i n go n
dCt,t

d e p e n d i n go n
dC

a b s c i s s ao f
the centre of
o r a vi t v

d e p e n d i n go n
dX
c

o e p e n 0 r n0gn
d 7(^

tree t0 control form

d e p e n c l r nogn

C o n t r o Il i n g c u r v e

G e o m e t rciaI
p ar a m e t e r s
of the curve giving
additional
area curve (3)

midship
b o d ys e c t i o n

m al n
waterl 'ine

d e p e n d i n go n
c h a n g eo f t h e
m a i n w a t e r li n e

d e p e n d i n go n
c h a n g eo f t h e
m a xs e c t i o n

zero

d e p e n d i n go n
do, or doO

d xT -

--T430

P.A. Bogdarnv and S.I. Kr.r,-acltet

T a b le 5
M o d i f i c a t i o no f t h e e l e m e n t s f, o i l s a n d f o i l c o m p l e x e s
N o . T y p e ( e l e r n e ntto u n d e r g om o d i f i c a t i o n )
cnange
Foil form in its oneplane

l ' l e t h o dr e a l i z i n g t h e m o d i fi c a t i o n ( c h a n g e )

i . 2 C h a n goef C S D( 0 ) ( i n a e p e n d e on nt 1 . 1 )

L e a d i n g / t r a i 1i n g e d g ef o r m

Generatioo
n f s ui t a b l e a d d i t i o n a l a r e a c u r v e ( 3 ,) ( 1 )

Maximum
t h i c k n e s sl i n e f o r m

Generation
o f s u i t a b l ea d d i t i o n a la r e a c u r v e

S p an

C h a n g oe f e l e m e n t s2 , 1 1 a n d / o r 5 , 8 o f v e c t o r C R N

C h o r dl e n g t h i n c o r e a n d e n d

C h a n go
e f e l e m e n t s1 , ' 1 0a n d / o r 4 , 7 o f v e c t o r C R N

S w e e pa n g le

6 . 1v i a i . 1 ; 6 . 2v i a i . 2 ; 6 . 3 v i a i . 5

A n g l eo f f l o o r

/ . 1 C h a n go
e f e l e m e n t s3 , 1 ? a n d / o r6 , 9 o f v e c t o r C R N
/ . 2 C h a n go
ef C S D

Angleof attack

F o r m a t i o no f s y m m e t r i c a fl o i l e l e m e n t
( t o w a r d sp l a n e 0 X Z )

8 . 1 C h a n g oe f e l e m e n t s3 , 6 a n d / o r 9 , 1 2 o f v e c t o r C R N
8 . 2 C h a n g oe f C S D
E x c h a n g-e C S D ( 7 =
) -CSD(7)

T a b le 6
ART[^JORKS e l e c t s f u n c t i o n s s h o w no n c u r r e n t
menu
MENU
Identify I Setsthe default identificator in
t h e f o r m < i d e n t i f i c a t o r . t y p e; v e r s io n > f o r t h e g e o m e t r i c a lo b j e c t t o b e
p r o c e s s e di n t h e c u r r e n t A r t w o r k
session
i g i t i z e D Inputs graphicdata thrcughthe Grap h i c s T a b l e t ( 4 9 5 6t)o d e f i n e t h e
sutface
iew

V A l l o w s v i e w i n go f t h e g r a p h i ca r t w o r k o b j e c t o n 4 0 5 1g r a p h i c s c r e e n ,
t h e g r a p h i co b j e c t b e i n g d i r e c t l y
d i g i t i z e d o r r e t r i e v e df r o m d a t a
base

air

F Indicatesand corrects interactive1y the fairness of the surface

vlodi fy

M S e t s o n - s c ^ e e nc r k e y b o a r dg r a p h i c
i m a g ee d i t i n g w i t h o r w i t h o u t d a t a
baseprotection

race

T D e t e r m i n e sa n d s h o v r st h e t r a c e o f
i n t e r s e c b i o nl i n e b e t w e e nt w o s e l e c
ted surfaces

Jnite

U D e f i n e s , d e t e r m i n e sa n d s h o w st h e
u n i o n o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nt w o s u r faces

Save

lct

:xit

S Storesand retrieves the data descr i b i n g t h e t o p o l o g y a n d g e o m e t r yo f

the object into/from database
P P r o d u c e sh a r d c o p y o f t h e A r t w o r ko n
4 6 6 3P l o t t e r , a s i t s l a s t a p p e a r a r c e
i n v i e v rs e s s i o n

E E n d st h e A r t w o r k s e s s i o r l

Tabe
l 7
D I G I T I Z E I n p u t s g r a p h i c d a t a t h r o u g ht h e G r a p h i c s T a b l e t ( 4 9 5 6t)o d e f i n e t h e s u r .
I'1EN
U
f a ce
Artlvo r k

C l o s e st h e D i g i t r z e s s s s i c na n d e n t e r s t h e A r t r v o r kl ' i e n ut o s e l e c t f u n c tions

d e n t i f y i S e t s i d e n t ' i f i c a t o r t o o v e r r i c i et h e
d e f a u lt A r t w o r k - i c i e n ft ii c a t o r . [ n t e red fronr t.he keyboarci n the form
< i d e n t i fj c a t o r . t y p e; v c r s i o n >V a li C
f o r D i g r t i z es c s s i o io n l y
Unrts

indi)i.i

Origin

t i A s s i g n sf a c t o r t . c c o r r v e r tT a b l e t
(4956
) u n i t s ( c o u n t s ,i n c h e sc r m i ll i
r i e t e r s ) i n u s e r ' ( o b j e c t , i v c rdl ) i r n i ' " s
h

l e r s a 2 D r e c i a n g u l a rp o r t i o n o f t h e
o b j e c t s p e c e ( o nt h e G r " a p h i cTsa b , l e t )
v r h i c hi s p r o j e c t e d o n t o t h e V i e w p o r t

0 C h a n g et h e c i e f a u l t o r c u r r e n t l o c d i
on of the orrgin fcr digitization

Rctation
S e g m e n t R D e f i n e s t r r i o - p o i n + "sse q n r e ntto d e t e r m i n e + " h er o t a t i o r r a n g l e o f X - a x i s t o
correct the deviation of the coordinates
Sody
)lan

C o n s ' i d e r sO Y Zp l a n e a s a s o u r c ep 1 a B n e o f t h e A r t r . i o r k ( F r o n t apl r o j e c t i o n

b e i n gd i g i t i z e d )
lalf
C o n s i C e r s0 ) { Yp l a n e a s c , s o u r c e p i a l r e a d t h H n e o f t h e A r t r , l o r k { T oppr o j e c t i o n b e initdiqitized)
',
de

'iew

C o n s i i e r r O X Zp l a n e E S a ; o u r c e p 1 a

V n e o f t n e A ' ^ t w o r k ( S i doer o j e c t i o n b e
i r r cd i g i t i z e d )

- an e l

"0i'nef

)cint

o n t o ur
'ine

t i a o e ls w i : h u p t o f i v e s y n t b os i( e n t e
r e d f r c n ; t h e 4 C 5 1K e y : c a r d )t h e e l e ,
i l r t n t O f t h e A I t r v o r l(,c. o l . r r e ,p* o i ' r t <, t n
t o i . r i I^ i i r e c r s e ( ; ti n n I , n ej 0 t i i o n a l
tlarks the prri:rt- to i..reen-"ereit a: ai

P :oinef poini

lllar t<s t h e f o l i o r r i ' r gp o i n t ( t o b e e r i b e

C l r e d )a s o c i n t s o f s i r i o l e r : o n t o u r l i n e

:
i
j

;
!

:
I
I

II
I

GeornetricalDesignof Hull Lines attd Lifting Surfaces

Table 7 (-onL.:nued)

T e ns ' i o n

Table10

M a r k st h a i o ' :l o w i n ! p c i r : t ( t c t . e e n L e r e C )i ' s p o i n t s o f a s i r ' g 1 es e c t i on I ine

MODIFYMENUG r a p h i ci m a g ee d i t i n g b y h a n d l i n g
IMAGE
M O D Et h e c o o r d i n a t e so f t h e w h o l e i m a q e
w i h t d a t a b a s ep r o t e c t i o n

Ch-Srffi
of thp nnint tn t,p-nteredto a val u e e n t e r e d f r o n r4 0 5 1 K e y b o a r d
[ n d s - , h el i r t w o r k s e s s i c n

Artwork

A C l o s e st h e m o d i f y s e s s i o n - I m a g e
m o d ea n d e n t e r s A r t w o r k M e n ut o s e .
I ect functions

View

V E n t e r s t h e V i e w m e n us e l e c t V i e w
functions and return to ModifyMenu
- I m a g em o d e

Transa
l t
e

G e t s f r o m t h e k e y b o a r dX , Y a n d Z
T translation factors and shifts the
object

r a b le 3
VI Ei,'l
t'lENU

431

A l l o w s v i e w i n go f t h e A r t v r o r l o
:n
4 0 5 1 s c r e e nw i t h v i e w i n g t r a n s i ' o r n s
w i t h o u t d a t a b a s ep r o j e c t i o n

R o t at i o n

Getsfrom the Keyboard irection

c o s i n e so f t h e r o t a t i o n a x i s

A r t w o r k A C l o s e st h e V i e ws e s s i o na n d e n t e r s
i h e A r t w o r k M e n ut o s e l e c t f u n c t i o n s o r M o d i f y M e n ud e p e n d i n go n t h e
o r i q i n o f t h e V i e wc a l I

AXIS

I d e n t i f y I S e t s i d e n t i f i c a t o r t o o v e r r . i d et h e
d e f a u lt A r t w o r k i d e n t i f i c a t o r . E n t e r e d f r o m k e y b o a r di n t h e f o r m < i & n t i f i c a t o r . t y p e; v e r s i o n >V a li d f o r
v i e w s e s s i o no n l y

S c ae
l

S G e t s f r o m t h e k e y b o a r dX , Y , Z a n d
a l l s c a l e f a c t o r s a n d s c a l e st h e
ob.iect

Mirror

2 D - v i e w 2 S e t s o p e r a t i o nw i t h 2 D o r t h o g o n a l

E xi t

M G e n e r a t e sa m i r r o r o b j e c t
E E n d st h e A r t w o r k

nrnieef

innc-f

hrep

nrniorl-

innc

Rotation
G e t s f r o m t h e k e y b o a r dA n g l e o f r o A n ge
l
F tation of the object and rotates
the object

Selccf

only frontal,top or side projection

b y Z o o ma n d S h i f t .
3 D - vi e w 3 S e t s o p e r a t i o n w i t h 3 D p e r s p e c t i v e
projection

s hi f t

s C e n t e r st h e s c r e e n w i n d o wa r o u n dt h r
p o i n t s e l e c t e dw i t h t h e c u r s o r ( 4 9 5 2
joystick)

Zoom

Z E n l a r g e st h e i m a g eo n s c r e e nb y
factor of 2

T a b l e1 1
I4ODIFYMENUG r a p h i ci m a g ee d i t i n g b y h a n d i i n g
P O I N TT l O D Es e p a r a t ep o i n t ( s ) c o o r d i n a t e sa n d
s t a t u s w i t h d a t a b a s ep r o t e c t i o n
A r t w o r k A C l o s e st h e M o d i f ys e s s i o n- p o i n t
m o d ea n d e n t e r s A r t w o r k M e n ut o s e I ect functions
View

R e d u c e R R e d u c e st h e i m a g eo n s c r e e nb y f a c iuor of 2
Td5

Lost
Exit

E a c he n t r y i n F a s t o p t i o n c a u s e st h e
c o n s e q u e nZt o o m & R e d uocpee r a t i o n s
t o b e p e r f o r m e db y f a c t o r o f 4 , w i t h
respectto previous

L Reduces/Zoom
t hse i m a g et o i t s d e fault scaleandlocation

V E n t e r s t h e V i e w m e n u , s e l e cV
t iew
f u n c t i o n s a n d r e t u r n t o m o d i f yM e n u
- Point mode

K e y b o a r d K S e t s k e y b o a r da s a n e d i t i n g t o o 1 .
P o i n t s m a r k e db y t h e i r n u m b e r ( o r d e r
Joystick J Setsjoystick as an editing tool.Po
'ints marked
by their position(coordjnates)
Prtnt

? P r i n t s o n t h e s c r e e nt h e ( x , ! , Z ) c o -

o r d i n a t e s o f t h e s e l e c t e dp o i n t a n c
p o i n t s t a t u s ( m o v e ,d r a w , h a l t a n d
tension factor)

E E n d st h e A r t w o r k s e s s i o n
T a b le 9

MOD
I FY
MENU

0 n - s c r e e no r k e y b o a r dg r a p h i c i m a g e
e d i t i n g w j t h d a t a b a s ep r o t e c t i o n

Artwork A C l o s e st h e M o d i f y s e s s i o na n d e n t e r :

D e le t e

D D e l e t e s t h e m a r k e dp o i n t

Insert

T I n s e r t n e wp o i n t a n d i t s s t a t u s ( m o
v e , d r a w , h a l t a n d t e n s i o nf a c t o r )

Change

C C h a n gp
e o i n t c o o r d i n a t e sa n d p o i n t
s t a t u s ( m o v e , d r a w , h aal tn d t e n s i o n
factor)

Label

L First L sets Print, Delete,Insert

a n d C h a n g ef u n c t i o n s t o b e r e f e r e d
t o l a b e l s . S e c o nLd r e t u r n s t o p o i n t
m00e.

L X ]T

t h e A r t w o r k M e n ut o s e l e c t f u n c t i 0ns
Identify I Sets identificator to override the
d e f a u lt A r t w o r k i d e n t i f i c a t o r . E n t e r e d f r o m t h e k e y b o a r di n t h e f o r m
< i d e n t i fi c a t o r . t y p e; v e r s i o n >V a 1i d
f o r M o d i f y s e s s i o no n l v
Point
H a n del s s e p a r a t e p o i n t { s ) o ft h e i m a g e
Mode
P
Image
Mode

H a n d l e st h e w h o l ei m a g e

Exit

E E n d st h e A r t w o r k s e s s i o n

:nds the Artwork mode

P.A. Bogdanovand S.I. Kovachev

+32

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.TJ J

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P.A. Bosdanovand S.L Kovache,-

434

T a be
l 12
SAVEMENU S t o r e s , r e t r i e v e s , c o p i e s , m e r g e s
d e l e t e s a n d p u r g e st h e d a t a d e s c r i
bing objects into the data base
\rtwork

A C l o s e st h e S a v es e s s i o na n d e n t e r s
to select functithe Artwork l'1enu
ons

a-+
rhiorf
J v J

e v

2nd

l v ' l a ra
kn object as a f i rst for merge
operation. The0bject is recognized
by its identificator if not specified usethe default
M a r k a n o b j e c t a s a s e c o n df o r m e r g e o p e r a t i o n . T hO
e b j e c ti s r e c o g n i z e d b y i t s i d e n t i f i c a t o r li f n o t s p e cified usethe default

nh iprt

Target

T M a r k t a r g e t o b j e c t , c o m p o s e fdr o m
lv-, h, eo vnehJ ei av e f <

anl, 2

Tho

nhicrt

F i g . 1 0 s h o w st h e t h e o r e t i c a l b o d y s e c t i o n so f a
h y d r o f o i l c r a f t , w h o s ep r o j e c t i o n s- s i d e v i e w
a n d h a l f - b r e a d t ha r e s h o w ni n F i q . 9 .
F i g . 1 1 p r e s e n t st h e c o m b i n e ed l e m e n t so f F i g . 9
h u lI a n d f o i 1 s y s t e m.s
F i g s . 1 2 a n d 1 3 - b o w ,F i g . 1 4 - m i d d l ea n d
Fig. 15 - stern foil systems.
F i g . 1 6 s h o w st h e t h r e e p r o j e c t i o n so f a m p h i b i o u s A C V ,t h e c o n s e q u e n coef a i r d u c t d e s i g n
w h i c h i s s h o w ni n F i g s. 1 7 + 2 ? .
F i g . 1 7 d e f i n e s t h e p e a k sa n d t h e c o n e g e n e r a r t s
f o r m in g t h e m ai n a i r - d u c t .
F i g . 1 8 s h o w si n p e r s p e c t i v ej u s t t h e c o n e sa n d
t h e e n t r a n c ec r o s s s e c t i o n .

ic.

r e c o g n i z e db y i t s i d e n t i f i c a t o r .
M u s tb e s p e c i f i e d .

F i g . 1 9 - p r e s e n t sw e d g e ,b e i n g r e m o v e d t, o s i m plify the observance

o f c o n d u c t e do p e r a t i o n s .

Identify

I Sets identificator from the keyboard on the form:

<i d e n ti f i c a t o r . t y p e; v e r si o n>

F i g . 2 0 - P a r t s o f t h e c o n e sa n d w e d g ei n c l u d e d
i n t h e s u r f a c eb u i l t , a r e r e m o v e d .

Store

S Store and object description in the

data base

F i g . 2 1 - T h e h e i g h t o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n si s
e s t i m a t e d ,w h e r et h e t r a n s i e n t z o n e i s s e t - r p u n d o f f b e t w e e nt h e c o n e s .

R e t r i e v e R S e l e c t s a n o b j e c t f r o m t h e d a t ab a s e
r.opy

L ) u p 1i c a t e s a n o b j e c t i n t o t a r g e t o b ject

Merge

M A s s e m b l e tsw o o b j e c t s i n t o t a r g e t
o b je c t

Delete

D E x p e sl a n o b j e c t f r o m t o t h e d a t a
hacp

nrnl-erfinn

F i g . 2 2 . - T h e a n g l e s- t r a n s i t i o n s a r e s u b s t i t u t e d b y s m o o t hr o u n d o f f . T h e e l e m e n t i s e n t j r e l y b u i l t u p a n d n r a yb e e n t e r e d o n d a t a b a s ea s
a n u n i t f o r r e f e r e n c ei n A C Vd e s i g n . V i s u ai zl a tion type "fish skin" is used.
4 . ACKNOI^ILEDGMENTS

Purge

P E x p e l sa l l o l d o b j e c t v e r s i o n s f r o m
t o t h e d a t a b a s ep r o t e c t i o n , l e a v i n g
p r o t e c t e da n l y t h e l a s t v e r s i o n

t r ^ Jweo u l d l i k e t o t h a n k B S H C
a d m i n i s t r a t i o na n d
s c i e n t i f i c m a n a g e m efnotr t h e s u p p o r t o f p r o j e c t
T Z - 8 1 - 6 . 1 0t,h e p r e s e n tw o r k b e i n g p a r t o f i t .

List

L Prints the identificatorsof all the

objects protected by the data base

R EE
F R E NES
C

Exit

E E n d st h e A r t w o r k s e s s i o n

2 . 7 . C o m p u t efra c i l i t i e s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t
T h e p r e s e n t e dm e t h o d sa r e p r o g r a m n r ei dn a F 0 R T R A N - I Vp a c k a g eo f a b o u t 4 2 0 0 s t a t e m e n t s . T h e
i n p u t / o u t p u ti s d e s i g n e df o r f i l e s p r o c e s s i n g
i n D E C ' sR S X - 1 1 el tn1v i r o n m e nat n d R S - 2 3 2 - C
seria l c o m m u n j c a t i owni t h T e k t r o n i x 4 0 5 0 g r a p h i c
sysrem.
T h e c o m p u t efra c i l i t j e s i n c l u d e D E C ' sP D P - 1 1 / 4 5
olotw i t h a t l e a s t 2 , 4 m Bd i s k , V T l 2 5t e r m i n a l p
t e r , p r i n t e r , T e x t r o n i x4 6 6 3 i n t e r a c t i v e d i g i t a l p l o t t e r , 4 9 5 2j o y s t i c k a n d 4 9 5 6g r a p h i c s
tehlal-

/dinitizor\

T h e p r o c e d u r e sa r e a s s e m b l e di n e i g h t m o d u l e s ,
a n y o n e o f w h i c h c a n b e e x e c u t e di n d e p e n d e n t l y .
T h e t a s k s c o m m u n i c a tbey e x c h a n g e
of files stor e d o n t h e d i s k m e m o r oy f t h e c o m p u t e r .T h e
m e m o r cy a p a c i t y r e q u i r e d t o r u n t h e
minimum
t a s k s i s 1 2 4k B u s e r p a r t i t i o n .
3. APPLICATIONS
F i g u r e s 9 + 1 2p r e s e n t s o m ea p p li c a t i o n s o f t h e
s y s t e mf o r g r a p h i c a l d e s i g n o f s t r e a m il n e s a n d
l i f t i n g s u r f a c e sf o r h i g h s p e e dm a r i n ev e h i c l e s

{ 1 } B o g d a n oPv. , M a j o r A c h i e v e m e nat sn d R e s u l t s
'in the Developmen
o tf E x p e r i m e n t aal n d T h e o r e t i c a l M e t h o d si n E x e c u t i n gB S H C
Research
P r o g r a m m eP,R A D S ' 8 3T,o k y o& S e o u l , p p 6 8 7 695.
{ 2 } K o v a c h eSv . , Y o v e vY . , C o m p u t eAr i d e dS y n t t h e s i s o f S h i p F o r m s ,P R A D S ' 8 T
3o
, k y o& S e ou1, pp. 679-686.
{ 3 1 K o l e v P . , L e f t e r o v aM . , K o v a c h eSv . , S h i p
F o r m sM o d i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e P u r p o s eo f H y d r o d y n a m i cI n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,S M S S H ' 789t,h s e s s . ,
B S H CV, a r n a
, pp. 2-1/?-7.
{ 4 } T r e m b l a yJ . , S o r e n s o nP . , A n I n t r o d u c t i o nt o
D a t a S t r u c t u r e s w i t h A p p li E a T i t n s , - T i G r a w { 5 } C h n i s t o f i d e sN . , G r a p hT h e o r y- a n A l g o r i t h
m i c A p p r o a c h ,A c a f f i - 7 5 .
{ 6 1 K 0 v a c n e f s ; G e o m e t r ya n d M o d i fi c a t i o n o f
S t r e a m l i n e sasn d L i f t i n g S u r f a c e so f H i g h S p e e dN o n - C o n v e n t i o nSahl i p s , r e p . , t h e m e
T 3 - 8 1 - 6 . 1 0P,a r t 7 , B S H V
Ca r n a , 1 9 8 4 .
G e o m e t r i y ai m o d i f i k a t z i y a n a o b v o d i t e i n o s e s h t i t e p o v a r h n o s t in a b a r z o h o d nni e k o n v o t t z i o n a l n i k o r a b i , o t c h e t e nd o k l a d , t e m aT 3 8 1- 6 . 1 0 , R a z d e l7 I K H V a r n a, 1 9 8 4

HYDRODYNAMICS

ComputerAppiicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
o t F r P .l 9 8 s

43'7

A PROCEDU
FR
OE
RT H EP R E D I C T I O N
O F S H I PM N O E U V R IR
NE
GS P O N S I
F O RI N I T I A LD E S I G N
N I C OE
S. M I K E L I S
L L O Y D 'R
SE G I S T E
OR
FS H I P P I N G
7 I F E N C H U RSCTH
R E E TL,O N D OENC 3 ,U K

S t e p s t o w a r d s i n t e r n a t i o n a i l e g i s l a t i o n f o r s h i p m a n o e u v r a b i l i t yh a v e m o t i v a t e d t h e
d e v e l o p m e n to f t h e o r e t i c a l a n d e m p i r i c a i m e t h o d s f o r p r e d i c t i n g s h i p m a n o e u v r i n g
r e s p o n s e . 0 n e s u c hm e t h o di s d e s c r i b e dh e r e a i m e dp r i m a r i l y f o r i n i t i a l d e s i g n . T h e u s e
o f t h i s m e t h o di s d i r e c t a n d i n e x p e n s i v e . s i n c iet r e q u i r i s t h e i n p u t o f d i t a o n l y o n
i n s t a l l e d p o w e r a n d o n t h e g e o m e t r yo f s h i p , p r o p e l l e r a n d r u d d e r . C o m p a r i s o nbse t w e e n
s i m u l a t e da n d f u l l s c a l e t r i a l m a n o e u v r ef o
s r a t a n k e r p r o v i d e a f i r s t v e r i f i c a t . i o no f
t h e a d o p t e dm a t h e m a t i c am. lo d e l .
I.

INTRODUCTION

Usuallyships are being built without the

d e s ig n e r h a v in g q u a n t i f i e d t h e m a n o e u vnr ig
p e r f o r m a n c eo f h i s d e s i g n . T h e r e a r e t h r e e
r e a s o n sf o r t h i s , t h e f i r s t b e i n g t h a t u n t i l
r e c e n t l y t h e r e w a s n o m e t h o da v a i l a b l e f o r
evaluating the
manoeuvrability without
c o n d u c t i n gm o d e ls c a l e e x p e r i m e n t w
s hich,of
course, are relatively costly and time
c o n s u m i n g . T h e s e c o n dr e a s o n h a s t o d o w . i t h
t h e l a c k o f a n o b v i o u s e c o n o m i ci n c e n t i v e
f o r t h e o w n e r t o s p e c i f y m a n o e u v r aIbi ti y
p e r f o r m a n c ei n t h e c o n t r a c t a s h e m i g h t , f o r
example,
specify
speed
and
fuel
c o n s u m p t i o n .T h e t h i r d r e a s o n i s t h a t t h e r e
has been no legislation requesting the
designer
to
a d d r e s s m a n o e u v r aI b
i tiy
q u e s it o n s .
Now this picture is changing. Prediction
m e t h o d sa r e b e c o m i n ga v a i l a b l e , w h i l e m o r e
o w n e r s a r e a w a r e o f a d v a n t a g e si n i m p r o v i n g
t h e i r v e s s e l s ' m a n o e u v r a b i l i t yA. t t h e s a m e
time there is international effort through
I M 0 , a i m i n gt o a r r i v e a t l e g i s l a t i o n f o r t h e
e v a l u a t i o n o f m a n o e u v r a b i l i t ya t t h e d e s i q n
s t a g e . A s t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n i s a n d w iI t
p r o b a b l y c o n t 'n
i ue to be a very important
f o r c e i n t h e d e v e l o p m e not f w o r k i n t h e s h i p
m a n o e u v r i nfgi e 1 d , i t w a r r a n t sa b r i e f l o o k
at its history.
F o i l o w i n g t h e T o r r e y C a n y o nd i s a s t e r , I M C O
.l968
a d o p t e dr e s o ' l u t i o nA . l 6 0 i n
This
[l].
recommended
that the master and offi cers
have available on the bridge all necessary
d a t a c o n c e r n i n gm a n o e u v r i n cg a p a b i li t i e s f o r
d i f f e r e n t d r a u g h t s a n d s p e e d so f t h e s h i p .
years
Three
later
more
specific
r e c o m m e n d a t i o nwse r e i n t r o d u c e d b v I M C O ' s
resolutionA.209l2l.
In A.209the ship is
r e q ui r e d t o
carry
a poster i n
the
wheelhouse with diagramsand a booklet
c o n t a i n i n gd a t a o n ( i ) t h e l o w e s t c o n s t a n t
e n gi n e R P M a t w hi c h t h e s hi p c a n s a f e t y
s t e e r i n b a l l a s t a n d l o a d e dc o n d i t i o n s , ( i i )
turning circ.les to port and to starboard at
v a r i o u s s p e e d sa n d ( i i i ) s t o p p i n g t e s t s i n
l o a d e da n d b a ll a s t c o n d i t i o n sb y a p p li c a t i o n
o f a s t e r n p o w e ra t v a r i o u s l e v e l s .

Resolution A.209 has been adopted by the

F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r m a n y ,b y N o r w a ya n d
b y ! S 1 . N o t a b l y t h e U S Ar e q u i r e m e n t sa p p l y
t o U.Sl 6a0n0d t o f o r e i g n f 1 a g s hi p s , g r e a t e r
than
g r o s st o n s .
A f u r t h e r .dl 9
e7
v e7 l o p m e ncta m ef r o m t h e U S C o a s t
Guardin
w h e nf o l l o w i n q i t s R e p o r t t o
the President [3], statistical data on
m a n o e u vnr g
i p e r f o r m a n c ew e r e c o m p1ie d t 4 ]
with the intention to set Manoeuvr.ino
R a t i n g s f- o r . s h i p s ( e . S . s u p e r i o r , a v e r a g e ]
m a r g i n a le t c ) . T h i s i d e a d o e s n o t a p p e a rr o
h a v e f o u n d m u c hs u p p o r t , b u t , h a s m o t . i v a t e d
IM0 to produce its Draft Guidelines for
E s t i m a t i n gM
_ a n o e u v r i nP
g e r f o r m a n c ei n S h i p
Design l5l.
T hi s i s a m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g
d e v e l o p m e nw
t h e r e b yt h e d e s i g n e r o f s h i p s ,
of iength greater than 100 m, will have to
evaluate the following five manoeuvring
q u a li t i e s o f h i s d e s i g n : c o u r s e k e e p i n g ,
t u r n i n g , c h e c ki n g o f t u r n s, s t o p p .ni g a n d
operation of the engine at acceptably low
s p e e d s . F u r t h e r m o r ef,u i l s c a l e t r i a l s w . i l l
b e n e c e s s a r y t o c o n fi r m t h e m a n o e u vnr ig
p e r f o r m a n c ea f t e r t h e s h i p h a s b e e n b u i i t .
It shouldbe noted that at this staqe the
g u i d e li n e s h a v e c a r e f u l1 y a v o i d e ds p e c i f y . i n g
a n y m e a s u r eo r r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e .
0ne other current Il40 activity relevant to
ship manoeuvrabilityis the rev.iew of
r e s o l u t i o nA . 2 0 9 . T h i s w o r k i s n o t c o m p l e t e
yet, but so fali s favouring a moredetailed
m a n o e u v r i n bg o o k l e t , a w h e e l h o u s p
eoster and
a p i l o t c a r d [ 6 ] . F u r t h e r m o r e ,t h e r e v i e w e d
A . 2 0 9 s p e c i f i c a l l y a l l o w s t h e e s t i m a t i o no f
m o s to f t h e d a t a t h a t f o r m i t s r e q u i r e m e n t s .
I n t h e b a c k g r o u n do f I M 0 , s w o r k , a c t i v e
r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n t a k i n g p 1a c e f o r t h e
d e v e l o p m e not f m a t h e m a t i c a m
l odelssuitable
f o r p r e d i c t i o n sa t s h i p d e s i g n . T h i s p . r p e r
presents someof Lloyd,s Register,s work
d i r e c t e d a t a s s e m b l i n ga m a t h e m a t i c a m
l odel
w h i c h a c c o u n t sf o r s u r g e , s w a y , y a w a n d r o l l
s h i p m o t i o n s ;f o r p r o p e l l e r r e v o l u t i o n s a n d
f o r t h e i r c h a n g e d u r i n g m a n o e u v r e s ;f o r
ruddermotion and finally for a simplified
m o d e l o f t h e e n g i n e . G i v e n t h e g e o m e t r yo f
a s h i p , i t s p r o p elle r a n d r u d d e r , t h e n

438

\'. E. tulikelis

r e s i s t a n c e , p r o p u l s i o n ,a n d t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c
data
necessary for
the
m a n o e u ivnr g
simulation are generated easi y
by a
c o m p u t e rp r o g r a m .
T h e s i m u l t a n e o u es q u a t i o n su s e d t o d e s c r i b e
t h e t i m e h i s t o r y o f a m a n o e u v r ea r e t h e n
solved at high speed by the computer.
T y p i c a l s p e e d so f o v e r 5 0 0 t i m e s f a s t e r t h a n
r e a l t i m e a r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e I B Mm a i n f r a m e
c o m p u t e ro f L l o y d ' s R e g i s t e r . M u c h f a s t e r
than real time response i s also expected
f r o m a v e r s i o n o f t h i s p r o g r a mf o r a d e s k
t o p c o m p u t e r . T hi s p r o g r a m i s p r e s e n t yl
u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n at n d i s i n t e n d e d f o r c h i n
d e s i g na p p l i c a t i o n s .
A d di t i o n a l m a n o e u v r i n gs i m u al t i o n w o r k o f
r e l e v a n c et o d e s i g n a n d s h i p o p e r a t i o n i s
t h e M u l t i - S h i p M a n o e u v r i nSg i m u l a t o r ( | " I S M S )
developed at
Lioyd's [7].
This is
i m p l e m e n t e do n t h e S o c i e t y ' s V A X / Il 7 8 0
c o m p u t e ar n d h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g c a p a b i iI t i e s :
(i )
Radar view graphics, with viewing
r a 'dl i u s t h a t c a n b e c h o s e n a n d a l t e r e d a t
w i I b y t h e u s e r . A l s o p e r s p e c t i v ev i e w s
a r e p r e s e n t l y u n d e rd e v e l o p m e n t .
(i i) Interactive input of rudderandengine
comman0s.
( i i i ) R e a lt i m e o r f a s t s i m u l a t i o n .
( i v ) M u l t i - s h i p s i m u l a t ' i o nF: r o mo n e u p t o
f i v e s h i p s c a n b e o p e r a t e ds i m u l t a n e o u s l y ,
a n d i n p r o x i m i t y t o e a c ho t h e r .
As this simulator is relatively inexpensive
a n d s i m p l e t o o p e r a t e i t i s e x p e c t e dt h a t i n
the future it wiII be used widelv for
s t u d i e s s u c ha s :

2.

T o d e s c r i b ea s h i p ' s m o t i o n , u s e i s m a d eo f
r i g i d b o d y d y n a m i c s . F r o m N e w t o n ' ss e c o n d
l a w t h e f o r c e a n d m o m e n at c t i n g o n t h e s h i p
a r e e q u a l t o t h e r a t e s o f c h a n g eo f m o m e n t u m
a n d a n g u al r m o m e n t u mr e s p e c ti v e l y .
In
g e n e r a l t h e s e e q u a t i o n sd e s c r i b e m o t i o n s i n
the six degreesof freedomt8].
It is
c u s t o m a r yh o w e v e ri n m a n o e u v r i n sgt u d i e s , t o
r e d u c e t h e p r o b l e mb y c o n s i d e r i n go n l y t h e
m o t i o n si n t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e , i . e . s u r g e
(X force, u velocity), sway(Y, v) and yaw
( N , r ) . I n m o s tc a s e st h i s i s a j u s t i f i a b l e
a s s u m p t i o n ,a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e s o m e s h i p
t y p e s , e . g . R o ll o n - r o lI o f f s h i p s , t h a t
d e v e l o pa c o n s i d e r a b l eh e e l w h e n t u r n i n g a t
s p e e d . F o r s u c h c a s e s t h e r o l I e q u a t io n
( K , p ) m u s t b e c o u p l e dw i t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l
p l a n e e q u a t i o n s , a s d e m o n s t r a t e db y H i r a n o
a n d T a k a s h i n[a9 ] , a n d b y E d a[ 1 0 ] .
T o f a c i l i t a t e t h e e x p r e s s i o no f h y d r o s t a t i c
a n d h y d r o d y n a m i fco r c e s , a s y s t e m o f b o d y
a x e s i s e m p l o y e d( C x y z o n F i g . I ) t h a t i s
f i x e d o n t h e s h i p a n d i s m o v i n gr e l a t i v e t o
the inertial axes 0XoYo with velocity
e q u a l t o t h e s h i p ' s v e l o c i t i e s , u , v ',Gr a n d
' is a t
p = ; . T h e s hi p ' s c e n t r e o f g r a vi t y
a distance (x6,0,26) from the origin C.
F o r c o n v e nei n c e , t h e o r i g i n i s I o c a t e d
a m i d s h i p sa t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e w a t e r
a n dt h e c e n t r ep 1 a n e .
F r o m r i g i d b o d y d y n a m i c st h e e q u a t i o n s o f
m o t i o n ( s e e r e f e r e n c e[ B ] f o r e x a m p l e )a r e :
.
2
S u r g e: m ( u - r v - xr + z p r ) = X+ X + X + X
G
G
H
P
R
O
S w a y : m ( v + r u + xr - z p ) = Y + Y + Y + Y
G
G
H
P
R

(a)
T h e b e h a v i o u ro f a s h i p c o n v o y i n a
c a n a l o r i n o p e nw a t e r s ;

Yaw

(b)
A s p e c t s o f p o r t s a f e t y w h e r e b ye i t h e r
p r o p o s e dp o r t d e v e l o p m e n tcsa n b e e v a l u a t e d
for
safe
manoeuvring operations, or
alternatively the use of existing ports by
l a r g e r o r l e s s m a n o e u v r a b l es h i p s c a n b e
e x a mni e d ;

R o lI

(c)
The effectiveness of a Vessel Traffic
Systemcan be evaluated by simulation of
traffi c "before and after" the proposed
i n s t a l1a t i o n ;
(d)
N e w s hi p m a n o e u v r e sc a n b e d e si g n e d
a n d e v a l u a t e du s i n g s i m u l a t i o n . T h e p u r p o s e
of such studies would be to produce new
s t a n d a r d m a n o e u v r e sf r o m w h i c h c l e a r e r
' i n f o r m a t i o nc a n b e d r a w no n s h i p p e r f o r m a n c e ;
(e)
C o n d i t i o n s l e a d i n g t o c o lI i s i o n s o r
r a m mni g s c a n b e r e p r o d u c e d a n d u s e f u l
l e s s o n s m a y b e l e a r n e d , a s f o r e x a m p l eo n
alternative actions that miqht be more
e f f e c t i v e i n a v o i d i n qa n a c c i d e n t .

E Q U A T I OO
NFSM O T I O N

:l r* mx (v + ru;=X + N +N + N
z
G
H P R 0
(la)

: I p - m z ( v + r u ) = 1+1 1 1 + K + K
x
G
H Pr R 0
also, the propeller revolutions ,fl,
g o v e r n e oD y :

are

-a
Propeller:l
(lb)
n=Q -a
prop
Eng
Loss
Prop
The terms on the right side of eq. (la)
represent forces and moments due ro
h y d r o d y n a m irce a c t i o n s o n t h e s h i p ' s h u 1 1 ,
p r o p el 1e r ,
due to
rudder and other
disturbances. The last can be set ro
representa variety of actions, such as the
effect of wind, of current, the effect of
s u c t i o n e x p e r i e n c e db y a s h i p n e a r a c a n a l
w a lI o r w h e n o v e r t a k i n g a n o t h e r s h i p , t h e
use of bow thrusters etc.
In tnese
e q u a t i o n st h e s h i p ' s m a s s i s m , i t s m o m e n t s
o f i n e r t i a a b o u t C z a n d C x a r e d e n o t e db y
Iz
and
Ix,
the
torque
Qprop i s
a b s o r b e db y t h e p r o i l e l l e r , a n d a d o t o v e r a
s y m b o lr e p r e s e n t st i m e d e r i v a t i v e .

The Predictktrtof Ship Martoeuvritg Responsefor Initial Design

Xo (North)

Yo {East)

439

s e r i e s i s r e d u c e db y p h y s i c a l a n d s y m m e t r y
c o n s i d e r a t i o n st o a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r
o f t e r m s . T h e c h o i c e o f w h i c h n o n - li n e a r
t e r m s a r e r e t a i n e d i n t h e e x p r e s s i o n sv a r i e s
b e t w e e nr e s e a r c h e r s . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s d o
n o t r e f l e c t a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n . in d i v .di u a l
preferences in curve fitting
that have
developed in
various model testinq
establishments. Furthermore, researcheri
attempting to
predict
m a n o e u v r aIbi ti y
w it h o u t c a r r y i n g m o d e l t e s t s w e r e u n t i I
recently and out of necessity, retaining
o n l y l i n e a r t e r m s . T h i s p r o d u c e de q u a t j o n s
w h e r e t h e s u r g e m o t i o n v , r a su n c o u lpe d f r o m
s w a ya n d y a w a n d w h i c h r e s u l t e d [ 1 2 ] i n p o o r
manoeuvrab
i t iyl p r e d i c t i o n s . A b r e a k t h r o u q h
came with the collection and parametric
analysisof non-lineardata bv Inoue et al
[ , l 8 ] , a n d w h i c h a p p e a r st o h j v e o p e n e dt h e
w a y _ t o w a r drse a l i s t i c s i m u l a t i o n s1 1 7 , l r 9 - Z j
e r c . l.
T h e h u lI
force and moment expressions
a d o p t e db y t h e a u t h o r a r e g i v e n b y e q . ( Z ) .
These are a further developmeno
t f those
published earlier tli]
where they were
d e s c r i b e da s a c l e a r m e r g eo f i d e a l a n d r e a l
flow models.

2
=
x = x . u - v . u . -Y . . + X v r + X ( u )
H u v lul r
F i g . 1 C o o r d i n a t eS y s t e m
2.1

H u Il

T h e h y d r o d y n a m i rce a c t i o n s o n t h e h u l I c a n
be expressed in
a variety of
ways,
accounting and neglecting of
different
e f f e c t s , a n d t h u s l e a d i n g t o a n u m b e ro f
m a n o e u v r i ntgh e o r i e s .
O n e t h e o r y a c c o u n t sf o r f l u i d m e m o r yi . e . o f
the effect of the motion's history on
' it s e l f .
This, results in
a set of
'integro-differential
equations
1i n k i n g
frequency and time domains. For an
a p p li c a t i o n o f
this
approach and a
c o m p r e h e n s i vl e
i s t o f r e f e r e n c e ss e e l l l ] .
H o w e v e r ,a s i t h a s b e e n s h o w ne x p e r i m e n t a l l y
( r e f s . [ . l 2 ] a n d [ 1 3 ] ) , f l u i d m e m o r ye f f e c t s
a r e n e g li g i b l e f o r n o r m a l s h i p m a n o e u v r e s ,
a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e c o m pel x i t i e s o f t h i s
a p p r o a c hc a n b e a v o i d e d .
Another formulation introduces physical
r e a s o n i n gb y s e p a r a t i n gt h e n o n - li n e a r c r o s s
f l o w d r a g f r o m t h e 1i f t i n g a n d i d e a l f l o w
c o m p o n e n t si n t h e h u l I f o r c e a n d m o m e n t
terms [.l4-16]. This is a most attractive
approachand may probably lend itself to
s o m ef o r m o f a n a l y s i s f r o m f i r s t p r i n c i p l e ,
in the not too distant future.
In
the
c l a s si c a l
treatment of
the
manoeuvring problem the
hydrodynamic
r e a c t i o n s o n t h e h u lI a r e e x p r e s s e d a s
f u n c t i o n s o f a l l m o t i o n p a r a m e t e r s( 1 , u , v
etc), these being treated as if they were
i n d e p e n d e nvt a r i a b l e s . T h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e
t h e n a p p r o x i m a t e db y a T a y l o r e x p a n s i o no f
p e r t u r b a t i o n sa r o u n d t h e e q u i l i b r i u m s t e a d y
forwardmotion [8]. The resulting infin ite

u
y = y .v + y .r + y v U + : Vr U + y v l v l + Y v l r l + l
rlrl
t-t v
r
v lulr
vv
vr
[ u lr r
u
rrv
-+
frl =f'{. p+frl
. y+N rU+-N vU+N 1111+l
H r
v
r
rr
lulrrv U
lulv

vvru
-+_N

(2)

2u
N
U+N r logU
1U +-N vldl
vvr U lul 0 lul vd '
r+
f = f . p + f p + Ks i n g - z Y
H p
p
Y H
c
T h e m u l t i p l i e r u / l u l o n s o m eo f t h e t e r m s
h e r e s e r v e st o o r i e n t a t e c o r r e c t l y t h e f o r c e
a n d m o m e ntte r m s d u r i n g b a c k i n gm o t i o n . T h e
choice of which terms are affected is maoe
on physical and symmetry grounds. The
l , where
s hi p ' F _ s p e e t U
t) =lluc + yt
m u l t i p l i e s s o m eo f t h e t e r m s i n e q . ( Z )
s i n c e t h e e q u a t i o n sa r e d e v e l o p e di n t h e i r
d i m e n s i o n afl o r m .
T h e t h r e e t e r m s o n t h e y a w m o m e ne
t xpression
which couple it with rol I are taken from
[9], while []01 provides a clear physical
e x p l a n a t i o no f t h e c o u p i i n g m e c h a n i s m .T h e
I ever
zy
represents the
centre
of
a p p li c a t i o n o f t h e h y d r o d y n a m i cf o r c e y g
w h i c h i s a s s u m e hd e r e t o a c t t h r o u q h a o o i n t
40 percent of
the draught Ultow the
w a t e r li n e .
Some further work may be
n e c e s s a r yf o r t h e r o l l m o d e l , a s t h e g o o d
agreement shown on
ref.
with
t9]
m e a s u r e m e n ot sf h e e l a n g l e f r o m s h i p m o d e l s
was achievedwhile assigning non-physical
v a l u e st o z v .

\'.E. Mikelis

440

T h e h y d r o d y n a m i cc o e f f i c i e n t s a p p e a r i n g i n
e q . ( 2 ) c a n b e o b t a i n e df r o m a v a r i e t y o f
s o u r c e s . C la r k e e t a l l 2 2 l p r o v i d e a
collect ion of parametric expressions for
n o n - li n e a r
The
coefficients.
I inear
obtained from
are
coefficients
[.l8].
A c c e le r a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s m a y a l s o b e
computedfrom potential flow with good
a c c u r a c yn o t o n l y i n d e e p w a t e r b u t a l s o i n
s h a l l o wa n d r e s t r i c t e d w a t e r [ 2 3 ] . A r e c e n t
p u b l i c a t i o nf r o m N S M B
[21] mustbe mentioned
as a concise collection of parametric
c i and other
hydrodynam
e x p r e s si o n s f o r
d a t a . I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d o u t h o w e v e rt h a t
t h e a r e a o f a p p li c a t i o n o f p a r a m e t r i c a1l y
d e r i v e d d a t a c o v e r s c o n v e nito n a l s h i p
f o r m s . F o r u n c o n v e ni ot n a l f o r m s a n d u n t i I
t h e o r e t i c a l m e t h o d sf o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f
a l I c o e f fi c i e n t s p r o v e t o b e r e l i a b i e , u s e
m u s t b e m a d eo f m o d e ie x P e r i m e n t s .
The term X(u) in eq. (2) refers to the
ship's resistance in a straight course.
This is estimated here by the Holtrop and
Mennen
[24] expressions.For the simulation
table
of
manoeuvringmotions, a
of
r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e s a g a i n s t s p e e di s p r o d u c e d
and is then interrogated at each time step
of the computation. The same estimation
method also yields the wake fraction and
thrust deduction which are used in the
e v a l u a t i o no f p r o p e l l e r a n d r u d d e r f o r c e s .

a p o l y n o m i a le x p r e s s i o no b t a i n e d f r o m r e f .
1261, which provides separate polynomials
for four and for five-bladed propellers.
T h e p o l y n o m i a l sa r e i n t e r m s o f B l a d e A r e a
R a t i o ( B A R ) , P r o p e1l e r P i t c h t o D i a m e t e r
r a t i o ( P / D ) a n d a d v a n c ec o e f fi c i e n t ( J
u ( l - w ) / n D ) . T h e p o l y n o m i a le x p r e s s i o n sa r e
e m p l o y e df o r m o d e r a t e i ys m a l l v a l u e s o f J i n
the f irst quadrant of operation. When
o u t s i d e t h i s r a n g e , u s e i s m a d eo f t h e f o u r
q u a d r a n t d a t a o f t h e B - S c r e wS e r i e s ( L 2 6 )
w i t h c o r r e c t i o n sf r o m l 2 7 l a n d t 2 B l ) . T h e s e
data are Fourier Series descriptions of
a
thrust and torque coefficients for
c o m p l e t ec y c l e o f h y d r o d y n a m iacd v a n c ea n g l e
( e . g . s e e F i g . 2 ) . T h e p u b li s h e d d a t a c o v e r
t h e p e r f o r m a n c eo f 1 4 p r o p e l l e r s w h i c h f o r m
t h r e e a x e s ( P/ D , B A R , n u m b e r o f b 1a d e s) ,
e n a biln g i n t e r p o la t i o n t o d e r i v e d a t a f o r
the
In
intermediate propeller.
any
m a n o e u vnr g
i m o d e l d e s c r ib e d i n t h i s p a p e r ,
t h e F o u r i e r S e r i e s f o r m a t i s t r a n s f o r m e dt o
a d e n s e e n o u g h 1o o k - u p t a b l e p r i o r t o
entering the simulation. Fig. 2 is a
interpolated four
typical
example of
quadrant data for
the B-Screw Series
e q u i v a l e n tp r o p e l l e r o f t h e V L C CE s s o 0 s a k a

lzel.

For reversing motions, an increase in the

resistance ii derived from data of ref. 125]
w h i l e t h e s a m es o u r c e a l s o p r o v i d e s a m e a n s
t o e s t i m a t e t h e p r o p u l s i o nc o e f f i c i e n t s w h e n
operatingoutside the first quadrant. The
term quadrant refers to each of the four
c o m b i n a t i o n so f d i r e c t i o n o f s h i p ' s a x i a l
s p e e da n d o f p r o p e lI e r r e v oI u t i o ns ( e . g . s e e
Fis. 2).
T h e e f f e c t o f p r o p e l1 e r l o a d i n g o n t h r u s t
deduction is accounted for by a I inear
e x p r e s s. li5o n f i t t e d t o p u b l i s h e d e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a [ ] , w h 'li e t h e v a r i a t i o n o f w a k e
f r a c t i o n , w , w i t h l a t e r a l m o t i o no f t h e s h i p
u s i n g H i r a n o ' sd a t a [ 1 9 ] .
is expressed
2 . ? P r o p e l l e ra n d R u d d e r

'-

40

. l
L orquel

80

120

160

2A0

24A

280

320

360

Hydrodynam
c a d v a n c ea n g l e l ' )
Fo_ran,

J { 1- a , l

\oF:d/

F i g . 2 i n t e r p o l a t e df o u r q u a d r a n t h r u s t a n d
t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r p r o p e l1 e r 8 5 - 6 8 ( 0 . 7)1

P r o p u l s i o ni s m o d e l l e db Y
xD= (t-t)T
'
n
vprop - v

(3)

p r o p e l1 e r
The remaining components of
i n d u c e df o r c e a n d m o m e nat r e i g n o r e d a t t h i s
stage. They could be introducedby simply
a s s u m i n gt h a t a c e r t a i n f r a c t i o n o f t h e
thrust acts latera.lly [.l6] or alternatively
that a lateral force acts impulsively at the
' i n s t a n c et h e p r o p e l l e r , w h i c h s t i l l r o t a t e s '
s t o p s a d v a n cni g t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r . Y e t
a n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y w o u l d b e t o c o m b i n eb o t h
approacnes.
Two sources of data are used to calculate
' i n s t a n t a n e o u sv a l u e s o f t h r u s t , T , a n d
t o r q u eQ , d u r i n g a s i m u l a t i o n . T h e f i r s t i s

F o r t h e e n g i n e , a s i m p l i f i e d m o d e lh a s b e e n
adopted wherebyto each telegraph setting
c o r r e s p o n d s a t o r q u e v a lu e Q E n q . I n a
simulation when the telegraph sttting is
altered, there is a built in delay until the
n e wt o r q u e i s f u l l y a p p l i e d .
F o l l o w i n gt h e l i n e s o f J a p a n e s ree s e a r c h e r s ,
t h e r u d d e r i n d u c e d f o r c e s a n d m o m e n t sa n d
are
their
i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e h u lI
m o d eI le d a s :
Xp = ( l - t n )
'n = 1 t + a g )
I\R = 1 1 + a p )
Kp = - 1 1 + a g )

Fps i n6
Flcose
x p F 1 1c o s 6
zq F1 cos 6

(4)

The hediction of Ship ManoeuvringResponsefor Initial Design

w h e r e6 i s t h e r u d d e r a n g l e , ( x R , 0 , z R )
are the coordinatesof the rudder,s centie
of 1ift, tp is the rudder thrust deduction
i 3 0 ] a n d a 6 i s t h e r a t i o o f i n d u c e df o r c e
on the ship's hull by rudder action ro
r u d d e r f o r c e ; e x p r e s s e dh e r e a s a f u n c t i o n
o f b l o c k c o e f f i c i e n t , a s s u g g etse d b y
Hi r a n o ' s
e x p e r i m e nlt a
data
t I9].
F u r t h e r m o r ea s s u g g e s t e db y K o s e [ 3 0 ] , a H
i s m a d et o v a n i s h a t z e r o s p e e da n d i n c r e a s d
w i t h s p e e dt o i t s c o n s t a n tv a l u e .
Fp i s_ the normal force on the
g i v e n[ 1 4 , . | 5 , - l 9 , e t c ] b y :
F,
r\

1
)
A r3.\
= *rA^U^'--ij*z
K K
xt l.lJ

srn

rudder,
(5)

the
fluid
produce hydrodynamic
that
reactions and not motions over qround. 0n
the other hand some care is needed in
forming the wind effect so that relative
s p e e da c c o u n t sf o r c u r r e n t .
An alternative, and equivalent,approach.is
t o f o r m t h e t w o a c c e l e r a t i o n c o m p o n e n to
sf
the current in
the ship,s frame of
reference. Let U6X (Xo, yo, t )
and
U C y ( X o , Y o , t ) b e t h e c o m p o n e n t so f
current at someposition and time in the
inertial frame of reference. Then the two
a c c e l e r a t i o n si n t h e s h i p ' s f r a m e a r e :

^cuR

where ). , AR and Up are the r u d d e r ' s

a s p e c t r a t i o , i t s s u b m e r g e da r e a a n d t h e
f l o w s p e e dp a s t i t .
The effective angle of
a t t a c k o p i s g i v e nb y :
^

= 6 _ Y3

(6)

w h e r eB p i s t h e g e o m e t r i c i n f l o w a n g l e a t
the rudder, accounting for the ship,s
motions ll4],
and where y is the flow
recti fi cati on ( s t r a i g h t e n i n g )c o e f f i c i e n t ,
e v a lu a t e d h e r e i n t h e f a s h i o n s u g g e s t e db y
H i r a n o[ 1 9 ] .
In the f irst quadrantthe effective inflow
velocity at the rudder, UR, is calculated
a c c o r d in g t o t h e J a p a n e s eM M Gp r o p o s a l , e . g .
s e e [ 1 5 ] , s o t h a t t h e a c c e l e r a t e dp r o p e l l e r
f I o w a f f e c t s t h e a p p r o p rai t e p a r t o f t h e
r u d d e r . A l s o a c c o u n t e da r e : t h e d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e nw a k e f r a c t i o n a t r u d d e r t o t h a t a t
the propeller [30] and the effect of lateral
motion on the wake fraction at the rudder

tlel.

I n t h e r e m a i ni n g t h r e e q u a d r a n t s i t i s
a s s u m e dt h a t t h e r e i s n o f l o w s t r a i g h t e n i n g
effect.
T h e e x p r e s iso n f o r U' p
io in the
f o u r t h q u a d r a n ti s n o t d i s s i m i l a r
that in
t h e f i r s t , w h i l e i n t h e s e c o n dq u a d r a n t i t
is only the rudder portion outside the race
that contributes a force.
In the third
q u a d r a n t t h e w h o l e r u d d e r i s a s s u m e dt o b e
effective but there is no propeler race
acting on it.
2.3 0ther Effects
To model the effects of wind, waves and bow
t h r u s t e r s u s e c a n b e m a d eo f p u b l ' i s h e dw o r k
in the open literature to derive expressions
for Xg, Yg etc in eq. (la).
The effect of current can be introduced in
t h e e q u a t i o n so f m o t i o n i n o n e o f t w o w a y s .
O n e a p p r o a c hj s t o f o r m t h e s h i p , s v e l o c i t y
over ground as velocity through water plus
current, and then form the acceleration by
differentiation. Substitution in the left
hand side of eq. (1a) of velocities ano
a c c e l e r a t i o n s o v e r g r o u n d w iI 1 y i e l d t h e
current force and momenterms. It should
b e n o t e d t h a t t h e h y d r o d y n a m i ct e r m s o n t h e
right handside of eq. (la) are not affected
by the current as it is the motionsthrouqh

441

DU
^.,
LI COS

DEDU

"n "t lC Y

U+

sinrl
Dt
DU
C Yc o s t

C Xs i n , . +
,

CUR

Dt

(7)

Dt

w h e r e , pi s t h e s h i p ' s h e a d i n q . C u r r e n t
forces are inertial loads and as such thev
act through the centre of gravity and they
o p p o s et h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s . I n o r d e r t o f o r m
the current effects on the ship it must be
a s s u m e tdh a t v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e c u r r e n t o c c u r
o v e r 1a r g e r d i s t a n c e s t h a n t h e s h .pi , s
1e n g t h . T h e n:

j c u n= - ' i c u n

I C U R= - M Y C U R
N C U R=
xG YCUR
=-zGYCUR
KCUR

(8)

T h e t o t a I d e r i v a ti v e s i n e q . ( 7 ) a r e
c o n v e n i e n t l yf o r m e d i n t h e i n e r t i a l f r a m e o f
r e f e r e n c ea s :

DU

. au

A U

C X =

CX +

C X + X
o

Dt

at
o

DU
AU
.
C Y = C Y + X

a u

CY +

Dt

at

.au

Y CX
oA Y
o

(e)

au

CY

AX

AY

w i t h t h e s h i p ' s s p e e do v e r ground i n the

i n e r t i a l f r a m eb e i n g :
Xo =
io

ucosU- vsin'p+ UCX

u s i nr l +
r

v c o s p+

UCy

(10)

The ship's inertial frame velocities from

eq. ( l0) are integrated to produce Xo,
Y o a n d U , i e . t h e s hi p ' s t r a j e c t o r y .
if
t h e c u r r e n t i s c o n s t a n t ( . i n d i r e c - t . i o na n d
m a g n i t u d e )t h e n e a c h o f X o a n d Y ^ s t i I I
c o n t a i n s t h e v e l o c i t y c o m p o n e n to j t h i s
u n i f o r m c u r r e n t , b u t n o w e q u a ti o n s ( 9 ) a n d
(8) are identicaly zero. This .is as
e x p e c t e ds i n c e a f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e m o v i n q
w it h t h e c u r r e n t w it h n o a c c e e
l rati on oi
r o t a t i o n i s a n i n e r t i a l f r a m eo f r e f e r e n c e .

442

\-.E. Mikelis

For current that varies in space and/or in

t ime
the
terms
a U 6 1a/ t ,
a u c y / at ,
aU6X/aYe, aU6y/aXo
and
3U61/aXe,
a U 6 y / a Y 6m u s t b e g i v e n a s s c a l a r f i e l d s
domain of
throughout the
simulation.
C o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s a r e a v ai I a b le t h a t c a n
p r o d u c et h i s i n f o r m a t i o n .
2 . 4 . T i m eM a r c h i n g
W h e na l l t h e t e r m s f r o m e q s . ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 )
a n d ( 8 ) a r e a s s e m b l e di n t h e e q u a t i o n s o f
motion (la) and (1b), those containing
a c c e l e r a t i o n sa r e g r o u p e do n o n e s j d e o f t h e
e q u a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t i n g s m aIl s y s t e m c a n
b e s o l v e d a l g e b r a i c a l i ys o t h a t e a c h o f t h e
n e w e q u a t i o n s i s a n u n c o u p l e de x p r e s s i o nf o r
the acceleration in each degreeof freedom.
T h e c o m p u t a t i o nt h e n c o n s i s t s o f a s i m p l e
t i m e m a r c hw h i c h p r o v i d e st h e v e I o c j t i e s i n
t h e n e x t t i m e s t e p . T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n so f
eq. (.|0) followed by the appropriate
yield the ship's
integrations finally
trajectory.

u(K
8
7
A
6
A

2
1
0
0 200 400 60080010001200
140016001800
t (sec)

v ( kts)

60

1 n

30
20
IU

t ( sec)

^0

+" uI
- 200

E x t e n si v e f u l I - s c a le m a n o e u vnr g
i tests have
been carried out l29l for the 278,000dwt
tanker Esso 0saka in deep and in shallow
waters.
T h e w e lI
d o c u m e n t e df u l l - s c a l e
measurements are
for
used here
a
verification of the deep water mathematical
m o d e ld e s c r i b e di n s e c t i o n 2 .

- 400

E n g i n et o r q u eQ r ( K N m )
1000

1500

2000

2500

F i g . 4 E s s o0 s a k a :M o t i o nP a r a m e t e rdsu r i n g
t u r n i n g c i r c l e i n d e e pw a t e r
(rudder
3 5 0 t o p o r t , u o = 7 . 7k n o t s )

3000

Estimated
;

S h i ps p e e d

8001 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1

- 100

- 300

500

0 200 400 60080010001200140016001800

SIMULATIO
ON
F T H EE S S O
O S A KTAR I A L S

3.

Simulation
Full scalemeasurement

D e e pw a t e rt r i a l
(u-RPlt/)

u (knots)

F i g . 3 E s s oO s a k a :E n g i n et o r q u e , R P M
a n d s h i p s p e e dr e l a t i o n s
F i g u r e 3 s h o w s g r a p h i c a 1l y f o r t h e E s s o
0 s a k a , t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e nf o r w a r d s p e e d
and RPM, at a range of engine torque
settings, in the steady straight motion.
C o n t i n u o u lsi n e s o n f i g . 3 r e p r e s e n tr e s u l t s
f r o m a n u m b e ro f s i m u l a t i o n s . M a r k e do n t h e
same figure are points representing speed

T i m e( s e c )
{
(degree
s) F u l ls c a l e S i m u l a t e d

90
180
270
360

340
675
1080
1510

701
1140
1605

F i g . 5 P a t hd u r i n gt u r n i n gc i r c l e o f F i g . 4 .

The Prediction of Ship ManoeuvringResponsefor Initial Desisn

u (kts)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

-0

oo r $imul6lisn
Full scale measurement

200400 600 8001000

1200
14001600
1800
t

0
-0, 5
- 1.0
-1,5

443

I eo.)

600

1 6 0 01

t.]...;ttt"!"oo"'o"""""o'

v ( kts)

X( m )

0
-20
-40
6"

500
400
{"

0,5
0,4

200

-" t 1 0 , 3
-lo,2

100

200 400 600 800 10001200140016001800

t ( sec)

F i g . 6 E s s o0 s a k a :M o t i o nP a r a m e t e rdsu r i n q
t u r n i n g c i r c l e i n d e e pw a t e r
.
( r u d d e r 3 5 o t o s t a r b o a r d , u o = 1 0 . 0k n o t s )
and RPMsettings taken from the initjal
c o n d i t i o n s ( s t e a d ys t a t e ) o f t h e f u l l - s c a l e
tri als.
The agreement here i s
most
gratifying and inst i Is confidence .in the
prediction
techniques used to
model
r e s i s t a n c ea n d p r o p u l s i o n .
A v a r i e t y o f m a n o e u v r easr e u s e d t o a s s e s sa
: l ] p ' t _ h a n d l i n g b e - h a v i o u ra, s d i s c u s s e di n
L 5 J . r w o t y p e s 0 t m a n o e u v r ea r e s . i m u l a t e d
here, firstly,
turning circles where the
rudder is fixed at a given angle and
s e c o n d l y t h e z i g - z a g m a n o e u v r ew h L r e t h e
rudder is turned to, say, 20 degrees,until
t h e s h i p ' s h e a d i n gr e a c h e sa c e r t a . i n v a 1 u e ,
s a y 2 0 d e g r e e s( 2 0 / 2 0 t e s t ) , t h e n t h e r u o o e r
i s t u r n e d t o - 2 0 d e g r e e s u n t i I t h e s hi p , s
h e a d i n gr e a c h e s- 2 0 d e g r e e sa n d s o o n .
p u b li s h e d f u l l - s c al e
The
measuremenrs
i ncorporate correct i ons to al I ow for the
p r e s e n c e o f c u r r e n t , w h j c h i s a s s u m e dt o
come from a constant direction.
However
r e c o r d s l 2 9 l o f t h e E s s o0 s a k a t r i a l s s h o w a
considerablevariation in the speed and
direction of current in both horizontal and
vert ical planes.
The approximation of
unidi'rectional current appears to
have
i n t r o d u c e d s o m e e r r o r s i n t h e p u b li s h e d
'corrected' measurements.
For th.is re.lson
f u r t h e r c o m p a r i s o n sa r e t o b e m a d e i n t h e
n e a r f u t u r e u s i n g m o d e l e x p e r i m e n t a ld a t a ,
f r e e f r o m t h e s eu n c e r t a i n t i e s .

S r m u l a t epda t ha t 5 0 s e c o n di n t e r v a l s
P u bils h e de x p e r i m e n t at ul r n i n gc i r c l e
P a t ho b t a i n e db y i n t e g r a t i oonf p u b l i s h e d
experimenta
l l o c i t i e sa n d h e a d i n gt i m e
ve
hi s t o r e
i s

T i m e( s e c )
v
(degrees)
F u l ls c a l e Si m ul at e d

90
180
270
360

zol
5tl

820
11 5 0

2t0
534
858
1209

F i 9 . 7 P a t hd u r i n gt u r n i n gc i r c l e o f F i q . 6 .
In the Esso 0saka tri als an RpMfeedback
control kept revolutions constant durino
turning and zig-zag manoeuvres. Constani
RPM has also been simulated in the
m a t h e m a t i c am
l odel by a simple device for
b y p a s s i n g- t h e R P M e q u a t i o n , n a m e l y o y
a r t i f i c i a l l y i n c r e a s i n gt h e i n e r t i a o i t h e
p r o p e l l e r t o a n e x t r e m e l yl a r g e v a l u e .
Fi g s . 4 a n d 5 s h o w c o m p ai rs o n s f o r a 3 5
d e g r e er u d d e r t o p o r t t u r n , w i t h a n i n i t i a l
s p e e d o f 7. 7 k n o t s .
The computed ano
m e a s u r e dm o t i o n p a r a m e t e r si n f i g . 4 , w i t h
t h e o n l y e x c e p t i o no f s w a y v e l o c i i y , i r e i n
v e r y g o o d a g r e e m e n t . T h e c o m p u t e dc u r v e o f
s w a y v e l o c i t y ( a m i d s h i p s )s h o w st h e e x p e c t e d
b e h a v i o u r , w h e r e b ya s t e a d y s t a t e v a l u e i s
reachedafter the initial disturbance. 0n
t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e m e a s u r e ds w a y v e l o c i t y
( a n d t h u s d r i f t a n g l e ) s h o w sa n o i c i l l a t i o n ,
w h i c h i n t e r e s t i n g l y a p p e a r st o h a v e a p e r i o d
e q u a l t o t h e t i m e i t t a k e s t h e s hi p t o
c o m p l e t ea f u l l t u r n . T h e a l m o s t z e r o v a l u e
,l300
i t r e a c h e sa r o u n d
secs is contrary to
the way ships turn, and thus it .is suqqested
that the experimentap
l i o t f o r s w a yv 6 i o c i t y
has not been properly corrected for the
effect of current.

(kts)
e
1

... Simulation
F u l l s c a l em e a s u r e m e n t

u ( kts)

o a

Simulation
F u l l s c a l em e a s u r e m e n t

400 6 0 0 8 0 01 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0
t { sec)

200 400 600 80010001200

14001600
1800
t ( sec)

,l,o -Ao

20
'10
0
-t0
-20
-30

{o,

5U

t '

v i kts)

0,4
0,2
0

-c,2

200
'400 600
a
a

20
'10
0
-10
-20
-30

1 4 0 01 6 0 0 .
v ( kts)

_ A A

1,0
0 , 5 200 .
-0,5
- 1,0

r o/sec

0,2
0,1
-0,1
-n2

-6o

40

400 600
200

8001000 . . t

tl.

1800

1500

'.i

8 0 01 0 0 0

F i g . 8 E s s o0 s a k a : l 0 o / l 0 o z i g - z a g t e s t
(u o = 7s .k n o t s)
T h e s i m u l a t e dp a t h o f t h e s h i p ' s o r i g i n f o r
the 35 degree turn to port is depicted on
f i g . 5 a s a d o t e v e r y 5 0 s e c o n d s ,w h i l e t h e
recorded path of the centre of gravity at
t h e t r i a l i s s h o w nb y a c o n t i n u o u sI i n e .
A l s o s h o w no n f. li 8
g 0. , 5 i s t h e t i m e i n s e c o n d s
to reach 90,
270, and 360 degrees of
turn for the trial and simulation. The
a g r e e m e n ta p p e a r s t o b e v e r y r e a s o n a b l e u p
to 270 degrees of turn.
After that the
e x p e r i m e n t a lp a t h d r i f t s i n c r e a s i n g l y t o t h e
right of the figure in a spiral manner
' i n c o n ssi t e n t w i t h a s t e a d y s t a t e t u r n ,
p r o b a b l y d u e t o a n i n a d e q u a t ec o r r e c t i o n
m e t h o df o r t h e e f f e c t o f c u r r e n t .
F i g u r e s 6 a n d 7 c o m p a r et h e s ' i m u l a t e da n d
m e a s u r e dt u r n i n g c i r c l e a t l 0 k n o t s w ' i t h t h e
rudder at 35 degreesto starboard. It is
s e e n f r o m f i g . 6 t h a t t h e a g r e e m e nf to r t h e
motion parameters is excel1ent, with the
usual exception of the sway velocity where
m e a s u r e d c u r v e s h o w s a g a in
an
the
period
b e h a vi o u r
w it h
o s ci 11a t o r y
a
c o r r e s p o n d i n gr o u g h l y t o a c o m p l e t e t u r n .
Fi g u r e 7 s h o w s t h e s i m u a
l ted path at 50
s e c o n d i n t e r v a ls a n d a l s o t w o d ' i f f e r e n t
c u r v e s f o r t h e m e a s u r e dc i r c l e .
0f these,
t h e d a s h e dc u r v e i s o b t a i n e d d i r e c t l y f r o m
the report of the trial [29] and is supposed
to have been corrected for current effects.
No correlation could be obtained between
t h i s a n d t h e s i m u l a t e dc u r v e h o w e v e r . A l s o ,
the oublishedcurve is dissimilar to the
e x p e c t e dt u r n i n g c i r c l e p a t h ( e . g . c o m p a r e

rTsec

0,2
0,1
0
- 0 ,1 100

at:,

8001000

17001900

F i g . 9 E s s o0 s a k a : 2 0 o / 2 0 oz i g - z a g t e s t
( u 6 = 7 . 8k n o t s )
i n i t i a l s t a g e so f m e a s u r etdu r n s i n f i g s . 5
a n d 7) a n d i t w a s t h e r e f o r e c h e c k e d f o r
consistency with the published motion
p a r a m e t e r sb y a n a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e g r a t i o n a n d
transformation of
the u,V and Lf time
histories from fig 6. The result is shown
o n f i g . 7 a s a c o n t i n u o u sc u r v e , w h i c h
d e m o n s t r a t e sa m u c h c l o s e r a g r e e m e n tw i t h
the theoreticalsimulation.
I t i s of i nterest to note that a very
s i m i l a r t u r n i n g d i a m e t e rw a s o b t a i n e d f r o m
t h e t w o m a n o e u v r ei sn f i g s . 5 a n d 7 , w h i c h
confirms expectations for turning at low
speeds.
F i g u r e s 8 a n d 9 s h o wc o m p a r i s o n fso r a l 0 / . l 0
anda 20/20 zig zag test respectively. The
a g r e e m e nbt e t w e e nf u l l - s c a l e m e a s u r e m e na tn d
s i m u l a t i o ni n b o t h t e s t s i s s a t i s f a c t o r y a n d
now a
much better
c o r r e la t i o n
is
demonstrated
b e t w e e nt h e s w a y v e l o c i t y t i m e
histories.
The reason for this better
a g r e e m e n t ,c o m p a r e dt o t h a t i n t h e t u r n i n g
circles, may be attributed to the lesser
effect of current on a z i g-zag nanoeuvre
where the averageship's heading remains
constant.

The Prediction of Ship ManoeuvringResponsefor Initial Design

4.

DISCUSSIO
A N DC O N C L U S I O N S

C h a n g e sc u r r e n t l y t a k i n g p 1 a c e , l e a d t o w a r d s
a m o r e w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f e s t i m a ti o n o f
q u a li t i e s a t s h i p d e s i g n . I n
manoeuvring
thi s paper the mathematical model and
c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s d e v e lo p e d a t
L 1o y d, s
R e g i s t e rf o r p r e d i c t i n g s h i p m a n o e u v r a b i l i t y
are discussed. The availability at the
d e s i g n s t a g e o f a l ' l t h e i n p u t d a t a n e e d e db y
t h e s e c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m sa n d t h e e a s e a n d
e c o n o m yo f o p e r a t i n g t h e m , i s a l s o p o i n t e d
out.
C o m p a r i s o nbse t w e e nt h e c o m p u t e rp r e d i c t i o n s
a n d f u l I - s c a le
m e a s u r e m e n t sd e m o n s t r a t e
satisfactory agreement. Further comparisons
w i t h t r i a l d a t a f o r o t h e r s hi p t y p e s a n d
w i t h m o d e l s c a l e m e a s u r e m e n tasr e p 1a n n e d
for the near future.
The good agreement that i s demonstrated
b e t w e e n t h e f u I I - s c a le t r i a l s a n d t h e
r e s i s t a n c ea n d p r o p u l s i o np r e d i c t i o n so f t h e
m a n o e u v r a1bi ti y p r o g r a m , s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e
latter can also be used for preliminary
p o w e r i n ge s t i m a t e s .
Applications of this work in areas other
t h a n s h i p d e s i g n a r e a l s o s u g g e s t e da n d t h e
M u l t i - S h i p M a n o e u v r i n gS i m u l a t o r , r e f e r r e d
t o e a r l i e r a n d r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e da t L l o y d ' s
u s i n g t h e m e t h o dp r e s e n t e dh e r e , c o u l d m a k e
a valuable contribution to
safe ship
o p e r a ti o ns .
A s a l o n g e r t e r m g o a l , t h e e v a l u a t i o no f a l l
r e l e v a n t h y d r o d y n a m icco e f f i c i e n t s b y p u r e l y
t h e o r e t i c a l m e t h o d si s a n e c e s s i t y s o t h a t
t h e m a n o e u vi rn g b e h a vi o u r o f a n y m a r in e
s t r u c t u r e i s w i t h i n t h e s c o p eo f c a l c u l a t i o n .
A C K N O W L E DNGTE M E
The
author
w js h e s t o
express his
appreciation to Lloyd's Register for the
permission to prepare and present this
p a p e r . G r a t it u d e i s a l s o e x p r e s s e d t o
c o l l e a g u e sf o r i n v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n . I n
particular
thanks
are
due
to
Mr. J.S. Carlton,
Mr. A.J.P.SC
. larke,
M r . S . J . R o b e r t s , M r . E . H . A . J .J a c k s o n a n d
D r . G . l , JM
. ichel.
R E FR
EEN CS
E
tll

l2)

t3]

(ES.tV),
IMCO Resolution A.]60
" C o n c e r n i n g M a n o e u v r i n gC a p a bl i t i e s
a n d S t o p pn
i g D is t a n c e s o f
S h ip s " ,
adopted 27th November I 968,
IMCO
D o c u m e nAt/ E S . I V .
(\/rr),
IMCO
Resolution
A.209
" R e c o m m e n doant i o n I n f o r m a ti o n t o b e
i n c l u d e d i n t h e M a n o e u v r i nBg o o k l e t s " ,
adopted I zth
0ctober l97l ,
IMC0
D o c u m e nAt. V II .
Card, J.C. et dl, "Report to the
P r e si d e n t o n a n E v a l u a t i o no f D e v i c e s
a n d T e c h n i q u e st o I m p r o v e M a n e u v enr ig
a n d S t o p p i n gA b i l i t i e s o f L a r g e T a n k
V e s s esl " , U S C o a s t G u a r d R e p o r t N o .
C G - M - 4 - 7 9N
, T I S A D A 0 8 2l7, l S p . ' - 1 9 7 9 ,
o .1 6 6 .

445

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M a n e u v enr ig
P e r f o r m a n c e S t a n d a r d s, , '
H y d r o n a ui ct s , I n c. R e p o r t t o t h e U S
C o a s tG u a r d ,W a s h i n g t o nD, C , D e c . 1 9 8 1 ,
p.373.
" I n t e r i m G u i d e l i n e sf o r E s t i m a t i n q
i5] Il'40,
M a n o e u vn
r ig
Performance i n
S h .pi
D e s i g n " , M S C / C i r c .3 8 9 , l 0 t h J a n u a r y
I985.
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t6] IM0,
o f R e s o l u t i o nA . 2 0 9 ( V II ) " , R e p o r t o f
the Ad Hoc W
. lo
9 r8k5i .n gG r o u p , D E 2 8 / V l P . 8 ,
lTth January
,,0n the
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L7l Mikelis, N.E, et
Construction
of
a
Versatile
Mathematical Model
for
Marine
S i m ual t i o n " ,
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W o r k s h o p ,P u b li s h e d b y S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g
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S h i p b ul id i n g P r o g ,. 2 2 , 1 9 7 5 ,p p 4 1 6 - 4 3 2
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Propeller-Rudder
I n t e r a c t i o n s " , 1 5 t h. lS9y8m
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, R,
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[ 1 8 ] "I H
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I n i t i a l D e s i g nS t a g e " , T h e S o c i e t y o f
N a v a l A r c h . J a p a n , N a v a l A r c. lh9i ,t e c t u r e
l98l,
a n d 0 c e a n E n g i n e e r i n g ,V o 1 .
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g otion
[20] Hirano, M. et dl,
P r e d i c t i o n b y C o m p u t eirn S h i p D e s i g n " ,
C o m p u t eA
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Theory", Trans. RINA, Vol. 125,
pp45-68.
" D a t a f o r t h e E v a ul a ti o n
[ 2 3 ] M i k e li s , N . E .,
o f t h e A c c e l e r a t i o n C o e f f i ci e n t s f o r
i n S h a l l o wa n d D e e p
T a n k e r sM a n o e u v r i n g
l,laters", Inter. Shipbuilding Prog.,
V o 1 . 2 9 , N o . 3 4 0 , 1 9 8 2 ,p p 3 3 4 - 3 4 2 .
"Art
[ 2 4 ] H o l t r o p , J . a n d M e n n e n ,G . G . J . ,
a p p r o x i m a t eP o w e r P r e d i c t i o n M e t h o d " ,
I n t e r . S h i p b u i l d i n gP r o g . , V 0 1 . 2 9 , N o .
3 3 5 , . ' | 9 8 2 p, p l 6 6 - . l 7 0 .
"Wake and Thrust
[25] Harvald, Sv. Aa.,
D e d u c t i o na t E x t r e m eP r o p e l l e r L o a d i n g s
f o r a S h i p R. lu9n7n6i,n gi n S h a l l o wh / a t e r " ,
pp213-236.
Trans. RINA,
"The
[ 2 6 ] v a n L a m m e r e n ,l , J . P . A . e t d l ,
WageningenB-Screw Series", Trans.
S N A M E\ o, 1 . 7 7, 19 6 9 , p p 2 6 9 - 37. .l
l4.t.,l.C
and
van
l ,
, .
[27] 0osterved
0 o r t m e r s s e n ,G . , " T h r u s t e r S y s t e m sf o r
M a n e u v e r ai bi it y
the
and
I m p r o vni g
P o s i t i o n - K e e p i nC
ga p a b i l i t yo f F l o a t i n g
Technology
0ffshore
0bjects",
C o n f e.rle0n2c. eP a p e r O T C 1 6 2 5 , 1 9 7 2 , p p l l
87-rr
"Vier-Kwadrant
[28]
V r i j v a r e n d e - S c h r o-eKf a r a k t e ri s t i e k e n
Voor B-Serie Schroeven. Fourier-Reeks
0 n t w i k k e l i n g e n 0 p e r a t i o n e e lG e b r u i k " ,
MRIN, Rapport No. 60482-l-MS, Mei
1 9 8 4 ,p . 3 0 .
" M a n e u v e r i nTgr ' i a l s o f
[ 2 9 ] C r a n e ,C . L . J r . ,
t h e 2 7 8 , 0 0 0d w t E s s o 0 s a k a i n S h a l l o w
a n d D e e p W a t e r s " , E x x o n I n t e r n a ti o n a l
C o . R e p o r tN o . E I I . 4 T M . 7 9 , 1 9 7 9p ,. 1 7 4 .
"Prospect of NewGeneration
[30] Kose, K.,
o f M a n o e u v e r i n gM a t h e m a t i c a l M o d e 1 " ,
Nineth Meeting of the International
M a r i n e S i m u l a t o rF o r u ma t U n i v e r s i t v o f
l ^ l ael s .

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship Design V
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
@ IFIP. I985

447

E V A L U A T I OO
N F S E A K E E P I N GP E R F O R M A N C IEN S H ] P D E S I G N
B A S E D O N M I S S I O NE F F E C T I V E N E SCSO N C E P T
Ryusuke HOSODA
Osaka PrefecLure, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
Yoshikuni
KUNITAKE
Engrneering and Shipbuilding
Co. Ltd.,
Tokyo,

UniversiLy
Mitsuj-

of

and
Japan

A concept of rmission effectiveness'

is introduced. for evaluatrng
the seakeeping
performance
of ships at the early stage of ship design.
rn order to evaluate the mission effectiveness,
short-term
and
long-term performance effectiveness
is estimated
by
applying
formulatj-ons
commonly used in estimating
ship responses rn rough seas with the ass.istance of probabilistic
theories.
And, a method of simulation
is also applied to evaluate the overall
seakeeping
performance of ships in rough seas.
Finally,
the mission effectiveness
whrch comnrises fhc
cost to performance trade-offs
is evaluated systernatrcally.
The present
be operated

1.

INTRODUCTION

The definitron
-rrrP

method rs applied to the evaluation

of seakeeping performance
for a mtssionrsalvage
of ships in distress
at sear.

wa>

of

the

which enables the

ship

qcrrrico

nrescril-rcd
damaoes

or

seakeeping

l q h i
. r - t y n l <5

d5

9!vcrt

co sarl

qnocd

performance

n A r f
i . r r l ^ r
t,o! L !uu,ar

with

rrithnrrf

del-erinretinn

af

of

n r ^ n a r t u _r
_E- ,r_,

as

rabilifv

hc

oirrcn

mi ssionq

to

wi fh

qrrFficiant

t^

keeni

farinn

h',1l

- rr -- -uLdl u ! ! r LI y r ! . .
L

hor

nprfnrm:nno

nf

chin
nn

fnr

a v o n ' , r i! ,-r ^Y

!vr

I hF

s^ qeuu

c:fot

chin-hr'l

passenger,
crew,
onboard
equipment
under various
sea state
condl-trons.
Since
results

\/

rq n
i l ur l

cargo,
and eLc.,

the terrn 'seakeepingr

was coined,
of
research
rvorks related
to

qe:keeninn
the

ncrfnr-a-ce

oresenf

analvzed

have

R p q n ^ n q a I cJ !

r \ 9 v y v r

theorcficel

been
nf

lrr

:nd

lrspy n
v ro

chinq

r j - cL.sl q

many
the
)u rFn

of

f t t l
shinq

l v
fnr

geometricaf
The

r r f i

l i z o d

i n

imnrnrrin^ rrY

t h t r
v^ !r

o w n o r i m tor nL tf cr 'l lL e a f y 1 \ ,

i n i j - i : l
n -L if m
u^ P
r ";r -zi r- r- 1^ 9

tLnv

in

d e c r n n

q r a n a

!hLrrc

Jc rhr r_nycr

dimensions.

oerformance

desion

in

fho

boats

to

cornpared wrth that to the calm sea performance,

payload and costs.
It may not be inconsistent
only
if the designed shrp is t.o be operated in
cal-m seas exclusivelv.

init.i:l

Pollowing
the
deveJ-opment of
practical
the
applications
of the SWATH shrps,
which
have
excell-ent
seakeeping
performance as
is
we]1
known,
attentions
have
been paid
to
the
consideration
of the seakeeping performance at
the initral
design stage.
Several methods have
been reported
up to
present
the
1 2, 3 , 4 , 5 ) .
However,
the
evaluation
of
the
effect
of
performance on the
seakeeping
shiprs
costsi
r . . r
cost/perforrnance
evaluation,
is missing
rn those methods,
though rt is one of tne most
important
for
the
ship owners and
the
ship
operators
as well as the ship desiqners.

h^^-

hr1,6

phases of studjes on the response

the
characteristics
in regular and trregular
waves and on
Lhe
short-term
and
long-term
response
predictions.
However,
these results
have not
h e e n

patrol

keeping the

c'f

under a specific
sea state conditionr
We
[1].
can grve another expression Lo the
definirron
assioned

of

chin
J ' r t P

design
has
marnly
been
the
estimation
and
evaluation
of the cafm sea performance.
For
rnstance,
the
speed-power estimat.ion fo.r
the
trialcondition
can be done with the
accuracy
of 1% at present.
ft is because that the calm
sea
nerformanee
ha<
hpcn
raa:rdod
rc
^F
m al o r
amporLance, and the guarant.ee of Lhe ship speed
at
the
official
speed trials
has
been
prescribed
in the ownersr
requirements.
This
means Lhat the shiprs performance j,s ,-valuated
on the basis of the calm sea performance.
i^le never say that no seakeeping
considerat.Lon
has been done by ship designers at t.he init.ial
design
stage,
but they have
attached
little
weighl to the seakeeping performance evaluation

In
the
nethod

present paper,
for
evaluating

y^ ^s- rFr^v- -! -, -L^ r^ a 1 r u E

u!

o!1a;ls,

the
the
which

authors
overall

propose
a
seakeeping

includes

the

cost/

performance evaluation
as wefl as the
performance
evaluation,
by introducing
a concept
of
fmission
effectiveness'
The rnission
l6r'll.
effectiveness
presented here prov-ides a quanlitative
measure
for
evaluating
the
overafl
seakeeping
performance.
fn order to
evafuate
the mission effectiveness,
techniques developed
for
the
relj-abiJ-ity
anafyses
of
engineerrng
systems
as
well
as most
of
the
techniques
deveJ-oped rn the naval architecture
are
fully
utrlized.
The present rnethod is applied
to the evaluation
of the overall,
seakeeping perforrnance of patrol
'salvage of ships
boats
operated for a mission
in distress at sear.
2.
2.L

SEAKEEPINGPERPORMANCEVALUATION
Concept of

Mission

In
order
to evaluate
performance
of a ship,

Effectiveness
the
overall
we introduce

seakeeping
the concept

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation artd Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Eds.)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP. 1985

E V A L U A T I OO
N F S E A K E E P I N GP E R F O R M A N C IEN S H I P D E S I G N
B A S E D O N M I S S I O NE F F E C T I V E N E SCSO N C E P T
Ryusuke HOSODA
IIn iuarc

itrr

a
f
v r

r 4 e J

Oqak:

Drof

ont

M i l

qhinc

nf

at

lho

and

shorL-Lerm
commonlv

Used

of

nrcqant-

r r c
!q

f n r

chi^

is

a ^

for

introduced
r-

/r6cr^-

raqn^.qce

i-

is

annlred

lo'ho

ru^yu,

evaluating

is

estimated

rorroh.eas

fhe

with

to

: n

- L i n c

qe:Leonrno

nf

eval'ratinr

-c rhr if nP l q

rwr qa - c

which

n i \ r a n
Yrv!rr

the

enables

nrocari
v!LJU!!uru

hod

carrri

A
v q>r m
r L: qnYascr

qneed

wi

n i rvrup

r nr rnv je- rhr e

u
e

Yf

l-h;
I i+r,
oufttLy

---i^-^i
assf
9rLsu

af

ru^v

exnreqci

hv a
c

nirron
YfvsLr

*i--i^-o

fLnv

'w- r' i i Lhr r

keeping

hor

nn

d r c l r a e c

-o

:u

cr rhr ir ny

JL \as as yn ri h ^

tha

on'v

rnl

we

fha

yn eo rr f

l v nr -r .m. Ja rnr ne cc

harro

haen

aAfaf\/

qpqnonqpq

nraqonf

: nr ra ql rr fr az Eo ud
u
^L^^^^
Prro-E-

^r

ci.

of

f h a ^ r a i i c sa rl ul rq r! t !

e n d

^r,.Ares

on

Ir csnyovr rf

:nr'l

i ns

'rn
qP

have

ll cl a
c rar n
nF

!f ur fr rl f l r r

chinc

H.up./F--

'J

r r r i l i z c d

far

i n

l h o

imnrnrrin^

geometrical
Tho

these

^r

i n i f
-nl

i ^ l

have

i h 6

daqinn

in

tho

inifial

shi

rI l -1 -5 ^L +
--^^
dr r Lc ,

Lhe

est

Pvwu!

imafion

fOr

accuracy
condrtion
can be done with the
trial
nf 19, af nreqenl-It is because that the calm
malor
sea performance has been regarded as of
ri .mr ny n
u r! t r n qn qa r r u c ,

the

at

:nrl

means

lhai

on the
I^Jp

in

r v v v

v r u !

weioht

J q /

hcen

done

>La9s,
to

the

ownFrsl

the

^
Jc rh ri r P

l.he

has

trials

reo'rirere.ts.

-d Pn q^ c^ jq

no

hv

shin

qcakeoni

fuhr Fr Lv )

seakeenino

ro

-hrauv /er

enne
at

^t

far

tho
r ^ o l

> e

t"
tz,

of

effect

the
qhi

fhp

rs

t h o

c h i n

nf

q !

mlss]-ng
the

:nd

of

.^ql

r IS

nro

nurnpre

ql
r ).

r? . a d
,

nr

at

h a ' . ^

m a f h ^ d -

P!crcL'u

if

chin

the

performance

|,.-F;
-evdrudLLOIl,

-ho'roh
uL,vJY r'
imn^rt^nt

fhp

moSL
chin

d o q i n n o r q

Tn
fha
nroqonf
nrnor
fha
Arrth^re
a
v--pose
meLhod for
evaluating
the overall
seakeeping
performance of ships,
which includes the cost/
-p-Fnrmenco

6/^l
,,rf

rAtion

i ^n

as

hrr

i nf

welI

as

the

rnrirrni

na

effectiveness
^p y! e^ -- <
^ -r rr a" ud u

The

l6,1 I .
rh ro! r! oL

vn e r f o r m cnnnonf

n rr u
n vr rr iudrcJc
p

af

massron
e
q

r ru: 'nr lL. fi

yn u

tative
measure
for
evaluating
the
overalf
performance.
In order to
evaluate
seakeeprng
the mission effecLiveness,
Lechniques developed
reliabil iLy analyses
engineering
for
the
of
systems
as well
as mosL of
the
Lechniques
in the naval archiLecLure are
fully
developed
utilrzed.
-hF

of

nr.sFnt

meirrnd

uhe overall

F,^^ie

ThiS

rn distress
2.

ideratiOn

fh.

iniLial

I ached

lit'tle

ncrformanee

nn

WeII

LO

is

annlied

seakeeping

n
n co rr ur Li ac ^s
vP

F^r

at

-i

tn

-hc

evafuation

performance

-^i^-

of

r^-1,,-^^
vo\,s

^f
v!

patrol
-hi
^-rrrP-

sear.

cvafuaLed

is

decioners

fLa

i- ^u

evaluation

have

i g

i d
yn ua r e

q o r r o r : l

/ a a r F a- r, - . . . . . n c e

been

ca.Im sea performance.

f haf

Lu 'u. L1

nf

nerforra-ep

shiors

of

qAV

r r L v v !

r^^:
^us>I9ll

speed

the

the

basis

na\/ar

haq

d,,Ar:nt
oo
9uo!qrruLL

official

nraqerihed

y !

fho

in

nractical

which
ac

seakeeping

norfnrmenno

ract

l-ha

hoor

rc Lf r^ Y^ Lo

,u, Pn

the

o1

norfnrm:n^e

the

^ o
u
L rc ri 9^ r^ r

nn

nffr^r

qhrns

i.hc

and
For

^- P^^c ^u . 1 - n o w p r

nneraLed

hc

SWATH ships,

rn

of

!r sa Pn vn rr n o rL i c e

fnission

r d a

estimation
mainly
been the
has
design
of the calm sea performance.
evaluation
rL^

1-\a in-^n^r^r--!
fo

nnmenr

l^avo

a\7r'l

dimensions.

norfnrm:nno

"nv^rf
is

v.

the

soakoeni

i . i f ri :ul - u r

not
c f

d F q i d .

imizino

,n"ruU1

oeen

ChafaC-

7ocrr1 t s

tO

boats

calm sea performance,

the

dovol

of

^ - o r r t

t F r i s l - i c s i n r e o r r l a r a n d i r r e o r r ' la r w ? v e s a n d o n
.response
}ong-term
and
short -Lerm
Lhe
nradi
n f Li nr vn ,c
Pr Luru

lhp

connrises

natfOI

el-in

vef

'hp

I c--

co:ltoani

i n

r e! SJ yn vo"nJ S! e

to

Tt

Excrusf

I n'.'i nn

haan

tu^v

c x n c r i m e n t a l l v

the

seakeep-ing

overall

nf

lac;qnad

However,

many
the

u uFu. r

that

i'ti^e

evec'

nr rnY

orobabilistic

which

nnchc

consideration

p
nn
v ,vi o! en qr v. tr rI Y

cargo,
performance
ship-hull,
of
sufficient
equipmenL and etc.,
passenger,
c.rew, onboard
under various sea state conditions.

co oc rul^zLoLoPn fi

the

ArLUwrl,

ion

Since
the term rseakeepingr was coined,
to
works
related
research
resul-ts
of

formulaLions

of

ner'orranee

applications

rtv

dpfanlL

fr a
v !r

applying

the

[1].

I he

by

c c a r .

a t

ud Llll Seds

hrrr

e:nahi

conditionr
nr

of

n r . ^ F r f v

qrrfferi

thnrrt

sea state

a specific

i e r r l a r

sa:-l with

to

ship

no

n a r l

.lafari^r:fi^n

under
^^

r q h i n l q

a Jq
u

performance

seakeeping

performance

effectiveneSS,

iqsrslanee

evaluate

nv c: \y, 1t u
^q
: .u] : n d

the

nission

effectiveness

compared with

of

the

systematically.

INTRODUCTION

The definition

uoPari

rhe seakeeping

-,,aIuate

'

evaluated

l - _
rorvogs

m i - - : ^ _

raPail

!uu.,

^r^dr'^

performance effectiveness

trade-offs

mpihod

n
v Pn ca ! r r i e d

is

chi^

vso^a'

is also
applied
a nethod
of simulalion
-ho nicsinr
in rorroh seasFi-Allw-

shins

performance

to

ThF

1.

^f

estima'inn

And,

cost

cr:^6

long-term

in

Lheories.
nerformanee
y

effectrveness'

o^rl'

KUNITAKE

FU nt 'n9i rn ]or oL rUi lnr nt ] l u l l v :Un rr rl r y vc uh l i n h | i l d i n n

c , , i

'mission

A concepl of

q:l<:

rrro

Yoshikuni

evaluation

2.1

SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE VALUATION

Concept of

In

order

norf

nrm:nno

to
af

Mrssion Effectiveness

evaluate
:

ch

i n

the
Lfo

overal-1
i nt

r^.1,,-o

seakeeping
l-ho

.^n^anf

448

R. Hosodaand Y. Kunitake

SEA ENVIRONMENT
I I I N D S ,i , i A V E S

S H I P ' SM I S S I O N

S H i PS Y S T E M
CAPAB
LITY

S H ] PS Y S T E M
SUBSYSTEM

PERFORIVIANCE
ILITY

PERFORMANC
E
I FFICTI VENESS

ICATION

S H I PM O T I O N S
HEAVE,PITCH,SURGE
SI,JAY,YAW,ROLL
VERT1CAL/LATI RAL
DISPLACE14ENT
VELOCIIY
A CC EL ER A TI O N
RELATIVE
I'IOTIONS
D ISPL A C E I 4 E N T
VELOCITY

|,JIRELESS
ICATION

PASSENGE
R

HULL-RESPONSE*
I N TE R A Ci T
ON

MISSION
TFFECTIVENESS

DEL I BTRATE

:-0fl-/LANL
O P E R AITO N

uldf

P R O P E L LR
EA
RC I N G
B E N D I NM
GOI.ITNT
I NG
SLAl.ll'l
D E C KI { E T N E S S
V IB R A T I O N
E X C E S S I VREE S P O N S E S

f]

SEAKTEP]NGPERFORMANCE
EJ
DEGRADATION

Fig.
of

mission

j-hp

r:FF

Refation

between Shrprs Mlssion,

effectiveness

^f

eL
nL
nU
nm
l r
u
r t nt p

whrch is

i^hi..^
rrrrrr'g

lllf ssf

ult>

defined

by

^^
-lnnar]
o55
L9rrqv

r_nu

the ship in unit cost.

Namefy,
the index
of
mission
effectiveness
is provlded by the
rate
performance
of
effectiveness
to an unic
cosr
cost + operatl-on cosL). In Fr-g. 1, the
{cupifal
concept of mission effectiveness
rs illustrated
schematically.
We can
understand
from
the
figure
that the perforrnance
effectiveness
rs
o h t a i n o d

eh Ir r

effeets

f ho

The

nf

dtte

ance

of
chi

ri rnr tuas nY rr au tLi fnr ^r Y

n-c\zetam

shi

n-qvql

I i rrr

canahi

I i fr/

f nl

and

inn
i n

nera

afnr^f,,ra
q-r,r.t
anal

I la

aro
nf

fnl

I nu'i n^

, . . L i c L
^ - - r u - -

-^ries

noori

v
nn

f urn

nqed

i n
ts\ y/ nPacc-

Structure
i n

a smr (c ( -c Ir r cr f L

to evaLuate the
the ship-svstem

ca-f

n r r _
r ^ i n : r p
I J a r , l u L F _ - -

rr:naorl

'fhoco

nammrnl

enni

possible
rt
tiveness
of

---

rirrr

n:lraA

rrrp
wqeq

.-r

eanh

^u Fr

and

rho
a l
Ii u
I ,

rol

-y-rs"'

paral.Lel
i:hi
rnd

i ^n

I nr^rc.

nF^ne

rho

rc rhr r iP n r

-c

abiLity
which meet the
execution
of
missions
efficiently
in
calm seas.
The
narFnrm^n-a
affo.Firronocc
nirroc
rho
measure
o[ deteriorat.ion
of ship's performance in rough
seas, and is equal to lOO% in calm seas.

( b ) f 4 l S S I 0 N :T R A V E L

Therefore,
we can
also understand
from
the
figure that in obtaaning Lhe quantiraLive
index
of
the mission effecliveness,
it is necessary
to
(1) clarify
Lhe missions assigned to uhe ship,
\4/

uvr"lJu-s

sulLdu_

lo

<hin-el/cfom

^--+
-r e^ l1e^v d i l L

>
* .n- d
-

subsystems onboard,
(3) defi,ne the motion-induced
performance
radation of subsysLems,
(4) estabfish
the
method for
estirnating
A \ / ^ l r r A f i n a

f h o

m i c - i ^ -

^ . . ^ - t

i " ^ - .

Since the missions assrgned to cargo

not cl-assified cIearIy,
the mission

HELICOPTIR
( d ) M I S S I 0 N :R E S C U T

and

- -

boats
are
effectivenaqq
oF
neirnl
hnet
c
onnrnod
i n
_ mfssl0n
'salvage
of
ships
rn
distress
at
sea,
rs
evaluaLed
as an example in the present
sludy.
The salvage mission comprises several
duEies.
And in executing each duly,
differenL
combination
of onboard subsystems are necessary to be
installed
as iflustrated
in Fiq.
2.
As shown

: OiIING
i E ) I ' l I S S I O NT

Shi nr s
^f

chi

Y i ssi on-qlr<l-am

i rrr

h-L^

performance effecas stated

in
the

rue define

inherent
assigned

_i n- -

serres

i A ) S H I P ' SY I S S I O N

^erformP

Here,

:c

_ . . L ^ v q f
5 u l s j o L c . . ot 5_ q

! t g u t s ,
cxe.rrf

rslsvarrL

an'ho

subsystems.
c:n:ni

em

r l r a

racn^-cac

shin

onboard

: l l

Ship-SysLem and Seakeeprng PerIormance

and

SL-rucEure

Evalttation of SeakeepingPerformance in Ship Design

2.2

Performance Effectiveness

of

subsystems

esttmate

Let
us take the surveillance
mission of patrol
boats as an example for explatning Lhe evaluation of performance eIfecriveness.
In

order

il

ic

to

execute

t.he surveillance

^r

the

s h i rnP - s vr f . t Jo nL r r ( r

ur r

Table

(1)

where,
n denotes
the
number of
subsystems
arranged
in a series.
e1 is the
performance
effectiveness
of individual
subsystem which rs
a
component of che serles
sLructure,
and
is
neel

hw

p:rh

i nj-enrefi

no

a l l

fhe

o F f cr es fsaL _

results
from publrshed
of cremen.

Seakeeping Performance
of Onboard Subsystems

v^ f!

Jc .h ri r P -

on the performance effectiveness

r.0
4.0
0.05
0.03

papers

Degradatron

of

3.9
r0 . 6
0.r9
0.t2

2.4
4.8
5.0 12,1
c .r
0.3
0.05 0.24

iaL:, TA(E,'0Ff
AID LA!DiIC

for

3.0

S S C P A T R O LA 0 A T

for

3.2

M0ilO-NlLL pAtRoL B0AT

The estimated
val-ues of perforrnance degradation
are
tabulated
in Table 1.
Most of the vafues
in the table can be applied for patrot
boat
of
any
type.
The performance
degradation
of the
propulsion syst.em, defined by the nominal speed
loss,
is estj-mated by consrdering
the calm sea
performance,
added resistance
due to winds and
waves.
Fig.
3 shows an example of the estimated nominal speed loss.
i n c a l ms e a ( 2 t . 2 k t )

safe navigation
is
ensured,
we must
the surveillance
itself,
shown by the
sLrucrurerSEARCH'
Fig.
in
2.
fn

norfarmin^

tuh. ra!

da c^ L+f iv, t, r . .L.y ,

Jc Lo ur !r er nh

s- ,u,DL S^ y, s. ^I er m s ,

- t i

Lne

componenls
of
Lhe paral IeJ- structure
work
complementally
to each other.
In other words,
the
ship-system
fails
to execute the
surveillance
mission
only
when the
performance of
every subsystem deterio.rates
under a prescrtbed
threshold Ievel simufLaneously.
1n Lhis case,
we can obtain the performance effectiveness
en
by

I4H-2
o
-

L = 9 0 . 0 m
^=2080t
t l

5 16
l5

m
ep =

(l-el

T[

narallel

m
!

is

the

number of

sr Lt r! un ec Ll -ur!rer ,e -

effectiveness

of

: n. 'ru]
q

BeaufortNo.
Fig.

where

c- l

subsystems
iq

tha

in

narF
IJc!rO.rmance

each subsyster,.

ESTIMATION OF PERFORMANCE FFECTIVENESS

Seakeeping
Performance
onboard subsystems

Degradation

Estrmated

Nominal Speed Loss

the

In
evaluating
the performance effectiveness
of
the
ship-system
engaged rn
the
surveillance
m1ss.Lon, we can use eqs.
(1),
(2) and rne:-r
combinations.

3.1

we
n>trnl

c,rFrqrrcfom

If
the
consider
parallel

3.

fnr

D E C (! t

n
es = T[ ei

responses

Consequently,
decrrd:l-inn

SeCUIe

uv

the
ship hul-I against capsize or facal damages
due
to violent
ship responses,
and lo
avoid
emergency halL of main engine.
This means that
if
either
subsystem oI the series
sLrucLure,
shown in F ig.
2,
fails,
Lhe shrp-sysLen
no
Ionger
has
the capabi-Iity
of
execuring
Lhe
survell-l-ance
mission.
If we assume that
the
function
of each subsystem arranged in a series
is
independent
Lo each other
and that
the
effects of ship responses on che performance of
each subsystem are muLualLy independenl,
the
performance
effectiveness
of
the
series
ec
slructure
can be given by

ohfai

onboard.

oerFormAn.c

boats by adopting
[9, l0 ] and advice

mrssion,
.n

the

449

of

The assistance
of helicopter
on the
surveillance
mission rs effective
though rt must
not
be incfuded in the ship-system.
But, since its
take
off/Ianding
operation
is done
on board,
performance
the
degradation
of the
operation
must
be cons:-dered from t.he operational
point
of view.
So that,
rve take additional
criteria
with
respect
to
relative
wind
speed
and
direction.
Fig. 4 illustrate
the crrteria
for
VTOL arrcrafc
quoted from a paper
carrier
by
C o m s t o c k e t a 1 . [ 1 ] -I .
3.2

In
estimacing Lhe performance effectiveness
of
the shi-p system and onboard subsystems, rve must
define
and
specify
the
motion-induced
performance degradatron of each of the
onboard
subsystems.
Responses
to
be
taken
rnto
consideration
are
various.
However,
ferv
inforrnations
are
available
to
define
Ene
correlations
between magnitude and severiLy
of
ship
responses and the performance degradation

Short-Term

Performance

Effectiveness

In order to evaluate ,the mission effectiveness,

it
it necessary to estimate the short-term
and
long-term performance effectiveness.
he method
of
l-inear
superposition
frequently
used. in
marlne
engrneering
rs applied,
and
for
the
long-term,
a statistical
predJ-ctron rnethod with
the
assistance
of probabilrstic
theories
is
available,
which will
be mentioned later-

450

R. Hosodaand Y. Kunitake

Ia+

.hr!

--

ar

ni qqror

assiorod

tO

ship comprises n different

Mt, M2, M3,
duties:
...,
M.
that the ship-system execute
these
,
duties rn that order,
and that the ship-system
hrc

rn^a-,

M. is
arrencpd

Slnce

in

can

of

CapabiJ,iLy at

Operation

Helicopter

h.

nelLo.l

S I G N I F I C A NATM P L I T U DOEF P I T C HA N DR O L L( D E G )

Fig.

i a c

defined

Sea

as

dono

s h i n r q

performance

n a r t i e r r l e r

effectj-veness

a h i l i i - r r

is

a
s ^y soe^qr ur i 1 nr .^, !

newl

i nfrodrrepd

:cnnrdi

nn

f^

iho

t h a

MISSfON

conceDt.
S E AS T A T E
PARAI'4ETERS
H w - T w

are

rnn
fnr

! h ^

svctemc

^ h : r

Lrre

sntp,

Uin^
thc

performance
rI,s

hho

--^hrhilistic

rpliahililrr

IBl-

aII

eSLrmatron

:q n
, r :u l r rJ rJ c
L o
J c

N A m p ] \ / ,_

is

tL h
rro
v

lr n
v rn
1 9a -

given

by

the

assigned
mission
under a specific
sea state
condrtron.
fn
Fig. 5, a
block
diagram
for
esLimat.ing the
performance
effect fveness
is
illustrated.
As understood fron the
figure,
q h a r t - t o r
f h e
n r o c e q q
i n
e c t
i m : f i n a
r h a
* __-m per_
formance
effectiveness
is almost the
same as
L h a t c o m m o n l v r r s e d i n F s f r m a t i nu Yo fL 'hr r F Jsr rhv ^ r t - t e r m
disLribution
of
ship responses in
a
seaway.
The parts
encfosed with bold-fined
blocks
are
effectiveness

d.r+ v

lasr

accomplishing

efflectiveness
proooorljLy
as

condilional

The short-term

hv

Lu

of

performance

Lerm

the

the duties

long-term

race

- ^

onorr

-..oi1oa/:nq

the

the

r q c i ^ n d / i

dcve

when

corioc

we have

. l , i t

misslon

This means that

effectiveness
r h a

. h^

I i cq-i

frnished.

ADDEDRISISTANCE
IN REGULAR
ll]AVTS

Pel =

If

we can

in

nature,

Per,=

for

P ( M 1 ) . p ( M 2M 1 ) . p ( M : l M : . M r ) . . . .
.P(MnlMn-1.....M2.Mr)

suppose

thal

duly

is

independent

we have

P(Ml)'P(M2)'P(M3)....P(M")

Lhe long-term

fhe

qhin-q\/qrem

The

Iong-term

oach

each

(3)

lrtv

sLaListical

performance effecriveness

c_ n. -nr :* n, -a d

in

m r , l r_ -i tnsl -a,

performance

.an

(4)

h6

effectiveness

esrimatF.l

pred-icLion

met_hod

,hyr z
[12]

of

A
* *, _' t- ie s .

for

rur_c! ir nr Y
n

rha

as

p(Mi)
SHIP RISPONSES
IN
IRREGULARWAVES

2r o = lo
. 1 6 J 6P u s i ( H , t , 1 1 . p i ( H , T , X ) d H d T d X ( 5 )

DISTRIBUTION

SHORT-TERI4
PREDICTION
O F S H I PR E S P O N S E S

where,
denoces
the long-term pdt
Pi
of
sea
state
condition
a sea area where the ship
is
operated for che r-th duty,
and js given by
a
function
of wave height H,
wave period T and
heading angle of Lhe ship relalive
ro mean wave
direction
performance
X. Prsi is the short-term
effectiveness
of the ship-sysLem for the
i-th
duty.
SHORT-TERI'4
PREDICTION
-rolEliii'PREDICTION

LONG-TERII1
l , / A V ES T A T I S T I C S
LONG.TERIlPERFORI'IANCE

(2) Method of

In
order
to
evaluate
performance
the
effectiveness
from
the operational
point
of
view,
long-term
sj-mulations of operatj-ons
of
ships
engaged in the same mission
under
the
same conditions
are available.
In

Lhe present

hoaf

Fig.

Block Diagram for Performance

Effectiveness
estimatlon

Long-Term Performance Effectrveness

As
mentj-oned
previousl y,
Lhe
long-term
performance
effectiveness
rs able to
esrlmare
by applying a probabilistic
method [8] and the
statistical
method [12].
From the operational
point
of
view,
we can
appfy
a rnethod
of
operational
research.
Namely,
a method of
simttlat

mission
(f)

ion

for

of

qhin

ooerafton

a long period

Probabilrstic

method

of

rn

time.

^n

rqeinnod
qJJr Yrruu

.narifin-

study,
fnr

simulations
mission

patro_l

of

rqal\/^oF

-f

- q ! v o Y c

u ,

chinc
J r r r y J

in drstress at seai are carried out.

Srnce the
arm of
the sirnulation
study is to obtain
the
lono-term

3.3

-[ong-term simulaLion

,,,

yoLe! r f o !rumL :r n, ,cqa_ r

affaal

i rranocc

h
,l
_ *, _

not

to

simulate actual, operations,

conditions
of
the
simu)ation,
occurrence oI sea casualty and sea
state
condrtions
for instance,
are to be
the
same for all
the patrol
boats
concerned..
In
Table 2, conditions
conmon to all are shown.
It
is
assumed that the
sal-vage missron
.LS
composed of four duties;
travel
to the target
ship,
surveillance,
rescue
and return
to
a
port,
and that
execution
of
each
duty
is
r , v h e nt h e s h o r t - t e r m
ensured
performance effectiveness
for
the
duty is
not
less
than
a
prescribed threshold IeveI;
30 t in the presenL

Evaluation of SeakeepingPerformance in Ship Design

Table

Main Features

SEA CASUALTY
Average Int. = 12 hours
inside a ctrcle of
radius = 500 N[l

2 ) L o c a t i o n : U nr f o r m l y d r s t r t b u t e d

3 ) K r n d : N o s p e c i a lr e g a r d s
4 ) S h i p s i z e : 5 0 t o n - 1 0 0 , 0 0 0t o n
5) Ship kind: No specra) regards

TRAVEL
')
S p e e do r p a t . o b o d r s : - r g h e s t a t t a - . a b l e s p e e d
w r t h k e e p i n g p e r f o r m a n c ee f f e c t i v e n e s s : 3 0 2
SURVE
I LLAI.ICE

Towing required: 502 of sea casualtresjs

P e r f o r m a n c ee f f e c t i v e n e s s : : 3 0 2
Capacrty of towrng hook: 30 ton max,
A d d e dr e s i s t a n c e o f t o w e d s h i p : I n c l u d e d
l ' l a x , t o w i n g s p e e d : 8 k t ( F n = 0 . 2 f o r s m a 1 1s h i p )

REPLEN
I SHEt.IEI{T
1) T i m e f o r r e p l e n i s h m e n t : 4 h o u r s f o r e a c h p a t r o l b o a t
SEA STATECOI'IDITIONS
l , l i n d sa n d w a v e s :

1 ) S u r v e r l l a n c er e q u t r e d : 6 A 2 o f s e a c a s u a l t r e s x
2 ) P e r f o r m a n c ee f f e c t t v e n e s s > 3 0 2
3 ) l ' l o d eo f s e a r c h : S q u a r e s e a r c h f o r p a t r o l b o a t s * x
Sector search for helrcopterH"
,120
4) l"lax.search trme:
nours
5 ) D r i f t : E s t r n a t e da c c o r d i n gt o s h i p s r s e , w i n d s p e e d
and current speed**
6 ) S e a r c h a r e a : D e t e r m i n e da c c o r d r n g t o d r i f t ,
5ea srare a.o si ze o! pdrroI boat-"*"
7 ) E x p e c t e dl o c a t i o n o f t a r g e t s h r p : D i s t r i b u t e d
normal y around the center of search area.-x
: FromlJhrte Paper on l'laritime Safety (T984)
: ' r o r S al u a g e M a r u a . l ' l a r r t r r e 5 a . e t y A g e . c y

MosL of the condirrons

are
taken
from
the
tLh' re s

1 ) P e r f o r m a n c ee f f e c t i v e n e s s : > 3 0 2
2 ) R e s c u et r m e i n c a l m s e a s ( T q g ) : l l e i b u l d i s t r i b u t r o n
Averagetrme=4hours
3 ) R e s c u et i m e i n w a v e s : T p g / p e r f o r m a n c ee f f e c t i v e n e s s

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

1) P o s r t r o n o f b a s e : C e n t e r o f t h e c i r c l e
2 ) T y p e , s i z e a n d n u m b e r :A r b r t r a r y

v- \y /

Study

TOl.lIIIG

PATROLBOAT

iqqilcal

Simulation

RESCUE

1) Intervai of occ"rre4ce: Ixpo-e-t-a' d'slrro,t-oa

study.
mission

of

451

M^riI

ima

Q:fcrrr

for the
salvage

A-on.\/

n
v rf

salvage
manual
.u 'o- P' -a- r l .

1)
2)
3)
4)

G e n e r a t e ds e p a r a t e iy f o r e a c h a c t i v r t y
L o n g - t e r m w r n d s p e e d : L o g - n o r m a ld i s t r i b u t i o n ' x - ) r - - ) i R e p r e s e n t a t i o no f s e a s t a t e : B e a u f o r t n u m b e r
l , l a v e s :E s t i m a t e d f r o m B e a u f o r t n u m b e ra f t e r l T T C
rec onmenda t I on-F-r+x5 ) L o c a l v a r r a t i o n a n d c h a n g ei n s h o r t t r m e : U n c h d n g e d
6 ) S e a s o n a lv a r i a t i o n : I n c l u d e d
L
Current:
I ) T o t h e E a s t . i n S p r i n g a n d S u m m e ar n d t o t h e f J e s t r n
Autumnand l,linter

; L x - :x F r o mP a p e r so f S R I , S u p p l e m e n to . 3
-sx-x*F
x :r o mP r o c .
l l t h I T T C1 9 6 6
Fig.
6
rl-lustrate
the block dtagram
of
the
simulacron.
As indicaced in the
figure,
Lhe
salvage accivity is divrded jnLo four
stages.
In
Lhe Iirst
stage,
a palrol boar of suitab-Ie
lype and size is chosen.
Namely, if a patrol
hnar

herri na

i nfor

i ^r

caAkoo^i

na

n a r -f n- r_m
- .-. -. l n c e

IS

called
out,
she wil-l- not be able to travel
to
the location
of the sea casualty
occurred,
due
performance
to
less
effectiveness
of
the
prescribed
lower
level.
Then she must
be
-crl

aeerl
nn

norf

nrmr'

The

second

part

the

target

ship.

pacrol
rho

boat

t,rr.r

aF

^a'

.thFr

hv

co:l<ooni

is

and

I La

the
If

tLi-

hnel

rnl

ha'zi

nn

hu if Y n
r rhLp! r

,.-

scage
the

of

surveillance

communication

Lhe

rargeL

-frnF

rc

ship
ct

is

of

berween
available,

r^^orl

I.

ShOWn

in

+F\

surverl-Lance
m ai n l v
is
perforn'ed
ily a palrol
boat,
but if Lhe patrol
boal can carry a helicopler
on board,
both Lhe

;l

:l

qc^r-hpq

;l

available,
and the shorter
search
T
in the figure
is taken as the
for the surveillance
mrssion.

: l

;l

F o r

hrr

r h c

The

thrrd

cLin

noq

Rl
c:l

nnl<
rr:no

ni

i c a n l

h^Ai

o r

rnd

hal

^-

i nanr

time, T
or
search
tirne

t ^ k o - ^ l f l l r n d i n n

n n o r r f i n n

the
lower limit
of the performance
effectiveness is assumed JOB.
By usrng Ehe heLicopter
operatron criterla
shown in Fig.
4,
we obtain
Fig.
7 as an example helrcopter
take-off
and
landing
capability
in winds and waves.
After
take-off,
a helicopter
is assumed fu}ly
actj-ve
i n
n e r f o r m i n n
r h o
c r r r r r o i l l r n n a
m i c c i n n
DUt an
aLrenrron musc be paid that the fighr
duration
is ]rmiLed by rhe fuel laden.

P .t .
ttill
I E L]
RTP!
MAi N

Fig.

h p l

n^l-r^l

anr:m
Mi

cci

nf
nn

Simulatron
for
Boats
by Patrol

stage

is

.rc+16c.

r--

-j
L L t t- 5- ri t^ U^ t l ,

-L
L t l e-

r f i on

r. i rh

zarn

the

rescue

rS

assumed

n r^ _f !r vn rl
p

fnrur:

rd

rnvaq: er

of

lives

thaL

and the
the

durino

^l zL oc o
y rn c

rLhI ^l e

---^
Sdilte

cnaod

The last
stage is return
port.
to
a
When
towrng rs requlred,
the added resistance
due to
rr'inds and waves of torved ship are
taken
into
account as well as the calm sea resistance,
but
nai

f hFr

ct

rh:

_ _
t'/

-^r

nnrrrqo-kooni

nn

arr:l

i f rr

nf

452

the

R. Hosodaand Y. Kunitake

towed ship

are

considered.

achieved

due to

nerfOrmanae
The

rrnil

neriod

of

natr^l

ho^t

nnp-afion

is

one

year and the simulaLions

are carried
out for 25
times; i.e.,
25 year simulation.
As understood
from Fig.
5, the sirnul-atron is carried
out for
anrr

cnml-rin^fi^ne

nf

n:fr^l

l-\^^ia

of
-

suffrcient

seakeeping

^r L: r ! ^- - ^t ul l r ^s ,- -

-l

u !

(e

d l L u

- oe .I / \

\ ! 6

means lhe rate of missions unach.ieved from lack

of the numbers of patrol
boat.
we can consider
that
the occurrence of sea casualties
and
sea
state conditions
corresponding
16 (e_-e1)
have
the
statrstical
properties
equivalent
to
that
of

B E A U F ON
RO
T.

lack

ocu rl Jr yqv n
- s

t- oJ

..

\a*o

-he
srr-

, ,

i m n r a , r o ^

i c

/ -

norfnrm:nee

at

- e , ) X e , / e

- --

;.- --

aal
r h

h r r

l n i t

r,ncrease of the number of patrol

boat.
If the
numbers of the patrol boaL to be operated is n,
rhen

t hc

.^n

ha

u1 -/

I onn-1

acfim^f.d

llTu.-t\

,. i - h^.,-

tion

a- f_ .f -a _
r r_

-LVeness

n-

nrrr,.i

^.,t

(6)

r ha

c n r r a c - n - r vl Li l v

nn

SrmUl-a-

rl,Y

study.

r|rqlr

type
Fte-ont

LU

luaL>

|,oLrur

in
di

norfnrm:nno

(e -e-) xe, /e

-rr

orm
hv

l_- r_o

and/or

size,

spakeeni

nc

n_ n- a r r t o r ' l

rro

._- ,l !i _
! re^ I- e- -l fL L

each patrol

nerformanep

boar
W
rre
s

e
L oa _n r

nas
:uny ny fl

the
same treatment
in
that
case.
If
drfferenl
patrol boacs designated a and b
operated for the same missron for rnstance,
performance
effectlveness
in
total
can
estimated by

Fig.

Short-Term
Helicopter

e
, = p
-a+D
' a t - * t\ -ea o - e
- a- l., ), ,xeeb b_ r^ x
e ae _b -

Perforrnance Effectiveness
of
Take/Off Landing Operatlon

where

(3)

Examinatj-on on the

frequencv

of

simulations

eurr

same
obtained

As is welf known,
a simulation
study is a case
sLudy with using probable operacron conditlons.
Therefore.
it is necessary to carrv out a
lot
numbers
of
simulations
in
order
to
obtain
reliable
resu.ILs.
Carrying
out
such greal
numbers of simufations
for af1 the combinations
of patrol
boats is nor advantageous indeed.
present paper,
an idea is introduced
to
the frequency of simulation:
qrrnn-qF
qimrrl:l
T,pj- rrq
f iret
tha
od
tn so_r f, - o r m a n c e
effectiveness
to
be e1 when a patrol
boat
.is
operated for the salvage mission,
_
and to be
when sufficient
numbe.rs of patrol
boats of
the
same type
and size are provided as
shown in
In the
reduce

Fin

Frnm

that
ness

F
Lh
' ro!

!f ri nY lur !ou ,

the difference
of
(1-e-)
indicates

"-j^--+--^

performance
rate
the

effectiveof
mrssion

eal

(e--e

)^1

eb-

srmulations.

2 eb1

and

e.-

(4)Sea conditrons

are

defined

above,

Tn eq.

by
and

Lhe
are

(7),

(8)

2 e5_

for

long-term

of
tho

prediction

In applying eq. (5) for the statrstical

estimatron
and for the simulatron
study,
long-term
\{ave
and wind
statrstics
are
necessary.
According
to
long-cerm
r v in d a n d w a v e d a t a
analyses lI3l,
the probabtliLy disLriburions of
rvave height
and perrod follorv the
log-normal
probabiliry
1aw separately.
However, no spec.iioinl

Lhe

and

mentl-oned

l{e can apply this idea to any combinations

nat.r^l hoifs I-- he .nerafe.l for aqi im:finn
performance ef fecuj veness j n total .

height

en+l

by

eo,
as

(1)

are assumed.

f tc
1.0

u-r

manner

rr
)

two
are
rhe
be

n _r ovfl r v: l r i ! I i r r r
P

and period
nnc

i rf60ra-;

and perrod
nunerical ly.

in

is

wi t h

eq.

dicrrih,,tsi^h

established
resneel-

(5)

were

f- ^_ r

wave

so far
j-a

warra

ll4l,
h
I ra
r fi Y r n
r _h f

carrj ed

ouL

For the srmulation sLudy, Iong-term probabiliLy

of
occurrence
of
wind speed was assumed to
follorv
the
log-normal
distribution
after
Takaishi
et al.
Wave height and period
[13].
are
determrned by using the
relation
between
Beaufort
the
Number and wave height
and period
recomended by ITTC I15 J.

t2
= U

"l

4.
0

MISSION

4.L

n+l

Patrol

EFFECTIVENESS OF PATROL BOATS

Boats

NUIIlBER
OF PATROT80Ai
Tn

Fiq.

Scherne for

Reduci,ng Times of

Simulation

iho

n^i'r.l

nrac6nt
hn:f

n:^6r
c

h>tri

nn

seakeeprng performance of
different. sizes and types

Evaluat io tt of Seakeeping Performance in Ship Design

is estimated and evaluated.
Four existing
monopatrol
hull
boats of different
sizes and tno
tentatively
designed Semr-Submerged Catamaran
(SWATH) type patrol
boats are taken to
compare
t'he mission effectiveness
at sea.
In Table 3,
marn part-iculars of patrol boats are caoulaLed.
SSC-2 has the same dimensions as those of
the
commercial ferry rSEA GJLLT.
Table

Main Partrculars

t'1HI
TENGTH
BREADTH
DRAFT
Dl S P L A C E I ' ] I I ] T
I.IAXII''IUI'1
SPEED
RANGE

4.2

MH 2

of

[1H-]

r 0 0 . 0 9 0 .0

: o ai
2?.1
570C

Short-Term

Performance

SSC-]

s 5 c2
31.5
t7.r
3.2

(at

mrdqhrn)

h^\/o

a t l ' l C RS P E E D

25.5
r000

Effectiveness

It is useful,
if we can get lnformati-ons aboul
which
response is the most deleterious
to
the
performance
ship's
rn
rough
seas.
Fig.
9
illustrates
an example whrch sholr,s the
effect
of
indrvidual
response on the
workability
of
crew
on board.
It is evident from the frgure
pitch
that
and vertical
acceleration
at
a
workshon

S H O RT E
-R M
P E R F O R MEA N C
] S
E F F E C T I V E N E. S

Boats

63.C 65.0
1.9 3s.3
2.1
5.5
565 2AAA
r8.0 r3.0
3C00 40c0

r'lH4

73.0
11.6
9.6
3.8
3.3
208C 1 2 3 6
2 1 . 6 2 0 .0
5 r 0 0 44C0

14.6

patrol

453

cinni

ficrnr

Fig.

10

Effect of Sea State on Performance

Effecliveness
for tSurveifl,ancer

from
the
long-term u'ind and wave statistics
lrrhich were sunmarrzed by Takaishr et
al.,
by
analyzing wind and wave data observed
visualty
on commercial shrps.

on the
human performance in head
seas rvhrle
roll
and lateraf
accelerati-on
are
deleterious
in beam seas, for a mono-hull patrol
boat. But,
the effects
are llttle
for a SSC.

- -.,
I i NTTR

tl

Fig.11

_,_

0
PIICH --ROLL .
,
.
,
.
.
V,ACC.
L.ACC.
Fig.

PERFORMANCE
EFFECTIVENESS

EffeclS of Ship Responses

on Human Performance

In Pig. 10,
example of the effect
of change of
sea
state on the performance effectiveness
of
surveillance
mission are shorvn.
It is easily
understood
that
the
effect
rs
mucir more
significant
for
a mono-hull patrol
boat
than
SSC one.
4.3

Long-Term Performance

The

long-terrn

sea state

Effectiveness

conditions

lvere

taken

SilP SPtt0

An Exanple of Predicted
Long-Term
Performance Effectiveness
(Travel )

Fig. 1l
illustrate
the long-term
performance
effectiveness
for travel-.
Frne lines are
the
values in calm seas and are equal to 1.0 at the
maximum speed.
Bold lines,
broken fines and
dotted
Iines indicate
the seasonal effects
on
the
long-terrnperformance
effectiveness.
!{e
can
understand that shiprs performance at
sea
is
decreased compared wit.h that in cafm
seas.
Thrs
is caused by the nominal speed
foss
and
the
decrease of short-terrn performance
effectiveness
in rough seas.
The seasonal effect
is
signi ficanL
for
s m a lI m o n o - h u l I p a t r o l
boals
and
is
emphasized
in
winter.
But,
tt
ls
lrttle
for large mono-hul-f patrol
boats and SSC
patrol
boats.
From the results,
it can be sard
that
SSC type patrol
boats will
be fit
for the
salvage missions.
Frg. 12 shows the results
of sirnulation
study.
In the fJ-gure, solid symbols indicate
simulat.ed
results
and hollow symbols are estimated one by
(6)
using
eq.
and (7).
Symbols chained
by
dotted
lrnes
show the effect
of
nurnbers of
patrol
boat on the rate of
mi-ssion
achieved.

454

R. Hosoda and Y. Kunitake

c n n q i d p r i

l00T

n a

t h e

d r i

f f

^ f

r h o

r ^ r ^ a t

c h i

caused by winds, rvaves and currents,

search
time was drfferent
according
t

'

'vnF

. . ' oB

.t.

P.'-

Y
I
f.

: i

T-

/
// //

'
/

Y
t

9
l

ilf-l + Mh-4
S S C _ 2+ $ f - 4
S S C _ t+ M h - 3
S S C _ 2+ M h _ l
S S C - 2+ M f- 4 x 2
sSC-2x+
2xh-4
s 5 c - l + M f- 3 + M H - 4
f 1 f- l + M h - 2+ M n - 3+ M h - 4

Lstimated

..

SrmulatedEstrmdted

S r m uI a t e d '

ol

Fy6.rrrp
(3)

Tn

lano-f

ql^l

t h F

q i m ' r l a f p d

f i n r r r e

- o q , r l r q

severaf
plotted

c : r r o

of

r\o

narrol

l-ori

an.l

Lo

Lhe

resi-ned

case

of

mission.

rl-ct-ih

crm

r-rnnq

iaLen

troro

predrcLion,

statistical

.:.re

r'
'ha

frnm

Lhe

hainll

lr-n--o.-

and

StatiS-

tics,
and the ship's heading angle to waves
was assumed to be uniform from O to
360
Howevr,
though the sea state conditions
in
were generat'ed to be
simulation
equivalent

Salvage

results
Simulated
and estimated
of
boats are also
combinaLions
of patrol
i n

tha

Lhe

nc-rofi

of Simul-atron for
Boats
by Patrol

Results
mission

12

za

wrdth and the sea state of the search area.

(2) The lower lirnit of the short-term
performance effectiveness
could not be specified
in
prediction,
the
statistical
but
it
was
assumed 30 % in the sinuLation study.
If it
fell
short
of thrs level,
it was assumed
j-h^i
A n^ir-l
f.oat Could not
continue
to

6
I ! M 8 E RO F

Etg.

..

a..d

and the
to
the

iqr rn:l

Itso

l O f r e f

t-

fh^co

-rrHahr

in

lilr

iha

nrad1^t

dicfriL,rr

,..\-

L^-ts

^rt
r^r
P o L l v f

i nn

i^n

iOnS

parameters were brased.

It is
of the sea casual,ties occurred

state
some

performance effecLiveness Lhan esLimaLed ones.

It
is considered that in the simulation
study,
it is probabfe to occur sea casualties
succes*tch
si vcl v
in
short
r ^ - rr v^u r u^! t
L!,,,s,
are

lrr

ln-n-fcrr

f nrmar

Of

because
while a
r ^g ^c ,
.a -2l tr , v, d

^ama-v

drrp fo 'ack of time for Salvaoe hrrt

lack or j.ho nerformance effecLiveness.

rot

Pc!

imnossihle
patrol
Tf

lo

he

aehieved

hv

smar'l nrrmber

of

boats.
orri r 6

i s

i nf arAsl

( SSC-1x2+MH-4x1
effectiveness

'hal

ino

equivalent

to

that

mono-hull

DaL.roI

boaLs.

F i n

i I l r q f r ^ f o c

f h o

n n m n : r i c n n

ion

performance

the

biqqest
1 - l

e.nhinal

t l^-

give

may

three

of

n f

f h

long-term
mated
and sirnufated results
of
the
oerformance effect-iveness
for the
surveiflance
The resul-ts of 50 year simufation
mission.
of
fhe

sa I vaoe

n^u/pr
i q

.rrr\/p

qrrnnnqed

micci^n

simulation

i q

work

-l

(=VCp)
f^

ha

^nerated

u,ith

Loanin^

qnood

nf

is

nt t6.l

for

fha

MH-?

fower

F ^ r

that

the

:nd

.onstant

-Atr.l

cnood
MH-d

bv the

i n q l - A n . o -

boat

r h o

hrr

On the
other hand,
the simulated results
of
Long-term performance effecLiveness
for
MH-I,
SSC-1 and SSC-2 are increased
compared wrth
predicted.
those
It
is because
that
these
n^f

r^l

^-

\^ir^

l^,n:r

aomnArFq

tha

hnaf

tho

that

predrcted

l-el

I n n n - l F r m

lL:-

nerformance effect-iveness
of MH-4 is about
85?
"t
the maximum attainable
speed 17 kt,
lvhile
it is 67% at L4.5 kt in the simulation.
It can
mainly
be considered
that this difference
is
reasons:
due to following

:ro

:^d

crrnnnqod

thAt

tha

f ^

-^rr\/

>

^nor^tinn:l

hal

m o r i rr r

i^^nl

ar

hv ry r

F
Lh
r ros

assistance
of helicopter
in
the
surveillance
mission
is
rernarkable to reducing the
search
Fig.
tirne.
14 rl-Iustrates
an example
which
hoat

surveillanCe

m:yim,rm

MH-?

than

rh6

-n
avar\'

Thnrrnh

These
reason
make us possible
to
understand
'hat
.h- n-pdic-od vl.|Fs fltvo rnner Iimit
of
Lhe long-term performance ef [ecLrveness.

the

in.l

:nd:

the

) a z
>:1

hv

the

search
is

L"

I^Ia

-^h

with

time
hn:t

tima

i c

rmF

the

rrnno
ron,ri

h\/

n:tr^l

of

nal rol

so q: <- fi lt ry l l , ^ u l - r - t s r - i

assistance

.odrrn-d

dreq-ic:II,

nafr^l

corrch

combination

holr.^ntor

rnonto-

lnnn

qerrch

rcorrired

alo-.

.^--^-ed

oqnonlallv

of
wiLh

When

rarl

- - z

'of
E ' T A T F O LE O A TA L N E \ N F )

Fig.

Operational Merit by Lhe Assislance

Heficopter
for Surveillance
Mission

l4

l:

ot

!.5

In
Table 4,
the Iong-term performance
effectrveness is summarized. The values shown in the
t:h]a

:ra

fnr

* i c c - a r

o .

Fi-q. 13

C^mn^riqnn
T.^nd-tarm

nf
Dor

pradi.Led
fnrmrnn^

and
c'

Simulated

| ^-r;

nar r^l
h
un
v ua Lt cJ
Pqrrv- h ^ r ^ i i ^ + i ^ ^

o
Ln
- -nY>unYo Ld u

ri ,n.

r r ^ . . . i - ^ t

--1"-^^
W a S

n O L

able
to be taken into account,
while
it
was
considered
in the srmulation
study.
From the
last
t\,ro lines,
we can understand
that
the
nredicfod
reqrrl
t
m:rr
nrarrido
:
nnmin:l
upper
'ono-l-erm
I i mit
of t he
nerformance
eftectiveneqq

of

p^-h

nAfr-l

n^^t

onn:ned

in

fho

^-I"--^
5ar
va9E

mISS10n.

(1)

Neither extent of search area nor reduction

of
search time can be rncl-uded in the
staprediction.
However, rn the srmulatistical
tion study, the search area was included
by

4.4

Mission

In order

to

Effectiveness
evaluate

the

of

Patrol

nrssion

Boats

effectiveness

Evaluation of SeakeepingPerformancein Ship Design

of
a ship-system,
it is necessary to estimate
the
overallseakeeping
performance
whrch
includes
the
ship-system capability
in
cal-m
seas
as wefl as the performance
effectrveness
rn
rough seas.
It is because that rf
shrps,
having different
basic perforrnance in cal-m sea,
are
supposed
to
be operated
for
the
same
massion rn lhe same sea area under the same sea
state
conditions,
the
differences
of
ship_
system
capability
may certainly
affect
the
overall
performance effectiveness
of the ship_
system.
fn the case of cargo boat,
the shipsystem capability
is represented by a
function
of payload times service speed,
for
instance.
In
the case of patrol
boats,
we consider that
the effects
of the maximum speed and the
rdnge
are
most important
to evaluate the ship-system
capability.
Then,
the ship-system capabtlrty
can be determined by
SCl = V*.*.,&

The basic performance, the ship-system capability,

the
long-term performance effectiveness,
the
total
costs and the mission
effectiveness
patrol
of
boats for the salvage
mission
are
summarized in
Table
5.
Since
it
is
very
difficult
to show the total
cost of
rndrvidual
ship,
it
ts represented by the relative
va-Lue
to thal of MH-I.
Table

ro\

performance
effectiveness
we can define as

Proa = fp1.SCi.PE1
i

of

( 1 0)

pi ,
where,
SCi and pEi mean the rate of time
spent, ship-system
capabrlity
and the lorig_rerm
performance
effectiveness
in performinq
i_th
duty in rough seas.
Another inportant
factor
for the evaluation
of
mission
effectiveness
is costs of
the
ship.
The life
cycle
cost of
the
shj,p-svsrem
1s
determined
as the total
costs .rp..,O.i
i.
the
lifelong
operation (2O
25 years).
However,
since
the total
costs expended during the long
time
operation
depend on many factors
such as
rise
of
expenses,
rate
of
interest
and
depreciation
and
etc. ,
it
is
dj-fficult
to
estimate
the
total
costs
for
the
lifelong
operati,on
accurately.
In the present
paper,
the life
cycle cost is estlmated by multiplying
the
average
annual
cost
by
the
period
of
operation,
where
the
annual
cost
coirrprtses
fixed charge (capital
cost, insurance,
personal
cost,
etc. )
and
fluctuant
(fuel
expenses
expense, repaarlng expense, etc. ).

TabIe

Long-Term performance Effectiveness

for Salvage Mission by patrol
Boats

0.925

0.909
4 . 7 2 3 0 .5 9 2
( 0 . 3 6 ) ( 0 . 3 4)
1 0 . 8 0l [ 0 . 7 2 ]

H e lr c o p t e r o p e r a t e d
w r t h o u t t o w rn 9
5'a- ldteo l\-n9g' qr pd!ro
Srr,ldteo.\uroer ot pd!ro

ooa:
boa

0.490
( 0 . 3 0)
1 0 . 5 8l

0.883
(0.46*)

[ 0 .e s " ;

Mission Effectiveness
of patrolBoats for Salvage Mission

SHIP

f.lN I

14H-3

l'4H4

s S cl

SSC.2

2 00
.

tB.0

r8.0

25.5

5r00

4400

33
3000

4000

r 000

r 540

I 330

986

1138

806

L NtH-2

21.6

NJIlBIR OF CRII,J

22.1
50

RANGE ( n!1)

5700

5 NI P _ 5 Y S T E I , 1
CAPAL
B II T Y

r710

vmai

where,
Vru"
is the shipts maximum speed and
square
root
of range R indicates
a parameter
for eval,uating the operatj-ng area.
For
the overall
the ship-system,

45s

( kt )

50

15

P ER F O R I ' 1 A N C E
EFFECTIVENESS 4,165

4 . 7 2 3 0 .5 9 2 0 . 4 9 0 0 .8 8 3 0 . 6 5 r

T O T A TC O S T
RAT]O

r. 0 0

0 .8 7

0.66

0 .4 3

0.75

0 .4 3

|!II SSION
EFFTCTIVENESS
RATIO

l.00

0.98

0.92

0.86

r.03

0 .9 3

The results
show that big patrol
boats
have
better mission effectiveness
than small ones in
both cases of mono-hulls and SSCs, and that SSC
patrol
boats have higher
seakeeping perforrnance
than mono-hull type ones of the saroe size. But,
attention
must
be paid to that
the
mission
assigned
to
patrol
the
boat
is
limited
to
salvage
mJ-ssion,
though every one has vari,ous
ni-ssions to execute.
5.

C O N C L U D I N GR E M A R K S

The authors proposed a method

for
evaluating
the
seakeeping
performance
of ships
at
the
initial
design
stage,
by
introducing
the
rmission
concept
|.
of
effectiveness
They
showed that the performance effectiveness
gt_ves
an index in evaluating
the effects
of responses
on the performance of ships in rough seas,
and
that
the
mission
effectiveness
provides
an
index
which make us possi-ble to
evaluate
the
overall
seakeeping
performance
of
ships
including
the cost to performance evafuation.
The conclusion
follows:

of

the present

study

is

as

(1) The concept

of mission
effectiveness
ts
useful
for evaluating
the
seakeeping
per_
formance of ships at the early stage of shrp
design.
(2) The long-term performance effectiveness
of
a
shrp-system engaged in multiple
massaons
can be estimated by introducing
the
Lonq_
term
conditional
probability.
And,
comparrng
wrth the srmul-ated
results,
the
predicted
long-term performance
effective_
ness may glve its upper lirnit.
(3) In evaluating the mission effectiveness,
rt
must
be
considered
that
the
ship_sysLem
capabrlity,
which
comprises
many prirnary
factors
on the performance of ships in
calm
seas, have slgnificant
effect on the overall
seakeeprng performance.
(4) The method of simulation
is recommended to
estinate
the long-term
performance
effec_
tiveness,
since
it
can
include
the

456

R. Hosodaand Y. Kunitake

assistance
oneration
r^-r

--^^

merit
'Fhnrrnh

of other systems;
the helicopter
for the surveiflance
mission
for
is

ITTC ( L966) .

n
v Pn
r re r a t i o n a l

the presenL sLudy.

in

tho

desionafed

I I ( I q o : k o o n i n a

mathnd

nronaqa.i

in

fhe

nrcqFnf

nanar

was limited
to the evaluation
of the seakeeping
performance
of ships that is to be done at
the
initial
sh-ip design
sLage hereafter,
rhe
authors
trust
that the present method based
on
the mission effecLiveness concept can easily be
:nnliod

f^

nf

m:ri

ni-hor

l.hF
no

nrrorllI
cl/ar

evalUatiOn

ncrformanee

amq

The auLhors would like to express Lhei.r sincere

thanks to Prof.
S.
Nakamura and Dr. S. Naito,
Osaka University,
Dr. M. Takagi, Hitachr Zosen
Corporation,
Mr. H. Nakamura and M. Matsushima,
Mitsui
Engineering and Shipbuildrng Co.
Ltd.,
for their
val-uable discussions
and cooperations
to the present study.
REFERENCES
Nakarnura, S., Varj-ous Factors on Seakeeping
Proc.
1st Symp. on Seakeeping
QualiLies,
of
Shrps,
The Society
Navalof
Quality
Architects
of Japan, (1969) I2I-I4I.
K.C., Gloecker, F.M. and Stevens,
[2] Childers.
R.M.,
S W A T HT h e V S T O L A r r c r a f t
Carrier
for
the Post-1990rs,
Naval Engineers
JournaI,
(r91t ) .
[3J Olson,S.R., An Evaluation of the Seakeeping
of Naval Combatants,
Naval EngaQualities
( f978 ) .
neers JrnI,
[4] Comstock, E.N., Bales, S.L. & centrIe,D.M.,

[1]

Seakeeni

no

Capable
(1982).

r-nmna-i

Perfarm:nno

Ships,

NavaI

c^n

Air

Of

Engineers

Journal,

S.K., Na]-to, S. and Nakamura, S., The

[5J Kin,
Evaluation
of Seakeeprng Performance of
a
ship in waves, Jrnl of The Society of Naval
Architects
of Japan, 155 (1984) 71-83.
Kunitake,
Y., Koyama, H. and
[61 Hosoda, R.,
Nakamura,
H.,
A Method for Evaluation
of
Seakeeping
Performance
in
Initial
Ship
Design
Based on Mission
Effectiveness
.^h^^^f
nocinn

Dr^^
i.

?nd

Tni.

r r r L.

chi^hlrilding,

srrm^

vIr i l P.

^n

vr r

D
' r! a c l l c a l

(1983).

Hosodar R., Kunitake, Y., Nakamura, H. and

Taguchi, K., Seakeeping Performance Evaluation in Initial
Ship Design, Proc. 2nd Int.
Marine System Design Conference, (1985).
Engineering, Yokendo
[8J Harada,K., Reliability
Inc., (1911).
[9] Comstock, E.N. and Keane, R.G., Seakeeping
[7]

uy

uEsr9rr,

"-"11
r\avar

E
! rnr d
9 ir " n c c r e

'Tn'rrna

92

(1980) 157-178.
Organization
of Standardiza[10]International
tion:
Guide
for the Evaluation
Human
of
Exposure
to
\,,lhole-Body Vibration,
1st
Edition, ISO 2631 (L914).
Ill]Comstock,
c6>L6d^in^

E.N.,
;n

Bales, S.L. &

chin

Anar:ria-c

Keane, R.c.,
Dy^^.

STAR

Symposium (1980).
Method in Estimating
[12]Fukuda, J.,Statisticaf
Ship Responses, Proc.
of Lhe lst Synp. on
Seakeeping Quality of Ships, The Society of
Naval Architects
of Japan, (f969) 99-119.
Y., MaLsumoto, T. & Ohmatsu, S.,
[13]Takaishi,
Winds and waves of the North Pacific
Ocean,
Papers of SRI, Supplement no. 3 (1980).
T. , Statistrcal
Property of Ocean
[ 14 ]Hirayama,
Waves, BulI. of SNAJ 609 (f980).

a ^ m m i t | 6 6

P 6 ^ ^ r i

Proc.

llth

LATE PAPERS*

*These papers arrived too late to be included under their appropriate sessionheadings.Their correct positioning is given by the
superscriptnumbering at the end of their titles in the contents list.

Computer Applicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP.1985

459

H U L L F O R M D E F I N I T I O N A N D C O M P U T E RA I D E D D E S I G N

A. Koops
Maritime Research Institute,
Netherlands
(NSMB, I'lageningen/Ede laboratories)

The paper presents

a general
description
of t.he computer aided hu11 form definition
system
presently
in use and under developmenL at MARIN. As these efforts
are part
of a long term
development of an integrated
CAD system, wiEh special emphasis on the hydrodynarnic aspects of
ship design,
the first
chapter gi-ves a descriplion
of the overall
concept of this systero. The
hull form sub-sysEeu is discussed in the next chapEer.
In the final
chapter a newly developed tool for the transformation
of fas! displacenent
round
b1lge hu11 forros, which was successfully
used for
the definition
of a systematic
series
of
ships, is presented.

I.

INTRODUCTION

paper a general
this
In
description
of the
computer
aided
hu11
form
definition
system
presently
in
use
and
under
development
at
MARIN is presented.
This system is part
of a long term R & D effort
to develop an integrated
coraputer aided
design
system,
with
special
ernphasis on the
hydrodynauric aspects
of the ship design process.
The overall
concept
of Ehis long term
plan
development
will
be discussed
in
the
first
chapter
of
chis paper Eo indicate
the
environment
of the hul1
forn
definition
subsystem
in
package.
the design
The hul1
forrn
definition
sub-system will
be presented in
the next chapter.
Fina11y,
a new developed tool
for
lhe transformation
of
fast'
displacement
round
bilge
hul1 forros is presented
in the last
chapter
of this paper.
2.

should be sEressed,
It
in
even
in
computer
aided
ttchoice rnechanismttrnainly
(preferably
designer
paraneter
variation
procedures ) .

L]6HTWEIGAT
D E A D W EG H T

STAEILITY

At present,
when designing
ships,
there exists
no generally
accep!ed straightforward
sequential
approach.
process,
The design
in
fact,
consj.sts
of roaking a great
nurnber of choices,
that are often mutually
related.
The choice of
possibilities,
the
various
principle,
in
is
done by "tria1
and error",
whj-ch means that
the consequences of choices nade, are verlfied
with
the aid of analyEical
methods. This process,
performed with
an increasing
degree of
detail
and accuracy,
presented as a
is often
design spiral,
as the one by Buxton (Fig.
l).
Thls
spiral
should
not be considered
as the
description
of the design process,
but as TEE
general principle.

O MENSIONS

H!LL

OISPLrcEMENT

ENOURANCE

GENERAL

P O W E RNI O

GENERAI OUTLINE OF A COMPUTERAIDED

DESIGN PACKAGE

As part
of
a long
term research
effort
at
MARIN the development
of a new computer aided
design
system ca11ed "HOSDES", was initiated
in 1983. The roain emphasis of thls
system lrill
be lald
on the
hydrodynarnic
aspects
of
the
preliminary
ship design.

this
respec!,
that
( CAD)
design
the
consists
of the ship
supported by routlnes
for
studies
and op!lnization

FSEEgOAP^

DEPTH
LONG
sIRENOTH

Fig.

Sinplified
Buxton

design

VOLUME

spiral

according

to

The design
system,
thus,
consists
of
three
parts:
- the ship designer
- the problern-orj.ented
application
programs
- the data storage
"CASDrr
in an up-to-date
systern supported
by a
system
including
man-machine
communication
"graphics"),
(with
executlon
control
and data
handling (Fig. 2).
To enable a further
discussion
of
system, the design process is split
nurober
of
1eve1s,
analogous
to
trips
around the design spiral.

the design
up lnto
a
sequentlal

460

A.Koops
Frorn the obtained
collection,
a selection
can
be made to
obtain
a series
of
desiens
for
further analysis.
The approach discussed
above is presented
in
the 'routline
schene" in Fie. 3.
_---.-.--------

EXECUT

EXEcurrvE

/,

{'"'"/

Fig.

2 Principle

of

the Design

Systen

2:!-Zers-1syel
When designing
point will
a ship,
the starting
generally
be a number of omerts
requiremenls
payload,
concerning
ship
type r
speed,
range
and operating
condiEions.
These data are the
prirnary input
for Ehe system.
The "zero
leveltt
is
intended
to
obtain
a
parameters,
starting
set of input
with which
the
designer
can "enter"
the
design
system
(Leve1 1).
itself
When the data of a good basis ship are availab1e, which do not deviate
to Duch from lhese
requirements
for
the
ship
to
be designed,
then,
of course,
one can enter
leve1 I with
parameter
pertaining
values
to
that
basis
ship.
A sinilar
approach
can be adopted
when an
occasional
calculation
is needed e.s.
for
an
existing
ship.
Secondly,
if
no satisfactory
basis
ship
is
aval1ab1e
then use can be made of a "natrix"
of ships deflned
previously
fron which, using
a selection
procedure,
the most suitable
ship
can be chosen.
The third,
and most fundamental,
approach at
zero
level
is
the application
of a Concept
Exploration
Model (CEM) as for
instance,
Lhe
one described
in I f].
for
this
a C&I for
rhe
ship type under consideration
has to be avail-able.
A Concept Exploration
Model is an integrated
design
program
that
can work
on a very
restrlcted
number
of
input
data
and
which
"desi-gns"
by means of
rather
coarse approximations a collection
of ships.
Such a tool
can be used to review,
by systenatical
variation
of paramet.ers, a range of
designs
and
to
test
the
feasibility
wirh
respect
to
the
or.rners requiremenEs.
Also
it
enables
the designer
to obtain
an impression
of
the
influence
of
variations
1n the nost
parameters
inportant
on the
results
of
the
design under consideration.
Characteristic
for
"closedtt
such a
program
is
the
relatively
short computing line per design,
together
with
a comparable low degree of accuracy.

Fig.

3 Diagram of

Design Level

?:?--L:ye1-I
prepared an initial
After
having
set of main
dimensions and oEher ship parameLers in 1eve1
zet:o, these data can be investlgated
further
at 1evel one.
The rnain characteristics
of this 1eve1 are the
description
of the ship by a restricted
number
(about 40 to 60) and a series of
of paraneters
independent
calculation
procedures
for
each
topic.
AE 1eve1 one, the designer can verify
a nurnber
of decisions,
such as the subdivision
of the
hu11 by bulkheads
and decks,
the superstructures and deckhouses.
The application
programs used at
this
leve1
are in mos! cases as ttcoarsett as those used by
the CEM at the zero level.
BUE also
nore
complex
calculation
methods,
based on statistical
data,
using
e.g.
roain
dimensions and hul1 coefficients,
may be used
here. Examples of this
are prograns for esEinating
resistance
and propulsion,
like
those
of Holtrop-Mennen I tO]. eft".
each calculat.ion
the designer
will
decide whecher he will
continue
with
the parameters
chosen or not.
In
principle
the sequence in which the programs
will
be used j-s arbitrary,
although
in practice sone logical
sequence will
be applied.

Hull Form Definition and Computer Aided Design

between
programs
Chooslng
the various
done through a "menu" driven system.
is presented in Fig. 4.
The principle

461

roay be

.-1;\

q.1
I-_l'-

i r

sL@xll

l;;-r
F.

l;;;l

Fig.

4 Diagraro of

If the results
can proceed to

Design

Level

of 1eve1 I are
the next level.

satisfactory

one

?:l--t gye-l-?
At 1evel
I the hu11 shape was described
by
means of
coefficients
eEc. ; at
1eve1 2 the
geometry
of
the
hu11
is
defined
in
more
detail.
With
these data
the calculations
in
"
b
l
o
c
k
"
(Block
the next
2) can be performed,
as indicated
in Fig. 5 .
these calculations
If
have 1ed fo satisfactory
results
then first
the division
of the hu11
and
after
that
the
superstructures
and
deckhouses (Block 3) is laid
down, these data
being needed for the calculations
in Block 4.
the calculations
If
of this
latter
block have
been
finished
and
the
resulEs
have
been
approved,
then the "verification
calculations"
of Block 5 can be used. hrhen subdivision
and
superstrucEure
definition
are already known in
an early
stage the order of calculalion
can be
chosen freely
by the designer.
The prograros applied
at this
leve1 as well
as
the
input
used,
are
basically
of
a t'higher
order"
of accuracy
and detail
than those of
the previous 1eve1.
is thus evident
It
thaE the definition
of the
hu11 geone!ry
is
part
an essentialof
this
1eve1 2. For this,
various
approaches roay be
used
which
will
be discussed
in
the
next
chapter.

?:1--r:y:1-1
the
In
following
design
levels
applicatlons
that may be considered are,

"ned'
e.g.:

Fig.

5 Diagraro of

Design Level

applying small local changes in rhe

hul1 forro,
- using inore detailed
data of appendages
as propeller
struts,
rudders ducts,
bilge keels etc.,
- adding cavitation
calculations
for
propellers,
- using lifting
line rheory for
propeller
calculaEions,
- including wind effects
in stability
calculations.
TL^
^^-^--1
g
eneral.
lne
Ir a^ y. .
ouc
will
be
the
same
discussed

for

leve1

The HOSDES system

enable
the addition
the future.

as

2.

will
of

be "open
ended"
more applications

to
in

?: ! - !::: gl- 9!!tgt: s!:'et

To enable the designer to judge his design and
Eo obtain
soroe guidance wheEher his particular
design
rnay possibly
be improved,
it
is
the
intenLion
to
incorporate
an
optinization
procedure
in
the
sysEen whlch
can be used
either
at leve1 I or at 1eve1 2 of the system.
l{hen
a
designer
is
able
to
define
his
requirements,
goals
and constralnts
of
the
paraneters
design
such a sysEen will
supply
hin with necessary information
to improve his
design within
the given parametric
space.

462

A.Koops

has been
roethod to achieve
this
A possible
described
in
various
articles
by
Farrokh
Mistree et a1. lZ, Z).
To iroplernent this method in such a way that it
phases in the design
can be used at different
great
system
wiII,
however,
require
a
flexibility
structure
of
of
the organisation
the system.
3.

S U B - S Y S T E MF O R T H E G E O M E T R I C
DEFINITION OF HULL FORMS

the geometry of a ship in an early

To define
design stage with
only a limited
set of data
(rnain
dimensions,
form
coefficienEs
etc)
^--^:r ^Lr ^
ri c^-1nt
heins
avdrlaUrc,
nethods
are
applied.
generaLion
These methods range from a direct
of the hul1 form from the given parameters
up
to an exact
copy of an existing
ship stored
somewhere in a database.
hu11 forro especially
The design of the shiprs
in
the
environment
of
our
institute
is
strongly
dependent
on
the
hydrodynarnic
requirements.
perforrnance
For shipyards
the sti11
water
i-s
in most cases the most important
criterium
to
meet Ehe contract
requirements
for
speed and
power.
But
also
seakeeping
and
nanoeuvring
characteristics
are
becoroing
nore
and nore
inportant
and
in
our
opinion
the
design
requirements
in
the near
future
will
require
designs
to meet so-ca11ed service
requirement
conditj.ons.
implies
for
i.nstance
This
that
requirements
for
sustained
speed in specific
seastates,
restrictions
for
accelerations,
dynamic stability
next to
and manoeuvrability
power for a certain
installed
target
speed in
calm water will
be nade.
hlith
the analytical
tools
available
at
this
moment v/e are able !o calculate
most of these
phenomena,
however,
often
with
a
linited
degree of accuracy
wi11, however, not be possible
to optinize
It
a given
hul1
forn
Eo meet all
requirements
using analytical
tools
only,
due to either
a
lack of accuracy of the available
tools or due
to
the
enormous
amount
of
computer
time
involved
process.
in such an iteralive
Especially,
the
effects
of
srnall
loca1
modifications
of
the hu1l
form
can norrnaJ-1y
noE be predicted
by
analytical
tools
with
sufficient
accuracy.
Therefore
sti11
a lot
of
research
in
toering
tanks
will
be needed to
qiven
reach
final
the
hul1
form
for
the
requirements.
For an early
design
stage this
leads to the
concLusion
that
it
1s almost
inpossible
t.o
define
basi-c parameters
of a hu11 form using
analytical
techniques
on1y.
way to
The best
define
a hul1 form to our opinion
is therefore
the use of a "goodtt parent
forro from which all
particulars
are
known
and
to
apply
transfornation
techniques
to
obtain
a
ship
with
particulars.
the
requested
The
particulars
of the ship to be designed should
be in
the vicinity
parenE form used
of
the
guaranlees
because
otherwise
no
can
be
expected with
respecE to Ehe quality
of Ehe
new ship
defined,
in
comparison
with
the

parent

rorm.

be clear Lhat a large series of "good'l

It will
parent forms is needed for such a process.
The choice and the availability
of Ehese hul1
form
descriptions
and
the
subsequent
information
related
to
the
hydrodynamic
properties
wilI
qualiEy
define
rhe
of
the
geonetry definition
systen.
For
the
transformation
parent
of
the
hull
forms in this
design system use wiII
be made
of several
existing
transfornation
lechniques
which are well
docunented and used a1 over Ehe
world.
Next to these techni-ques, use will
nade
of
a new procedure
especlally
suitable
for
high
speed
round
bilge
displacement
hul1
forms,
which
\.ras developed
in
198I.
This
nethod is discussed in the following
chapter.
illustrate
To
the
suFsystern
diagram is presented in Figure 6.

geometry

4,,,,;-A

6^r*;7
qTI*\

YTT:\
I

6;;;-7
---]-----

\FoRM

SAC. SECTIONALAREA CURVE

I
]

TRANsFoRHArrcrf

lt 9oct- s A c , l

Fig.

6 Sub-system geometry

part
The first
deals with
the selection
of a
proper
parent
form
for
the
Eransformation
process.
This selection
is based on the rnain
paratreters
specified
for
the
ship
under
consideraEion,
like
main
dimensions,
form
coefficients,
ship
type
and sone additional
requirements.
is
It
the inEention
to supply
the
system with
a possibili.ty
not
only
to
select
parenf
one cornplete
forr0 but' also
to
enable the designer
to combine different
fore
and aft bodies.
Parent forms are defined by a number of cross
sections and the conlours of the ship.
The form definition
of a parent forro requires
a "fair"
form
to
enable
any transfornation
process
to produce reasonable
fair
forms for
new designs.
In a final
stage software will
be
available
to interactively
fair
the generated

Hull Form Definition and Computer Aided Design

- ^ ^ t , ,
1 ^ ^ - l
forms
if
needed and
also
to
4YVLJ
rnodificalions
to these forms.
process is very inportant
The selection
and is
running
interactively
to enable the designer
to quickly
raake a final
choice
of
the most
suitable
forms
offered
by the
database.
It
will
supply the designer with the requirements
for
the necessary transformation
to arrive
at
t.he specificaEions
defined
for
his
specific
design and produce suggestions with respect to
transformation
nLethods
irnplemented
in
the
system to perform this task.

The actual
transfornation
in
the
systen
can
be
F ^ 1 1 ^ . . i - ^
! wrruwrrrS

6r

u uP>

methods incorporated
subdivided
into
the

Changes of che sectional

area curve which can
parameter
(C-),
rnodify
the
fullness
the
position
of
the
longitudinal
cerltre
of
buoyancy and the length
and posiEion
of the
para11e1 rnlddle body.Once
the new sectional
area curve has been defined
a straightforward
procedure
can be used to define
the sections
by shifting
che longitudinalposition
of Ehe
ofd
sections.
and
Lackenby
several
other
authors
f ,
- t
,
14, 5l have described maEhematical approaches
which are easy to use in a compuEer systern for
both sectional
area curve generation
as well
as for the longitudinal
procedures.
shift
A method rrsjns a lransformed
sectional
area
curve
but creating
a new geometry through
a
distortion
of
the
sections
is
described
in
Chapter 4 of this paper.
dist.ortions
Vertical
rhrough
a
vertical
displacement
of
the
waterlines
which
can
change
displaced
volume
and/ or
stability
properties.
procedures
Analogous
as
those
defined
for
longitudinal
frarne shift
can be
applied
here.
Several
exarnples
of
this
g].
technique can be found in references
[+,
transformation
General
through
a
transformation of all
poinEs of the shiprs
surface.
This
method
is
especially
suitable
when
transformations
perforroed
have
to
be
with
given constraints
for specific
parameters like
deadrise,
bilge
keel
radius
etc.
This mechod
is described
by Sdding and Rabien IZ] and has
the following
general form:
(x',,

yn,

zn) = F (x,

y,

z)

where F is a 3-diroensional
vector
funcEion.
A
series
of standard functions
has been defined
by these aulhors
for
specific
transfornation
requests.
With
the
above mentioned
nethods
successful
transformations
can be achi.eved when moderate
changes
for
a
lirnited
nunber
of
ship
parameters
are
requlred.
The designer
using
the system should, however, be able to process
the transformations
step by step,
possible
if
changing
only
one parameter
each
time
and

i
I

producing
intermediate
resul!s
for
checking
and evaluaEion purposes.
good
To
obEain
result.s
iE
is
therefore
essential
that a great number of parent forms
with
known
hydrodynarnic
behaviour
are
available
to
limit
the
complexity
of
the
transfornations
required
and
to
limit
the
changes in hu11 forro.
For
F^r

further
refinements
rho nrnr,,^+i^of

production
purposes
the exisEing
fairing
in our institute.
4.

Changes
of
main
dimensions
like
length,
breadth or draft
through a roultiplication
by a
constant
factor
for
one
or
more
of
the
coordinaEes of each point on the surface.
Form
coefficents
are not affected by this Drocess.

463

of the hu11 forrn

different
u
d rr aq wwr 1 i1 n6 us s
the system is
linked
programs presently
in

and
for
to
use

Transforroation
technique for hieh
speed displacement hul1 forms.

For the definition

of a systematic
series
of
round
bilge
high
speed
displaceroent
hul1
forms,
based
on
parenE
a
forro
with
a
blockcoefficient
of 0.40,
i!
was requested
to
define
hu11 forms with
Co values of 0.35 and
using
0.50
a
computer"ized
transformation
technique
guarantee
to
reproduction
of
any
ship of the series.
The above mentioned parent
ship
form was optimized
for
both resistance
and seakeeping
behaviour
after
an extensive
initial
survey of a large series of rnodels
To ensure good results
of variants
of
I S].
parenE form it
this
was requested
to retain
"
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
'
r
Ehe
of the cross sections
of the
parent
form as nuch as possible
during
any
t ransforDaEion.
The
transformation
techniques
available
at
that
moment aE our insEitute,
and the Delft
University
of
proved
Technology
to
be
inadequate
for
the
requested
transformation
steps
and the condition
to relain
the cross
secEion characEer of the parent. form.
With these results
in mind a new method was
developed
as a combined effort
of the Delft
of
Universi!y
Technology and NSMB, whlch
is
based on the distortion
of
cross
sections,
predescribed
using
a
transformation
of
the
curve of sectional
areas (SAC).
The transformation
starts
from a parent
form
defined
by a number of sections
and the ship
contours.
The curve of sectional
areas of this
ship
form is
calculated
for
a given
design
draft.
The actual
transfonoation
is deflned by
the inpu!
of a new curve of sectlonal
areas
either
obtained
through
a numerical
relation
with
the SAC of the parent
forn
or nanually
defined.
The latter
optlon should be used with
great
care to ensure a fair
hul1 forro of the
transforrred
ship.
The basic
transformation
formulas
applied
for
the
distortion
of
the
sections
can
be
(Figures
described
7
and
for
8)
each
coordinate
as follows:

= Xpnnrrqr
Xun1^l

(l)

. N E W --

\L)

'PARENT

/ ^ \

Ztgrw= Zperuttt + zo + YpAnrmr tano (3)

464

A.Koops

Where:

= LongiEudinal
position
of the
section
= Breadth of any point on any section
= Verticaf
position
of any poin! on
any secEion
= A vertical
shift
to be defined as a
constant value for each secti-on of
the ship
= An angle to be defined
as a
constant for each section of the
ship.

The paraneLers
Z^ and a have to be defined
for
each section
in"such
a way, thaE t.he required
area as given by the new SAC, is obtalned.
procedure
The iterative
to
arrive
at
this
point
is built
up in such a way, Ehat first
a
value of zero is taken for Z^. The appropriate
value of o is then calculated.
After
Ehis part
the
angle
between
the
tangent
of
the
inEersection
point of the frame and the centre
(Figure
line
checked.
9) is
l{hen this
angle
exceeds an angIeB_^.., (defined
by the user)
the transformation'u6?
this
particular
secEion
is calculated
in such a way that
the rninimum
required
value
of Zo and the maxirnum possible
value
for c are dete-rmined for which B
will
not be exceeded. This process is carrY&
out
for all
sections.
The result
is presented as a
g:1ph of.l. md ,o along the length of rhe ship
(rlgure lu,).

Z +Ytanq,

Fig.

7.

Principle

of

transformation

The application
of a Zn - correction
inpl_ies
that
the contour
of th;
ship
is changed. So
far only minimum values of Z^ are obtained.
In
the program the user may ch"ange the obtained
values of Z^ nanually
to redefine
the contour
line.
program
The
then
calculates
the
corresponding
values of o for each frame. Next
Eo
this
opt.ion
an
autonatic
opEion
is
instafled
by which Ehe conEour is redefined
on
i Ln^e
E

LD-a^Si -I S

^g
o
t

a^

a
L^

.,^1
verus

^_

oL

^
v

|
ldefined

by the user) and" the longitudinal

position
of
the section where the Zo corrections
should be
zeTo.
A1l intermediate
Z^ values are then generated
by the following
fo-rmula:
zo (r)

= zo(o) *

(t

Y-..--_

Fig.8

Z o - c o r r e c t i o n . in

Fig.9

Rise of

transformation

sin qz.)

where:
Zn(r)
Zl(o)
u
d (r)

= Z^ value for section r

= ZI value for section o defined
_ u ,
by the user.
= 0" for section O and 90' for
last
secLion as defined by the
user.

Because
the
transformation
meEhod is
only
based on the
underwater
ship
form,
several
problems occurred above the design waterline.
The calculated
value of the parameter d
for section
20 ac the forward perpendicular
is
zero because the area of this section
i.s zero.
To avoid
discontinuities
in the ship forro the
following
solution
was adopted:

c ( 2 0 ) = c (t 9 ) + [ a (] 9 ) - a ( r B ) ] * o . s

floor

liroitarion

Hull Form Definition and Computer Aicled Desisn

Betr^reen sections
19
and
20
the o-curve is
defined
by a parabol-a with its
top at secIion
20. A11 sections
forward
of
section
20 are
given
che same a value as that of section 2O
(Figure l0).

465

An arbitrary
correction
formula was developed
based on equal deck lines
for
tranforrned
and
paren!
form,
resulting
in
a correction
of
the c values above the design waEerline
in the
forward
part
of
the
ship
for
each section,
using the following
formula:

(z-z^,_)
*
a * ^ _ . = c o s .f - - f I { ne\{
(rOeCf-ZCWL

90.l

x *, O L D

40+

where;

Fig.

l0

Plotted
results
paranefers

l
SE:I C\S

of

o_^_- = transformation
paraneter
ne\'t
Eo be used
0nr. = Lransformation parameter
defined for the underwater
form of the section
= height of the point of a
Z
section
ZCW' = height of rhe design
\,raterline
ZntCr = height of rhe deck point
of the section

transformaEion

To
be
able
to
use
this
transformation
technique
also
for
the
shipform
above the
design
waterline
another
adaptation
was
necessary,
especially
rahen the
deck helght
should
remain the saroe. The maxiroum height
of
a section
is
reduced when Cp is
increased.
Therefore
it
will
be necessary" to extrapolate
the sections
up to the required deck height.
hleen increasing
the
fullness,
however,
also
the
bow flare
increases.
This
results
in
irrealistic
forrns for extrapolated
sections
as
is shown in Figure I 1.

For
the
definition
of
the
afore_mentioned
series
this
correction
was only
applled
for
hull
forrns when C. values were increased.
5
An exarople of
Figure I2.

a transfornation

is

presented

in

process
The
described
was
used
for
the
definition
of
a
systexnatic
series
of
ship
forms.
For this
series
successful
transfor_
maLions were obtained
for
variations
of
the
c _ o _ ef fi c i e n r
CU ranging
f roro 0.35 up co
11::k
0.50, all
based on o"ne parent hu11 form \,rith a
CU value of 0.40.

Fig.

12 Transfornation example for

C U= 0 . 4 t o C U= 6 . 5 .

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMTNTS

Fig.

1I

Exarnple of transformation
above DIIT- in forebody

probleros

The author
is pleased
to acknowledge
the work
carried
out by Messrs. Versluis
and Keuning of
the
Delft
University
of
Technology,
in
the
development
and
tesEing
of
the
presenled
transf ormation technique.

A.Koops

466

References
M.C. and Drummond, T.G.,
E.r.s,
ttConcept
and Approach
Exploration-

f-tT

lZl

L3l

| +]

IS]

L 6l

lll

LBI

I S]

I tO]

863b

to
Warship
Transaction
Design",
Sroa11
R.r.N.A.1976.
}luster,
Mistree
and
Farrokh
Dougl-as
"Design
A ConpuEer-Based
Harmonization.
Approach for Design in the Systeur Age",
0ctober
I F I P W G 5 . 2, W o r k i n g C o n f e r e n c e ,
24-26, 1983, Lyon, France.
and Phuoc,
F.,
Hughes,
0.F.
Mistree
"An
the
Method for
H.B.,
Optinization
of
Constrained
Large,
Highly
Design
Engineering
Systems",
Complex

0pEimization, 1981, Vol. 5, pp 179-197.

H o r s t l , I o w a c k i , G u n t e r C r e u E z, F r e d C .
Creat.ion by
Munchrneyer, "Ship
Lines
and
Methods
Conputer-0bjectives,
on
Int.
Srnp.
Results",
SNAME First
Computer Alded Hu11 Surface Definition,
Sept. 26,27, I977, Annapolis Md., pp 118.
"On the systematic
Geometrical
Lackenby,
of Ship Forms" , Trans.
INA,
Variations
Vo1. 92, 1950, pp. 289-315.
'rTransformation
of
ship
A.
Versluis,
( in
No.
438,
forms" ,
Dutch)
Report
Aug.1976.
Techn. Univ. DeIft,
"Hu1land Uwe Rabien,
Heinrich
S6ding
and Existing
Surface Design by Modifying
on
sFnp.
Hull'r,
SNAME, First
Int.
Computer-Aided Hull
Surface DefiniEion",
Sept. 26-27, 1977.
Annapolis, Md., pp. 19-29.
"Possibilities
in Changing
Puchstein,
K.
by
Form
Geometric
Ship
Parameters
of
the
Hu11"(in
Distortion
German),
Schif fbauforschung,
1965,
pp.264-274.
"
1ne
Blok
and
Wirn b e u K e l m a n ,
Jan
J.
Ship Systematic
Iligh-Speed
Displacement
QeaLepnino
Forns
Series
Hull
characteristics'r,
S N A M E , Annual Meeting,
November 7-10, 1984.

Re-Analysis
Holtrop, J. "A statistical
of Resistance and Propulsion Datatt, Int.
Shipbuilding Progress, VoI. 31, No. 363,
Noverober 1984.

Computer Applicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
Elsevier SciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
IFIP. I985

46.1

A PROPOSAIOF COMPUTER
ATDED INSPECTION IN SHIPBUIIDING
BASED ON IASER DII{ENSIONAI CONTROISYSTEM
Andrzej M. WOZNIAK
Techni.cal_ University^of
,Gdarisk, Ship Research fnstitute
Gaia:rsk, Pol_and

The paper presents the future conceptlon of the conplex d.inoensionaf control
system for ships und.er constmction,
based on the use of l-aser technlque
integrated
with cAD/cAM systems in 3hipyard. The-ess_enceof the proposed and
systern is.the
equipnent of the production it"td"
ritrr the st;;ro;;S,
autonati.c
measuring instal]ations
used for obtaining
eurreni inforsration
ai6ut geonetrj-ca1 parameters /dinensions,
shape, positionf
;i-ih"
manufactured. ship structura1 components in all stagils of-the^production-p=o"u"".
ueasuring installations
forrn the system of l-ocal feedback foi stands "td-iir"
s
y
s
t
between the prod.uctlon stand.s ana the p";;;;";G;;a;;;;;r";"?;;; em of general feedback
of ship_
yard, where all produetlon pararneters in tine
"rid "p""" are control1ed.
1. TNTRODUCTION
The application
of computer has been
comprising a wider and wid.er scope of
activity
i-n numerous branches of industry. These recent years a real explosion
is found to take lface as resard. new
ldea of application
as well is computer
facll-lties
and software combined with
conputer assistanee at various ranges

of i.ndustrial
activity.
Soon after the
introductlon
of Computer Aided Design
/CAD/ .systems, Conputer Aided ManufdctuTlle /CAM,/ systems began to be developed.
After the inltial
spontaneous clevel-opmeni
of ful1y independ.ent and in many cases
non-compatable CAD and CAM syst-ems inten_
sive efforts
are begin maiie now aimed at
integratlng
both of then lnto a CAD/CAM

systdn whidh woula te ruriy ;o;p;;;ii;^'

c t M
I
Production
Prnor:m
D
rnina
! 4' sl ra
rrr+r16

0perations
Management

Handling

Fig.

Principal

Mai-ntenance

Quality

idea of Computer fntegrated

Assurance

Manufacturing.

468

A.M

llozniak

-fhl q me'r \e

Ac

and could take adventage of a comtnon

data base. At present the computer industry is already ad.opting itself
to
this trencl ensuring a deeper and cleeper
mutual- conpatability
between hardware
and software of different
fir:ris.

elements that

to

a
s -nLnJ' l! f 4i nu qs fui fnvnr f

integrally

JEr n
r 6or ri r u vnr o
r ro

ri

no

one

of

lrrl

vc Vnl m
u PnU r

nrr:'l i frr

or

49n1191

interrrated

a S - Cv lr -v O
o sS e
qa

within

the

Similarily
stn:ctural
rf o
e :qtvr ur rr oE eo
shenp

as

su

n
nssi trl p
PvJorvas
v 4 ! f 1 1 6

a
' +nr rds

as it is the case in other

industries,
the geometrlcal
/i
o
. ^ e^ 1
@
u ru ?r r@^ ur rJ
/ 4.c.
n
nf
y vn s i t i n n /

n
u ft
t shl rpL

n
u ir nu ,t I I S J - O n S ,
n
w vn tm
u ln
r vn n o
r l sn f* aI u D ,

assemblies and the entire hul_f durins the

building are considered to be the moit
significant
quality
parameters.
The rnodifications
taking place in the
prod.uction of ships i. e. introd.uction of
group technology principles,
module structures, zone oriented outfitting
and - rna
mainly - attempt made at gradu-lly
cieve_
loping automation of the manufacturins
.}.rafialr*
n7nnFqqa<
hrrro
oh^,,+
-brought a
bout n
ew and conci^orrh.l'
.m. ^^_r 6
r_ severe requirements con_
cerning accuracy control_.-

r a,
rhlnv rw. r@a u, ldaJr D

lack

of

the

suffi

ci ent'lv

nreoi

sF

and

ships under constructlon

is one of the
obstacl-es in progress in the prefabrica_
tion and ship assembling and bspeeially
1n further neehanization
and automation
of this technological processes. Intensive
lnvestigations
on the possibilities
of
the

rtse

in

shinlrr:i'ldino

maJ-rnl aar

n n m n r r f eu fv 4

of

the accuracy
fi rnr

tertfatprivuu

rir

technique ba_
sed on the use of laser equipment has
been developed.
Based on experiments with laser measurlns
equiproent the future conception of compuJ
ter aided d.inensional i_nspection sysrem
for
shinq
r*r.n. d* asrr ' c o n s t r u c t i o n
has been pro_
posed in the Ship Research fnstitute
at
the Technical University
of Gdarisk.

MANUFACTURING

t e c h n ool g y

'i n

ar

rerent,",",,"ii!"i::ilf-fi::Tl:q":i
3:i:
ried. out-. Anong others the

INSPECIION

Principfe

orqrr

to use nethodsJi-oi*""'"t5;;i';;"#Jt"i"i

CONSTRUCTION

r i oUrg !

manrrf:otr:rino

I ec h n ool gy

Fig.

the

cornbined wlth

t + v v v v v v v .

with which the manufacturing

proeess may
be naterial-ized
by autoroated sets of com
puter controlleci machines and equipment.
At the same time quick developrnent takes
place of constructlons
and an increase
in the range of applications
for nanipul-ators and. robots for carrying
out more
and more complicated processing operations such as machini_ng, weldlng etc.
Similar tlevelopment trends are found to
take place i.n shipbuilding.
It is, however, thus far considerably less advancecl, mainly in the Computer Aided ltlanufacturing
systems. Thus, j-ntensive
efforts
are being taken up with the aim
of working out CAM systems which would
be strictly
lntegrated
with the continuously developed CAD shipbuildlng
systems
e.g. Britships
2, Autokon etc. This refers
a l s o t o t h e P o l i s h A S T E Rs y s t e m .

'l

F
I ;r b p
.

nraaaqeo<

fn some industries
e.g. nachine-building
this conception is being materialized.
step by step now. fn addition
to the
widely spreaal automated flow production
lines Flexible
Manufacturing Systerns
rf if n r li li un lo1 1 6

nlugU

i n

r r r

Aided Manufacturing is the Computer Aided.

For years it has been the conmon
Quality.
ain of al-l manufacturins industries
to
h:rrc

o
sa rr E

is

r { ^ ^i

n ^ h n r r + ^U, Y I

VVUUU

fn some branches of industry

the future
eonception .of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
/ Cfl'I/ systems 1s developed.
T h e p r' 1i n. c i p a l
idea of it is shown in
Iig.
It eonsist in fu1} integration
and computer assistance of all- functions
Production Program Planning, Conpui.e.
ter Aided Engineerlng /i.e.
Cornprltsl
Aided Design CAD and Computer Aided Plan
ning CAP/, Operations Management, Computer Aided Manufacturing
and Conputer
Aided Qua]ity.

/TIMS/
I tttvl

seen

control

4ma rI ^n5r+r*f

anfirrr.n^

information

frow

Computer Aided Inspection in Shipbuilding

2. GENERAI CONCEPTIONOF THE SYSTEM

The nain
to r:r.oete

nrnnnqod
id.ea Of thp
an rri.
.;;;.::;-;;;;-;t^;

469

beam refracted
or split
by means of con_
stant or mobil_e prisms. Deteruination
of
dimensions, shape and position of the
checked object is perfo:ned by use the
straight
line methocl or refer-enee plane
method i.e. by measurenent of the dis_
tances between the straight
line or la_
ser's plane and the fixed construction
checkpoints or the successive points of
chosen cross-sectlon
l-1ne. fhe axis
identification
of laser beam is realized
by rneansof opto-electronic
d.etectors
generating
the measured infor:nation
in
forn of el-ectric signa'l s^ e:sw tn fq1.-

<rrcf,g1q ig

control being a feedback in the whole cornputer assisted manufacturing process.

The principle
of its inforrnation fl-ow
1s given in Fig. 2.
Conception of the system 1s based.on an
assumption that the manufacturing
process is performeci on highly specialized
consialerably mechanized stands and production lines of nrenarati nn nrofg.flication and ship ";;;;;i;.t

thor

The essence of the proposed. system is

the equipment of these prod.uctlon stand.s
with the stationary
coroputer control_led
measuring installations
usecl for carrying out the curent
i.nspection of geornetrical,parameters /dinensi-ons, s[ape,
position/
of the nanufactured structi-'
Ta1 components.

nlnnocc

i ra

Measuring installations
on the stand.s
pl-ays the role of local feedback for
given stand as well_ as enabl-e realiza_
tion of the general feedback for the
whole computer assisted manufacturine
system.

PR O G R A M

T E S TC E R T I F I C A T E

MANUFACTURING
MEASURING

--l
M T AS UR I N G
CORRECTION

NC CONTROL
UNIT

I
I

CONTROL
COMMANDS
CONTROL
COMMANDS
- M A N U F A C T U R I N G- M E A S U R I N G

PROCESSING
OF
MEASURED
CO-ORD
INATES
MANUFACIURING
IQUIPMENT

f.4EASURING
DEVIC
ES

I
I
I
I

M E A S U R ECDO - O R D I N A T E S
_l

v
SHIPCOMPONTNI

Fi

o-

pri
nn

nein'l
tho

of

nlndrr

i ntesrated
nf

i nn

The requirecl geometrical parameters of

the ship und.er constructi.on
and. its
components are stored. in the common
C A D / C A V I / C A Id a t a b a s e . T h e y a r e a v a i l able during the whol_e production process as the standard data for eomparison with preset parameters and reil
pa?2mat67c

Evaluation of geometrical parameters of

the checked object is performed 1n relation
to the spatially
d.efined 2-D or
J-D systern of laser's reference llnes
and planes. 0n a stand the reference
system is set out by means of laser

vuu
clan,l

n r (rar r' la
u

i *Ur r- v

n
U nUnI I* r ^t J' II . O l

The dinensi_onal distortlons

detected. on
the production stand ean be monito?edanalysed and correctea airJctit-;;-;-'
stand, according to the principle
shown
rn r'19. t , or sent to the dlsposal and
control
centre of shipyard wheie all pro_
duction parameters in- tine and space are
controlled,
in conpliance with Fig. 4
Owing to fast conputer analysis the nece_
ssary corrections
rnay be introd.ucecl to
the executive program of stands in fur_
ther stages of the manufacturine process
automatically
without stopping ttr6 pro-

A.M. llozniak

470

NIRU.UNIT

PREPARATION

Fig.

,.

M o de l - o f i n t e g r a t e d

OT'THE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE

The block diagram of the systen is shown

i-n Fig. 5. Main elements of the proposed
system are as fol-lows:
1/ I'aser
rthi

beam generation

and forring

ft is intend.ed to generate the laser

beam, fonn it proPerlY and Position
i t wi th r.esneet to the main axis of
the stand. ft consists of:
- continuous working laser for
example He-}tre,
- optical- elements /eollimatort
etc./ whlch fomr
filter
spatial
the 1aser beam according to the
detection requirements t
- NC positionlng
el-enents which
of
perform spatial
orientation
l-aser beam on a stancl .
v r r

f v v r v \

2/ Vnit of setting out the laser reference lines and Planes.

It is useal on a productlon stand for
the setting out defined 2-D ot 3-D
systen of laser reference lines and
planes. ft consists of:
elements /Pe:ruanentlY
optical
rotary Prisms/
slidable,
fixed,
the^
and splitting
refracting
laser beam at an angle of $0"'
- NC eleroents for the autoroatic
positioning
elements
of optical
need.ed for setting out the requ
ired pattern of laser reference
lines and pl-anes.
J/

ASSEMBLY

ICATION
PREFABR

I4easuring unit.
It is useal for measurements of disehecktances between constructlon
noints and the laser reference lines

quality

control

a n d n ' la n e s erru

4e4rv

v.

in

Tt

shlpyard

consists

of :

- laser beam detectors as well as

the mechanical mounts which flx
the posltions of detectors on
fn
the measured construction.
the case of snal-l distances the
direct measurement bY means of
photodetectors
for ex. quad-rant
is possible. In case of bigger
distances the use of oPtoelecsystens or rantracking
tronic
ge-finders ffor ex. laser/ is
n e e d . e dt
- a/d converterst
- read-out unit.
The generated measuring infornatlon
electronic
has the fonn of digital
easy to use on a stand and
signals,
to the measuring
easy to transmit
centre where it 1s processed ancl analysed by the computer. Data transmission can be perfoflned as a wire or
wirel-ess transnission
/by radio or
transmission/ .
by opto-electronic
unit.
4/ Processing and./or controlling
It can be used for:
- storing and nroeessins of measuring d.ata for future anal-Ysis'
- automatic program control
of
I n e a s u r e m e n fs ,
- direct
control of measurements
or technologica-1 oPerations bY
means of the computer/ninicomputer/ni croPro cessor.
It consists of:
- computer/roinicomputersr microconputers/ t
- input and output PeriPherials,
- software.
-

vv!4rrb

Computer Aided Inspection in Shipbuilding

I-o-l

t-

[@l

t_ _ J

47 1

t:

x,Y,z
of the taser Di-mensional_Control Systern
11"""I-9i"grarn
bea$,generation and. fo::ming unit,
:/, !???"
out the laser reference t_ines and. pt_anes,
4,, *I|!.,?i'-:"::ilc
4/ pro cessing and./or control-fing unit.
a- laser, b- eollimator, c_ ttC mount, d_ beamspliter.
e- photodetector, f- read_out,
: a/a conrreri;;;----'
h- computer, i- program, 1_ m6nitor.

4 . P O S S I B I I I T I E S O t r 'S Y S T E MR E A I T Z A T T O N
The above described. conception of the
systen 1s based on the an-lysis
of exis_
ting and future technicaf piospects.
T h e c o m p l _ e xr e a l i z a t i o n
of-the' future
system^de-pends on the general develop_
ment of the nanufacturing
technioues
and on the production organization
in
shipyards. The reallzatidn
depend.s espe_
cially
on_the expanded range of mectrani_
zatrron and automation of technological
processes in shipyards, as wel-l as on
the further
d e v e l o p m e n t o f C A D / C A Ms y s _
t e m s a n d m- -e-a-s- -u- "roi - n p t e e h n i ^ r r F s rir rr vs1hAi+nY -

ble Measurenentr. AnalysJ_s and Control_

System/pnom,csl is sir.own
t"-eie.

S.

j1g. u presents bloek diagram of electro

hydraulic
servo for autoroltic positiorrirrg
of big blocks. We hope there i's reaf
c h a n c e f o r i t s i m o ' le m c n t a t i ^ . i - - ^
polish shipyards.:pr-emenlatlon in one of

buildi.ng.

Nowaclays only chosen fragments of the

d"escribed. system can be fertormea.
In Ship Research fnstitute
at Gdadsk
some experimental faser dimensional
controf systems have been elaborated.
Among others microprocessor controll_ed
system for neasurement of straiEhtness
orthogonality
and pararreri ;--;8il;;;''
axes, which
to checking
1ay bg apllied
a movement of a rigid body i.e. irs
l-D translation
and rotation.
The svsJ:cm
is useful especially for tracin*-tfr!""""'
object during the translatory
m5tion
e.g. machines such.as gantry cranes,
llgp" cutting machines etc. ft is sui_
table for d.eterrnination of defor:nations
and-d.isplacements of constmction
as
wel-l. The_principle of the system is
ris: 7 , and speciailv designed
qiI:l
*l
conlrot_Ler
of measurenents _ proErarnma_

II

Fig.

PROMACS - prograrnmable
Measu_
rement,
Analysis
and. Control
Systern.

The faser measuring unit

for automarrc
control
of laboratory
model of hydraulic
supporting-shifting
unj-ts "Hejacies,'
has
been tested with sitisfactory'results
up
to now and the chances for iis
applica_
tion
in real condition
are promissing.
The study on the future
Computer Aided
Inspection
in shipbuilding
is still
under way. The presented
general
concep_
tion
should be materialized
step by srep
in accordance to the technlcaf
ana struc_
tural
progress
in the production
process.

472

A.M. llozniak

Fig.

INPUT
DEVICES

UNIT

Princitl-e of the bridge crane measurement

' l- 1
aser, 2-laser beam, l-beanspliter,
4-pentaprism, 5-photodetector,
6-incremental encoder, l-target,
B - P R O I I A C S ,g - r a i 1 ,
10-crane

HYDRAULIC
CONTROL
UNIT

TIYDRAULIC
CYLINDERS
UNIT

PART
OF
SHIP HULL

__J___
I o , x ' "t ' o- |
I

r--

::I--J
I

POSITIONING
UNIT

POSITTONING
UNIT

LASER
AND
COLLIMATOR

BEAMSPLITTER

DETECTORS
AND
PREAMPL

CONVERTER

a r

Block diagram of the electro-hydraulic

servo
for autonatic positioning of ship constructions

Computer Aided Inspection in Shipbuilding

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

The present
study has been undertaken
at Ship Research Institute,
Technical
I T h i . , ^ - ^ i
. .
^ r ^ - ^ l
u n - L v e r s l -! E
.yG
dansK as a part of Research
Project MR I-27.

/1/

The author would 11ke to express his

sincere thanks to Prof. J.W. Doerffer
and Dr. S. Kubera for their
invaluable
j_nfluensuggestj-ons which have greatly
ced the direction
of the research presented in this
paper.
Acknowledgment
is due to a number of
colleagues at S.R.I.
involved in el-aboration
of presented
fragments of the
system.
Appreciation
is glven to the Authorities
of the Gdansk Technical
University
and
Ship Research Institute
for their
kind
support giving
the possibilj_ty
to attend
thi-s conf erence.

/2/

/3/

/4/

/5/

/6/

/7/
/8/

4'73

S. Kubera and A. t{oznlak,

LASTER automateC dimensional
control
system for ship constructions
based
on laser reference
Iines,
Research
Report of Shj-p Research Institut,
Gdansk Technical Unlv. /1913/.
Y. Fujita
and y. Sunagawa, Human
Consideration
in Shlp production
and Some Examples of Computer Aided
Facility,
Thi_rd International
fCCAS
Conference,
Glasgow, Scotland,
J u n e 19 7 9 .
A. Wozniak, Dimensional- Control
System for Ship Constructions
Based
on Laser Technique,
Electro-Optics/
,82 UK Conf.,
Laser International
Brighton,
England, March 19g2.
R.L. Storch and J.R. Gribskow,
Accuracy Control- for U.S. Shipyards,
IREAPS Symposium, Boston, USA,
A u g u s t 19 8 3 .
A. tr^/ozniak, W. Knapczyk and K. Lutowicz, Microprocessor
Controlled
Laser System for Measurements of
Constructions,
Electro-Optics/Laser
tB4 UK Conference,
fnternatj-onaf
Brighton,
England, March 1994.
A. Wozniak and W. Knapczyk,
A Laser System for Automated posrjLh fntern.
tionlng
of Constructions,
Congress Laser t85 Opto-Electronrc,
Munich, FRG, July 1985.
personal contacts,
T. Pfeifer;
W Z L R W T HA a c h e n , F R G .
J. Juranek, personal contacts,
Z]rpe
- Shipbuilding
Computer Centre,
Gdansk, poland.

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP. I985

4'75

C O I ' 4 P UA
TP
EP
RL I C A T I OTNOSA C C U R ACCO
YN T R O L
I N H U L LC O N S T R U C T I O N
l ' l a s a a k Ii J I C H I , S u m i oK 0 H T A KaE
n d H i d e h i k oK A S H I I 4 A
K u r eS h i p y a r d- S h i p b u i l d i n g8 ' O f f s h o r e
I s h i k a w a j i r n a - H a r iHmeaa v yI n d u s t r i e sC o . , L t d .
K u r e ,J a p a n

s h i o b u i l d i n gp r o d u c t i v i t y .
I n c o r p o r a t i n ga c c u r a c yc o n t r o l i n C A D / C Ahla1s s e r v e dt o e n h a n c e
T h i s h a s b e e na c h i e v e db y a s - v s t e r n - t h e " P e r i p h e r a lD a t a S u b s y s t e n # a s e d o n d a t a d e r i v e d
e e a s u r e r n e nmt sa d eo n p a r t s o f h u l l c o n s t f r o m s y s t e m a t i c a l l ya r r a n g e dr e c o r d s o f i n n u m e r a b lm
t f s h r i n k a q ef r o m w e l d i n ga n d
e s t i m a t e st h e a m o u n o
ructed at the shipyard. TheSubsystem
p o s t - w e 1 cd o r r e c t i v e h e a t i n qs e p a r a t e l yf o r e a c hf a c t o r s u c ha s n l a t e t h i c k n e s s ,l e q l e n g t h i n
e r i n k a g ei s
f i l l e t w e l d i n g ,w e l d i n gp r o c e d u r e
a n d s e q u e n c e .E x c e s sl e n g t h t o c o m f r e n s ast h
, nd
e v e n l yd i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e l e n o t h o f m e m b e rb, a s e do n f o r m u l a st o e s t i m a t et h e s h r i n k a g e a
t h e r e s u l t i s o u t p u t t e di n s u c hf o r m s a s d i r n e n s i o n ed di a o r a r nfso r e n l a r g e m e npth o t o - m a r k i n q
has ren e g a t i v e so f p a r t s f o r w h i c h h i g h a c c u r a c yi s r e q u i r e d . A d o p t i o no f t h e S u b s y s t e m
s u l t e d i n u p g r a d i n go f t h e l e v e l a t t a i n e d i n a c c u r a c yc o n t r o l .

I.

a c c r r r a c i c cs ,. n p c i f i e df o r t h e i r f a b r i c a t i o n
( s e eF i g . I ) .

INTRODUCTION

T h e a i m o f a c c u r a c yc o n t r o l i n h u l l c o n s t r u c t i o n
c a n b e c o n s i d e r e dt o l i e i n e n s u r i n gt h a t :
( l ) T h e c o n s t r u c t e ds h i p p r e s e n t st h e p r e s c r i b e d
d i m e r ri so n s a n d v o l u m e
( 2 ) T h e w e l d e dj o i n t s p r e s e n tt h e p r e s c r i b e d
s t r e n g t h.
F o r t h i s , t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r s w o u l db e t h a t :
(a)
\

Tn the corrrse of ;ss,cmhlv. thc diffprent

^

parts of the hull are correctly aligned,and

( b ) T h e w e l d e dj o i n t s p r e s e n tc o r r e c t q r o o v e s
b e f o r e r v edl i n g
E f f e c t i v e a c c u r a c yc o n t r o l o f t h e c o m p o n e n ttso
b e a s s e m beld w i I I b e c o n d u cvi e t o m in i m iz i n q ( a)
t h e n e e df o r f l a m e c u t t i n g , a n d ( b ) t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f e x c e s s i v eq a p c a l l i n q f c r m a k e - u o
p a t c h i n g ;t h i s i n t u r n , v r i ll e n s u r ee l i r n j n a t i 0 n
o f w a s t e a n d e n h a n c e m e on ft c o n s t r u c t i o np r o d u c t iv i t y .
I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e u l t i m a t e p u r p o s eo f a c c u r a c y
c o n t r o l i s t o m i n i m i z ec o n s t r u c t i o nc o s t t h r o u q h
s m o o t hp r o g r e s so f w o r k e n s u r e df r o m b l o c k
a s s e r n b ltyo f o r m i n gi n t o h u 1 1 , b y o p t i m i z i n g
h u 1 1c o m p o n e na tn d b l o c k c o n f i g u r a t i o na n d t h e

- EXECUTE
ltork I n p u r
: !^/i
th rninimum
PLAN
Iv
S m o o tfhl o w o f w o r ki n o s s e m b l i n0gn 0
r n f o r m i n gi n t o h u l l

I
l ' l i n i m u pmr o d u c t i o nc o s t
FIG,I

I n t e r m e d i o toen du l t i m o t e
o i m so f o c c u r c c cy o n t r o l
in shipbuildlns

T h e f i r s t s t e p s i n a p p l y i n ga c c u r a c yc o n t r o l i n
s. lh9i6p0b'uc i,l.d i n go p e r a t i o nw e r em a r k e da t I H I i n t h e
n r n m n t ph
d u s u c hf a c t o r s a s :
t

P r

v"' P

( l ) T h a t h u l l s o f r e q u i s i t ed i m e n s i o n aq lu a l i t y
c o u l d b e c o n s t r u c t e dw i t h o u t r e q u i r e m e not f
product
e x a c t i n gq u a l i t y o n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e
c o m p o n e n t st h
, r o u g hc o m b i n a t i o no f f l a m e c u t t i n g
a n d w e ld i n g : P r o v si i o n o f e x c e s s1e n g t h t o b e
c u t t o s u i i . a t t h e t i m e o f a s s e m b l yf ;i l l i n g
e x c e s s i v el t a p sb y o v e r l a yw e l d i n g .
S o m em e a n sw a s h o w e v e rf o u n d n e c e s s a r yt o c o p e
r ^ rt 'lir t h e a c c o m p a nnygi r i s e o f w o r k lo a d o n t h e
w e l d i n go p e r a t j o n s ,a n d t o e n s u r em a i n t e n a n c e
o f r e q u i s i t e w e l d m e nqt u a li t y .
( 2 ) T h a t t h e h u l l c o n s t r u c t i o np r o c e s sh a d b e e n
effeefivplv

dividpd

infn

cnpriel

izpd

ctanps

nf

c u t t i n g , b e n d i n g ,s u b a s s e m b lay s, s e m b l ya, s s e m b l yi n t o b l o c k s , m o u n t i n go n t o d o c k a n d f o r m i n g i n t o h u l l ; d e m a n d i nhgi g h a c c u r a c yo f t h e

' in t e r m e d i a t ep r o d u c t so f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s t a g e s
' i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o np r o c e s sw a s f o u n d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t o e n s u r ea c o r r e s p o n d i n q lhyi q h o v e r a l I a c c u r a c yo f t h e f i n i s h e d h u l l - .
A n i n t e g r a t e d s y s t e mo f a c c u r a c yc o n t r o l w a s
f o u n d n e c e s s a r yi,n w h i c h t h e a c c u r a c i e ss p e c i f i e d f o r e a c h s t a g e w e r e d e t e r m i n e dw i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o ng i v e n t o t h e s u b s e q u e nstt a g e s ,a n d
w i t h u l t i m a t ea i m h e l d i n v i e w o f e n s u r i n qa d e q u a t e a c c u r a c yo n t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t .
( 3 ) T h a t t h e t r e n d t o w a r di n c r e a s i n gh u l l s i z' l eo sf t
r e n d e r e dt h e o r e c a r a t i o no f f u l l - s c a l e m o l d
d r a w i n g sm o r ea n d m o r ed i f f i c u l t , a n d w h i c h
drawingsb
, e s i d e s ,w e r e b e c o m i n lge s s i n d i s p e n s a b l e w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e notf p r o j e c t i o n m a r k c arking. These
i n g a n d e n l a r g e m e npth o t o g r a p h im
d e v e l o p m e n tw
s ,h i c h i n c r e a s e dt h e u s e o f r e d u c e d - s c a lm
e o l d I o f t d r a w i n g s ,h a d t h e e f f e c t
o f m a g n i f y i n gt h e i n a c c u r a c i e sc o n t a i n e di n
t h e m , w i t h c o r r e s p o n d ' i ndge t e r i o r a t i o n o f m a r k ing accuracy.

476

M. Ijichi et al

l a D r l c a t l o n4
p r o c e ss

MARKING

Y)

PI a s m a

4'-

-trtfinn

accuracy

E n 1a r g e n .\
p h o t o - m a r kni g
N u m e r-.c o n t r o l e o
f ' l a m ec u t t i n o

(t mm/l0m)I
-o
O v e r aIl
zn
productivity
40
'ln
h u lI c o n s - 6 0
fnrrrtinn

Manhours/t)ou
I 950
FIG. ?

I 955

I 960

19 6 5

I 970

I 975

I 980

I 985

C o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e na c c u r a c i e se n s u r e di n i n t e r m e d . i a t e
f a b r i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e as n d o v e r a l l p r o d u c t i v i t y i n h u l l c o n s t r u c t i o n

A t I H I , t h e a d o p t i o no f n u m e r i c a l l y - c o n t r o l l e d
e q u i p m e nw
t a s p r o m p t e dm o r eb y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
o f a c c u r a c yc o n t r o l t h a n b y o t h e r f a c t o r s .
T h eu t i l i z a t i o n o f n u m e r i c a l l y - c o n t r o l l e d
m a c h i n e sf o r p r e p a r i n ge n l a r g e m e npt h o t o g r a p h i c
m a r k ni g n e g a t iv e s, f o r f l a m ec u t t i n g , f o r p l a t e
m a r k i n ga n d o t h e r o p e r a t i o n sp r e s e n t e dt h e m e r i t
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h u l I . T h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t g a i n e da t I H l e x p r e s s e di n t e r m s o f h u ll p r o d u c t vi i t y - i s
s t r i k i n g l y r e v e ael d i n F i g . 2 , w h ic h c o r r e la t e s
t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y t o p r o c e s sa c c u r a c y .
I n t h e p r e s e n tf e p Q f t , . a c c u r a ccyo - n t r o li 5 t a k e n
u p r n r e l a t i 0 n t 0 t h e t r e a t m e n to f t h e r m a l
s h r i n k a g ea c c o m p a n y i w
n oe l d i n ga n d p o s t - w e 1 d
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h u 11 a s s e m b l y .
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s
t h e s p a c i n g sb e t w e e nf r a m e sa n d ) o n g i t u d j n a l
m e m b e rcso u l d n o t b e n e g l e c t e d , t h e s e s p a c i n g s
w e r e i n c r e a s e db y 0 . 5 o r I m m . l ^ J i t ht h e m e a n s
t h e n a v a i l a b l e o f a n a l o gt r e a t m e n to n m o l d l o f t
d r a w i n g s ,t h e s e e x p e d i e n t sc a l l e d f o r t h e u s e o f
s p e c i a l l y p r e o a r e ds h r i n k a g es c a l e s , a n d t h i s
s e r i o u s l y r e s t r i c t e d wi d e a p p li c a t i o n.
.]970
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a n a l o gt o d i q i t a l , a n d i t w a s d e c i d e dt o a r r a n g e
f o r a u t o m a t i c a l l ya d d i n gt o t h e d e s i g nd a t a p r o c e s s e db y c o m p u t e rt h e n e c e s s a r ye x c e s sl e n g t h s
i n o u t p u t t i n qt h e d a t a f o r f a b r i c a t i o n . T h e
e x c e s sl e n g t h d a t a w e r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o e a s y
r e v i s i o n a n d u p d a t i n gt o f o l l o w s u b s e q u e ndte v e I o p m e n t.s

T o r e a li z e t h i s c o n c e p t :
( l ) T h e s h r i n k a o ed a t a a c c u m u l a t ef dr o m p a s t r e c o r d s w e r e a n a l y z e df o r d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t so f
s h r i n k a q e ,t o d e r i v e b y r e q r e s s . i oenq u a t i o na
f o r n u l a r e l a t i n o e s t i m a t e ds h r i n k a q er a t e t o
v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r sa, n d t h e r e s u l t i n q
c o r r e l a t i o n sw e r e t a b u l a t e d .
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lengthto be provided.
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l a t aS u b I H I C Si n t h e f o r m o f a " P e r i p h e r a D
s y s t e r p " - _ 1 e r m e d" I d q e D a t a P r o c e s SS u b s v s t e m "
' in o t h e r d o c u n e n t a t i o n
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s e o a r a t e l yf o r d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t so f s h i j n k a q e .
a s s e m bi n
l g p r o c e d u r e,s g e o m e t rci al p a t t e r n s, a n d
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lengthto be added.
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i n d i v i d u a l t y p e so f b l o c k : I n f o r m a t i o n
o n t h e t y p e o f e x c e s sl e n g t h t r e a t m e n tr e q u i r e d
f o r d i f f e r e n t t y p e so f b l o c k , c l a s s i f i e d b y
s t r u c t u r e , m o d eo f a s s e m b l ey t c . , d e p e n d i n og n
type of ship.
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t h e S u b s y s t e m :S e t t i n q t o w o r k t h e
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t h e r e s u l t i n g d a t a o n e x c e s sl e n q t h , c h e c k i n qt h e
r e s u l t , f e e d i n gc o r r e c t i v e i n f o r m a t i o nb a c k t o
t h e P e r jp h e r a l D a t a F i I e s .

,'lccrrracl'
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ittHullConstruction
T A B L EI

S h r in k a g eu p o nf i I I e t w e ld i n q i n t e r n a l
m e m b e rosn t o s k i n p l a t e

S h r i n k a g eu p o nc o r r e c t i v e h e a t i n g o n
s k i n p 1a t e

l . E s t i m a t e dt o t a l s h r i n k a g eB

l . I s t i m a t e dt o t a l s h r i n k a g eA
A = N x ( 1 . 0- 0 . 0 5 T )
f or6 1 T<1 6 (mm )
=Nx(0.6-0.025T)
f o r 1 6 _ <T < 2 4 ( m m )
-

TABLE
?

B =N x (0.5-0.025T)
for6<T<.16(mm)
f n r T > . 1 6 / m m )

w h e r eT : T h i c k n e s o
s f s k i n p l a t e( m m )

forT:24(mm)

N : N u m b eor f i n t e r n a l m e m b e rtso b e
w e ld e d o n

w h e r eT : T h i c k n e s so f s k i n p 1a t e ( r n m )
N : N u m b eor f i n t e r n a l m e m b e r tso b e
w e ld e d o n
r o for oistributing
2 . E s t i m a t e dp a r a m e t e o
e x c e s sl e n g t h a l o n g m e m b e r

2 . t s t i m a t e dp a r a m e n t eor" f o r d i s t r i b u t i n g
e x c e s sl e n g t h a l o n g m e m b e r
r e = ( 1 0 0 0 / S x) ( 0 . 5 - 0 . 0 2 5 T ) / . l 0 0 0
for6:T<.16(mm)
-

c A = ( 1 0 0 0 / 5 )x ( 1 . 0 - 0 . 0 5 T ) / 1 0 0 0
f or 6 1 T<1 6 (mm )
= ( 1 0 0 0 / S x) ( 0 . 6 - 0 . 0 2 5 T ) / 1 0 0 0
for16lT<24(mm)

forTz16(mm)
w h e r eS : L o n g ti u d i n a l/ s t i f f e n e r s p a c n
i g (mm)
: S h r i n k a g ef o r
1o n g it u d i n a l/ s t i f f e n e r
to be welded

forT>24(mm)
w h e r eS : S t i f f e n e r s p a c i n g( m r n ) .
B

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24

T h e d a t a e m e r g i n of r o m t h e p e r i p h e r a l D a t a S u b s y s t e ma r e o u t p u t t e d ' i n t h e f o r m o f d i m e n s i o n e d
f j l m s f o r e n l a r g e m e npt h o t o q r a p h . im
c a r k i n of o r
p a r t s i n w h i c hp a r t i c u l a r l yh i g h a c c u r a c yi s
r e q u i r e d , d i m e n s i o niendd i v i d u a l c o m p o n e nd tr a w i n g s , d i m e n s i o n emd a r k i n gd r a w i n g s ,a n d t a p e s
f o r n u m e r i c ai yl - c o n t r o l e d m a c h i n e s .
I n f u l l a w a r e n e s os f t h e l a r q e r o o ml e f t f o r
improvemen
i nt t h e p r e s e n ts i a q e o f I H I , s
P e r i p h e r a lD a t a S u b s y s t e mw, i t h i t s a l q o r i t h m
a s y e t b a s e do n t h e d a t a I . i m i t e dt o w h a t i s
a v a i l a b l ea t I H I , a n e x a m p l w
eill be presented
b e l o wo n t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o nm a d eo f t h i s
S y s t e mt o t h e o r o b l e mo f c o m p e n s a t i ntqh e r m a l
s h r i n k a g ei n h u l l c o n s t r u c t j o n .
?.

E L E M E NCTO
S N S T I T U TSI N
HG
R I N K AIG
NEA S S E M B L Y :
E X C E SLSE N G T HTS
OBEPROVIDED

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o c c a s i o n e idn s u b a s s e m bal yn d a s s e m b l ya, n d t h e
e x c e s s l e n g t h s t o b e p r o v i d e df o r t h e i r c o m p e n s a t i o n a s w e l l a s f o r a d j u s t m e nat f t e r f o r m i n g
i n t o h u l l a r e a s d e s c r i b e db e l o w .

t0

t6
T
- (mm)

2 . 1 S h r in k a g ei n s u b a s s e m b l y
w e l d i n qo n j n t e r n a l m e m b e r(s= " a , , ) :
to seam,
generated
u p o nf i I I e t w e l d i n gf l a t b a r s , b r a c k e t s
a n d o t h e r s t i f f e n e r s o n t o w e bp l a t e .
U p o nf i l l e t

Y=P o l 9
] ? r r e g t i y e - h e a t ! _ noqn i n t e r n a l m e m b e r s
o , t: 5 n r rn K a g eI n t h e d i r e c t i o n p e r p e n dciu _
i
l a r t o t h e l i n e o f c o r r e c t i v e h e a t i n ga p p l i e d o n
t h e r e v e r s es i d e o f a w e bp l a t e t o e i i m i n a r e
w e 1d i n g d e f o r m a toi n.
',e',
lpon butt lved
l i n q . o f i n t e r n a l m e m b e r (s=
):
) n r t n K a g eI n t n e d t r e c t . l o np e r p e n d i c u l atro s e a m ,
g e n e r a t e du p o nb u t t w e l d i n g o f i n t e r n a l m e m D e r s .
2 . 2 S h r in k a g ei n a s s e m b l y
l p o n f i l l e t w e i d i n go f i n t e r n a l m e m b e r (s= , , A ' , ) :
S h r in k a g
ro seam,
g e n e r a t e du p o nf i I I e t w e ld i n g i n t e r n a l m e m D e r s
o n t o s k i n p l a t e ( s e eT a b l e I ) .
! p o n c o r r e c ti v e h e a t in q o f s k i n p l a t e ( = , ' B ") :
5 n r r n k a g et n t h e d t r e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l atro t h e
l i n e o f c o r r e c t i v e h e a t i n ga p p l i e do n t h e r e v e r s es i d e o f a s k i n p l a t e a l o n q t h e w e l o s e a m
a f t e r a s s e m b l iyn t o b l o c k ( s e e i a b l e 2 ) .
U p o nb u t t w e l d i n qo n s k i n p l a t e s ( = " E ) :
) n r r n K a g et n t h e d l r e c t l o n p e r p e n d i c u l atro s e a m ,
g e n e r a t e du p o nb u t t w e l d i n qs k i n p l a t e s w i t h i n
a b l o c k ( s e eT a b l e3 ) .

Ijichi et al.

TI,BLE
4

TABLE
3 S h r i n k a g e2 r p e r j o i n t u p o nb u t t
s k i n p l a t e s w i t h i n a b l o c kw e l d i n g

A l l o w a n c eK . f o r r e c o v e r i n gs h i p s h a p e
a f t e r f o r m i i g i n t o h u ll - E x a m p l e o f
2 5 0 , 0 0 0D I ' J T
tanker

l . W h e nb l o c k s a r e m a r k e da f t e r f i n a l w e l d i n g

2 . W h e nb l o c k s a r e m a r k e da f t e r t a c k w e l d i n g
2 . 1 | , J e l d i n gb y 2 - s i d e U N I 0 N I 4 E L T
forTz 6(mm)

e=O.O2T

2 . 2 l ^ / e l d i nbgy f 1 u x c o p p e rb a c k i n g( r . c . a . ;
e = 0 . 0 2 T+ 0 . ] 5 f o r T ? - 6 ( m m )
2 . 3 | ^ l e l d i n bg y f l u x a s b e s t o sb a c k i n g( F . A . B ).
e = 0 . 0 2 T+ 0 . 3 0 f o r T > 6 ( m m )
ding
2 . 4 M a n u aw
l e1
e = 0 . 0 2 T+ 0 . 4 5 f o r T > 6 ( m m )

S h r i n k a g ep e r j o i n t

0
T

'

2-3

= (mm)

E x c e s s l e n o t h t o o e r m i t a d i u s t m e n tf o r r e ' -

J "

c o v e r in g r e q u is i t e s h i p s h a p ea f t e r f o r m in q
into hulI (= "Kc")
A g g r e g a t e x c e s sl e n g t h p r o v i d e dt o c o v e r : - S h r i n k a g eu p o nw e l d i n gb e t w e e nb l o c k s a n d
s u b s e q u e ncto r r e c t i v e h e a t i n g
- N e c e s s a rsyh i p w r i g h ta d j u s t m e n (t s e e T a b l e 4 ) .
2 . 4 0 t h e r s h r in k a g ee 1e m e n t s
S h r i n k a g eg
s e n e r a t e du p o nw e l d i n ga n d c o r r e c t i v e
h e a t i n go f m e m b e rrse p r e s e n t i n gp a r t i c u l a r s h a p e .
T h e s h r i n k a g ed a t a s t o r e d a t I H I w e r e c l a s s i f i e d
b y e l e m e n t s ,a s e n u m e r a t eadb o v e , a n d b y t y p e o f
m e m b e(rs k i n p 1 a t e , i n t e r n a l m e m b e r )a, n d t h e
r e s u l t i n g g r o u p so f v a l u e sw e r e t r e a t e d b y r e g r e s s i o ne q u a t i o nt o d e n i v es i m p l ef o r m u l a sf o r
e s t i m a t i n gs h r i n k a g e .
3.

METHOO
DS
T IHNRGI N K A G E
FC O I ' I P E N S AS

T h e t w o r n e t h o dp
s r a c t i c e d f o r a d d i n ge x c e s s
l e n g t h s t o m e m b e rtso c o m p e n s a tteh e s h r i n k a g e
g e n e r a t e db y t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s e n u m e r a t e idn
t h e p r e c e d i n gC h a p t e r2 , a r e :
( 1 ) E x c e s sl e n q t h a d d e di n l u m pa t e x t r e m i t yo f
m e m b e r : T h e a g g r e g a t ee x c e s sl e n g t h t o
c o v e Fa T T - s h r i n k a g eai n A a O j u s t m e n t iss a d d e d
i n l u m pt o t h e e x t r e m i t yo f t h e r e l e v a n t m e m b e r .

( 2 ) E x c e s sl e n o t h sd i c t r i h r r t p dt h r n r r o hm 6 6 [ g p 5 ;
T h e e x c e s sl e n o t h sa r e d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l
t h r o u g h t h e l e n g t h o f t h e m e m b e rtso c o r r e s p o n d
t o t h e s h r i n k a g e se s t i m a t e df o r e a c h ; s o . l e l y
t h e a d j u s t m e net x c e s sf o r r e c o v e r i n gs h i p s h a p e
a f t e r h u l l f o r m i n gi s a d d e di n l u m pa t e x t r e m it y .
T n e m e t h o d( l ) o f l u m p e de x c e s sl e n g t h h a s t h e
a d v a n t a g oe f s i m p l i f i e d m a r k i n go p e r a t . i o n sb, u t
r e s u l t s i n I o n g i t u d i n a la n d f r a m es p a c i n g s - - - - a s
w e l l a s s t i f f e n e r s p a c i n qo f c o m p l e t e b
dlocks
a n d a s s e m bi el s - d e v . i a t i n g f r o m d r a w i n gd i m e n s i o n s b y t h e a m o u n t cs o r r e s p o n d i ntgo s h r i n k a e e ,
t o c a u s es o m em i s a l i q n m e nbt e t w e e nm e m b e rasf f e c t e d b - yd i f f e r e n t a m o u n t os f s h r i n k a q e .
T h e m e t h o d( 2 ) o f d i s t r i b u t e d e x c e s sl e n q t h f r e e o f t h e a b o v es h o r t c o m i n g - - - h aosn t h e o t h e r
h a n dt h e d r a w b a cok f c o m p l i c a t e m
d a r k i n go p e r a t i o n s.

Accuracy Control in Hull Consftuction

4 . A L T E R N A T IMVEEA S U RFEOSRC O M P E N S A TSIHNRGI N K A G ED E P E I \ D I 0NNGM O D 0EF B L O CA

KS S T M B L I [N2G
]

i J u t t - v r e l sd k i n p l a t e s

T h e m o d e so f b l o c k a s s e m b l i n cgu r r e n t l y p r a c t i c e d i n d i f f e r e n t s h ip y a r d s a r e :- ' E g g b o x " - l r e a s s e m b le d " e g g b o x p a r t i t i o n s "

w e l d e do n t o p r e a s s e m b l es dk i n p l a t e s
- " L o n g i t u d i n a l sf i r s t " - l o n g i t u d i n a l m e m b e r s
w e l d e do n t o p r e a s s e m b l es d
kin plates before
other internal members
- I n d i v i d u a l a s s e m b l y - - - - - - a s s epmi e
b cl ye - m e a o
1f
c o m p o n e n t os r, a c o m b i n a t i o on f t h e s e m o d e s .

l " l a r kb l o c k s
" E g gb o x " i n t e r n a l s
Integrate

(a,b,e)
Longitudinals

W ed1 t o g e t h e r
A p p l yc o r r e c t i v e h e a t i n g
"Eggbox"

479

T h e f I o w o f w o r k f o l I o w s t h e d i a g r a mo f F i g . 3 .
D i f f e r e n c e si n w e l d i n gs e q u e n coen t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l sw i l l d i f f e r e n t l y a f f e c t t h e s h r i n k a g e
of internal members.

m o d eo f a s s e m b l y
B u t t - w e l ds k i n p i a t e s

T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nt h e t w o m e t h o d sd i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n gC h a p t e r3 , o f " 1 u m p e da"n d
"distributed"
e x c e s sl e n g t h a d d i t i o n - - - a s i t
a f f e c t s t h e a c t u a l d ' im e niso n s o f m e m b e r s - i s
d e p i c t e di n F i g . 4 , t a k i n g a s e x a n p l et h e " e g g
b o x " m o d eo f a s s e m b l y .

M a r kb l o c k s
W e l dl o n g i t u d i n a l so n t o s k i n p l a t e ( A )

T h e s h r i n k a q ea f f e c t i n g i n d iv i d u a l m e m b e rws i I I
o c c u r a t d i f f e r e n t s t a q e so f a s s e m b l ys, o t h a t
t h e s p a cn
i g s a t w h ic h I o n g it u d i n a ls a n d s t i f f e n e r s a r e w e l d e do n t o t h e s k i n p l a t e a n d o n t o
i n t e r n a l m e m b e rrse q u i r e a d j u s t m e n t o c o n c u r
w i t h t h e t i m i n q o f s h r i n k a q eo c c u r r e n c e .
T a b l e 5 I i s t s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a la n d s t i f f e n e r
s n a c i n o sa n d n v e r a l I l e n o t h ss n e c i f i p d f o r t h e
s k i n p l a t e s a n d i n t e r n a l m e m b e r sf,o r t h e t w o
m o d e so f " e g g b o x " a n d " l o n g i t u d i n a l sf i r s t "
m o d e so f a s s e m b l ya, n d f o r b o t h " l u m p e d a" n d
" d i s t r i b u t e d "m e t h o d s
o f s h r i n k a q ec o m o e n s a t i o n .

f ^ l edl i n t e r n a ls o n t o s k i n p l a t e ( A ) ( a , b , e )
A p p l yc o r r e c t i v eh e a t i n g
"Longitudinals
f i r s t " m o d eo f a s s e m b l y

F I G ,3 F i o wo f w o r ki n b l o c ko s s e m b l i n s

D i s t r i b u t e d e x c e s sl e n g t h u s i n g s h r i n k a c es c a l e

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o o

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n e t h o d so f s h r ' r n k a gceo n n e n s a t i o n - e x a m pol fe " e g g b o x " n o d e o f a s s e m b l y

480

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L
T A B L5E P o t t e r n so d o p t e df o r d e r i v i n g
e x c e s si e n g t h s ,f 0 r d i f f e r e n t c o r f b i n c - A
t i o n s o f c s s e m b l i nngo d e so n Cs h r i n l ( c o e
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f i n i s h e d p r o d u c td i m e n s i o n s
5.

SHRINKAS
GC
EA L E

S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g ,t h e s c a l e o f s h r i n k a g es h o u l d
r e q u i r e a d j u s t m e n tt o a c c o r d w i t h t h e d e n s i t y o f
s h r i n k a g et h a t w i l l b e u n d e r g o n e
b y e a c hm e m b e r .
S u c ha n i n d j v i d u a ' l 1 yd e r i v e d s c a l e w o u l d , h o w e v e r , p r e s e n t e x c e s s i v ec o m p l e xc o m p u t e rp r o g r a m m i n ga, n d t h e p r a c t i c e a d o p t e dw a s t o s e t
t h e b a s e s h r i n k a g ed j r e c t i o n f o r t h e w h o l e b l o c k
j n t h e c a s e o f s k i n n l a t - e -a n d f o r e a c h s u b a s s e m b l yi n t h e . u r . ' o i " i i t . r . . i " ; . ; ; ; ; r ,
and to
e s t i m a t et h e s h r i n k a g ei n t h e b a s ea n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r - t o - b a s e d i r e c t i o n s f r o m t h e a v e r a g ep l a t e
t h i c k n e s s a n d s p a c i n qo f m e m b e rtso b e w e l d e do n .
T A B L E6

T a b l e 6 p r e s e n t st h e q e n e r a l i z e df o r m u l a sf o r
e s t i m a t i n gt h e s h r i n k i g es c a l e f o r s k i n p l a t e s
a n d i n t e r n a l m e m b e r sa,n d F i g . 5 i s a n e x a m p l e
o f b a s es h r i n k a g ed i r e c t i o n i e f . t i n g a n d p l a n f o r
s p a c i n gt h e m e m b e rtso b e w e l d e do n .
6.

S T R U C T UORFEP E R i P H E RDAALT AS U B S Y S T I I 4

For denivinga practical subsystem

b a s e do n t h e
r o r e g o r ! g l 0 g i c t o m a t c ht h e d e s i g nd a t a o f j n _
d i v i d u a l - c o m p o n e n t sh ,e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s
w e r ea p p l i e d [ 3 ] :

G e n e r a l i z e df o r m u l a s f o r e s t i m a t i n g
s h r i n k a g es c a le

VX=(1000/Sx)(c-KI)+B

vy=(looo/sy)(c-rr;+s
w h e r e V , : S h r i n k a g es c a l e f o r b a s e d i r e c t i o n
Vy : Ditto for perpend.icular-to-base
'
d . ir e c t i o n
S " : A v e r a g es p a c i n g o f w e l d e d - o nm e m b e r
"
projected in basedirection (mm)
[ = ( 1 , / e sb u r f a c e a r e a ) / ( S u mo f y c o m p o n e n tosf w e l d e d - o nm e m b e r s ) ]
Sv : Ditto in perpendicular-to-base
'
direction (mn)
[ = ( W e bs u r f a c ea r e a ) / ( S u m
of Xc o m p o n e n tosf w e l d e d - o nm e m b e r s ) l
C, K:

Coefficients

: l . l e bt h i c k n e s s

: C o r r e c t j o n f a c t o r t o a c c o u n tf o r
d ' i f f e r e n c e s i n m o d eo f a s s e m b l v .
s o e c i a l f o r m s o f w e be t c .

F I G , 5 E x c n r " loef b c s es h r i r k o . ed i r e c t l 0 n
s e t t i n e 0 n j c l 0 r f r r s r i o c i n gr e n b e r s
t o D c t s e l d e do n

Accuracy Control in Hull Construction

481

F a b r i c a t i o n d a t a m a yi n h e r e n t l y v a r y w i t h c i r c u m s t a n c efsr o m o n e s h i p t o a n o t h e re v e n o f t h e
s a m et y p e b u i l t i n t h e s a m es h i p y a r d , n o t t o
s p e a ko f d i f f e r e n t y a r d s u s i n g d i f f e r e n t p r a c t i c e s . H e n c e .f a b r i c a t i o n d a t a m u s t b e m a d ei n d e p e n d e n ot f d e s ig n .

s 0 9 - s 1 3 33- r- i l t 9 . 0
V D A T A- - - X V A L= 0 . 6
V D A T A- - - X - V A L= 0 . 7

( 2 ) F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,a l l t h e f o r e g o i n gd a t a o f
s h r i n k a g ea r e s t o r e d , p r o c e s s e da n d u p d a t e da t
t h e p r o d u c t i o nd e p a r t m e nitn d e p e n d e n t l yo f t h e
d e s ig n d e p a r t m e n t .
Y /AL = 1 . 1 T i l l i A = 3 7 . 2
Y lAt = 1 . 6 i r l l l = 3 7 . 2

T o i n c o r p 0 r a t et h e e x c e s sl e n g t h i n f o r m a t i o n
i n t o t h e d a t a b a s ec o v e r i n gi n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c ha l r e a d y i n c l u d e dw e l d i n gp r o c e d u r e
i n f o r m a t i o n ,t h e i n p u t w a s u n d e r t a k e inn 3 s t e p s ,
a s m e n t i o n e idn C h a p t e r1 :

F i g , o t x o m p l e o f C R T d i s p l o y f 0 r 0 u t p i r t e x c e s sl e n g t h c h e c K i n g

( l ) T h e d e s i g nd e p a r t m e nst h o u l dh o l d i n v i e w
s o l e l y t h e f i n a l s h a p ea n d d i m e n s i o nos f t h e p r o d u c t , a n d n o t b e c o n c e r n ew
d ith the intermediate
fabricationdata.
A s i n t h e c a s e o f w e l d i n qp r o c e d u r e( c h o i c eo f
p r o c e s s ,g r o o v es h a p e , . . . )e x c e s sl e n g t h i s t o
h e c o n s i d e r e dn a r t o f d a t a r e l e v a n t t o a s s e m b l i n g p r o c e d u r e a, n d c o n s e q u e n t lbye l o n qt o f a b r i c a t i o n d a t a , a n d n o t i n v o l u e d e s i c nd r a v r i n q s .

C o m p o nnet
data
base

o n . o f S t a n d a r dP e r ip h e r a l D a t a
lledlenerati
h I I e c o r r t p rstl n g:
( a ) S f r r i n k a g es c a l e f o r m u ' l a ss e p a r a t e l yf o r
d i f f e r e n t s h r i n k a g ee l e m e n t,s f o r d i f f e r e n t
p a t t e r n s o f m e m b esr h a p e s

(Sto|ing design data

on'i.ished productdinensio.s)

A I
_J__
A

_
-

C o m o nt o a l I s h i p s : -

Shrinkage formulas for

d i f f e r e n t a s s e m b l ym o d e s
T a b l e s o f al I owancesfor

StandardPer
^hor:1

n: ti

F i1 e

<hi n

ch:na

Shrinkage comp e n s a t io n p r o g r a m

;-

qhin
Pari
hv

nhara I
hlnrL

.1:t:

fvno

h\/ chin.
qin|ind
l h aa

n^ tforn

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s h ri n t r n o r n n n o n c : i i n n l
|

^.

Refinej
tng

p r o 9am

P lo t t i n
gram

A s :e s s
m(n t

P e r f o r m a nc e
data

Ior3

Reference
d r a w rn g s

tltol

Ena
l rg. pl
I
m a r K .n e { t t v e s
I
N u m .c o n t r .
tapes

."rp.- I

Indiv.
0rawlr g s

do.i.-

n a t i o n o f s h r i n k a g ec o m p e n s a t i o n n r e. thho ds u i t e d t o t h e
s e m b l y ,f o r e a c h
b 1o c k

Drograr

Aftp'

f o r m in g h ul l
P a i t e r n s of s h r i n k a g ee l e m e n t sb y as s e m b l y m o d ea n d
b y s h r in k ag e c o m p e n s a t0rn
m et h o d

F i s , 7 O u t il n e f l o w o f P e rDhera I
D a t oS y s t e no-p e r o t0 n

482

M. Ijichi et al.

( b ) T a b l e so f e x c e s sl e n g t h s f o r r e c o v e r i n gs h a p e
a f t e r f o r m i n gh u l 1 ,s e p a r a t e l yf o r d i f f e r e n t s h i p
types and sizes and for different compartments
(c) Formulaa
s n d t a b l e s t o c o v e rd i f f e r e n t
m e t h o d so f t r e a t m e n t , s e p a r a t e l yf o r t h e d i f f e r s f c o m p e n s a t i nsgh r i n k a g e( l u m p e d
ent methodo
o r d i s t r i b u t e de x c e s sl e n g t h ) , a s w e l l a s f o r
different methodo
s f joining skin plates, and
w h e t h e rs k i n p l a t e s a r e w e l d e db e f o r e o r a f t e r
m a r kni q .
T h e f o r e g o i n gd a t a b a s e i s s t o r e d i n f o r m c o n v e n ie n t n o t o n l y f o r r e t r i e v a l a n d u t i I i z a t i o n,
b u t a l s o f o r u p d a t i n ga n d s u p p l e m e n t a t i ownh e n
m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e b r o u g h t t o m e t h o d so f f a b r i 'i
c a t i o n o r w h e nn e w f o r m s o f h u l I a r e n t r o d u c e d .
S t e p 2 - - - G e n e r a t i o no f B l o c k P e r i p h e r a l D a t a F i I e
f o r i n d i v i d u a l t y p e so f b l o c k : T h ef i l e
c o n t a i n sp e r i p h e r a ld a t a o n e x c e s . lse n g t h , g r o o v e
sf shrinks h a p ee t c . , a s w e l l a s o n t h e m e t h o d o
a g e c o m p e n s a t i ofno r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f b l o c k .
T h e i n f o r m a t i o nt o b e i n p u t t e d i n t h i s f i l e a r e
i n r e f e r e n c et o c r i t e r i a f o r c l a s s i f y determined
' in q t h e d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r a l p a t t e r n s a n d m o d e s
o f a s s e m b l yi n t o b l o c k s .
TIBLi/

F o r s t r u c t u r e so f s p e c i a l d e s i g n , o r f o r w o r k
p r o c e d u r eos f p a r t i c u l a r k i n d n o t s u s c e p t i b l et o
t r e a t m e n tb y s t a n d a r dm e t h o d ,t h e a m o u n t sa n o
s c a l e o f e x c e s sl e n g t h f o r s h r i n k a g e ,a n d t h e
e x c e s sl e n g t h f o r r e c o v e r i n gs h a p ea f t e r f o r m i n g
i n t o h u l l , a r e p r e s c r i b e di n d i v i d u a l l yf o r e a c h
blockor member.
S t e p 3 - - P r a c t ' i c a l a p o l i c a t i o na n d r e f i n e m e n t :
T h e p r o d u c t i o nd e p a r t m e nrte c e i v i n gt h e d e s i g n
d a t a o n i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t( sn e t d i m e n s i o nos f
f i n ' i s h e dp r o d u c ti s s u e db y d e s i g nd e p a r t m e n t ) ,
n r o c p e d p d t n n r r t i h p P p r i .nrh.p,r,r,l*
hefr
,S-r -r hs y s t e m
i n t o p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o no n e a c h b l o c k t o b e
a s s e m b l e d .I n d o i n g t h i s , e a c h i n p u t w a s c h e c k e d
b y o u t - p u t t i n qo n p l o t t e r t h e r e s u l t s o f p r e 6 s s 5 i n q w i t h t h e S u b s y s t e ma,n d u p o nd e t e c t i n ga n
a n o m a l o ues x c e s sl e n g t h , t h e e r r o n e o u sd a t a - - o r
o t h e r c a u s eo f a n o m a l y - - v e r er e c t i f i e d b v
i heral
m o dfiy i n q d i r e c t l y o n l i n e t h e r e l e v a n t p e i . p
D a t aF i I e .
A n e x a m p l eo f C R Td i s p l y f o r o u t p u t e x c e s sl e n g t h
c h e c k i n qi s r e p r o d u c e idn F i g . 6 ; F i g . 7 r e p r e s e n t s . i n o u t l i n e t h e f I o w o f P e r i p h e r a lD a t a
Subsystem
o p e r a t i o n i n t h e p r o d u c t i o nd e p a r t m e n t .

T A B LEE P r o d u cotc c u r o c l o
eb
s t o l n e!d, / i t ho D p l i c 0 t i oonf
P e r i p h e rD
o lo t oS u b s y s t e m - l n t e rm
n oelm b e r s

P r c c u c tc c c u r o c i e so D t c i n e a' , : : - ; : : l i . :
S i b s r s t e r - S k i n c l c t e (" : a : : l : : : : r . l :

o*,.'
!*ilu-oe

"..* "',

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. ; ,.l.J

i.34
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40

0.36
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t.35

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0.525

Pl anned val ues cf

assenb_f shri ikaae
3!tt

weldin-c:i.J:r

5tiafener
aorrec!r!e

*eldlr_c:
neatirc:

/.:
:.!

ir
rr

P l a n n e d v a l ! e s o f a s s e m b l ys h r j n k a g e
Stiffener welding: 5.30 mm
Correclive heating; 2.63 m

Accuracy Control in Hull Construction

483

8 E x o n p l e0 f 0 u t i t u t t e de n l 0 r g e r n tn h o t 0 t ' n 0 r k i nnge q 0 t i v e

F A C EP L A T E
. r - T sr t P )

oATE
60.7.10

ST3O

- r R - T st I P ]

fl

ST3O

X = 0.2 reans 0.2 m/m shrinkage scale in X-direclron

tL = 3157 reans 3,157 m total lenqth includino
shrinkage colpensation luroeo at eyt.en. ti

F I G . 9 E x o m p l eo f i n d i c o t i 0 n s o u t p u t t e d o n i n d i v i d u o l c o m p o n e ndtr o w i n g s

7.

EXAMPL
OEF O U T P UFTR O M
P E R I P H E RDAALT A
SUBSYSTEM

E x a m p l e os f c o m p u t e ro u t p u t f r o m t h e P e r i p h e r a l
D a t a S u b s y s t e amr e p r e s e n t e di n F i q s . 8 t o l C .
F i g u r e 8 r e p r e s e n t sa n e n l a r g e m e npt h o t o g r a p h i c
m a r k i n gf i i m , w i t h i n d i c a t i o n so f s h r i n k a g e
s c a l e sf o r t h e X a n d Y d i r e c t i o n s . A s i m i l a r
d i a g r a mw o u l db e d i s p l a y e da s o p e r a t o rp l a n f o r
n u m e rci a 11 y - c o n t r o Il e d c u t t i n g .
F i g u r e 9 r e p r e s e n t si n d i c a t i o n so n i n d i v i d u a l
c o m p o n e ndtr a w i n g so u t p u t t e d o n e l e c t r o s t a t i c
p r i n t e r . A p a r t f r o m t h e f i n a l d i m e n s i o n so f p r o d u c t ( f a c e p l a t e i n t h i s i n s t a n c e ) .i n d i c a t . i o n s
a r e g i v e n o f s h r i n k a q es c a l e a n d t o t a l a c t u a l
1e n g t h i n c l u di n g t h e e x c e s s1e n g t h .

(12603)
s = t / 5 4i : c . 7 Y : 0 . 2
N 0 T [ : V a ] u e sj n d j c a t e d 5 e t w e e np d r e n t h e s pcsi v t h e d j n e r s j o n s
for marking.

F t G .t 0 E x o m p l eo f m o l d l o f t d r o w i n gt o _ o u i d en 0 r k i n o b y

F i o u r e 1 0 r e p r e s e n t sa m o l d l o f t d r a w i n gt o g u i d e
m a r k i n qb y h a n d . T h e v a l u e s i n d i c a t e d b e r w e e n
parenthesea
s r e t h e d i m e n s i o n si n c o r p o r a t i n g
e x c e s sl e n g t h , b a s e do n w h j c h t h e p l a t e s a r e t o
be marked.

M. Ijichi et al

484
8.

C O N C L U D IRNEGM A R K S

d e s c r i b e di n w h a t
The PeripheralData Subsystem
D r e c e d e sh a s a l r e a d y s e e n 6 y e a r s o f p r a c t i c a l
a p p l i c a t i o n , d u r i n g w h i c h i t w a s u t i . li z e d i n t h e
d e s i g n0 f e v e r y s h i p b u i l d i n t h e a u t h o r s 's h i p yaro.
E f f e c t i v e a p D l i c a t i o no f t h e S u b s v s t e hn a s r e d u c e dt o a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 5 ? 4( r e d i r c t i o nb y l / 3 ) t h e
percentago
e f f l a m e c u t t i n g r e q u i r e do n w e l d s ,
a n d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y4 i l ( r e d u c t i o n b y 3 / 4 ) t h e
percentaqo
e f m a k e - u p a t c h i n gr e q u i r e d , b o t h i n
r e f e r e n c e t o t o t a l w e . l dl e n g t h .
P r o d u c ta c c u r a c i e so b t a i n e dw i t h a p p li c a t i o n o f
t h e S u b s y s t e amr e e x e m p l i f i e di n T a h r l e7 a n d 8 .
T h e s c a t t e r i n g o f s h r i n k a g ea m o u n t s e e n i n t h e s e
t a b l e s c a n b e a s c r i b e dt o d i f f e r e n c e si n w e l d i n g
s e q u e n c ei ,n h e a t i n p u t , i n b a s em e t a l p r o p e r t i e s
( c o m p o s i t i o n c) ,o n s t r i c t i o na p p l i e di n w e l d i n g ,
a s w e l l a s t o m e a s u r e m eenrtr o r . I n p r a c t i c e '
t h e i n c o m m o d i o ue sf f e c t o f t h e r e s u l t i n g e x c e s s s i d e f l u c t u a t i o n si n d i m e niso n s i s e l i m in a t e d
t h r o u g h s h o r t e n i n qb y 1 t o 2 m mt h e e x t r e m i t i e s
s h e nt h e y a r e t o b e w e l d e d b e t ' l e e n
o f m e m b e rw
o t h e r m e m b e rusn d e rf u 1 1 y c o n s t r a ' i n ecdo n d i t i o n .
T h e f o r e g o i n g p r e s e n t a t i o nh a s c o v e r e do n l y a n
o u t l i n e o f t h e u n d e r l y i n gp r i n c i p l e sa p p l i e di n
d e r i v i n g t h e P e r i p h e r a l D a t a S u b s y s t e mt.o g e t h e r

w i t h a n e x a m p l eo f a p p li c a t i o n i n p r a c t i c e .
A d o p t i o no f t h e S u b s y s t e ma,n d t h e a s s o c i a t e d
efforts spent in adapting thern to the shipyard
w o r k p r a c t i c e , h a v ea l r e a d yr e - c u l t e di n a p p r e c i a b l e u p g r a d i n go f t h e l e v e l a t t a i n e d i n a c c u r a c y
c o n t r o l . T h e s eb e n e f i t s a l r e a d yg a i n e dw i t h t h e
are but a token of what can be expected
Subsystem
f o r t h e f u t u r e , w h e nt h e m a n ys h o r t c o m i n g s t i l l
a t t e n d a n to n t h e S u b s y s t e amr e s u c c e s s i v e l ye 1 i m i n a t e dt h r o u g h f u r t h e r e f f o r t s i n t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d r o b o t i z a t i o no f w e l d i n qw o r k , t o a p p r o a c ha n d s t a b i l i z e t h e a c t u a l i n p u t h e a t t o t h e
p r e s c r ib e d v al u e s , a n d t h e r e b y m in i m iz e f l u c t u ationsin shrinka,oe.
i]EFEREI]CE
a ,. , l 1 iu r a , H . a n d
I l I l 1 iu r a , S . , l l a k a q a r v K
H a t a k e ,1 1 . , I n t e a r a t e dH u l I n f o r m a t i o n
C o n t r o l S y s t e r n - - l H I C SI ,H I E n q i n e e r i n o
g ( 1 9 7 6 )[ N o . a ] l B - 2 8 .
Review
[ 2 ] T o m i z a w aM, . , D e v e l o p m e no tf E x c e s sS y s t e m
f o r H u l l C o n s t r u c t i o nS
, y m p o so. n S t e e l
S h i p C o n s t r u c t i o nS
, o c . N a v .A r c h . J a p a n ,
( 1 9 8 2 )7 7 - 8 6 .
, . e t a 1 . , A n A p p r o a c tho S h r i n k a g e
[ 3 ] K o h t a k eS
R e c o v e r yo f H u l l A s s e m b l yb y C o m p u t e r - a i d e d
D e s i g nS y s t e m J, . S o c .N a v . A r c h . J a p a n ,
I s o ( I 9 8 r) 5 8 7 - 5 9 .]

ComputerApplicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
@ IFIP,1985

485

P M C T I C A L A P P L I C A T I O N O F S I N G L E C U R V E DH U L L D E F I N I T I O N
BACKGROI]ND, APPLICATION, SOFTWAREANID EXPERIENCE

a Subsidiary

O1e N@rskov-Lauritsen,
MSc
Burmeister & Wain Shipdesign ApS
of Burmeister & Wain Shipyard, Copenhagen, Denmark

A single
curved surface
can be produced from
there is no twisting
or stretching
in the plane
sma11 and reduces the tirne and tools needed for
During
the recent
decades a 1ot of
(see literature
list),
but an actual

f'l at

nlatc

hv

rollino

of the plate,
the effort
the manufacEure.

or bending
only.
As
needed 1s relatively

articles
on single
curved surfaces
have been published
production
using such surfaces has not been described.

pleasure
Within
yachts
single
curvature
comes j,nto use when building
of sheet ply'wood and
often
introduces
chines or knuckle
1ines.
Only planing
polrer boats seems to benefit
from
underwater chines in way of increased course stability.
For cornmercial vessels,
single curvature has mainly been used for tugs and barges where simplicity
has been preferred
to propulslon efficiency.
However, there is no contradictj-on
between simplicity
and propulsion
efficiency.
Burmeister &
Waln Shipyard has built
large scale merchant ships (Pananax size) through nany years, utilizing the philosophy
of single curved surfaces wi!h very good experiences.
This paper gives a sunmary of single
the software system developed for this

curvature,
the practical
applicatlon
purpose, and the experience obtained

in shlpbuilding,
accordingly.

C U R V E D S H E L L C O N S T R U C T I O N SF O R S H I P S
When building
large
merchant
shlps,
between
50"1 and 801l ot the shiprs
lightweight
covers
steel
produced
frorn f1at,
rectangular
steel
plates.
About
after
either
plates

two thirds
of these will
remain flat
being
fltted
inLo
the
construction,
as
internal
structure
or
as
shell
in the rnidships plane areas.

Above mentioned
percentages
vary
from
ship
type to ship type, but genela11y about I5Z
of
the steel
plates
will
require
special
Ereat_
ment in order to become curved.
Say, 102 for
ful1
bodled
ships
and 2OZ for
slender
con_
tainer vessels.

Looki-ng on aspects of production

optimization
of steel
constructions,
we can number three
groups that are related
to curved plaEes:
a) Raw materials:

Efforts
should be taken so
as
!o
adopt
available
standard
materials
co as
greac an extent
as Poss_
ib1e, and to utilize
these
to obtain
a minimum scrap
percentage.

b)

Production
informat ion :

Preparation
of
accurate
infornation
for
the workshops so as to avoid time
consurning changes and repair
work to already
fabricated
parts
together
with
reduced
margins
on
purchase specif ications.

c)

Construction

Design
should
rnininize
time
consurning
processes
and
requirements
for
expensive and heavy too1s.

f ea c i h i

Fig.

Typical extent of

ships curved sheII plare area.

'l

i t.'

The hult
forrns of ships are generally
designed
primarily
considering
the hydrodyrrani"
prop.r_
ties,
thus to some extent neglecting
th. pro_
duction
feasibility.
The she11 plates
not be_
ing parts
of flar
areas of the ship will- be
nore or less double curved.

486

O. NSrskov-Lauritsen

Deformation
plate
of
a flat
into
a
plate,
curved
f.inst.
into
a section
great
sphere or an ellipsoid
requires
heat trealment.
or special
This is due
fact,
that
the plate
has to be bent
directlons
implying
deformation
in the
of the plate.

places can be
ln principle
shelI
gular
is
no deformation
as there
on the shell
plane.
A rectangle
keep its shape when developed.
will

double
a
of
forces
to the
in two
plane

Rational
working
nethods
within
modern shipbulldlng
deurand an accuracy
about
of
one
nillineter
for prefabricated
elements that are
to be assembled into bigger structures.
Double
curved surfaces
can not be developed exacEly,
and although
many dlfferent
nethods
of develpresented,
oplng
have
been
double
curved
panels wJ-lI always suffer
from unpredictable
devlation
from
their
intended
three-dinensional
shape due to the unavoidable
errors
in
techniques.
the unfolding

edges
shipbuilding
the short
In practical
the secwill
be cut to fit
of the plates
butts normally being frame sections,
tional
seams are kept paralbut the longitudinal
to
can be purchased
lel.
Thus the plate
consequently minihave the needed breadth,
mizing the scrap amount.
exactly'
can be developed
b ) As the places
without
fit
their
sections
into
they will
The required
stock lengths
any corrections.
normally added to the edges can be avoided,
n l

The gaps
or
overlappings
between
adjacent
plate
strakes
can only be nended by adding or
removing
excessive
material
or by a more or
less violent
tension
of the plates,
resulting
in deformation,
and thus lmpairing
the fairness
In
of
the
surface.
either
case more
effort
is
needed. Consequently,
the convenproviding
nethods
curved
panels
tional
of
should be avoided, or aE least improved.
However, ships with double curved she11 plates
have been built
through the years wlthout
too
much trouble.
Furthermore,
is
the complexity
very
much dependant
on the curvature
of the
plates
compared to the length
and breadth
of
the plates.
For large ships having relatively
plates
small steel
eompared to the dimensions
of the ships
in question,
the problem is
a
minor
one
on1y.
But
bearing
the
currenr
extremely
hard cornpetitlon
r^rithin shipbuilding
must be welln mind,
any small
optimization
come.

rectanin
the
plating

The only process needed !o form the curved

For
thick
or
plates
is
rolling.
shell
use of a hydraulic
heavily
curved plates
bending press may be required.
curved plates may be automatically
Slightly
flat
on the workshop
lying
welded together
positioned
on jigs
or
floor.
When later
its own weight is often sufficient
cradles,
shape, thus eliminating
it
in!o
to press
for obtaining
the intended
efforts
special
shaoe.

Fig.2

Scrap areas
and

Single

of

shell plates.
(right).

ConvenLional

Curved

THEORYOF SINGLE-CURVEDSURFACES

THE CONCEPT OF SINGLE CURVATURE

The art of
the ability
plate
flat
ing it will
surface.

dolng curved she11 constructions

is
to predi-ct the required
form of a
so accurately,
that after
processfit
exactly
to the intended curved

One way of obtaining

rhis
is to avoid
curvature
1n two directions,
by applying
special
curved surfaces,
namely the single
curved surfaces. These are also ca11ed developable
surfaces, as they are completely developable.
The application
of these slngle
curved surfaces obviously
puts restrictions
on the designer,
as the three degrees of freedom are no
longer
independent
of
each other.
But
the
effecEs of this
restrlction
must not be overemphasised, because the hu11 in any case is
subjected
to the laws of hydrodynamics,
and
hence must provide
smooth streamlines
along
the hu11.
The advantages
of single
curved surfaces
be listed
as three
items following
the
viously
mentioned optimization
aspectsl

can
pre-

A surface created by sweeping a straight

line
in space is ca11ed a straight-1ined
surface,
f,ex.
a ruled
surface or a he1ix.
If
these
straight
lines,
called generator
lines,
follow
certain
rules,
the surface
s\repL will
be a
single curved surface.
A single
curved surface
is exactly
the same as
a developable
surface.
Both notations
will
be
used ln random throughout
this
paper.
A developable
surface
is
characterized
by
two

a) Through any poin!

on
one scraight
line
line)
can be laid
throughout
its whole
b)

the surface,
(being
the
touching
length.

Along any generator

line,
constant tangent plane.

at least
generator
the
surface

che surface

has a

trdevelopable
The designation
surface"
i.s due
to the fact,
lhat these surfaces may be developed into
a p1an, i.e.
that
Chere exists
a
geometrical
napping of the surface
onto the
plane
so that
every curve
on the surface
is
mapped as a curve of the same length
on the
plane (an isometri-c napping).
Consequently the
roapping also
provides
true
angles
and true

Practical Application of Single Curved Hull Definition

The generator
lines are subjected to the limitations
which the geometrical
laws for developable surfaces prescribe,
i.e.
primarlly
they
should not by their
shape cause any hyperbolic
regions in the surface created,
or the generator lines must be singular.
It
can be proved mathematically
Ehat developable surfaces can be divided
into three tvDes:
a) Cylinder
surfaces
para11e1) .

(a11

generator

b)

Conical
intersect

c)

Tangent surfaces
(a11 generator
tangents to a given space curve).

lines

(a11
surfaces
generator
each other in one point).
lines

487

The general
philosophy
behind
Ehe development
of the second generation
computer software was
to establish
a completely new hu1l lines gene_
rating
system that should utilize
the conceot
of single
curvature.
The system was to becone
part of a Erue CAD-system covering the definition
of hu1l forms needed, ranging from processing
classification
drawings
to the final
offsets
used for
sEeel cutting
and construct ion i./ork.

are

lines

are

This development started

in the late
l970rs
and is today proceeding
conEinuously
Eo provide a highly
efficient
design tool hrith emphasis put on the man-machine interface.
The systero is now running on desklop compuEers
with
graphical
capabilities
and a digitizing
board, a printer
and a large plotter
as peripherals together with a disc storage medium.
The philosophy
of the software
system is that
of combining
separate
surfaces
i-nto the complete
hu11 form.
Two advantages
are inunanent
in this
philosophy:
The hu11 can be deflned
starting
in the parts
of the ship belng mosc
urgent and later modifications
to parts of the
hu11 can be performed rrithouE any interference
with the already given adjoini-ng surfaces.
Hu1l Forn Modelling

liq.
left

3 The three types of single curved surfaces.

!-rom
to right Cylinder, Conicai and Tangent "..f...".

The cylinder
surface
1s the simplest
single
curved surface and the tangent surface is the
most advanced one. The cylinder
surface is not
satisfactory
as a general base due to the con_
stant
direction
of the generator
1ines,
and
the
tangent
surface
is
very
difficult
to
handle numerically.
As a compromise we have selected
the conical
surfaces
to forn
the single
curved. surfaces
used. In fact
the series
of conical
surfaces
can be looked upon as a discrete
method of
simulating
tangent
surfaces,
because the top
points will
often form a spacial
curve similar
ro a tangent
curve. When increasing
the number
of
top points,
the
sinilarity
bLcornes more
obvious.

C O M P U T E RS O F T W A R ES Y S T E M
Philosophy
The utilisation
of
place
rhe vasr manual Ttt".tt"":
;::i";:]
";r;:;
as early as in 1960 ar Lhe B&W Shipyard.
This
first
generation
of software
has been ln use
until
recently,
and ernerged frorn a manuaf in_
put of generator
lines
only and ended rlrlth an
automatic generation
of she11 slde contours of
the internal
structure.

As rhe surfaces
are to combine into
a fair
hull,
they
must
have
common boundaries
throughout.
The design work starEs \rith
selecEion
of these corulon boundaries
forrning
a
frame network,
and !o deflne
the boundary conditions
at these,
normally
bei.ng on tangenEs
and curvature.
Together
with
these
constraints,
aries will
define the rough form

The hu11
different

of

surface
is
now divlded
kinds of surfaces:

the bound_
each sur_

into

three

1) plane surfaces
2) single curved surfaces
3) double curved surfaces
First
the
extension
of
the
plane
surfaces
should be determined.
They prirnarily
cover the
flat
side and Ehe flat
bottom of the ship, a1_
though other
surfaces
may be p
The
- al ar en e t o o .
boundaries
of
these
surfaces
quite
ob_
vious,
but as the plane
surfaces
must have
smooth transitions
to the surrounding
single
curved
surfaces,
the
boundaries
..-"
often
straight
lines.
Secondly, areas
duced as single
mined.

that are likely

to
curved areas should

be repro_
be deter_

The single
curved surfaces
are charact erized
by havlng Ehe same tangential
plane all
alone
one generator line.
This implies
Ehar f. instl
all
frarnes on the body plan
(being para1le1
intersections
wirh
the hu11) will
have the
same tangential
direction
along a certain
gen_
erator
1ine. If the frames are equally spaced,
the generator
line will
be dividld
into parts
of equal length between the frames,

488

O. Ndrskov-Lauritsen

for
determiAbove fact
is the main guidance
generator
lines
nlng possible
as well
as for
preparing
initial
body plan by
a successful
for determining
hand. Furthermore it is useful
transition
between
single
curved
and
the
which later
double curved areas,
on will
be
fixed by use of special boundary curves.
Generatlon

of

Slngle

Curved Surfaces

possible
for the computer Eo genTo make it
curved surface on the basis of
erate a single
iE is necessary !o have
the boundary network,
Boeh of
on the surface.
tr^7o space curves lying
from
surface
these must span the particular
to determine
in order
one end to the other,
the fu1l extension of the surface.
& Wain syThe curves used in the Burmeister
B-spline
curves using a Bernstem are speclal
They are
function.
basis
as weighting
stein
These curves have
also known as Bezier-curves.
compared wi-th ordinary
advantages
several
Poa very
easy handling
among others
lynomials,
smooth curves and an excelin order to obtain
which
is
of the end tangents'
lent
control
for our purpose.
very useful

Fig.

A Bezier Curve shom virh

rhe base polygon.

of
the splines
used
Due to the mathematics
completely
be either
here, a space curve will
will
a1ong, or
it
be curved
straight
all
A composite curve is not possible,
throughout.
by two separate
curves
and must be replaced
generating
two separate
buc adj oining
thus
also be
surfaces. Consequen!ly, surfaces will
This
irneiEher plane or curved throughout.
plane surfaces on the hull
are
plies
that all
t ^ F i - ^ l
o
ell-neo as separaLe ones,
from
The two space curves, which are provided
the hand sketch, gives lhe conputer an indication of how the designer wants lhis parEicular
is not always roatheroatisurface
to be. As it
possible
surto generate a developable
cally
face containi-ng both curves, one of the curves
form,
its
initial
must be chosen to maintain
while the other curve will
be used as guidance
on the genseldoro be exactly
only and will
erated surface.
of developable sur0ne of the characteristics
faces is that all points on the same generator
planes.
This
have identical
tangential
line
of lhe develfact
is used for the generation
Two points
on the tvto space
opable surfaces.
plane will
curves having the same tangential
To form
form a generator
line of the surface.
of a series
surface
consis!ing
a developable
generator
surfaces,
lhe calculated
of conical
previous
generator
line
must intersect
the
(i,e.
and
line
they must not be skew lines),
of the new generathis necessary modification
deviation
frorn the
line
causes a slight
tor
guidance curve.
curved surface
is now
single
fixed Bezier curve (abt. 6-12
(abt. 5-20
and the top points

The cal-culated
defined by the
polygon points)
points).

The definition
of the space curves is done by
points,
a number of polygon
which
are controlling
the
shape of
the curve.
End point
tangents
are determined
by the direction
of
last
polygon points,
the two first/two
while
curvatures
of the curve are dethe end point
last points.
termined by the three first/three
The first
last
polygon
points
and the
are
on the curve,
normally
always lying
being the
only ones doing so.

n
p

r/t\
\L/

2
Z__

":

. J

(t) : 0 < E < 1

a=u
(t)==--jf-

whereJ
Formula

Fig.

of

Bezier

r
t'n-i

curve,

A developable
surface
of
re/ \w 5 rnnnnirr5
3nd 3

enne

space

<ema.tc

d a f i-

curve.

l l - r l

ref.

3
Liniting

These splines
not
highly
sophisticated
are
splines,
but offers
sirnplicity
and inflexlbility
which is a rnajor advantage when trying
to
generate smooth curves. Moving one of the depoints
fining
changes the curve global1y,
alits
impact
is
concentrated
1ocal1y
though
This high degree of stiffaround the point.
ness
avoids
unintended
bunops and hollows,
whereby desired
bumps can be created only by a
conscious action from the desiqner.

the Valid

The generated
l - ! - . ' F ^

Areas of

surfaces

^ . . - ^ ^ ^ ^
J U f
a d L E S t

U r r E

the

Surfaces

form two sets of semion each side of the top

point s.
Two

requirements

^^^^,

a.

must

be

put

on

For each top point

only
one
surface
is va1id,
this
being
containins fhe snace curve.

these

sur-

semiinfinite
the surface

Practical Application

b.

of Single Curved Hull Delinition

The extension
of
the
valid
seroiinfinite
surface must be bounded, excluding
the top
points from Ehe surface. I.e. no Eop points
must be found on the actual hu11 surface,

The extension
of Ehe generator
lines
is governed
by
either
inEersec!ions
with
other
single
curved surfaces,
or by special boundary
curves.
The boundary
curves
are generated
as two-dimensional
curves
in either
the X,Yor the
X,Z-p1ane (being the base plane and lhe cenrre
plane),
acting
as curves for
generator
lines
paraIIe1
to the Z-axis or the Y-axis,
respectively,
hereby generating
a cylinder
surface.
The projection
of Ehe two-dimensional
curves
onto the single
curved surfaces
defines
the
actual boundary on the shi-prs hu11.

or aesthelic
appearance
rninated
by
inserting
strips
connecting
the
surfaces.

489
the chines nay be elifaired
double
curved
adj acent
developable

The fairing
can be done by different
methods
with varying
constraints
to tangency and curvature.
These faired
areas are seldom trulv
developable except for the bilge
area.

Data Representa!ion
At this
step all
surfaces
and boundaries
are
defined
and must now be put together
to form
lhe conplete
hu11. The hul1
is divided
into
longitudinal
sections,
each having a special
order of surfaces and boundaries taken f.inst.
froro the cenEre line
of the ship,
following
the ships bottom, side and upper deck tor^7ards
the deck centre line_
Depending on the order
of
the surfaces
and
boundaries,
it is defined whether a transition
between two surfaces is forned by a knuckle,
a
smooth transition,
or a faired
double curved

The data
for
each surface
being
the
space
curve and the top points
and the internal
re_
lations
between lhe surfaces as stored in one
database.

Fig.

Fairing

Projection

of

of

Knuckle

a boundary curve on a cone segnenr.

l^le have now set up a mathematical

descrlption
of the courplete hull
surface,
which is exacEly
defined
and continuous
throughout.
This nume_
rical
description
can
be
converEed
into
graphic
representations
or into
offseE
point
tables covering any point or curve on lhe sur_
face.

Lines

The basic hu11 form now consisCs of pure

de_
velopable
zones with the intersecEions
forning
chines
or
knuckle
lines
along
Ehe hu11.
A
smooth transition
from one slngle
curved sur_
face to another is only possibie
if thev ioin
each other along a scraight
1ine, i.".
u lor_
mon generator
line.
A1l other transitions
will
give intersections
between the surfaces
form_
ing chines or knuckle
1ines.
When considered
necessary
because of hydrodynamic properties

Fig.

Fairing
curved

of a knuckle
surfaces.

line

between

two

slngle

Fig.

Bodyplan of a container
of double curvature.

ship vith

marked-up areas

490

O. Ndrskov-Lauritsen

At any stage of the computation,

output
for
control
purposes
can be obtained,
f.
inst.
body plans
or
sections
hereof
eithe!
as a
screen picture,
a hard copy of this on thernal
paper, a pen plot or as numeric tables of offsets.
Information
for
the workshops are now
dlrectly
calculated
by the computer, and may
be 1n form of paper tape,
magnetic
Eape or
drawlngs
to a given
scale.
This
information
can then be used for
control
of cuttins
machines in the workshop.
Developing

the

Single

Curved

Surfaces

The main feature

of the single
curved concept
is the exact development of the surfaces.
This
is done for each cone segment (top point)
by
calculating
the
spherical
point
top
angle,
which is equal to the angle between two corresponding generator
lines
in the developed surface.

Fig,

Fig.

Every point
on that
segment. can thus be unamdefined
in a radial
coordinate
sybiguously
stem by the angle from one of the generator
1ines, and the distance from the top point.
hrtren building
up the total
hull
surface
description,
every point can be characterized
by
coordi-nate syscoordi-nates in two different
tems,
one three-dimensional
and one two-direpresenting
mensional,
the latter
lhe mathenatically
exact unfolding
of the curved surfaces. The seans of the shel1 plating
will
nabe defined
by their
equation
in the
turally
two-dimensional
system, normally
as simple as
lines,
all
strakes
stralght
which means that
be straight
and
in si-ng1e curved areas wiII
parallel-edged
waste of malhus minimizing
terial,

U p p e r p a r t o f a single curved ships forebodY

runs of the plate strakes.
showing typical

1 0 T h e s u r f a c e o f f i g . 9 shom developed,
from the stem to lhe t l a t o t s a d e .

rangrng

hactical Application of Single Curyed Hull Delinition

E X P E R I E N C E SW I T H T H E A P P L I C A T I O N O F S I N G L E
CURVATI,IRE
Burnelster
& Waln Shlpyard
has now rnore than
25 years
of
experience
wlth
the
practlcal
applicatlon
of singl-e curved surfaces
wlthln
shlp construction.
Although lt
is very dlfflcult
Eo estin,te
the
actual
savings
due to the lntroductlon
of ne!,
principles,
especially
when lt happens step by
step
over
Dany years,
the
followlng
is
an
attenpt
to establish
such an estimate.

491

The xact development of elngle

curved surfaces allows more eccurete steel purchaslng,
and the Lntroduction
of the parallel
edged
plate strakes reducee the scrap percentage for
the hu1l p1ate8, both leadlng to reduced cost
of materlal.
It also glves nore accurately cut steel parts
used ln the construction,
whlch of course reduces the time needed for adjustnents
and
nendlng of lrregular
parts.
A11 together
a
savlng of about 20 per cent manhours has been
achleved for the curved panels due to the lntroducElon of slngle curvature.

For the deslgn part,

lhe duratlon
of provlding
the
finally
falred
hull
forn
from
a hand
sketch can be done in less than l0 days for
one deslgner.
This is typlcal
for fu11-bodied
shlps
1lke
tankers
and bulk
carrlers.
More
slender shlps wlll
require more Eime.

Dependlng on the fullness of the ship, up to

957 of the hu1l surface can be kept slngle
curved without negatlve influence on the propulslon propertles.

No succeeding
falrlng
process
1s needed because each surface
is
fair
and the boundary
constralnts
are
identlcal
for
two adj oining
surfaces.
The surface
fairness
is determined
by the fairness
of the Bezier curve and a continuous dlstrlbutlon
of the Eop poinEs.

There 1s no doubE that 1f the principle

in
fucure wl11 be accepred by shipbutlding industry ln general, conpletely new forms w111
appear and there ls no reason to belleve that
they as to appearance and elegance should have
to be lnferior
to those hltherto created in
conventlonal ways.

Fu11 scale
trlals
and nodel tests
show thaE
the slngle
curved hu1ls are ln no resoect
inferior
to conventlonal
hu11 forms,
but grear
care nust be taken when designing
any knuckle
1lries.
The sEandard Pananax size
64,000 tdw
bulk carrler
bu1lE by Burmelster
& Waln Shlpyard ln a series of 20 shlps fron 1980 to 1985
ls one of the best verlflcatlons
of thls giving 'state
of the artr
perfornance
nlthln
lts
slze.

As a n4tter of fact all the people who have

become faml1lar lrlth the new forns are flndlng
enjoynent 1n the smooth unstralned appearance
of the surfaces wearlng no slgns of vlolent
avkward worklng methods, and at the same tlne
they bave got a sharp eye for the unnotivated
varlatlons
1o curvature whlch ofteo oay be
observed on hull surfacee of conventLonal desIgn.

Flnally
the concept
al1ows nodlflcatlons
of
the centre
of buoyancy and che block
coefficient
wlthout
impairlng
Ehe slngle
curvature.
Thls a11ows for up to the lasE nlnute
correctlons
due to revisions
of centre
of gravlty
and deadwelght.

LIST
I

OF LITEMTURE
"A
L.W. Ferrls:
Standard Series
velopable
Surf aces'r presented
at
meeEing i967
Marlne TechnoJ-ogy, Vol. 5, No. l,

of De_
SNA.I,{E_
l95g

"Coroputer
T.J.
Nolan:
Aided Design
Developable
Surfacestt,
presented
SNAME-ureerlng 1970
Marlne Technology, Vo1. g, Aprll
l97l

"B-spline
Davld
F. Rogers:
Curves
Surfaces for Ship Hull Deflnltlon"
S C A H Dr 7 7 , A n n a p o l i s , S e p t . L g 7 7

John C. Clernents: ',A Coroputer System to

Derlve
Developable
Hu11 Surfaces
and
Tables of Offsets[
Marlne Technology, VoI. 1g, No. 3, July
1981

of
at

and

Computer Applicationsin the Automation of

Shipyard Operation and Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
@ I F I P ,1 9 8 5

493

AIDED HULL DEFINITlON

A D V A N C E DU S E O F B E Z ] E R S U R F A C E SF O R C O M P U T E R
Marc POi{l{ELLET
S ] S T R E A P P L ] C A T ] O N ST E C H N ] Q U E S

of

The mathematical problems concerning the numerical definition

forrnulate different

software deslgners to

are noL alhays clearly

limitations

The
term,

ore:t

enthr:siaSm
in

especially

\ ' ^ - - ^ -L .l lr gL I^ El D^ S^ t ^ ' LL cr

I t c v E I

package

will

be

The purpose of

r L

the

h r r l l

field

used

as

this

paper is

bri-efly-the

To

why we believe

To explaln

discuss

clouds

s e n f a t i O n

or

design

- To outline

and

the

shaded

already

neaning

of

this

hu11 modeling.

of

rr c
L Pn r r e
u

algorithrns, whose possibilities

perceivedby rhe potential users.

CAD often

about

the hu11 1ed

as

a l sori thm
a

determines

heavy recopying

wether

CAD

too1.

therefore:

rnain algorj-thms nhich ma)'be used in naval CAD.

in

surface

m n d c l

i n o

can be used to

how BEZIER surfaces

n r ^ a F q q

solve

naval

the

CAD problems

\
-

1.

To illustrate

lhis

presentatjon with concrete examples.

2.

INTRODUCTION

of a I1, clear up and

We must, first
structure the current state of knowl e d s e i n L h e a r e a o f n u m e r ic f o r m
modelinp in order Lo find out rihat
- ' ^- r\ i e d o n t h e c o n c r e t e
l l l d y
f l B r r L
L r l i
D
n rn h l em

of

hoaf

d
* -e s" i- eo n"

and

Current enthusiasm for

consLr ucti on.

the most

aqne.rs of CAD freorrentlv

lack of
tends to hide a serious
theoretlcal
rrnderstandinp of certain
elements which are the base of an
CAD system.
and flexible
efficient

F O R I TD E F I N I T I O N
The field

of

hu11 form definition

heirro merelv a Iink in the comnlex

its
chain oF desipn / .nnstrnerinn
n e r f e c - 1 .i n l , e p r a t i o n
into
the heart
of
a comnlete svsf,em is the cornerstone
v^ Ff

y^ ^u , w. . ^ - , ,

I I

rL ^vnvl r

( n11
\ u r r

oDerations are referrinp

surf ace rnodel).

l -h a

to

^f

har

t h e h r rI 1

ayfFrinr

r{e will
concentrate
Nonetheless,
'in itself
here on the problem, vast
,
ci n
h i l npY - s
n F
d o f
i n i n o
f h c
rf ^or rh n , a n a r e a
a great
whlch rve have invested
into
and development over
deal of research
years.
As a result
of
the past five
fhis.nn.rFl-p
e ^x /r Y^ r- :I ^s -r r^L ^s t " ^ r ^ ^ 1 t h a f
olrr
!L Lr l^c

mav
Dresenf
balarrce sheet
- L i ^ . . ^ - r ^u 5, , L wr r r L t h i n k
about

s r l r P J d r

interest
CAD.

So, we may state, without exageration

that the choice of the forms rnodeling
. l d ^ r i r h h i ^

a ^ n
unu

/ a A u
/ unrr

L rl ,y, -c ^o^ n. l u -; tfLi ^l o^ -n s FL l n, e

h o m o g e n e o u s n e s sa n d f i n a l l y
nerformance of the whole

i . i r o n f

flexjbility,
fhe overa I I

^
DjrLsrrr.

By jumping ahead of ourselves a bit,

we can illustrate
this point of view
by mentioning that a solid modeling
definition
of hu11 form will not permit
_
q h a n t h . . n l-n -t f - - r n g
f ha
rrqar
l-n nrndrraa
a
,
nor to extract from it usefull she11
nlale conrorrrsdrrrinp the fahrication
process.

494

M. Pommellet

A1so, a wire rnodel of forms will not

permi t the user to determine the
geometry of aII the pieces of the
structure nor to assure the cohesion
of the whole network of processed lines
nor to take into account certain
fabrication
constraints such as
joining of
developable plating,
normalized forms, etc.
It is therefore noI.'obvious to what
extent a modef can seriously affect the
performance of a CAD /CAM
ultimate
system.

We rvi11 dlscuss
later
the
SPLINES and BEZIER curves.
2.3

Solid

n r i n r i n l p

2.1

h -m- s .w. n
h ti ^c hn
p^ ^e rr -mi Fl t o n e
n
comnlcv fnrm in a CAD

a l o o r i f

to reDresenL
software:

PoIygonal

Solid Modeling is a spatial

extenslon
of the digltization
rnethod. ft
consisLs
of a representation
of forms through a
successlon
of mathematically
independent
facets.
ft
1s well
knorvn to those who
apply the finite
elements method to
solve structural
problems re-Lated to
she11s and volumes. This method of
reDresenLaf ioI nresents Lhe same

PolygonaL modeLjng is a current

method which a11ows rapld
acquisition
"point
of a drawing on a
by pointtt
hasis

i- '. h- -r o- r_r oo -h-

i a h l a t

f he

T| hr L
r ^w " ud 6h r r

f l e x i h i l i r v

rrqe nf

o f

dioif __
i :: l

^ i' .u l ' i Lt s) ' lr an P

tL hi al s

a e a r r i s i f i n n

ng

^ - J
o r r u

h u

t h i c

it turns to be a
nethod is attractive,
nui sance as soon as one wishes to carry
process of the lines:
out a correlative
since the present state of knowledge
does not permit one to infer nathemati cal exnrpssi on of a fair surface from
data obtained through such a digitizaI i ^ L rwll

Pf uuY5-.

this

nethod

" .

"i

D ' uuL

are

. f e l l i o e p f

'

A os
o

f h e

a d v\ a lnl L
f o at ior g 5

nevertheless

6 f

undeniable.

^ -rt
d
v ir li^ ii F
L ri z- o- F
L ri u

iI ->

frequently resorted to, with the use

o f -a l_ i ' po h
nen or a dipit.izinp fablel.
" r
But then there is no more question of
polygonal modellng; this type of nethod
permits one only to handle mathernatie a l l v

i n d c n c n d enf

noi nf s

and

nof

an

infinity
of points related by a
macroscopic property (i.e. belonging
to the same line or fair surface).
2.2 Line Modeling
Lj ne modeling a11ot"s us to take into
account a number of mathematically
contj.nuous 1ines. fn other words, it 1s
the numerjcal equivalent of a body plan
considered as a t\,ro dimensional network
o f l i n e s r e n r e s e n fi n p a 3 D c o n r i n u o u s
F n f i l -v -

L i n c

m odc l i np

ner ni f

ns

Lo

solve, line by 1ine, the problem of

hull fairing, but does noL, generally,
nermif

rs

fn

rerrv

olrt

Lhe

peneral

correlation
of the surface (l{ire
modeling is just a boCy plan recopy).
fn oLher words, this type of modeling
ncrmi ts onc nn I v fo rcnrFqpnl- e netriork
of lines
between whlch nothing
precise
is known about the form.
So with
line
modeljng we can only handle mathematica11y independent
lines
and not an
infinity
of Iines related by a
( i. e. belonging
property
macroscopic
to
Lhe same fair
Let us mention
surface).
i nci denfal I v that
the most widelv
used
l i n c

m o d e l i n o

a l o o r i t h m c

a r a

F h a

B - S P L I N E S ( S C H O E N B E R1G9 4 5 ) a n d t h e
N U - S P L I N E S ( S C H I 4 / E I C K E R1 T
970).

- ^ j
d
l l u

i i ^ ^ 1 , , ^

u l S a u v a n L a g e s

^ ^

a s

, L

t n e

digitjzation
in the case of hull design
but may.be verl'efficient
for rnechanical
drawing.
It
may however prove very
convenient
to the digital
expressi.on of
1oca11y simple forms.
2.4

M o d el i n g

of

l{odeling

^
d6 Ju "v - d^ lF l - L^ d^ B
U s

\dhat we need to do before continuing

our reflexion is to briefly
outline the

interest

3D Surface

i{odeling

This t1'pe of modeling provides

a
continuous
numerical
representation
of
complex surfaces and al lows us to
consider
any line
of a body plan as
proceeding from the synEhetized surface.
It
is therefore
the most rjgorous
and
general mathematical
answer to the
problem.
In order
to situate
this
method in relation
to the three
previously
described,
it
might be said
thaL 3D-Surface Modeling as opposed to
line modeling is like
the shiprs
plate
as opposed to the lines
net-ru'orkof the
body plan;
or that
compared to solid
modeljng as opposed to poLygonal
modeling.
The principle
algorj.thms used for
JU surt ace rnodeling are BEZIER surfaces ,
C00NS surfaces
and Spline
surfaces.
lde
r'.i11 discuss
bri ef 1y the capabif j tres
of these models 1ater.
Sone general
points
may therefore
be
\
brought out:
- 3D surface modeling is,
in its
category,
the most recent
and mathematically
advanced method wlth
regards
to
the numerical
technj ques it
uses. ft
has been developed j n order
to meet the
increasing
requirernent
for
dj gj.ta1
processing
of complex forms which has
been brought forth
by the appearance of
N.C. mj lljng
machines.
- 3D surface
modeling is
the only
method compatible
rvith the requiremeltts
of a fu11 hu11 design process since it
permrts
to ansrver interactively
questions
"If
of the type:
f deforrn thi.s 1ine,
what wi 11 be the consequences upon Lhe
whole hu11 surface ?"
3D surface
modeling is therefore
the
hu11 designerts
modeling
"par
erce11ence".
Z.r

)lodel's

Hierarchy

We can represent
the mathematical
hierarchy
of the described
models on
the fo1 1or"ing diagram:

Useof Bizier Surfacesfor Computer Aided Hull DeJinition

Q t r f

n l

i d

M n d e l

a n o

M ^ . l a 1 i

n o

Wire Modelin

i n o

P n l v o n n a I

M o d c l

The definition
o f a C O O N Sc u r v e i s
exactly similar
excepted that. we use
t h e C O 0 N Sb a s e i n w h i c h t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s
of the polynomial represent the
extremity constraints of the arc:

i n .

c ( u) = [ 3 u 2 u|
,F i r^ 5 .

!I .

rMr ^d t Ls rhr ^s -i -l rr a Li r. u. lo r

H i a r a r n h , ,

This hierarchy
has been established
by considering,
for example, thaL a
produce
model can implicitly
surface
a solid
model (network
of facets)
while
the i nverse is impossible
in
r L ^
L r l c

^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ l
H g l l g t d r

re l n fe d

f ^

treated

and that

- ^ J ^ l
m
o o e - Li l- n^ 8 ,

field

of

f hp
r .i lF t

h
. Jv rn_ c

^ F

n r n h l o_m. . - h
- _o *i n g

the inverse,

- ^ - ^
-i -L n m
ore

^ ^ ^ i 1 - ,

eastiy

a solid
i . .

ln

r L

tne

mechanical manufacturins.

2.6 Conflict between BEZIERC00NS

and B-SPLINE models
B c F o rc

dc v c l nni ng

or l r

ohs er vati gn5

on the numeric definltion

of surfaces,
wet d like to clear up what we feel is
a n r r n i r r s t i f i e_ d rn' o_ l e m i c c o n c e r n i n p t h e
longstanding conflict
between these
three models and more specially between
BEZIER and B-SPLINE curves.
To clarify
the object of our
discuss j.on, we must def ine rvhat we
mean by BEZIER, C00NSand B-SPLINE
curve:
A s d e f i n e d b y S. A . C 0 0 N S ( S u r f a c e
Patches and B-SPLINE Curves, in the
famous "Computer Aided Geometric Designil
Academic Press I974) a B-SPLINE
represents a planar or skewed curve by
a series of polynomial arcs sharing
continuity
conditions of the 2nd order
at the extremities.
The expression of
a B-SPLINEarc is given according to
the four vertices Vi, Vi+1, Vi+2 and
Vi+3 frarnjng the current arc:

-3 rl.fvi I
[-, - 3
6
3 0llvi+Il
l3

s ( u ) = [ u 3 u 2 ur ] *
"

l-3
L1

We can remark that

0
4

the

3
1

0l lvi+21
0lLvi+3J

square
of fourth
o r d e r p o l y n o m i a l s s p a c e ( B - S P L I N E b a s e)
and that
the coefficients
of a B-SPLINE
arc in this
base are: Vi, Vi+1, Yi+2
m A f

and

r i y

r A n r A c A n F e

Vi+3.

L ^ ^ ^
U d > C

| z -z
l_3 3
lo o
L1 0

r ] l c r o lI
I o ll c ' ( o ) l
0 0lLc'(rl

_ 2 _ 1 1l c ( 1 ) |

The BERNSTEIN-BEZIER
curves donrr
have a fixed order as the two models
previously described but the exDression
j s n a t h e m a t ic a l l y s i m j l a r :

u d 5 c .

fi ls also important to emphasize

t h a t o n l y c o n t ' i n u o u sm o d e l s ( s u r f a c e
and wjre modeling) can be used to
solve CAMproblems.
So already we can see that the
s u r f a c e m o d ei p r o v e s t o b e v e r y
attractive
to the denands of definine
the hu11 numerical mode1.
Sti11, i t should be nentioned that
this appropriateness is no less

495

( ^ .1

. ^ f " l t f 'tth
cellnang
c Y n r a q c i n n

( i e 0 , n ) b e r h e B E Z I E Rp o l e s
e arc. The most usual
of such a curve is:

i:n

B ( u ) = t i l . u 1 . ( .l - U )
i:0 n

,Yr

B y u s i n g t h e N E W T O Nb j n o m i a l ,
transforrn this expression into:

B ( u )[=" f

we can

'l

r[ , - r ) i * j . . i . . i - ] ]. I P j l
L - l

This expression represents the same

type of matricial
e q u a t i o n w he r e t h e
c e n t e r s q u a r e m a t r j . x s i m p l y de f i n e s t h e
B E R N S T E I N ' sb a s e a t r h e ( n + i ) t h o r d e r .
We have now shown how easy it is to
t r a n s f o r m B - S P L I N E a n d C O O N Sa r c s l n t o a
fourth order BEZIERcurve. fnversely, i L
would also be very simple to transform a
tourth order BEZIER curve into a B_SpLINE
or a C00NSarc. A11 these operations
sirnply consist in matrix products.
The current opposition between the
b-SfLlN-b and the BEZIER curves often
consists of comparing the properties of
B-SPLINEtype arc assemblase":-tn.
single BEZIER curve (conf':sion between
B-SPLINE vertices which are the l-imits
of the arcs and BEZIER vertices which
ARE the coefficients
of the arc in the
B E R N S T E I Nb a s e ) : N o t h i n g p r e v e n t s u s
from using concatenated BEZfER arcs
sharing the freely imposed extrenitv
c o n s t r a i n t s ( C 0, C 7 , C 2 , C 3 c o n t i n u i t u
for exanple) and that is generally what
is done.
We can specially mention the followins
points which make, in our mind, BEZIER
algorithm very convenient and powerfull:
-Free choice of
between the arcs.

merging continuity

-Free number and nature of the

constraints imposed to a BEZIERarc.
This provides a great accuracy for
recopying special forms if necessary
and the number of BEZIER arcs may be
very lorv.
-Possibility
quasi circular

of defining directly
arcs ( di fficult
vrith

M. Pommellet

496

B-SPLINES ).
-Possibility
of imposing internal
conditjons (int-erpolation, tangent'
curvature ...).
-The concatenation of BEZfER arcs
a l I o w s o n e t o h a n d le d j r e c t l Y a n d
freely the topological problems whlch
t
perhaps wouldn t be touched on using
the B-SPLINES
Lll

P R A C T ] C A LU S E O F B E Z I E R S U R F A C E S
FOR HULL DEF]NITION

3.

The following
ts^1,.L^,.
"n ,- yn

or der

lines

FLe

will

r r ni fi ed

hi nar aqer r i r

illustrate
cnneFnt

O f

nnl vnnm - i af

surface can be used to solve interacti,,^1,, rhrn,,-h +h^ use of our cIRCE 3D
package, a set of naval CAD problems.
the Procedure

3. 1 Overview of

-First scep: Skefching of sone

characteristic
cross sections of the
- L j - r r f P

j t s ^
r

^ - r
d

- - ^ j l e .
P l u !

-Second step: Determination of

main structural
1ines. Choice of
- ^!^Lj ^^

1^^,,i ^j ti on

Topologically singular 1ine.

We hope to have made clear that

BEZIER, C00NSand B-SPLINE curves are
trmathematical materialstt.
sirnilar
Nevertheless. we must mention that
take the general SPLINE
we didn't
theory into account because these
rnodels are very heavy to handle and
t h e S C H O E N B E R G Ta sp p r o x l m a t i o n , w h i c h
is Lhe base of polynomlal B-SPLINES,
j s the most frequentlY used.
This discussion would also show that
instead of considering separately BEZIER
it is more
C00NSand B-SPLINE entities,
general and powerful]*to consider the
rrn i fi e d

c o n rc nf
y

n- "

of
v

or dc r

s nac e

of

parametric polynomials in which we can

define sirnilarly all plese models and
"C00NS"
oLher ones (such as 6"" order
entities
) too.
The reader interested in the details
asPects is
of these theoretical
referred
to our ATMAcommunicatlon
en
(ttLa Mod6lisation Tridimensionnelfe
Conception de Navirestr, ATMA1984).

of

n L \ . l u r >

P d L L l r l r r t 3 .

Fig.2.

the

"tem nl ateS ' r

fhe

( in the CIRCE 3D sense ) . ConcurenLly ,

the desipner
has choosen a reference
curve of areas and a reference
Dw1.
T h i

r o n r r i

r a c .

Posj.tion of Lhe perpend.iculars.

Fnrc ncrncnd ierrlar immersed area.
nernendierrlarimmersed
"A_ f f"
area.
f
D i

c n l

a . a m a n i '

Position of center of
Prismatic coefficient.
T a n o e n f

a f

buoyancy.
( n n f i n n a l ) .

c y f r e m i f i e s

Max value of Bw1.

Positlon of center of flotation.
Half breadth of Dw1 at the fore PP.
Half breadth of Dw1 at the aft PP.
Dw1 area.
Tangents of Dr'l at extrem'ities.
Position of Brql max.
These synthetical
^ . , ^ i l ^ L 1 ^
o v o r r d u r s

r . . - i - ^
u u r l rrB

characteristic
a r l - o m 2 t i e a l

-Third

f h e

lines

l v

o r

curves remain
d e s i o n

in

F r e e l v

step: Spatial

-s "h^i rn e n n s f r r r . t i n n
desi oner d i snoses

n f

order

to

t h c i r

o a ^ m o f r \ l

adjust

sirnulation of

an.l nlrnlrino
T, il e
of the fnl I nuino

nain functions:
At last, we can extrapolate the
points we have brought out with wire
rnodeling examples to the case of
3D surface modeling: In this last case,
we wou]fl refer to the powerfull concept
of nrp'" order space of biparametric
polynomial surfaces in which the
exoression of a surface becomes:
r

rr

r l

rr

L l

5 ( u ' v rr = IL uJ . L nrl l-

[",] . f'l'. ["]

T h e m a t r i * f P Ja e f i n e s a b a s e o f
p o l y n o m i a l s ( c . r . B E R N S T E T N b' sa s e ) .
T h e m a t r i "x l S i i l d e f i n e s t h e s u r f a c e
L-. {
in this base
n F n r r ^ m n - r r

Battenedstrakes.
D e v e l o n n a h l es f r a k e s .
Ruled strakes.
J n i n i n o

Cutting
C n n o

q r l r f a e e o

(topological

o e n a r a l -

restriction).

n n

Similarity.
N A C As u r f a c e s g e n e r a t i o n .
and suppression of
l::"rrjon

templates.

It is nevert.heless important to
e m p h a s - i z et h a t , i n o r d e r t o m e e t
snecific rennirements of hu11 forrn
generation, the software can handle
isolated patches as well as sets of
naF.hac

nernil-s

Tn

'w
. 'o
^ -r Ju- s ,
tLs nh e
^
- - t^ o^ g r a m
p
forpet
Lhe natchinp in

nfhor

rrs rn

n ir
' nv e
^
' . ' h n l o
z n n a
I c 1 " r r l r
o r u e r FLn ( ) g
\.
a
.--.-..er
s h i p s e g m e n t. . . ) a g l o b a l y f a i r
^ L ^ - ^
, , ^ - ^ ^ 1 1 , ,
f ^
^ ^
pose
c n a r a c L e r ; o r c o n v e r s e o r y L o i l- m
upon a square some specific properties
(e.g. ruled or developpable surface ).
The software is also able to joln
the rvorked zone upon the rest of the
(even if an 3nqular zone has to be
"s' ^h *i n
ts
mergedwith a fair zone).
^ r . l ^ F

Useof Bdzier Surfacesfor Computer Aided Hull Definition

This very rudimentary
ca11s f or trvo rernarks:

3.2 Computer Aided Hu11 Surface

Definition
of a 90.55m Long
School Ship
.A . fn r. o -l
following

F n
e ns Ft il mma a
te

i n i n

n i r, v
. ^e^ s
g

tt snhe

data:

Loa= 90.550m
Lw1= 85. B6Om

B=
T=
XG=
cP=
^-

15 . 9 5 0 m
0 5. 0 2 5 m
42.22On
00.583-

/,n?n

We shall
e rrrv c

o f

nnnf

fjrsc

ar c as

synthetjse a reference

hv

s et . f i np

f he

e sti m ate

497

wire

sket.ch

-fn the preliminary planning step,

\ . I ea r e w o r k i n g o n a n e x p a n d e d f o r m a t
bow, stern and sheer.
-The cylindrical
zone has been
roughly delimited by two jdenEical
statlons.
The first
3D surface operation
consists in generatlng the cylinder
which joins stations 4 and 5, in order
to cut out the more exact cylindrical
plating zone, the skewed boundaries of
which it would be difficult
to define
directly.

parameters, and a 512-Lr-'1

hydrostatic
maln area. The i nteractive answer from
tF nL ^e

^
p
rogram

Flg.

3.

^ i , , ^ ^

E.tveS

F L ^

I O^ I l 1 I ^ o, .\ i r l n g

Lne

Reference eurve of

CUrve:

Areas.

Thjs curve of areas being satjsfactory at this stage of project advancei l r c r t L ,

, , ^
w g

J ^ F ; ^ ^
u g r r l t g

l l l

reference
flotatj.on
effecf.jve desipn bv
wire
which
entlties
f h e

s t t r f

e e c

g c n c r A f

i - i t ^
S l l l l f
I d I

w d \

and begin the

deFinino a sef 6f
r,'i11 be used in
i a n

n r n a a q <

a e

frames would be used in a shipyard.

We must remind that, during this
step, the reference curves a11ow us to
a
o d
u iJ ru r - cL t s

\v ' so r r v j

a a c i l r

rL hr al v

o f a f
J L d (

i l ^u ^r rl -

>

geometry in order Io respect the

desired hydrostatic characteristics.
fn two hours of sketching, we have
defined a wire framework rvhich a11ows
us to carry out numerical plating of
the ship.

Fig.

4 Wire Framer"ork of

the

Fig.

Initial
Cylinder, Restricted
Cylinder and Cylindrical
Plating in environment.

The cylindrical
zone thus defined
ivi11 be used as an embedmentfor
planklng each extrernity. Therefore, the
next surface operation consists in
requesting a junction of the
cylindri.cal zone to the stem throush
templates 2 and 3. The bow plating is
thus generated.

Ship
D l ^ ! l - ^
r f o L a r l t S

M. Pommellet

498

T t

^ . 1 -

r o m a i

ns

operation on the
like manner, the
expanded ship is

to

reneat

the

s f F r n-

l o
de
- r ^ Fi ^
yfaLfrrt
^ ! ^ 1 r . .
rruw LULoarJ
>Lsrrr

f i ne
i n
^
Tr h e
s.
, ^ r . n e d .
ucrr

q t a r n

F
r ir nr a
r s l lr \ Ir

Same
a

r L j ^
L t r r s

J t
^ n ^ r f
- u P P U r

l l s w

n l a t i n o
hu !o r i n ro r 6

i q

r p n p a t c d

f a L p n

i n t n

account. The surface thus obtained is

and the transom stern is
satisfactory,
of a
then cut out by intersectlon
15o-inclined, 20m-radius cylinder with
the hu11. In order to complete the
f i n a l
r p n r p q F n t A l - i
- l o^ n
o^ ar !LL n^ e s- Lni l p^ , w e
stem on which the
define
the actual
be generated,
and we cut
stem cone will
with
the selected
the mother-surface
s h c c r Pn rrv o! fr ri u . I p . T h e h r r ' Il o p ^ m p l -r v i g

r L ^ ^
L l l g l l

+ ^ F ^ l
L U L d I

1 , ,
t J

T h e h r r lI

^ ^ ^ r i . . . . ^ . . ^ 1 . L v l l L l r r u u u D L j

^ ^ i
d l l u

desipn

sl.aee h
" -a
- s

, ^ r . n e d .
u s r l

reouired:

_ - 1 - _

-Sketching of characteristic
sections
2h
a n d m e a s u r e r n e n t so f l i m i t
Doints:
_Acnr r i si l - i nn

f- c^u -l P- 1 L^d rL ^Y ^>

of

data:

-Elaboration

a first

of

:-

.w .l i -I ^E _- m O d e

r l l

th30

and hydrostatic

expanded hu11

^,. - r ^ ^ ^ .

Fig.

6.

W h o 1 1 yP l a t e d S h i p .

l ptp

-Cnmn

We now activale
ru rL r. ir r lL i- ) r, v

o af
u

tL -r hr cc

lhe preliminary-p Ian

pn rr w 6 r a r r ,

.w ' rLr ir e^r Lr

^"-rl

r u P l

i es

us with the ship lines ( stations, water

1jnes, buttocks and control lines) and
the hydrostatic characteristics
of the
hu11. This analyse makes vislble that
the stern zone meshing is too loose and
leaves too much freedom to the hu11
which changes too suddenly after the
cylindrical
zone.

D rr i

nh ?n
- - ^ Yl fi -| ii r f
Pr

rrar

l - - - i n o

the

n f

0h30

-Correction of

stern

surface:

th

....

The hu11 surface thus generateo

L ^ r - ^
u s l r r B

- , . i F ^ L 1 ^
J u l L o
e n

- rF i fn ral lo r

f h o n

hu u
o ud Jv

D * j - t Lsr jr -r 6^

e n n s f

^ - r
arru

n !l oa rnr
P

^f

!r ui luel tr iv or nr r_

lL - h e

r i ^ ^ - ^ - ^ '

t h

a ^O0 Construcfion

u r

(outside of
- P r i n t - i n o

f ^ r

n r n v j f l g g 3

offsets

u . v !

planking):

n f

i n o

n l a f

2h

.....

d e v e l n n m e n f

with trace of construction

-r^fri^^ of the Contour lines
P r u L L f r l 6
3h
and the field of constraints:

offsets
fr r-d ^r l*s ^s r^

-Printing
,w .Y ^f i ^ L F

t 3 r l L

out

- - r

d l l u

of

L E l l L s !

surface
-

^ .

w !

estimate,

^ - ^ . . : ! ' . .

t s l a v f

u J .

. . .

-Plof rinp of shin outlines for

arrangementand srruefrrre nlans:
Fig.

7.

First

Version

n f

F v n a n d e d

( h i n

In order to correct this defect, we

insert a supplenentary template into
which does
the zone to be constrained,
not necessitate any extra mesurement,
si nce th i s I i ne nroceeds from the defined
surface. ft rernains at last to correct
the inserted line in oreder to give it
the rcnrrircd asncct. Thjs results in
the destruction
of surrounding patches.

-Stability

(fu1l range):

. 0 h 1 5

2h

...2h

-Calculation
of the rnovenents on quasi
Ih
static swells: ....
-PloLti ns of

frames:

2h

-Calculation

of

th

in
to
-At

normals :

This hu11 has fhrrq

l e s s t h a n t w o oi ^a, y, ^s .
stress that:
the end of

> L d B c > r

tL^

L l l E

^Li-

hecn

nroecssed

^ ^ -T rr L rL^ S li .- m
portant

the above described

s r r r P

peomefrv

6 L v ' r r L L r J

is

renrcsen-

ted as a continuous surface, which

a1lows us to infer any intersections
and offsets necessitated by construction.
-General cohesion of
imp1lcit.

Fig.

8.

Bottom View of

Stern Retouch

Iines

is

-The hu11 thus generated can be sent

to other 2.5D, solid modeljng or

Use of Bdzier Surfacesfor Computer Aided Hull Definition

s L r l t c t - -I -I r -e
-3D

surface

rn r o o r a n s .
rnodeling

permits

us

any

subsequent retouching,
since the program
can merge a neh' geometri ca1 constraint
j ts environnent,
into
and since
Lhe
repercussion
of this
constraint
upon
every Iine of the form is implicjt
(these lines proceed from a sjngle
surface).

499

aspects of the created entjtjes

in
order
to decide whether a given option
is adequate. The methods,concern, even
f h e I_ a- "no e_ _n oa_ e e o
a shio desipner are
" 'f

completely specific

to

this

activlty.

CIRCE3D constitutes a concrete

illustratlon
of the i.deas we want to
achieve in matters of naval CAD.

-Defini

tion
of surface
elements has
simpJy required def ining several
templates fo Lhe exclusjon of an

i n t e r m e d i a i e m e s u r l n g : T h e p r o g r a ma 1 1 o w s
cialned
@["n".utl
patches without
any need of explicitly
specifying
their
inLernal
geometry. From
this
follows
great
flexibility
in the
naval field
and high quality
fairing
which necessi tates
a minimum arnount of
data.

-Surface
simulation
of plating
and t.he
posslbility
of calculating
the forrning
constraints
in the sheet netal
development allorvs one to handle very directly
the problern of forming
cost and feasibllity.at
the stage of hu11 design.

ffi'.t*"

=*+:.::t;ri
-

Tr--j,11

--l-.|t;t---,1'i,l
--'_-* ',
-_-r

r-:I[:::]ii
--.+:*--r'l

-:*-

1" ii*:-il

f---

+-r-_l

--l
l-*,i-*-'--r-----i-*T--rf
i---Tft'!-r*
l--+mii-'
--.'--Arrii:i:tr.-

-lIlL:j
:IrII*]i1

-"i-r:-.+
---n-r'

|
-

' l

r-l*.+]
-nti-----r--l

=:j;l;*f,
:T--i:r+l
--::-ij

:-T-i
-!-r..sdqrp.d^ru.r

Fig.
6.

9.

Restricted

rrr

hrr!

.mLO

Final

.vr

rdt,.r,l

',i

+r++,;
--'---+',,

Clraa tl

i-----::'liii

Hu11

CONCLUSION
We hope to

have made clear

that:

-3D surface modeling is particularly

f 1exib1e, versatile
a n d p o r t ' e r fu 1 1 . I t s
adequacy to the field of hu11 design
seems to be perfect provided that it is
handled through a user-interface
speciali zed in ship design.
-The Hu11 fairing
problern is of 3D
surface nature and must be solved as
such.
-Computer

aided design must be speclal

zed in a donnain, in order to actually
meet the userts
requirements.
A too
general
tool
is often
used as a recop].
and not as a general
s1.stem. fn the
naval donaln,
designing
doesnrt
on11.
mean drawing but also analysing
some
aspects of the created
entities
in
order
to be able
to decide whether. a

1 -

Fj g.

1O Body Plan of

rhe Final

Hu11

500

M. Pommellet

-1

f,

rt rti g^.

l l .

Lener a l

Vi ew s

and

U seful l

D i agr am s

Useof BdzierSurfaces
for ComputerAided Hull Definition

Fjg.

I2.

Tnfluence

of

Heel

and

Swe1l on Hu11rs Balance.

s0l

502

M. Pommellet

I
l
j
I

I
i
l

--r-

Fi o

Development with
Formlng Constrai ats and Trace of Frames
Plating
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Results

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ComputerAppiicationsin the Automation of

ShipyardOperationand Ship DesignV
P. Bandaand C. Kuo (Editors)
ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V. (North-Holland)
O IFIP.1985

503

P R E L I } , T I N A R YS H I P D E S I G N B Y U T I L I Z A T I O N
OF EXPERI-MENTAL DATA BANKS

Luigi

GROSSI, Claudio

C A M P O R E S E ,D o r n e n i c o D E S T E F A N 0

The acquisltton
hul1 experinental
of
and geornetrical data for future
ship deslgn involves
probleurs not
for
so much as
their
storage
for
as
their
practical
utilization
in
appllcations.
In fact,
whatever large can be the number of ships and their
data to be stored,
it is not a
problen
for
the
any
menory
of
modern roediurn size computer.
For this
reason the CETENA
tesearch,
that was firstly
devoted to collect
and store all
the available
experlmental
and
ship geometrical
data, is now addressed to set up rnethodologies for design optlmlzation
by
suitably
utllizing
such experfunental data bank.
Tn thls paper the nethod developed to statistically
analyse all
the model
ful1
and
seale
shlp trials
results
ls reported.
find
for each ship type the correlations
Such analysis
is
able
to
between hydrodynamlc
parameters and the uraln hu11 geonetric
characteristics.
The application
of rnultiple
regresslon
techniques a11ows the designer to:
- define the
geometrlc
main
hullcharacteristics
few
through
and
sinply
selected
hydrodynauric patameters .
- define the
plan
hu1l. body
through
an
integrated
statistical
and i.nteracEive nethod
performed in a coroputerized procedure.
- check the so deflned body plan through interfaced
programs
computer
able
evaluate
to
powering, stabllity
requirernents,
ship seakeeping and manoeuvring behaviour,
etc.
possible
It is
then
to
modify the body plan and to obtain the final
optimized design by
procedure.
means of a controlled
iterative
Results of an applicatlon
of the above outlined
methodology are also reported.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Right from the initial

hu11 planning stages the
designer must make basic
choices
whlch
will
affect
the
successful
outcome of
conslderably
the design.
Durlng the lnltial
stage,
however,
there
is
often a lack of a sufficient
number of elenents
power,
required
statle
and dynamlc
concernlng
"g1obe1"
for
etc.,
stabllity,
seakeeplng,
a
evaluation
the
lnfluence
of
of
the
various
parameters to be rnade.
quantity
the
i,nformation
To lntegrate
of
the
avallab1e
to
designer
durlng the lnitial
design stage,
CETENA has
set
up
a
CAD
ptocedure,
whlch,
using
hull
a
data bank and
procedures already thoroughly
software
tested,
leads in
a
shor!
tlne to the definition
of a
hull
body p1an, which has already
been
checked
performances.
in terms of its essen!ia1
for what concerns
Such a
methodology
conpleted
fast
the pa rt
related
to
and
serni-planing
hulls,
has
been designed
so
as
to have the
requlsltes
of:
a) flexlbllity
b) qutck and easy use
c) accuracy
Flexibllity
easy
and quick
and
use
are
fundarnental
prelimlnary
the
dutlng
stages,
durlng which it ls necessary to
make frequent
paraneters
initlal
modificatlons
of
and it is
quickly,
often necessary to
analyse
numerous
solut{ons.
alternative
Accuraey
is
indispensable
to
evaluate
the
lnfluence
of the choices of lnltial
layouE boEh

on the power values to be developed as well

the
on
stability,
manoeuvrabillty
seakeeping of the ship.
2.

as
and

O R G A N I Z A T I O N O F T H E C A D S Y S TS Y S T E M

The CADSYST systen

fornulated
CETENA 1s
by
schenatically
illustrated
in the flow chart in
E4 ^

l -

As can be seen in the diagram, four

parts
can
part is nalnly
be identlfied:
the first
based
on preliminary
acquisition
and roemorizatlon
of
whole series
of experinental
tests carried
out
on fu1l and nodel scale
by neans
of
a
data
bank.
part
The
second
effects
t.he
analysis
of all
the available
data
extract
for the
t h e eleroents useful
stage.
The third
including
definltion

statistical
so as
t.o
real design

part
concerns
Ehe
real designlng,
power
calculation
of
the
and
of the hull geometry.

The fourth
part consists
progranmes
of utillty
which make all
the
for
checks
stabllity,
seakeeping, manoeuvrability,
etc.
which
are
essential
for
the
evaluation
global
of
the
"quality"
of
the
deslgn
and
suggest
rnodifications
where necessary.
In the followlng
the CAD systen
detalls.

paragraphs,
the four steps
of
will
be lllustrated
in greater

504

L. Grossiet al

-l

t6T IPS

Ii

FIL E

lg

I
I

<l

t1

F I

- - - l

rl
t .

il

<l
2l
|

7r'

F l

I
I

_{l

I
I
I

L
I

I
I
I

luLL - *
Ll
|br/SL
FREbICIION

L-

F l G . la

OF THE CADMODULES
3. DETAILEDDESCRIPTION
3.1. Data Bank
experlnental
data
to
collect
The neeesslty
tests
or
experimental
on full
through
obtalned
felt
for
tlme,
some
has
been
rnodel scale
that only a data bank in whlch both
consl-derlng
characterisEics
and
dinenslonal
the geonettlc
well
as
the
hull
as
experlmental
of the
froro
the tests
are
results
obtained
relative
way, will
memorLzed and organlzed in a rational
expetlence
use the
to fully
a1low the deslgner
accumulated over the years.
that relevant
data have
ln
thls
ltght
It ls
for considerable
time
and stored
been collected
the
at CETENA, both ln towlng tanks and during
CETENA is asked to
which
trlals
numerous sea
CETENA
to
this,
the
With regard
out.
carry
into 5 parts:
be divlded
can ideally
data bank
hul1 elenents;
and dirnensional
a) geometrie
b) fu1l. scale power and speed tests;
tests
c) fu11 scale manoeuvrability
tests;
d) fu11 scale vibratlon
tests.
e) nodel towing and ptopulslon
power,
speed,
out
been
catrying
CETENA has
the
tests
during
and manoeuvrablllty
vibtation
20
sea trials
of the ships for nearly
dellvery
years on shlpbuilders'
requests.
it nust
designing,
the hydrodynamic
As tegards
present,
the
at
that,
be taken lnto account
polter
nanoeuvrability
and
results
of
speed,
in
shlps
on about
150
tests carrled
out
have been stored
condltions
loadlng
different

/r/, /2/.

As well as the acquisition

of the test daEa, to
the
the hulls,
dimensions
be able to identify
geometric
inportanE
coefficients
and the
most
rudder
t.he propulslon
systen and
of the hulls,
are menorlzed.
As regards
the da.ta bank for vlbrations,
arElcle,
in
this
will
not be discussed
ref. /3/ for details.

which
see

for
tank
lests
the
towing
The
data
bank
an
at present,
around ll0 hulls with
contains,
equivalent
numbet
of
series of tests both for
amounting to almosE
towing and self-propulsion,
data.
2000 experinental
A large part of this data (approxinately
902 of
in national
the toral)
comes from tests carried
even
Naples
first
all)
tanks (Rone and
of
is
some data coning fron foreign
though there
experimental
inslitutes
.
3.2.

Statistical

Analysls

which are used in

The statlstical
analyses
partly
are
obtained
CADSYST systern
work
by
CETENA /4/
developed
original
partly
fton avallab1e
litetatute.

the
from
and

example, power predictlon

and generation
As an
ships
geometry
for
screw
slngle
of the hull
wlth a high block coefflcient
roa.ke fu1l use of
CE85
series
the
systenatlc
the results
of
for
power
whereas
CETENA l5l,
developed by
of
the
prediction
the results
of sroall ships,
work of Van Oortroessen are used /6/.
Furtherroore,
relative
to
continuously

the nodules
that
is
obvious
it
analyses
are
the
statistical
a
being updated and extended as

heliminary Ship Design by use of Experimental Data Banks

consequence of the
increased
both data and llterarure.
3.3.

Control

availability

of

Programnes

The control
and
flnal
refinement
stage
design 1s essenttally
based on a set of
ptogramnes able to carry out:

of the
CETENA

- stabtllty
checks;
- power predictton
at sea;
- evaluatlon
of seakeeping capacity;
- manoeuvrability
characteristics
check;
- arrangenent
of
the appendages by calculating
the flow stream lines
on the hull:
- flnal
design of the propeller.
The characteristlcs
of some of these progranmes
have, for
some time,
been
known
throush
publieations,
as
for
exarnple the
stability
control
prograrnmes
the
/7 / ,
seakeeping
predictlons
and the propeller
/8/,
/9/
desfgn

/10/.

Other programmes recently

developed,
such as
flow calculation
or manoeuvrability
prediction,
are
also
beginnlng
to
find
interestlng
appllcattons,
as
shown
for
example
i;
refs. /l 1/ and /12/.
In the
present
stage
of
development
of the
C A D S Y S Ts y s t e m , a s a l r e a d y
stated,
the
nost
advanced area
ls that related
to the desien of
fast or seml-displacement
ships.
Fot thls
reason, the applications
of the systern
to this
type of hu1l will
be described
in
the
following
paragraphs.
4.

HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN
D I S P L A C E M E N TH U L L S

4.1.
4.1.1.

Statistical

analyses

Towlng test

OF

of

FAST

AND

avallab1e

50s

lhrough vari.ation
of
only
few
a
parar0eters
while keeping
conatant
all
the others,
which
the reasearcher assumes therefore
not
to
be
essential.
A statistical
survey, startlng
on the contrary
frorn a sample nade of
quite
different
hulls,
whose all
the
geometric
paraneters
are fitted
in a regression
analysis,
permits to
determine
a posteriori
the fundamental
variables
that are
best correlating
the reslstance
values wlth the
hull
geometry.
Unlike methodical
series,
whele
we move away
from the optimun
as
L/e nove
away
from
the
parent hull,
regression
equations
pernit
to
obtain
the optl.mun
anong
already
implenented
hul1s for
each single
case, provlded we reroain
within
the
applicability
liurits
of
such
equations.
Furthermore,
t.he prelininary
choices oade when
realizing
a methodical
series
are
not
always
quite justified.
For instance,
when analysing
the SSPA series
regarding
seni-displacement
huI1s,
it
can
be
observed
that
the
LCB
paraneter,
not
taken
into
account
in
this
serles,
is
deemed essential
ln the regresslon
analysis,
whereas the contrary
occurs for other
pa rameters .
4.1 .1 .1 . Choice of
a)

Dependent

Regression Varlables

Varlable

For a statistlcal
predictlon
analysis
of
ship
resistance,
the residuary
volunetric
resistance
coefficient
seems to
be most
advantaseous
paraneter as dependent varlable:

SEI-{I-

data

results

For thls
type
of
hul1
there
is
a
lack
of
avallab1e
speed-power
data
taken
from
fulJ.
scale shlps, which conpels the designers to use
almost exclusively
data
obtalned
froro
rnodel
tests.
Varlous
nethodical
serles
parttculariy
are
indicated
for serol-dlsplaeernent hulls,
such
as
those of
SSPA, NpL,
the 62, 63 and 64 series
(refs.
/13/+/17/).
The
mosr
inreresttng
statistical
approach
for
these
hu1l types is
that published
by Mercier and Savitsky in 1973.
The two
authors
made a
regresslon
analysis
based upon
sti1l
water reslstance
data derived
from the
values
drawn
fron
seven
dlfferent
methodical series /i8/.
Neverthless,
ln
our
opinlon,
the statistical
approach based upon nethodlcal
series
seems
less rellable
than a regresslon
survey on a set
of non-systematic
hu1ls.
In
fact,
the main
feature
of a urethodical series lies
in the fact
that lt permlts to obtain a conslderable
nurober
of "slmilar"
hu11s starttng
fron a parent
hu1l
for which
an
optimum
conpromise
between the
geometrlc
parameters and
shlp
reslstance
has
been obtalned.
The derlved hulls
are obtained

R R
c QV = -------.-,.---it lt
L t L

^
V

\74)
Y

In fact,
.lo.Or..O
with
resistance
coefficlen!
advantage of
nor
being
reference
volume.

the
total
C.r,
C^,,
coiaiti,l,i"a

volunetric
has
the
by
any

Furthermore,
the probable error
percentage
will
be less
than
in
a
regression
analysis
based
upon Crg, being:
C 1 y = C n V + C r V + d C F V
where Cpy r the
volunetrlc
viscous
resistance
coefficlent,
is
calculated
exactly
by ITTC,57
f ormula.
The C py values
were
,""trr"d
as
a
functton
of FV = V/^[-EVE.
This
adinensionalization
of
the
speed was
adopted not only for reasons of consisiency
but
also because the volune
is
one
of
the
data
already
available
at
the
prelininary
design
stage.
b)

Independent

variable

A prelininary
survey
was
nade
with
the
available
data, on a sanple of 72 hulls for Ehe
speed
range
FV = 0.6 + 2.1
to
assess
the
significance
of the variables
introduced
in the
regression.
It would have been interesting
to
operate also
wit.h
other variables
such as the

506

L. Grossiet al

initial
trln
angle and the deadrise angle whlch
for
parEtcular
interest
of
should
be
and planing hul1,s.
seml-planlng
paraneters
were
not
these
Unfortunately,
so that they could not be considered
avallable
analysls.
in our regression
Hence,
13
consideration

were

variables
1.e.:

int o

taken

L / 8 , B / T , 1 / V F , C , , C x , C p , C y , L C B ,L C F ,
1BB/L, s/t' , rr , itlnx.
prelininary
the
the
results
of
Based upon
which
involved
variables
in
all
investigatlon
power,
flrst
six
have been consldered at their
have been ellminated,
so reduclng the
variables
seven:
set of parameters to the following
L/9'/3 , B/T,

L/8,

it was
set of
power.

tesults
of these were
Only the most signlficant
with
a set of cubic
together
then consldered
paraneters.
In this way, the maximum nurnber of
tine
did
used at the sane
lnpendent variables
not exceed 15.
to
requited
coefflclents
The
regression
hull.
of
the
bare
the
reslstance
deterrnlne
frorn regresslon
is reported in
analysls
derived
wotk /19/.
a prevlous

three

of

variables,

B/T,

the

regresslon

results

shows

i.e.:

LcB and LCB2

are tepresented from FV = 0.6 to Fg = 2.1 and

that LCB, based upon
thls
leads us to belleve
parameter
to
whlch
the
ls a
our flndings,
pay
the
utmost
should
ship
deslgner
for thl,s type of hu11.
attention,
at least

- F u r t h e r r r o r e , C x , C y' , q L / B ; t a n d \, L- / , -b. )1
are
covering as much a s 7 5 % o f t } : . e w h o l e s p e e d
range.
-

(L/B)
has
The variable
when operatlng
at
lmportance

the
should also be pald to
Attentlon
for
whlch
ls
L/ V"
obtained
the
speed
in
0 .6 + I .3
slgnificant
suddenly to disappear for Fg > 1.4.

MAr RtSl0!at Qt0!

l0Q 90i,l cf JlJ[5

i.n

I1.68i

-i,:8-

2 r j. 2 l

L.t

8.89i

- , r . 7 i ti

t 5 . i l

1.2

7,l7C

-0,482

l2.l{

I.3

l.l!l

-0.525

t2.n-

I .4

L,521

4.2an

i.5l

I .5

1.J18

-il .2 {9

7.15

I .6

L.332

-o .231

1. 2 6

1.7

(.818

4.236

8.05

i.8

5.597

-c.t22

9.56
10.18
t0.l4l

1.9

6.218

-t,361

2.0

6.157

-{,15!

2.1

5.61C

-0.311

9.15

C6, Cx, Cw, LCB.

approximation,
To lmprove the ptedietlon
for this
to
introduce
deemed advisable
parameters,
second and third
also their

An analysis
that:

5D

F!

consldera b1e
a
hlgh s p e e d .
result
highly
range ,

for
the
deslgner
detail
Another lnteresting
i-.e.
fact
that only four parameters,
is the
be known for
B/T, L/8,
Cx and LCB must
equations
in
the
the
applicatlon
of
FV = t.4+2.1 sPeed range.

analysis
carried
The results
of the statlstical
equations and whleh, flnally'
out on regression
the
of
a1low an evaluation
of the reliabllity
system to be made, have been condensed in table
field
to the one of
relative
the
speed
I for
practtcal
greatest
use ( I .0(Fy (2. I ) .

l ! g t t 1 _ R t sp r A ! -t Q e 0 Qr v s T 0 5 ! l M 5
F9_

V 0 L U M t T QF
TR
C 0 U Dl tU M E t R

5 D_

5TAIiOIRD IVIAT]ON

M _

MTAN VALUT

4.1 .2.

llul1

geornetry

necessary
to
In order
to
collect
all
data
geonetry,
a
the
hull
statisEical
define
procedure was applied
to the
aval1able
sarnple
which consisted
of
Our flrst
step
27 hu1ls.
wss to plot a curve of the underi./ater sectlonal
with
had
adinensionalized
areas which
been
respect to the rnldship section area.
After grouping
lhese curves, it was found that
fore
the
bodies
the fair
of
the
curve
of
to the
areas
seemed to
belong
cross-section
whereas the fair
of the
curve
of
sarne family,
cross-section
areas
showed
the
aft
bodies
first
in
such
as
to
assune,
differences
of
the exlstence
of two families
approxination,
hulls.
and detailed
In order to obtain
more exhaustive
we plotted
the derivatives
of the
lnfornatlon,
of out
curve of the areas and, in corroboration
that
the
hypothesis,
it was observed
initial
some ships are characterized
by
aft bodies
of
points of inflection
whereas first
derivatives
praetlcally
fore
have
only one
of the
body
difference
at the
trend, except for some slight
of
tef.. /20/).
extreme bow (see figs.
1 and 2
When thus
the avallability
of a hull
assuming
we
of two separate families,
saople consisting
for each
raling
of the hulls
analyzed the neri.t
fanily,
to their
seaworthiness.
in relation
After
of the seakeeplng calculation
development
with the ain to study the behaviour
of the ship
possible
also
to
rough
it
becane
in
sea,
phenomenon
investigate
any
undesirable
ships
the
seakeeping
of
the
affecting
(anplitude
green
acceleration,
of
motions,
etc.)
when operating
in rough
water, slanming
sea conditions.
The computer

ptogram

VoTo (ref.

/91)

was

used

Preliminary Ship Design by Useof Experimental Data Banl<s

for this
purpose,
to
galn
an oplnion on the
seakeeping quality
of the ship through a nerit
tndex.
Based upon thls princlple,
we studied
and compared
the
avallable
hu11s
and
our
indlngs
led us to pr{vilege
hulls
belonging to
the prevlously
ldenttfied
group.
In this way,
the hul.ls at disposal
for
the
analysls
were
reduced to 20.

50'l

R U N B O D / S L O P E S OLI O N G I T U D I NFAOL R M S
A] 1/3 BX

4,

The resldue

hu11 sanple

speed lengrh rario

displacement
length at waterllne

covers

V/,lt
A
L*g

a range of:

1.0
50.0
25.0

The
following
parameters
and
chosen as the most slgnlficant:

=
+
+

2
0-_
1.0

4.0
17000t
2 1 0. 0 n .

factors

1 5

v/4

)o

6
4

FRAME 14

2
C,r

were

1 n

- Longltudinal
prlsmatlc
coefficient
Cp;
- Position
of the Centre of buoyancy LCB;
- Midship section area coefficient
Cxl
- Waterplane area coefficient
Cw;
- Slope of stern buttock line
passing
through
I/6 (/V6)
and r/3 (l/r ) of Bx (figs.
I, 2).

F R A M E1 2

vlt

)i

r.l

(3
U Q

F R A M E1 6

0_
1.0

u/Jt

20

rf,

1n
4.1.2.1 . Derlved

paraneEers
6-

When passlng fron the general

hu1l
parameters
to those regardlng
the fore and aft bodies, the
relationshlp
between
the
underwater sectional
areas and the maln section area is
illustrated
ln the
diagrans
as
a function
of Cp. and Cpg
(ftgs.
3 and 4) and thls nade
it
posJtbl.
t;
plot interpolatlon
curves for each fraroe which,
ln most
cases,
approxiutate
the
experimental
points with a less than l.52 error.

F R A M E1 8

2
0_

'r.0

20

tf,

v/4
FIGURE
2

R U N 8 O D / S L C P I SO F L O N G l T U ] N A F
LO R I l S

O P T I N l AT
LN T R A N C E
BOOY
SECTION
A R T AA S P E R C E N T A G
OE
FA X

AT 1/6 8X

'1.0

T R A M C1 2

0-l
10

1.5

2A

09

v/.1-t
08

FRAME
14

2
0

07

1.0

o ^
- o _t

Itr

v/,rt

20
F R A M T1 6

\q

Q
<

1.0

2p

o3[

1 0-l
8
Cl

^ A
vr

n),

F R A M I1 8

v/.uL
FIGURE
1

001
062

0.54
CPE

0.50

e 5

508

L. Grossiet al

O P T I I ' 4 AR
L UN BOOY
W A T E R L I NB' E A MI N P E R C E NOT F B X

OC
c1
--1--

UJ

X
CD
O
:0

Ub

a7
N Q

10
095

084 \Jl
CV,/R

6
The same procedure
could be
used
to
reach
a
siurilar
plottlng
result,
in
the
graphs
regarding
general
the
1oca1
breadth-full
( Bcl Bx)
breadth
ra tLo
at
ful1
the
load-waterline
based
upon
CrE and
CrR even
though the
scatter
was greater,
as would be
expected (ftgs.
5 and 6).

TCOY
O P T I M A LE N T R A N C E
W A T E R L I NBIE A MI N P E R C E N O
T F 8X

Such a close approximation,

also in view of the
different
origin
the
of
hul1s
taken
into
examination,
shows that
job
the
refining
perforned at oodel basin by the researchers
is
not fortuitous
but
converges
to$rards sirnilar
values, when expressed adimensionally.
When passing froro the overall
paraneters
shape
to dependent
paraneters,
the following
graphs
were deri.ved frorn a suitable
corobination
of the
available
data , i.e. :
-

prismatic
coefficients
of the
fore
and
body (Cp,,
Cpn) as a function of Cp and
(rr.g. i r;
- waterplane area coefficient
of the
fore
(Cw6 and CwR) as a function
aft bodies
of
and LCF (fig.
8);
- xnonenE of
inertia
coefficient
of
waterplane
area
as
a
function
of
( figs. 9a, 9b) .

os[+
}\

NR,

07, -l:
x

I
o6i-----l

Finally,
the
it possible

04

0
n)l

0 1.

nq4

cwt
F IG UR I

ava11able experimental
also to plot the graphs

afE
LCB
and
Cw
the
Cw

data
made
regarding:

abscissa of the waterplane area cenEre

as
a
function
of LCB;
deadrlse angle I
of the roidship section as a
function of Cx (fig.
10);
(vertical
coefficient
K = Zc/T
position
of
the center
of
buoyancy/calculated
draft
ratio) as a function of Cg (fig.
ll).

If the values of Cp, LCB, Cw and LCF are known,

figs.
permit the derivation
7 and 8 will
of the
prisnatic
and waterplane
area coefficients
of
the run and entrance bodies needed to
define,
by this
roethodology,
the area diagrarn and the
water line shape at the glven draft.

heliminary Ship Design by Useof Expeimental Data Banks

s09

0 P T I M A LC o l ' 4 B r N A TO
t oFN
C p E A N O C p R F O RA N y G t V t NC p A t i D L C B
^:

LCB

:
0 . 00 1

i)-.=.r*

F-\=1 1

O
U
O

-0 021I
l

-oo4]

. \

7,

l
0 54

0 56

058

0.60

.
\
L--,----.------_,),cx

062

.78

.82

.86

.90

FIGURT1O
S U G G E S T EC
OE N T E R
OF EUOYANCY
C A L C U L A T EDDR A F TR A T I O

I P I 1 M A LC 0 i ' 4 8 l N A l 1 0 O
N FC \ ! E A N OC W RF O RA N y G t v E Nc w A N D L C F
LCF
-0 04.

0 55_

-006_
l
-008-

050
(I)
a

-010.

.
cwL
o72

070

A74

076

078

080

\\

045j

#t

0s5

060

F IG U R E8

065
FIGURE
11

I N T R A N CV
I O M T NO
T F I N I R T l A C O E TCTI t N ' I
A11 the relationships
shown in the
figures
or
which have been raentioned have been transformed
into
analytical
formulae
and
in
this
form
inserted
into
the CAD system.
However,
for
a
nore detalled
descriptlon
of this part of the
progranme, see ref.
/20/.

.t1-

4.2.

53

55

57

59

.61

CWE
65

.63

FIGURE
9A

Interactive

design

The initial
design
of
a hu1l,
traditional
techniques,
starts
specification
requisites,
which,
can be speed, payload, autonomy,

according
to
from
cert,ain
for
example,
etc.

or nERTrn
coErFtcrEHl
39iRunvovEruT
t
i

)A

^-]-

'zo.l :r

t;

,o)
)
.
24 / .,'
i

"

20L.---------_
.84

86

cwR
.88

90

92

.94

96

9B

Other characteristics
of
the
ship,
such
as
Iength,
breadth,
displacement
are
hypothesized
on the
basis
both
of
slnllar
ships and the
designer's
previous experience.
A foul proof of the design is developed on
the
basis of
these data,
checking it properly
with
the original
hypotheses.
In the case, in
fact
very coronon,
of
inconsistencies
between
the
initlal
data and those
obtained,
fot
exanple
between the hypotesized
displacenent
and cent.er
of buoyancy
and
those calculated
according
to
the glven weight distribution,
or
if
certaln
fundaurental
checks
such
as
stabillty
or
seakeeping ate not satlsfactory,
the
so-called

510

L. Grossiet al.

ttdesign 1oop" is begun, the work ls

the
appropriate
correctlons
and
hypotheslzed
data are made.

recommenced
to
the

propeller
the hull.
4.2.2.

forrnulaEed
design
The technlque of interactlve
thls
traditional
lnto
CETENA fits
by
potential
the
of
all
rnethodology, but using
flexlbiltty
modern
offered
by
speed
and
posslblllty
an
The
of
using
computers.
technlque
has the fol1owlng
interactive
deslgn
advantages:
-

to
the
stalistical
use
ample opportunity
at
the
statlstical
nethod in fact,
method:
data
this
deslgn stage ln whlch the available
powerful
a
means of
are scarce, tepresents
the
intelllgent
way
all
uslng
ln
an
the
experience
acquired
not
only
by
the whole
indivldual
but
also
by
designer
flrur;
- lmmediate
the
carrying
out
of
check
calculatlons.

on
T h e C A D S Y S Ts y s t e m , b a s e d
conslsts
of three
design data
a)

b)
e)

lnitial,
distlncl

slmple
stages:

even without

knowing

Hull. definition

progranme set up by
The hu1l generation
CETENA
(DISNAV) ls
based on two fundarnental concepts:
1) the hu1l is designed step by step
of an
i.nteractive
systero working
determlnistic-sta
E i s t i , c aI w a y ;
fairing
Ehe
the
2) for
lines
technique has been chosen.
Each
curve
longitudinal)
-

of
The possiblllty
of an interactive
definition
geometry
all
the input data
the hull
allows
progranmes
fot
the
to
be
necessary
check
extraeted
suitably
arranged dala control
uslng
software.

characteristics,
forms in detail.

is

by
neans
in a mixed
b-splines

( section,
waterlines
thus defined in
Ehree

or
steps:

first
in the
step,
the
coordinates
of the
points are
determined
through
statistical
which describe area distribution,
regressions
half
breadt.hs
at
the
wa!erline,
block
coefficients
of the fore and aft bodies;
in the second step, the designer can vary the
way so as to satisfy
curves in an interactive
particular
design requlreroents ;
elements
in the
third
step
the
initlal
(volurnes ,
areas ,
etc. )
are
automatically
ensure
have
checked to
that
they
been
globa1ly respected.
As already
s!ated the
which not only joins
algorithrn
t.he points
but
also generates others
consists
of
b-spline
functions.

power
predict{on
prellninary
with
fundamental
the
hu11
optimizatlon
of
(FASDIS) i
paraneters
plan
generatlon
uslng
an
of the hu11 body
lnteractive
statlstical
method (DISNAV);
engine
final
volumes,
maln
checks
of
seakeeping.
del-lvered po\rer, stability
and

These three
stages
can obvlously
be repeated,
paranetets
final
the
the inltial
until
vary{ng
the
have
adequately
raatched
deslgn
checks
requirements.
4.2.1.

Power predietlon

OEFINTTTONOFW,L
IN FULL LOAD

M A I N P A P .C H E C K

powet predictlons
are made through
The inltial
of which is
the FASDIS progranme, a descriptlon
glven 1n tex. ltLl.
initial
The progranme,
based on a few, sinple,
results
of
the
characteristics
and uslng the
a11ows resistance
of the bare hul1
regresslon,
as well
as
and wlth appendages to be obtalned,
propulslon
finally
and
to
the
coefficlents
power,
the
deternine
the shaft
by
obtaining
propeller
from
efficiency
systenatlc
series
suitably
arranged in pararnetrlc form.
equatlons
whlch form
the
ba.sis
The regression
as said before,
are
of the
FASDIS programme,
hull
series,
not derived from systenatic
but
from
saurple
of
have
been
obtained
a
very
FASDIS
hul1s.
Thus the use
of
the
different
programme enables
an
initial
optinlzation
of
hu11 coefflclents,
based exclusively
on
certaln
evaluatlons
to the required
telative
Dor^rer to
be made.
Furthermore,
prelinlnary
investigatlon

it
stage,
to

posslble ,
?x
this
ls
to
initial
carry
out
an
the
efficient
obtaln
most

INTEPACTIVE

VEPTICAL
ANO
OF

DEFTNITION

O"

DAtrTNtTtON

SACTIONS

GENERATION
\//.L.

OF

WATRLINES ANO
6E N EPAf ION OF

POINTS

VERTIC-AL POINTS

INTECA<-f IVE
MoDIFIcATION

IN TE PACT IV

Fl6l?
froro
flow
As can
be
seen
the
chart
DISNAV programme shown ln fig.
Ehe
L2,
froro the definitton
of
the
hu1l starts

of the
design
of the

Preliminary Ship Design b1, tJseof Experimental Data Banl<s

area curve
and
the
waterline
in fu1l load to
teach a design of
the
vertical
secttons
and
waterlines
wlth a final
check of the fairing
of
the longltudinal
sectlons
and hull. forns.
The points
of
the
design
waterline
and area
curve are obtalned by the regresslon
statlstics
posslble
already
descr{bed.
urodifications
by
the
designer
by means of
cursors
in
an
interactlve
video lerminal,
are
autonatically
memorlzed by
Lhe computer, after
checking that
the
values
of
the
original,
such
as
displaceoent
and
block
and
prlsrna tlc
coefflclents,
remain unchanged.

511

Once a vertical
section has been satisfactorilv
defined,
the intersecttons
on a standard nunber
of waterlines
are automatically
obtained.
Even Ehe waterlines
are generated
by
neans
of
b-spllne
curves
whlch
use
the polnts
derived
froro the vertical
sectlons already defined,
and
can be modified.
They also
generates
new
intersection
points
wlth the vertical
sections
and start
a
hu11
definition
loop
which
continues until
the designer,s
requirenents
are
met.
The longltudlnal
sections
derived
froro the preceding
used as fairing
control.

and shapes are also

curves but are
onlv

The area of each sect{on and its wldth

at
the
waterlines
combined wlth the deadrise angle and
the stern
buttock
slope
are
the points from
which generatlon
of the rnain section
and
the
other trnsverse sections starts.

An exarnple
of
this
procedure
is
shown in
figs.
l4-17 where the various generation
steps
of a hulJ. can be seen in sequence.

The programme ls
ln
fact organized in such a
way as
to
be able
to
draw
the
transverse
secttons
through
b-spline
curves whlch satisfv
the following
requisites:

In
this
exarnple
having
generated
the
mal.n
section fig.
14, three vertlcal
sections at the
bow and three
at
the
(figs.
stern
l5)
are
defined.

the half
breadth at waterline
full.
in
load
remalns
unchanged.
Any
other
point,
generated by
statlsttcal
regresslons
or
modified in an lnteractive
way, is altered in
such a
way as to achleve the requited
area,
thus
uraintaining
the
lonsitudinal
distrlbution
of
the tmmersed ereas lon"trnt.
As an
example,
fig.
see
i3
in
which
the
displacement
of
one point
has
changed the
whole curve.

From
these
some waterlines
(fig.
16) rvhich suitably
supply
fron which
the
final
vertical
obtained (fig.
l7).

are
obtained
further
poinrs
sections
are

In order to obtain a sufficlently

well
falred
body p1an,
it is necessary to rnake only slight
correcllons,
after
checking
the
longitudinal
sections and at
this
stage the offset
of the
hul1 geometry necessary for the final
checks is
practically
defined.

512

L. Grossiet al.

Fr6.16

progranme
fotesees
the
also
The
DTSNAV
posslbillty
using verEical
and longitudinal
of
for the hu1l generation,
which in many
sections
cases can be useful.
With this
watetlines
excluslvely
falring.
4.3.

will
it
option,
obviously,
forms
which
will
and
the
quality
as a check of the

Deslgn

The flnal
essentlally

be the
be used
the
of

control
stage,
design
consists of:

already

as

stated,

- stability
checksl
- sea power ptediction;
- seakeeplng predict{ons;
- manoeuvrabllity
check;
- arrangement of the appendages;
- final
propeller
design.
are
usually
These deslgn reflnements
carried
means of a seties
o f C E T E N Ap r o g r a n m e s ,
out by
as mentioned in paragraph 3.3.

use of the available

rneans of systematic
data
banks;
- to develop
a design loop in interactive
mode
quickly
which enables the designer to
reach
flexibly
and
a hul1
which
definition
eorresponds to lhe
required
specifications;
- to maintain,
however, a check on the results
of the hull
design so as to retain
unchanged
fundamental
georoetric
the
values
of
the
parameters;
- to develop immediately
control
and refinemenl
taking
advantage
design programmes
of
the
availability
of the offsets
of the previously
generated hul1.
The possible
uses
of
the
CADSYST have been
illustrated
in
the
in
which
report
sone
for
fast
applicatlons
or
seni-planing
hull
It
designs have been shown.
is
that
obvious
this approach
can be ext.ended to any ship type
and it is CETENA's task to try
to
improve
as
quickly
possible,
possible
as
Ehe field
of
applications
of the new CAD systems.

REFERENCES
give
If these checks should, for
any
reason,
tesults,
it
is always posslble
unsatisfactoty
way and
to modify the design in an approp.iate
previously
restart
the
design
cycle
to
described.
5.

CONCLUSIONS

/l/

/2/

has synthettcally
This report
outllne
of the CAD systen set

lllustrated
the
up by CETENA.

up the CADSYSTis not yet

The wotk
of
setting
to foresee
at
over, but it is already possible
potentiallty
the
considerable
this
stage
problem
the
by a "g1oba1" approach to
offered
of design.

/3/

/4/
T h e C A D S Y S Ti n
-

to make use,
deslgn stages,

fact

allows

one:

preliurinary
even
the
durlng
prevlous experlence
by
of all

"CETENA
C.R.Di
Salle,
V.Poerio Hydrodynanic
Data Banks.
State of the Art
and Possibilities
of
Use'r, (in Italian),
publication).
C E T E N AR e p o r t ( l n c o u r s e o f
G.J.Huang, V.Rossi,
R.Attolini
Data Ba.nk for
the Manoeuvrability
(in Italian),
on Ful1 Scale Ships",
Report n.141 I , Decerober I981 .

'TCETENA
Trials
CETENA

trFirst
M.Gronda., C.Camisetti
Natural
Hull Frequency
Evaluation
by Statistical
Methods'r, (in Italian),
Paper Present.ed at
NAV'84 Symposiurn, Venice ,
Novenber
1984.
M . G r o n d a , G . S a r t o r i - T T S T E P -W A C o m p u t e r
Prograrn for
Stepwise
Multiple
Regression
withVatiables
Elirnination.
Description
and User's Handbook", (ln Italian),
CETENA
Report n.2313, March 1985.

heliminary Ship Design by Useof Experimental Data Banks

/5/

/6/

"CE85,
B.De1la
Loggia,
L.Dor{a Methodical
Setles
Tests
for Fu11er Ships
Hul1 Forms",
Ocean Engineering,
Vol.7,
1980.
C.Camporese - 'rDescription
of the Computer
Program VAN0RT for
the
Calculation
of
Reslstance and
Power of Sma11 Ships",
(in
Ttallan),
C E T E N AR e p o r t
n.1892,
November
1983.

/7 /

CETENA Stability
Packa ge .

/B/

"seakeeplng
B.Chilo',
G.Sartori Merit
Ratlng Criteria
Applted to Ship Design,' International
Shlpbuilding
Progress,
YoI.26, December 1979.
Septenber 1978.

/9/

/10/

/11/

Computer

programs

- 'rComputer Program VOTO B.Chilo'

A
Method
for
the
Assessnent
of
a Merit
Rating Tndex on the Operabllity
of
a
Sea
Golng Vehicle.
Description
and User's
Handbook", (ln
ltalian)
CETENA Report
,
n.1552, August I982.
program
L.Grossl - "An
T.ntegrated
to
Design Marine Propellers
Using the Lifting
Surface
Theory",
CETENA Quaderno n.45,
December 1980.
D.Bruzzone, G.Caprlno - "DeveJ-opnent of
a
Calculation
Method
for
the
Three
Dimensional Boundary Layer around a Hull",
(ln Italian),
Paper Presented
at
the
NAV'84 Syrnposlurn, Venlce,
November 1984.

/12/

rrDeveiopment
B.C]nilo', V.Poerio of
a
Shlp Handling
Siurulator and Survey on Its
Practical
Appllcatlons
for
Ships
and
paper
H ar b o u r
Deslgnrr, (in
Italian),
Presented at the NAV'84 Syurposiurn, Venice,
November 1984.

/13/

- "Systernatic Tests
L.LLndgren,
H.W{llians
with Snall_
Fast
Displacement
Vessels
Tncluding
a
Study
of
the
Influence
of
Spray Strips",
Transactton
SNAME Vo1.76,
l9 68.

/14/

/15/

/16/

/17/

/18/

/19/

"Design
D.Balley, W.Marwood Data
for
High Speed Displacenent
Hul.ls
of
Round
Bilge Forrns't- N.p.L.S.
Division,
Report
n.99, 1969.
D.L.Blount,
Tests of
a
Hu11 Forms",

'rResistance
E.P.Clement Systenatic
Series of planing
Transaclion
SNAME, 1963.

P.M.Beys - 'rseries 63 - Round Bottom

Report n.949 D.S.L.I.,
April 1963.
'rseries
H.Y.H.Yeh 64
Experirnents
on High
Speed
Forrns", D.T.M.B.
1964, M.T.
1964.

B",

Resistance
Displacement
i965,
July

'iResistance
0.Savltsky,
J.A.Mercier of
Transom Stern
ln the Pre-Planing
Regirne,r,
- Report n.1667, 1973.
S.l.D.'I .L.
C.Canporese, B.Del1a Loggla, L.Doria
Deslgn Method
for
Twin-Sctew
Fast

rrA

Ships

Based on a
Statistical
Presented
aE
the
3rd
Athens , I',lay J,984 .
/20/

/21/

513
paper
Approach",
IMAEM Symposium,

"A
C.Canporese, B.De11a Loggia, L.Doria Statistical
Approach
in
Design
of
High
SpeedDisplacenent
Semiplaning
Hulls",
Quadernon.55, October 1983.
"Computer
Y.PoerLo Program
FASDIS:
power
Towing
and
Self-propulsion
Prediction
for
Fast
Displacernent
and
Seroi-Displacenent
Hulls',,
CETENA Report
n.2360, June I985.

L I S T

O F

P A R T I C I P A N T S

C O M P A N Y/

N A M E

ORGANIZATION

C O U N T R Y
SPAIN

ALONS0, Fernando

S E N E R M AS
R. A .

ALZETTA, Alberto

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

H E L S I N G O RT E K N I K U M

DENMARK

A N D E R S S O N ,B e n g t

SEASAFE AB

SWEDEN

ANTONINI, R.

FINCANTIERIS.P. A.

ITALY

AOYAGI, Akira

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIESLTD.

ENGLAND

BACICCHI, Giorgio

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

BANDA, Piergiacomo

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

BARET, Bernard

CHANTIERS NORDMEDITERRANEE

FRANCE

BASILIUS, Udo

M T G M A R I N E T E C H N I KG M B H

GERMANY

BASU, Nenai

O D E N S ES T E E L S H I P Y A R D

DENMARK

ANDERSEN, Stig

Sune

BIRAN, Adrian

ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ISRAEL

BOGELUND, Anders

DANISH MARITIME INSTITUTE

DENMARK

BOOTH, R.

C A M M E LL A I R D S H I P B U I L D E R S L T D .

ENGLAND

BOYE, Mikael

O D E N S ES T E E L S H I P Y A R D L T D .

DENMARK

BREEN, Bernard

.1.

G E N E R A LD Y N A M I C S C O R P .

U .S . A .

BREMDAL,Bernt

Arj.ld

N O R W E G I A NI N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y

NORWAY

BRESCIANI, Ferruccio

UNIVERS]TY OF TRIESTE

ITALY

B R U G M A N ,J .

S P E R R YN . V .

NETHERLANDS

BIRSIC, Mario

S H I P Y A R D ' ' U L J A N I K ' 'P U L A

YUGOSLAVIA

BUSATO,G.

FINCANTIERI S.P.A.

ITALY

C A L V E L E Y ,D . H .

C A M M E LL A I R D S H I P B U I L D E R S L T D .

ENGLAND

C A M P O R E S EC
, laudio

C E T E N AS . P . A .

ITALY

C A R D O ,A .

UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE

ITALY

C A R L E B U R ,A . F .

N A T I O N A L F O U N D A T I O NF O R T H E C O O R D I N A T I O N
OF MARITIME RESEARCH

NETHERLANDS

CATALDO

F I N C A I J T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

CATLEY, Donald

BRITISH MARITIME TECHNOLOGY

ENGLAND

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .
T.N.O. - INECO

NETHERLANDS

C E R G O L ,M .
C H A M B E R S ,M a l c o l m
CHIRILA,

Howell

ITALY

F O R S C H U N G S Z E N T R UDM
ES DEUTSCHEN

Jon

S C H I F F B A U SE . V .

GERMANY

COBIANCO,E.

FINCANTIERIS,P.A.

ITALY

COSTABEL,Angelo

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

VOSPERTHORNYCROFT
LTD.

ENGLAND

COURTS, Malcolm

Davj,d

CREVATIN, Susanna

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P , A .

ITALY

D A H L B E R G ,P .
DI AMBROSI, Lucio

WAERTSILAE HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLAND

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

DANIEL, Mars

ENSM

FRANCE

DAUBISSE, Jean Claude

ENSM

FRANCE

DEETMAN, Egbertus

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

NETHERLANDS

DE GIORGI, Giuliano

I N F O R M A T I CFA. V . G . S . P . A .

ITALY

DE GRENET,

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

DERDINI, E.

FINCANTIERIS.P.A.

ITALY

DI CAMPO,Giaclnto

FINCANTIERIS.P.A.

ITALY

DI FILIPPO,

FINCANTIERI S.P.A.

ITALY

Giustiniano

DI LUCA, Renzo

FINCANTIERIS,P.A.

ITALY

DIRKSE, Cornelis

N A V A L C O N S U L TH O L L A N D B V

NETHERLANDS

DOUGLAS, Bruce
DUFFY, Alexander

H.b.

H A R L A N DA N D W O L F F P L C

IRELAND

UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE

ENGLAND

A . & P . A P P L E D O R EL T D .

ENGLAND

DUNCAN,J.

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE

ENGLAND

DUSSERT-VIDALET, Raymond

NORMED

FRANCE

ttrttstsY

\TA^nan

Ff,Lraro

516

List of Participants

C O M P A N Y/

N A M E

ORGANIZATION

C O U N T R Y

O D E N S ES T E E L S H I P Y A R D L T D .

DENMARK

E L O M A T I CO Y

FINLAND

E M M E R S O N ,A n d r e w

S O U T H A M P T OUNN I V E R S I T Y D P T O F S H I P S C I E N C E

ENGLAND

ERTINI, M.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

ESSEN, Ray

WAERTSILA TURKU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

EUSTACE, Kevin

S D R C S T R U C T U R A LD Y N A M I C SR E S E A R C HC O R P .

II q

FABRO, Roberto

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

FALCONE, Ludovico

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

FALCUCCI, Franco Maria

MARINA MILITARE

ITALY

FARINETTI, Vincenzo

I tL\UAL! I af,nl

FEDRIGO, Gino

C A R L OG A V A Z Z I S . P . A .

ITALY

V E R O L M ES I I I P Y A R D

BRASIL

ECKLON, Erling
Vilhefm

ELO, Ari

FERREIRA, Carlos

Negri

).

. H.

ITALY

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK

DENMARK

FONZARI, Franco

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

FORNARELLI, Enzo

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

FORREST,Peter

S W A NH U N T E RS H I P B U I L D E R SL T D .

ENGLAND

F R A N C E S C U T T OA, f b e r t o

UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE

ITALY

FRAUSIN, Sergi-o

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

SCIENCEUNIVERSITY OF TOKYO

JAPAN

FUKUCHI, Mikio

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIESLTD.

JAPAN

FURLANI, G.

F I N C A I J T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

GALLARD, Herve

NORMED

FRANCE

GARCIA, Luis

SENERMAS
R. A .

SPAIN

GEGNACORSI, Giovanni

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

GARLACH, Eberhard

INSTITUT FUER SCHIFFBAU

GERMANY

GIGUERE, Bernard

MARINE INDUSTRIE LTEE

CANADA

GILFILLAN, Allan

YARD LTD.

ENGLAND

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

NETHERLANDS

FOG, Nils

FUJITA,

Gjersoe

David

Yuzuru

GLIJNIS,

Gerard

G O D I N I, L .

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

GOETZ, Sandor

H U N G A R I A NS H I P Y A R D S A N D C R A N E F A C T O R Y

HUNGARY

GORZALES-ADALID, Juan

SATENA

SPAIN

G O N Z A L E S - M E N D O Z AR,a m i r o

IFREMER

FRANCE

GRAINGER, Michael

C A M M E LL A I R D S H I P B U I L D E R SL T D .

ENGLAND

G R A V E R S E N ,B o g e l u n d

DANISH MARITIME INSTITUTE

DENMARK

GROSSI, Luigi

C E T E N AS . P . A .

ITALY

GUARDIAN0, Benedetto

MARINA MILITARE ITALIANA

ITALY

G U A R E L L O ,B .

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

GULINELLO, P.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

HANSEN, Per Skafte

U N I V E R S I T Y O F D U N D E ED P T , O F M A T H E M A T I C S

ENGLAND

HANSEN, Soren

B U R M E I S T E R& W A I N S H I P Y A R D A S

DENMARK

HASUND, Knut

S E N T E RF O R I N D U S T R I F O R S K N I N G

NORWAY

HAUKOY, Steiner

CENTERFOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

NORWAY

V E R O L M ES H I P Y A R D

BRASIL

HEE, Jan

B U R M E I S T E R& W A I N S H I P D E S I G N A P S

DENMARK

H E G G E M A N ,K l a s

SEASAFE AB

SWEDEN

H E N G S T ,S .

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

NETHERLANDS

H E S T E N E S ,R o I f

VERITEC LTD.

ENGLAND

HILLS, William

UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE

ENGLAND

HILTUNEN, Seppo

RAUMAREPOLA OY / RAUMASHIPYARD

FINLAND

HIRAKAWA, Yuji

N I P P O N K O K A NK . K .

JAPAN

H O L T A C K E R SJ ,. G . F . M .

B U R E A UV O O R S C H E E P S B O U W

NEGHERLANDS

HORIBA, Yasuo

ISHIKAWAJIMA MARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES

JAPAN

HOSODA, Ryusuke

UNIVERSITY OF OSAKA PREFECTURE

ENGLAND

HUGHES,Owen

UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTHWALES

AUSTRALIA

IJICHI,

ISCHIKAWAJIMA HARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTS.

JAPAN

IKONEN, Jouko

OY WAERTSILAE AB TURKU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

J A C O B S E N ,0 t t o

B U R M E I S T E R& W A I N S H I P D E S I G N A P S .

DENMARK

JANSSON,Kim Henry

W A E R T S I L A EH E L S I N K I S H I P Y A R D

FINCLAND

JANTUNEN,Erkki

VALMETCORP. HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLAND

A U T O K O ND A T A A / S

NORWAY

GOETAVERKEN
ARENDALAB

SWEDEN

HAUSCHILD, Peter

Heinrich

Masaaki

JOHANNESENK
, jell
JOHANSSON,Bengt

H.

List of Participants

517

N A M E

C O M P A N Y/

J O H A N S S O N ,K a j

K O C K U M SC O M P U T E RS Y S T E M SA B

SWEDEN

JOHNST0N, George

AUSTIN & PICKERSGILL LTD.

ENGLAND

KAETHER, Bernd-Leopold

T E C H N I S C H EU N I V E R S I T A E TB E R L I N

GERMANY

KAKUNO,Hiroyuki

KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.

JAPAN

K A L O G E R A K I S ,J o h n M .

S W A NH U N T E RS H I P B U I L D E R SL T D .

ENGLAND

KARPOVICZ, Andrzej

SHIPYARD

YUGOSLAVIA

KASAHARA, Kyoshi

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIESLTD.

JAPAN

KAUBE, Klaus

G E R M A N I S C H E RL L O Y D

GERMANY

K A W A G U C H I ,H i r o s h i

C A D A MS E R V I C E S C O . I N C .

JAPAN

KEIL,

H A M B U R G I S C H ES C H I F F B A U - V E R S U C H S A N S T A L T

GERMANY

OY WAERTSILAE AB TURKU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

U1-rich

KIPPO, Asko K.
KIVI,

Karri

Kullervo

ORGANIZATION

C O U N T R Y

H O L L M I I ' l GL T D .

FINLAND

K O T V T S T O ,T i p o T a p a n i

W A E R T S I L A EH E L S I N K I

FINLAND

KOUH, Jen-shiang

UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG

GERMANY

KOVACHEVS
, .V.

BULGARIAN SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS

CENTER

BULGARIA

K0YAMA, Taakeo

UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO

JAPAN

KRAUS, Andreas

T E C H N I S C H EU N I V E R S I T A E TB E R L I N

GERMANY

KULMALA, Harri

OY WAERTSILAEAB TURKU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

KUNIYOSHI, Ken

M I T S U I E N G I N E E R I N GA N D S H I P B U I L D I N G C O . L T D .
UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE

JAPAN

KUO, Chengi
LAPIERRE, Herve

CHANTIERS DU NORD E DE LA MEDITERRANEE

FRANCE

LARMELA, Markku E.

WAERTSILAE HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLAND

L E B O U L L U E C ,M a r c

IFREMER

FRANCE

L E D O V I N I, G .
LEE, Kyu-Yeul

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

K O R E A I N S T I T U T E O F M A C H I N E R Y& M E T A L S

KOREA

ENGLAND

L E H M H U S ,R o l f

G E R M A N I S C H E RL L O Y D

GERMANY

L I N D B E R G ,T o m H . J .

R A U M AR E P O L A O Y

FINLAND
TRELAND

LIVNGSTONE,David

H A R L A N DA N D W O L F F P L C

LUPPI, Livio

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

M A C C A L U MK, . J .

UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE

ENGLAND

McCARTHY, Thomas

G E N E R A LD Y N A M I C S/

U .S .A .

M A C C O Y ,D e n n i s

SWANHUNTER SHIPBUILDERS

ENGLAND

P H I L I P M c K T N S T R Y& A S S O C I A T E SL T D .

N O R T H E R NI R E L A N D
]TALY

MAFFI, Fabio

UN]VERSITY OF TRIESTE
F S - S E T T O R EN A V I G A Z I O N E

MAMILLI, R.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

MANZON,L.

F I N C A N T I E R IS , P . A .

McKINSTRY, Philip

Chambers

M A E S T R O ,M a r i o

ELECTRIC BOAT DIVISION

MARS, Denis

]TALY
ITALY
FRANCE

MASCHIO, Paolo

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

MATOSIN, Spiro

UNIVERSITY OF SFLIT

YUGOSLAVIA

MATSUBARA, Tamou

M ] T S U B I S H I R E S E A R C HI N S T I T U T

JAPAN

MATSUDA,Ryuichiro

KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.

JAPAN

M A T T S S O N J, o n m a K a I e v i

W A E R T S I L A EH E L S I N K I S H I P Y A R D

FINLAND

MIKELIS, Nikos E.

L L O Y D ' S R E G I S T E RO F S H I P P I N G

ENGLAND

MIKOLA, Teppo Kalevi

H O L L M I N GL T D .

FINLAND

MOLLI, Antonia

MARINA MILITARE

ITALY

MONTANI, Guido

M I K O P E R IO F F S H O R E
S.P.A,

ITALY

N E W P O R TN E W SS H I P B U I L D I N G

U .S . A .

M O T O R A ,S e i z o

N A G A S A K II N S T I T U T E O F A P P L I E D S C I E N C E

JAPAN

NALLIKARI, Matti

HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FINLAND

NEHRLING, Bruce C.

U.S.

Il

NIELSEN, Lars

M A E R S KD A T A C A D / C A M

M00RE, Richard

C.

NAVAL ACADEMY

NIEUWENDIJK, Paul

DENMARK
NETHERLANDS

NILSSON, Per Olof

K O C K U M SC O M P U T E RS Y S T E M SA B

SWEDEN

NISHIURA, Kenji-

S U M I T O M OH E A V Y I N D U S T R I E S L T D .

JAPAN

N O R S K O V _ L A U R I T S E NO, i C

DENMARK

OM PRAKASHSHA,

B U R M E I S T E R& W A I N S H I P D E S I G NA P S
ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO. LTD.
A U T O K O ND A T A A / S
I S H I K A W A J I M A - H A R ] M AH E A V Y I N D U S T R I E S C O . L T D .
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ORRICK, Peter

BRITISH SHIPBUILDERS

ENGLAND

ORTIZ, Pabl-o

SENERMAS
R. A .

SPAIN

OGIWARA,Seikoo
OIAN, Jorn
O K U M O T O ,Y A S U H I S A

JAPAN
NORWAY
JAPAN
INDIA

518

List of Participants

C O M P A N Y/

PALMER, John Bowman

BRITISH SHIPBUILDERS

ENGLAND

P A N G A L I L A ,F . V . A .

C O O R D .M A R I T I M E R E S . C . M . O .

NETHERLANDS

PARONICH, S.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P , A .

ITALY

PARKER, C.

HARLAND& WOLFF PLC

IRELAND

PASCULLI, Salvatore

FINCANTIERIS.P.A.

ITALY

P E A R S O N ,L e s t e r

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE

ENGLAND

Franz

ORGANIZATION

C O U N T R Y

N A M E

PECORARI,

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

PEN, J.

N A V A L C O N S U L TH O L L A N D B V
S H I P Y A R DI ' S P L I T I I

NETHERLANDS

PEROJEVIC, Hrvoje

YUGOSLAVIA
q

P E T E R S O NB U I L D E R S I N C .

I I

V E R O L M ES H I P Y A R D

BRASIL

V E R O L M ES H I P Y A R D

B R A S IL

WAERTSILAE HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLAND

POMMELLET, Marc

SISTRE

FRANCE

P O O R T ,A . T .

N A V A L C O N S U LH
T O L L A N DB . V .

NETHERLANDS

PRUIN, Berend

SCHIFFKO GMBH

GERMANY

RABIEN, Uwe

GERMANY

RANDIC, Ivo

G E R M A N I S C H E RL L O Y D
''VICTOR LENAC'' SHIPREPAIRES

RANKIN, Robert

H A R L A N DA N D W O L F F P L C

IRELAND

REESE, Dirk

VW-GEDAS

GERMANY

REGGIO,G.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

RELJIC, Slnisa

BRODOPROJEKT

YUGOSLAVIA

REMMERT

G E N E R A LD Y N A MC
] S/ELECTR]CBOAT DIVISION

P E T E R S O N ,E l l s w o r t h

L.

P I N H E I R O ,J . O . G .
Werner

P O E S C H M A N NM
, echeal
P O H J O L A I N E N ,P a u l i

MikaeI

YUGOSLAVIA

ROBERTSEN,Arve

MARINTEK

NORWAY

R O G E R S ,D a v i d

U.S.

U.S.A.

ROSOVIC, Boris

NAVAL ACADEMY
S H I P Y A R D' ' 3 - M A J ' '

ROUSE,J.R.

V I C K E R S S H I P B U I L D I N G & E N G I N E E R I N GL T D .

ENGLAND

RUDE, Paul A.

C A S D EC O R P .

U.S.A.

RUSKOVIC, Davor

S H I P B U I L D I N G I N D U S T R YI ' S P L ] T I '

YUGOSLAVIA

SAARILAHTI,

OY WAERTSILAE AB HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLAND

SALMINEN, Renny A.

OY WAERTSILAE AB TURXU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

SALVARANI, R.

C O M M I S S I O NO F E U R O P E A NC O M M U N I T I E S

BELGIUM

SANI, Giorgio

C E T E N AS . P . A .

F.

Juhani

ITALY
SPAIN

R.C.

SARAIVA, Carfos

YUGOSLAVIA

SASSU, Safvatore

FINCANTIERIS.P.A.

ITALY

SAUER, Thomas M.

A D V A N C E DM A R I N E E N T E R P R I S E S

U .S . A .

SAVELLI, Aldo

MINISTERO MARINA MERCANTILE

ITALY

SCHARNBERG,

MTG MARINETECHNIK

GERMANY

H A M U R G I S C H ES C H I F F B A U - V E R S U C H S A N S T A L T

GERMANY

H O L L M I N GL T D .

FINLAND

S H E L D O N ,L e w i s R .

A D V A N C E DM A R I N E E N T E R P R I S E S

U.S.A.

SHENOI, D.A.

UNIBERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

ENGLAND

SHIRAISHI, Toshio

N I P P O N K O K A NK . K .

JAPAN

SHIRAKAMI, Hirotaka

H I T A C H I Z O S E N C O R P O R A T I O NA R I A K E W O R K S

JAPAN

SIERRA, Honorio

E. N. BAZAN

SPAIN

SKARP, Tapani

VALMET CORP. HELSINKI SHIPYARD

FINLANT

SNATTH, George Robert

C O M P U T E R V l S I O NC O R P O R A T I O N

ENGLAND

SOEDING, Heinrich

INSTITUT FUER SCHIFFBAU/UNIVERSITY HAMBURG

GERMANY

A U T O K O ND A T A A / S

NORWAY

SPINCIC, Franjo

SHIPYARD

YUGCSLAVIA

STAAL, Andries

N U M E R I E K C E N T R U MG R O N I N G E N

NETHERLANDS

STEFAN], P.

FINCANT]ERI S.P. A.

ITALY

SEIFFERT, Eckhardt
S E P P O N E N ,J a r i

A.C.

Sakari

S O R E N S E N ,P a u l .

F.

STORCH, Richard

Lee

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

S U N A G A W A ,Y u i c h i

COMPUTERVISION
JAPAN LTD.

JAPAN

SUOMALAINEN, Arttu

O Y W A E R T S I L A EA B S H I P B U I L D I N G D I V .

FINLAND

FINCANTIERIS.P.A.

ITALY

H A R L A N D& W O L F F P L C

IRELAND

TAMARO, Bruno
TENNANT, Stewart

Martin

MINISTRY OF SHIPPING AND TRANSPORT

INDIA

TRAUSCH, George

G E N E R A LD Y N A M I C S/ E L E C T R I C B O A T D I V I S I O N

I I

TREMBLAY, Donald

MARINE INDUSTRIE LTEE

CANADA

TRINCAS, Giorgio

I S T I T U T O A R C H I T E T T U R AN A V A L E

ITALY

THAKUR, Anath

Bandhu

519

List of Participants

N A M E

C O M P A N Y , /O R G A N I Z A T I O N

C O U N T R Y

TSUTSUI, Yasuharu

NIPPON KIAJI

TVEDT, Erik

DENMARK

TZENKOV,Mikhail

THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK

B U L G A R I A NS H I P R . & D . I N S T I T U T E

VAN DER WERF,H.A.F.

CEBOSINE

NETHERLANDS

VAPAA, Hannu

OY WAEFTSILAE AB TURKU SHIPYARD

FINLAND

V A R E S K O ,R a f a e l

S H I P Y A R D ' ' U L J A N I K ' 'P U L A

\,lJGOSLAVIA

VARSTA, Petri

HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FINLAND

VASILEVIC, Nebojsa

S H I P Y A R D ' ' T I T O ' 'B E L G R A D

YUGOSLAVIA

V E R H A S S E L T ,R o g e r

B O E L W E R F TS H I P Y A R D

BELGIUM

V E R W O E R T ,C .

INTERGRAPH

NETHERLANDS

VESELIC, Bojan

B R O D A R S K II N S T I T U T

YUGOSLAVIA

VIACAVA, Franco

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

VIDULLI, A.

C E T E N AS . P . A .

ITALY

VIDULLI Giorgio

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

VIEIRA, Claudio

UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO

F ] N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

BRASIL

VISSER, Jan

JHC SMIT BV

NETHERLANDS

VITIELLO,

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

V O N H A A R T M P N ,J a n M i k a e l

W A E R T S I L A EH E L S I N K I S H I P Y A R D

FINLAND

WANC, Zeng Da

S H A N G H A TS H I P B U I L D I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
B R I T I S H M A R ] T I M E T E C H N O L O G LYT D .
TNO _ TWECO

ENGLAND

Ingolf

VIRGILIETTI,

Ermarn(,

WARD, George
W A R M E R D A MC, o r n e l i s
WATTEAU,John F.

K Y O K A I R E S E A R C HI N S T I T U T E

JAPAN
BULGARIA

ITALY

CHINA
NETHERLANDS
U.S.A.

WIEBECK, Erno

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN LOS ANGELES

W I L H E L MP I E C K U N I V E R S I T Y O F R O S T O C K

WIKLUND, Ralf

WAERTSILAE TURKU SHIPYARD

F]NLAND

WILLIAMS, Evan Al-ed

BRITISH MARINE TECHNOLOGY

ENGLANf,

WINKLE, Ian

GLASGOW
UNIVERSITY

ENGLAND

W O Z N I A K ,A . M .

T E C H N I C A LU N I V E R S I T Y O F G D A N S K

POLAND

XING, LF.

S H A N G H A IS H I P B U ] L D I N G T E C H N O L C G R
YESEARCH

CHINA

Y A M A G U C H I ,Y u h z o h

S U M ] T O M OH E A V Y I N D U S T R I E S L T D .

JAPAN

Y A S U M O T O ,T e t s u o

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIESLTD.

JAPAN

YOSSIFOV, Kostadin

BULGARIAN SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS

CENTRE

BULGARIA

Edward

GERMANY
D,R.

ZANOLLA, D.

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

Z E N N A R O ,M .

F I N C A N T I E R IS . P . A .

ITALY

ZHOU, Chaojun

S H A N G H A IJ I A O T O N G U N I V E R S I T Y

CHINA

521

AUTHORINDEX

AlonsoF
, .,247
B a n d aP, . , v , 4 2 1
B o g d a n o vP, . A . , 4 2 1
B r e m d a, l 8 . A . , 2 2 7
CamporesC
e ,. , 5 0 3
C a t le y , D . , 3 6 7
C h a o j u n2, . , 3 7 9
C h e n ,7 . , 2 7
D e e t m a n8, . , 5 7
D e S t e f a n o ,D . , 5 0 3
D i n g y u a nL, . , 3 7 9
Duffy, 4., 219
D u f f y , S .E . , 15 3
Duldii, K., 329
Elo,A., 353
E m m e r s o nA,. , 3
Forrest, P.D., 303
FujimotoR
, ., 167
Fujita, Y., 139
F u k u c h i ,M . , 8 ' l
F u k u d a ,1 4 . , 1 6 7
G a 1 1 a r dH, . , 1 4 9
G a n g ,X . , 3 5
G a r c f a ,L . , ? 4 7
GjersleFog,N., 359
G o t z ,S . , 2 5 7
G r o s s i ,1 . , 5 0 3
H i r a k a w aY
, ., 167
H i y o k u ,K . , 2 7 5
H o l t a c k e r sJ, . G . F . M . 5
, 7
H o s o d aR
, ., 447
H u g h e s0, . , 1 3
Ijichi , Fl., 473
I k o n e n ,J . , 2 8 5
I n o u e , 1 r 1 . ,1 6 7
J o n s ,0 . , 4 3
K a k u n oH
, ., 293
Ka1
o g e r a ksi , J . M ., 15 3
K a r p o w i c zA, . S . , 6 9
K a s h i m aH, , , 4 7 5
K a w a g u c hH
i ,. , 2 9 3
K i p p o ,A . K . , 1 9 9
K o h t a k eS
, ., 475
K o o p s ,A . , 4 5 9
K o u h ,J . - S . , 4 0 1
K o v a c h eS
v ,. 1 . , 4 2 1
K u n i t a k e\ ,. , 4 4 7
K u o ,C . , v , x i i i , x x v , 1 5 3
K u r o d aH
, .,8,l
L i - F a n ,X . , 3 5

t"lacCallum
K ., J . , x x "xi , 2 1 9
M a l l o n i ,J . S . , 2 3 9
M a r s ,D . , 1 4 9
M a r s hA
, .J., 153
MatosinS
, .A., 189
M at s u d a, R . , 2 9 3
M i k e l i s ,N . E . , 4 3 7
M i z u t a n i ,T . , 1 3 9
M o o r e ,R .C ., x x i i i
l4orita,Y., 139
N e h r l i n gB
, . C . ,3 1 9
N i e u w e n d i j kP, . G . A . ,5 7
N i s h j u r a ,K . , 1 2 9
N u sn' io w ,S . E . l . , 2 3 9
O h n o ,L , 1 2 9
0 k u m o t o ,Y . , 2 7 5
P a r k e r ,T . , x v
P o r r n eI le t , 1 4,. 4 9 3
Q i u ,Y . , 2 7
R a b i e nU, . , 2 0 9
R e e s e ,D . , 3 9 5
R i i h e l l i ,J . - P . , 1 9 9
R o s o v i i ,8 . , 4 1 3
S a n ,i G ., x x v ii
S a s a n oR
, ., 8 1
S a u e r ,T . , 4 3
S c h u m a n n - H i n d e n b eUr.g, , 3 4 3
S e n j a n o v i i , | \ 4 . ,3 2 9
S h a ,0 . P. , 1 7 7
S h edl o n , R ., 4 3
S h e n o iR, . A . , 3
S h i g e m a t s uM, . , 2 9 3
S i m o n eV, . , 6 9
S k a f t e H a n s e nP
, ., 387
S b d i n gH
, ., 401
S t o r c h ,R .L . , 9 9
S u d o h ,1 4 . , 1 6 7
Sunagawa
Y ,. , 1 3 9
T a k a h a s hK
i ,. , 8 1
T a k e d aY, . , 2 7 5
T h o r n t o ,n P , , 3 6 7
V e r h a s s te, l R ., 8 7
V e r s ul i s , A . , 5 7
|,lhittle,C., 367
W i l l i a m sE, . A . , 3 0 3
W o z n i a kA, .
W u ,S . , 2 7
-.'-' Lr.l4-

X i a , D .,
Y a m a m o t o0,' . , 1 6 7

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