NASA

Technical

Memorandum

TM

102782

Comparison Of Analytical Methods

For Calculation Of Wind Loads

September

1989

N90-13813
(NASA-TM-1027B2)
COMPARISON
METHODS
FOR
CALCULATION
OF
(NASA)
50 p

OF
WIND

ANALYTICAL
LOA_S
CSCL

2OK

G3/J9

NASA
National
Space

Aeronautics
Administration

and

Unclas
0251715

NASA Technical

Memorandum

TM 102782

Comparison Of Analytical Methods

For Calculation Of Wind Loads

Donald J. Minderman
Larry L. Schultz
Engineering Development
September

1989

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration
John F. Kennedy Space Center

Directorate

KSC-DM-3282
REVISION

COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL
METHODS FOR CALCULATION
OF WIND LOADS

This Revision Supersedes

All Previous
Editions of This Manual

'vD. j.'lV_de_,bM-_g_33

APPROVED

BY:

SEPTEMBER 1989
JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, NASA

KSC-DM-3282

ABSTRACT
The
the

following
calculation

analysis
is a comparison
of wind
load
pressures.

of

specified
in ASCE
Paper
No.
3269,
ANSI
Building
Code,
and the
Uniform
Building
various
hurricane
speeds
to
determine
calculated
results.
The winds
used
for

analytical
methods
for
The
analytical
methods

A58.1-1982,
the
Standard
Code
were
analyzed
using
the
differences
in
the
the
analysis
ranged
from

100
mph
to
125
mph
and
applied
inland
from
the
shoreline
of a
large
open
body
of water
(i.e.,
an enormous
lake
or the
ocean)
a
distance
of 1500
feet
or ten times
the
height
of the building
or
structure
considered.
For
a building
or structure
less
than
or
equal
equal
ANSI

to

250

feet

in

height

to 115 mph,
it was
A58.1-1982
calculates

other
methods.
500
feet
tall
mph,
there
is
cases,
factors

For
acted

determined
a larger

a building
upon
by a

no clear
choice
that
must
be

peak
wind
velocity,
large
open
body
of
risk
factor.

acted

upon

by

that
wind

the
geographic
water,
and
the

greater

than

the method
specified
load
pressure
than

or structure
wind
ranging

of which
considered

wind

method
are

location,
expected

in
the

between
250
feet
from
i00
mph
to
to
the

use;
for
steady-state

the
distance
design
life

or

and
II0

these
or

from
a
and
its

iii/iv

KSC-DM-3282

TABLE
Section

OF

CONTENTS

TiDle
INTRODUCT

1.1
1.2
1.3

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.I
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
2.2.2.2
2.2.2.3
2.2.3
2.2.3.1
2.2.4

ION .....................................

Purpose
..........................................
Facilities
and Equipment
.........................
Definitions
......................................

1
1
1

ANALYSIS

.........................................

Problem

Statement

................................

Comparison
of Analytical
Methods
.................
American
Society
of Civil
Engineers
(ASCE)
Paper
No.
3269
........................................
Steady-State
Total
Wind
Pressure,
P, .............
Peak
Total
Wind
Pressure,
Pz,m. ...................

Steady-State
Wind
Velocity
Profile,
V, ...........
American
National
Standard
Institute
(ANSI)
A58.1-1982
.......................................

Steady-State
Total
Wind
Pressure,
P, .............
Peak
Total
Wind
Pressure,
P,,mx ...................
Steady-State
Wind
Velocity
Profile,
V, ...........
Standard
Building
Code ...........................
Steady-State
Total
Wind
Pressure,
P, .............
Uniform
Building
Code ............................

5
5
6
6
6
6

DISCUSSION

SUMMARY

Paqe

.......................................
OF

APPENDIX

TOTAL

APPENDIX

PEAK

APPENDIX

FACILITY

RESULTS

PRESSURE
TOTAL

SPEEDS

FOR

...............................
A

PRESSURE
DESIGN

AND

WIND

LIFETIMES

FOR

PEAK
VARIOUS

WIND

PEAK

VELOCITY..

VELOCITY

.....

A-I
B-I

WIND

.............................

C-I

............................

D-I

WIND

APPENDIX

WIND
PRESSURE
AND WIND
VELOCITY
AT VARIOUS
HEIGHTS
FOR
SPECIFIC
HURRICANE
WIND
SPEEDS
AT 33 FEET .......................................

E-I

REFERENCE

F-I

PROFILE

FOR

WIND

3
3

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

VELOCITY

STEADY-STATE

DOCUMENTS

..............................

v/vi

KSC-DM-3282

ABBREVIATIONS
ANSI

American

National

ASCE
CA

American
California

Society

e.g.
ft
ft 2
FL
i.e.
KSC
ib/ft 2

for example
foot

ib,
mph
NASA
no.
NY
psf
SF
STD
%

AND

Standards
of

Civil

ACRONYMS
Institute

Engineers

square
foot
Florida
that
is
John

F.

Kennedy

Space

Center

pound
per
square
foot
pound
force
mile
per hour
National
Aeronautics
and
number
New
York
pounds
per
square
shape
factor
standard

Space

Administration

foot

percent

vii/viii

KSC-DM-3282-

SYMBOLS
a

Coefficient
Projected
is given

Ct

Shape

coefficient

Force

coefficient

Do

Surface

Design

pressure
drag
force

Gust
response
cladding

Importance
Velocity

P,

Steady-State
to constant

SF

depends

the

exposure

the
wind
velocity
area
(ft')

type

except

when

coefficient

at

a specific

factor
height

height,

for
Z=h

factor

to

main-force

be

pressure

exposure

total
wind
wind
loads

used

(ibf)
resisting

for

systems

components

and

Wind

velocity

Peak
psf)

wind

pressure

velocity

The
shape
factor
exterior
surface
variable

Risk

of

V,

Wind

velocity

coefficient

pressure
on primary
(ib/ft 2 or psf)

Peak
total
wind
pressure
gusting
winds
(lb/ft'
or

Equation

on

factor

K,

P|wmaR

NOTATION

coefficient

Gust
response
evaluated
at
G

that

area
normal
to
for the surface

External

alpha

AND

on primary
psf)
at

pressure

is
of

a coefficient
the building

that

framing

a height,
at

depends

framing

due

(ib/ft 2 or

height,

on

a,

Do,

and

to

psf)

(ib/ft'

that
depends
or structure

due

on

or

the

occurance
at

a specific

height

(mph)

ix

KSC-DM-

32 82

Peak

wind

velocity

V30

Wind

velocity

at

specific

height

(mph)

VI,_R

constant

V_0-60

x_

which

mph

to

The

constant

peak

winds

Height
Gradient

at

above

a height

of

linearly

x=0.143

at

height

above,

ground
above

feet

reduces
V30=130

x mentioned

the

30

from

ground

x=0.3

at

mph
which

(ft)
the

(mph)

(ft)

is

adjusted

for

KSC-DM-3282

I.

_NTRQDUCTION

1.1

PURPOSE

The
following
analysis
is a comparison
of analytical
methods
for
calculation
of wind
load
pressures
specified
in ASCE
Paper
No.
3269,
ANSI
A58.1-1982,
the
Standard
Building
Code,
and
the
Uniform
Building
Code.
These
methods
were
analyzed
for
various
hurricane
wind
speeds
to determine
the
differences
between
their
calculated
wind
load
pressures.
1.2

FACILITIES

AND

EQUIPMENT

The analysis
included
calculations
of wind
Category
III buildings
and
structures
(as
1982;
see
reference
1
in
appendix
F)
buildings
and
structures
are
more
closely

load pressure
for only
defined
in ANSI
A58.1because
Category
III
identifiable
with
the

space
vehicle
processing
and
launch
facilities
at
KSC.
The
buildings
or structures
used
for
calculating
wind
load
pressure
had
four
sides
with
vertically
oriented
walls.
Only
Exposure
D
winds
(as
defined
in ANSI
A58.1-1982)
were
considered
because
Exposure
D closely
winds
experienced
building
1.3
For

or

approximates
the
at
KSC.
For
a

structural

constraints

topography
detailed

that

were

and
the
description
followed

types
of

see

of
the

2.1.

DEFINITIONS
the

purpose

of

this

III

Bgildinq

report,

the

following

definitions

shall

apply:
Cateqory
designated
hospitals,
national

Qr

$_ructure:

Buildings

as essential
facilities
including,
but
fire
stations,
disaster
operations
defense
centers.

or

structures

not
limited
centers,

to,
and

_:
Flat,
unobstructed
areas
exposed
to
wind
flowing
over
large
bodies
of
water.
Exposure
D applies
only
from
the
shoreline
a distance
of 1500
feet
or ten
times
the
height
of the
building

or

structure

under

consideration,

whichever

is

greater.

_rg_n d Win4:
Wind
that
affects
facilities
and
space
vehicles
during
ground
operations
and
immediately
after
a launch.
These
winds
exist
below
a
height
of
500
feet.
Ground
winds
are
sometimes
referred
to as surface
winds.

KSC-DM-3282

_h_u_:

frequently

sudden
increase
expressed
as a

!mpQr_anq@
hazard
to

Factor:
human
life

Peak
speed
hour,

A
factor
and damage

Wind
Speed:
The
measured
during
day,

or

month,

in the
deviation

ground
from

wind
speed.
a mean
wind

that
accounts
to property.

maximum
(essentially,
a specified
reference

at

a given

reference

for

A gust
speed.

the

is

degree

instantaneous)
period,
such

of

wind
as
a

height.

Primary
Frames
and
Svstem_:
An
assemblage
of major
structural
elements
assigned
to
provide
support
for
secondary
members
and
cladding.
Examples
of primary
frames
and
systems
include
rigid
and
braced
frames,
space
trusses,
roof
and
floor
diaphragms,
shear
walls,
and rod-braced
frames.
Shawe
Factor:
orientation
of

A coefficient
the building

Steady-State
Qr Av@raqe
approximately
I0 minutes,
fixed
reference
height.
usually
assumed
to
be
calculations.
2.

or

that
accounts
structure.

for

the

geometry

and

Wind
Speed:
The
mean,
over
a period
of
of the
ground
wind
speed
measured
at a
Steady-State
or
average
wind
speed
is
constant
as,
for
example,
in
spectral

ANALYSI_

2.1

PROBLEM

The

objective

STATEMENT
of

the

analysis

is

to

compare

analytical

methods

for
calculation
of
the
steady-state
total
wind
pressure,
peak
total
wind
pressure,
and wind
velocity
profiles
of ASCE
Paper
No.
3269,
ANSI
A58.1-1982,
the
Standard
Building
Code,
and
the
Uniform
Building
Code.
The
type
of structure
considered
in the
analysis
is
a Category
III
building
that
has
four
sides
with
vertically
oriented
walls.
The
report
compared
neither
thin
and
wide
(e.g.,
like
a billboard)
nor
tall
and
slender
(e.g.,
like
a
smokestack)
buildings
or
structures.
Only
primary
frames
and
systems
are taken
into
account
and
only
the
windward
and
leeward
sides
are
analyzed.
The
roof
is not
included
in this
report
in
order
to
reduce
the
number
Exposure
D
wind
varying
increments
is used
in the
ground
ranges
from
30 feet

of graphs
produced.
A steady-state
from
I00
mph
to
125
mph
in
5-mph
analysis,
and
the
elevation
above
the
to 500
feet.

KSC-DM-3282

2.2
The
No.

COMPARISON

OF

ANALYTICAL

following
subsections
3269,
ANSI
A58.1-1982,

Uniform

Building

2.2.1

AMERICAN

METHODS

present
the

the
formulas
used
Standard
Building

in ASCE
Paper
Code,
and
the

Code.
SOCIETY

OF

CIVIL

ENGINEERS

(ASCE)

PAPER

NO.

3269.

The method
specified
in ASCE
Paper
No.
3269
has been
used
in KSCSTD-Z-0004
to
calculate
wind
loads
on
John
F.
Kennedy
Space
Center
(KSC)
facilities
since
the
early
1960's.
The
following
three
subsections
present
formulas
for
the
steady-state
total
wind

pressure,

velocity
criteria
appendix

total

wind

pressure,

and

steady-state

for
ASCE
Paper
No.
3269,
conforming
of this
report
(see
references
2,
3,

wind

to
the
and
4 in

F).

2.2.1.1

SteadT-$ta_?

presents
Formula
wind

peak

profile
of 2.1

T0_al

Wind

Pressure

the
formulas
for
the
steady-state
(6) is the
complete
formula
for

P,.

This

subsection

total
wind
pressure.
the
steady-state
total

pressure.
P, "

q,C_

q, -

0.002558V,'

V.
x

(1)

(psf)

- V3o(Z/30)"
linearly

V30=60

from:

x =

0.3

x -

0.3-(0.3-0.143)

0.3-0.157[(V,-60)/70]

The
shape
coefficient,
pressure
contributions
C= -

2.2.1.2
presents

mph

to

x=0.143

at

V,o=130

mph

[(V,-60)/(130-60)]
(4)

Co,
represents
from the
windward

the
summation
of
and
leeward
sides.

1.3

Substitute
P, -

(3)

(mph)

reduces
at

(2)

(psf)

0. 002558

the

(5)
(2),

(3),

(4),

and

(5)

into

(I)

[V30 (Z/30) _o.3-o.1,_E,v.-,o,/_o1_],

(1.3)

P_k
Total
the
formulas

Wind
for the

p_e$_ure,
peak
total

(psf)

PT,m,"
This
wind
pressure.

(6)
subsection
The peak

KSC-DM-3282

total

wind

pressure

is

the

maximum

wind

measured

over

a period

of

time.
P,..., - q,.,,C,
TO
account
multiplied
allows
for
peak
show

for
the
peak
wind
speed,
V,,,,,
a
gust
factor
by the
steady-state
velocity.
A gust
factor
of
gusts
of approximately
I0 seconds
in duration.

wind
velocity
the
limitations
q,,,. -

pressure
of the

0.002558V,,,,

V,,,. ,, V3o(l.10)
Xm.

The
mph

linearly

(Z/30) _"

at

Xm,

0.3-(0.3-0.143)

limitation

velocity

in

error
is

125

V,.... -

125

mph

be

mph

then:

mph

again

in

is
i.i0
The

order

to

(8)
(9)

(mph)

from:
to

x=0.143

at

V30=130

[ (V,,,.-60)/(130-60)

equation

will

derived

(psf)

reduces

V30=60

is then
formulas.

x-0.3

an

(7)

(psf)

(I0)

is

that

present.

(1.10)

When

137.5

mph
]

(I0)

whenever
the

V,,m.

exceeds

steady-state

136
wind

mph

Using
a peak
wind
velocity
of 137.5
mph
yields
an error
of 5.8
percent.
An error
this
size
should
be accounted
for
only
when
dealing
with
a
steady-state
125-mph
wind
in
peak
velocity
pressure
calculations.
Substituting
(8),
(9),
(i0),
and
(5) into
(7) yields:
P,,,. -

0.002558[(V30)

(I.I0)

(Z/30) t'3-'157[i'v':c*n)'i'/Y]_]'(l.3)

(psf)

2.2.1.3
formula

is

Steady-State
the wind

V, = V30(Z/30)"
V, = V,o(Z/30)
2.2.2

AMERICAN

The
following
steady-state

(11 )

Wind
velocity

Velocity
profile

PrQfile.
for 0 to

V,.
The
500 feet.

following

(mph)

(12)

J''ls_('vz'')/73
NATIONAL

(mph)

STANDARD

three
subsections
total
wind
pressure,

(13)
INSTITUTE

(ANSI)

A58.1-1982.

present
the
formulas
for
peak
total
wind
pressure,

the
and

KSC-DM-3282

steady-state
conforming
I,

5,

and

the

wind
velocity
criteria
of

$teady-$_at#
the
formulas
(19)
is the

for
ANSI
A58.1-1982,
report
(see references

Total
Wind
Pressure,
for
the
steady-state
complete
formula
for

P,.
This
subsection
total
wind
pressure.
the
steady-state
total

0. 00256K,

K, -

2.58(Z/Z,)

Cp

for

15

P, -

(15)
(16)

ft_Z_Zq

(17)

pressure
sides.

coefficient,

Cp,

is

the

sum

of

the

1.3

Substituting

2.2.2.2
presents
(24) is

2/"

(psf)

(IV33) 2

1.11

external
leeward

an

(14)

(psf)

q, -

I =

For

profile
in this

pressure.
P, = q,Cp

The
and

2.1

6).

2.2.2.1
presents
Formula
wind

to

(18)
(15),

(16),

(17),

0.0025612.58(Z/Zq)'"]

Exposure

windward

D:

aml0.0

and

(18)

(I.IIV_,]
and

Zqm700

into

}'(1.3)

(14)

yields:

(psf)

(19)

feet

_ak
Total
Wind
pressure,
P,,,x.
This
subsection
the
formulas
for the peak
total
wind
pressure.
Formula
the complete
formula
for the peak
total
wind
pressure.

P,,m, = q,,m.G,Cp
Equation
(20)
to be done
in
500 feet.
q,.,, =
G, =

(psf)

was
modified
by
substituting
order
to vary
the building

0.00256Kz(IV,)'

G. for
G,.
This
had
height
from
30 feet
to

(psf)

(21)

0. 65+3. 65T.

T, - 2.35Do's/(Z/30)
Substituting

(20)

(21),

(22),

(22)
I/,
(23),

(23)
and

(18)

into

(20)

yields:

KSC-DM-3282

P,,,, =

For

an

0.0025612.58(Z/Z,)21"]

[1.11Vn]2{0.65

+3.6512.35Do'S/(Z/30)

_']} (1.3)

Exposure

2.2.2.3
formula

D:

Do=0.003

$_%ady-Sta_@
is the wind

V,

Wind
velocity

Vel0citv
profile

- V3,(Z,/33):i" (Z/Z,)It"

2.2.3
addresses

STANDARD
only

present

in

the

(mph)

BUILDING
CODE.
the
steady-state
following

Profile,
for 0 to
for
The
total

subsection

0.00256V302

The
Standard
various
Shape

Building
factors

pressure.
exterior

The
surface

pressure

is:

P, For

shape

(see

factor

2.2.4

is

3.
The

multiplies
in order
to

(Z/30)217SF
oriented

was

considered
that
was

statement

following

(25)

7).

P..
This
subsection
total
wind
pressure,
report.
Formula
(26)
total
wind
pressure.
30

ft<Z_<'1000

ft

the
wind
pressure
produce
the
total

constant
that
or structure.

by
wind

depends
on the
The
total
wind

(psf)

four-wall

building

or

structure,

the

1.3.

BUILDING

was
determined
and,
therefore,
problem

Code
(SF),

The
feet.

reference

for

0.00256V_0'(Z/30)2n(1.3)

UNIFORM

edition)

(psf)

shape
factor
is
of the
building

0.00256V30'

vertically

p, -

(Z/30)"7

>

V,.
500

Standard
Building
Code
wind
pressure
which
is

2.2.3.1
Steady-State
TQtal
wind
Pressure.
presents
the
formula
for
the
steady-state
conforming
to the
criteria
of 2.1
in this
is the complete
formula
for the
steady-state
P, -

(24)

(psf)

(psf)

CODE.
in

this

The

(26)

Uniform

analysis.

Building
Upon

Code

investigation,

the
code
did
not
encompass
Exposure
excluded
on the basis
of nonconformity

in

2.1

(see

reference

(1982
D

it
winds
to the

8).

DISCUSSION
formulas

program
height
pressure,

to
of

presented

in

sect!on

were

used
.........
in a

produce
output
tables
containing
wind
30
feet,
steady-state
total
pressure,
and
wind
velocity
at discrete
heights.

spreadsheet

velocity
at a
peak
total
The
output
of

KSC-DM-3282

the

spreadsheet
program
which
that
show
the

was
then
passed
to
a
presentation/graphical
generated
the
figures
in appendices
A,
B,
and
D
differences
between
the
wind
loads
calculated
in

ASCE
Paper
No.
3269,
ANSI
A58.1-1982,
Code.
Steady-state
Exposure
D winds
mph
in
5-mph
increments
were
used.
velocity
through

envelop
A-6
show

ranged
from
the
height

and
the
Standard
Building
ranging
from
100 mph
to 125
The
height
of
the
wind

30 feet
to 500
feet.
Figures
A-I
versus
steady-state
total
pressure

for a steady-state
wind.
Figure
structure
above
330
feet,
the
yields
larger
calculated
velocity
wind
increases,
ANSI
A58.1-1982

A-1
shows
that
for a building
or
method
in
ASCE
Paper
No.
3269
pressures.
As the steady-state
emerges
as
the
standard
that

calculates
the
largest
total
pressure,
which
is
apparent
in
figures
A-I
through
A-3.
When
the
steady-state
wind
is Ii0
mph
and
greater,
ANSI
A58.1-1982
analytically
produces
the
largest
total
pressure,
which
is apparent
in
figures
A-3
through
A-6.
The
Standard
Building
Code
method
consistently
has
the
lowest
total
pressure
for figures
A-1 through
A-6.
Figures
B-1 through
total
pressure
for
for
a building
or

B-6
in appendix
B show
the height
versus
peak
peak
wind
velocities.
Figure
B-1
shows
that,
structure
above
250
feet,
the
method
in ASCE

Paper
No.
3269
has
larger
calculated
peak
total
pressures.
the
peak
Wind velocity
increases,
ANSI
A58.1-1982
emerges
as
standard
that
calculates
the
largest
total
pressure,
which
apparent
in figures
B-1
through
B-4.
When
the
peak
wind
is
mph
and
greater,
ANSI
A58.1-1982
analytically
produces
largest
B-6.

total

pressure,

Figure
C-1
in appendix
such
as the
number
of
acceptable
wind
speed
determined
When

which

is

apparent

C allows
the
years
between

risk,
for
determining
a
is
ascertained,
the
from
appendix
B.

trying

to

larger
pressure
state
or
peak
altitudes.
For

determine
values
winds,
winds

which

in

figures

designer
to
occurrences
peak
peak

B-4

through

consider
factors,
and
what
is an

wind
speed.
Once
total
pressure

particular

As
the
is
115
the

method

consistently
regardless
there
is
no
clear-cut
of
115
mph
and
greater,

a peak
can
be

calculates

of
the
steadychoice
for
all
ANSI
A58.1-1982

calculates
larger
total
pressure
for
both
steady-state
and
peak
winds.
Below
250 feet
for all wind
speeds,
both
steady-state
and
peak,
ANSI
A58.1-1982
calculates
the
larger
pressure.
For
winds
between
100
mph
and
110
mph
and
for
buildings
or
structures
between
250
feet
and 500
feet
tall,
there
is no clear-cut
choice
of which
code
produces
the largest
total
pressure.
The choice
of
which

code

to

use

depends

on

the

wind

type

and

wind

speed.

An

KSC-DM-3282

example

of

275wind.

Figure
A-l,
which
uses
steady-state
winds,
indicates
that
ANSI
A58.1-1982
method
calculates
a larger
velocity
pressure
the
ASCE
Paper
No.
3269
method;
however,
figure
B-l,
which

the
than
uses

foot-tall

this
can
be
seen
in
building
or
structure

figures
acted

A-I
upon

and
B-I
for
by
a
100-mph

peak
wind
rather
than
steady-state
wind,
indicates
that
the ASCE
Paper
No.
3269
method
should
be used
instead
of ANSI
A58.1-1982.
The
dilemma
over
which
method
to use
can
be
eliminated
if the
question
designed

of which
type
of
for
(a steady-state

wind
should
a building
or structure
or peak
wind)
is answered.

Figures
D-1
through
D-6
in appendix
velocity
profile
from
the methods
in
A58.1-1982.

D show
the
calculated
ASCE
Paper
No.
3269
and

Appendix
E contains
all
of
the
formulas
program
to produce
tables
E-I through
E-6
data
points
used
to generate
the
graphs
D.
4.

_UMMARy

OF

This
analysis
to an Exposure
mph
in 5-mph

used
in a
that
contain
in appendices

be

wind
ANSI

spreadsheet
all of the
A through

RESULTS
used
a Category
I.II building
D steady-state
wind. varying
increments
to
compare
methods

or structure
from
I00
mph
of calculating

exposed
to
125
wind

load
pressure
specifled
in ASCE
Paper
no.
3269,
ANSI
A58.1-1982,
the
Standard
Building
Code,
and
the
Uniform
Building
Code.
The
wind
velocity
envelop
ranged
from
30 feet
to 500
feet.
It was
determined
that
the
method
for
the
calculation
of
wind
load
pressure
specified
in ANSl
A58.1-1982
produces
a larger
wind
load
pressure
for
a building
or structure
less
than
or equal
to 250
feet
in height,
acted
upon
by a wind
greater
than
or equal
to 115
mph,
than
the other
methods.
For
a building
or structure
between
250
feet
and
500
feet
tall
acted
upon
by a wind
ranging
between
i00
mph
and
II0
mph,
method
to use.
Factors

there
that

is
must

no
be

definitive
considered

choice
of
which
for a building
or

structure
in this
range
are
steady-state
or peak
wind
velocity,
geographic
location,
distance
from
a large
open
body
of
water
(i.e.,
an ocean
or enormous
lake),
and
the
expected
design
life
and
its
risk
factor.
It
was
determined
that
the
Standard
Building
pressure

Code
consistently
values
as compared

Building
the
wind

Code
did
velocity

encompass
basis
of

Exposure
D
nonconformity

yielded
to the

not
address
profile

the
lowest
steady-state
other
methods.
The

either
the
The
Uniform

total
Standard

peak
total
pressure
Building
Code
did

winds
and,
therefore,
was
to the specified
winds.

excluded

on

or
not
the

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX A
TOTAL PRESSUREFOR A STEADY-STATE WIND VELOCITY

A-l/A-2

KSC-DM-3282

5OO

450

I
|

400

3O0

u_

250
a
|

200

150

100

!
I
t
I

5O

CJ

'

.......

20

40
TOTAL

60

80

100

120

PRESSURE (LB/F'I'2)

ASCE PAPE R NO. 3269

---------

STANDARD

BUILDING

..... --

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

CODE
EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY

A-I.
Wind

Height
Velocity

Versus
I00

mph

Total
at

111BUILDING

Pressure:
33

ft

A-3

KSC-DM-3282

5OO

46O

30O

25O
uJ

2OO

150

100

50

0
0

20

40
TOTAL

--

ASCE PAPE R NO. 3269

--

STANDARD

....- --

ANSI A58.1:1982

BUILDING

Figure

80

t00

120

PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

CODE
EXPOSURE

A-2.
Wind

A-4

60

Height
Velocity

Versus
105

mph

Total
at

D, CATEGORY

Pressure:
33

ft

III BUILDING

KSC-DM-3282

600

45O

400

380

3OO

uJ
Z

2OO

100

50

0
0

2O

4O

8O

8O

100

120

140

TOTAL PRESSURE (LBIFT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
STANDARD BUILDING CODE
.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

A-3.
Height
Wind
Velocity

Versus
ii0 mph

Total
Pressure:
at 33 ft
A-5

KSC-DM-3282

450

'/'j'

_- .....

40O

.r

__+ 250
t&l
"T

.f

2OO

/ ,
t

160

4.
t

_m_,

100

--7"

jY

50

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

--

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

--

STANDARD BUILDING CODE

.......

ANSI A58.i'1982

Figure

A-6

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY 111BUILDING

A-4.
Height
Wind
Velocity

Versus
Total
Pressure:
115 mph
at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

500

460

I
0

400

u..

-i

35O

.......
i4f

300

25O

UJ

Z_

200

160

100

5O
O# S

0
0

2O

4O

60

TOTAL
--

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

--

STANDARD

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

BUILDING

Figure

80

100

120

140

160

PRESSURE (LBIFT2)

CODE
EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY

A-5.
Wind

Height
Velocity

Versus
120

mph

Total
at

III BUILDING

Pressure:
33

ft
A-7

KSC-DM-3282

500

46O

400

35O

300
Uh
v

IG0

100

SO

0
0

2O

40

80

80

100

120

140

160

TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

"--------- ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
STANDARD BUILDING CODE
-

ANSIA58.1-1982

Figure

A-8

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

A-6.
Height
Wind
Velocity

Versus
Total
Pressure:
125 mph
at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

PEAK

TOTAL

PRESSURE

FOR

PEAK

WIND

VELOCITY

B-I/B-2

KSC-DM-3282

50O

/
:/
//

450

4OO

350
|

3OO

z
250
uJ
Z

....

100

i#

5O

..2

....

#f

0
0

20

4O

50

50

100

120

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
.......

ANSI A58.1-1982
Figure

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

B-I.
Wind

Height
Velocity

Versus
i00

Peak
mph

Total
at

33

Pressure:
ft
B-3

KSC-DM-3282

500

450

' ....

f
400

250
w
Z

200

,.

m_

tO0
e
w

50

#'

. 20

40

50

80

100"

120

140

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

--'-'-"

ASCEPAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-4

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

B-2.
Wind

Height
Versus
Velocity
105

Peak
Total
Pressure:
mph
at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

45O
!

!
q

280
W
Z

2OO

180
#

#
o
m

I00

/
/--

J
#
#
I

40

60

80

100

120

1,o

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

--

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

EXPOSURE 0, CATEGORY III BUILDING

B-3.
Wind

Height
Versus
Velocity
110

Peak
Total
Pressure:
mph at 33 ft

B-5

KSC-DM-3282

500
f
I
B

!,
!

--4'--

450

i
!

40O

350

3oo

__ 250
u_

200

/i

150

/
!:
r#

100

5O

/
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

..... ""

Figure

B-6

EXPOSURE D. CATEGORY III BUILDING

ANSI A58.1-1982
B-4.
Wind

Height
Versus
Velocity
115

Peak
Total
Pressure:
mph
at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

5OO
II
,

I
I

450

400
F

35O

3OO

E
v

__

250

IJJ
-!-

2O0

i....i....

150

100

SO

20

40

60

80

PEAK TOTAL

100

120

140

160

PRESSURE (LBIFT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

EXPOSURE

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-5.
Wind

Height
Velocity

Versus
120

Peak
mph

Total
at

33

D, CATEGORY

III BUILDING

Pressure:
ft
B-7

KSC-DM-3282

50O

0
I
e
I

46O
e

.
e

0
0

4O0
B

35O
I

'
'
e

1
I

; " t

f
I

__ 2S0
UJ

I
0
|

2O0

'

I
t
t
;

160

100
!
#
_0
#
#

l
00

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE iLB/FT2i

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

*

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-8

EXPOSURE D. CATEGORY I!1 BUILDING

B-6.
Wind

Height
Versus
Velocity
125

Peak
Total
Pressure:
mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

FACILITY

DESIGN

WIND

SPEEDS

AND

FOR

VARIOUS

PEAK

WIND

LIFETIMES

C-i/C-2

KSC-DM-3282

o
-.I

8
O_
-,-I

$
C_

_C
m
Cb'_

-,,'I

r,.)C
r..:_
>.

_z
z

i
r.j

5::?
__

>.
m'

-r

r_

,.z_
_

o
-

8
x

(S.I.ON_) a33dS

ONIM _lV3d

C-3/C-4

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

WIND

VELOCITY

PROFILE

D-I/D-2

KSC-DM-3282

500

450
0
l
|
I
|

350

. ..........

, ...........

.....

300
u_

qm.

2so

I&l
-r

2O0

.
|

_50

100

:
50
i

........................

0
50

100

150

200

WIND VELOCITY (MPH)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
- --

ANSI A58.1-1982

EXPOSURED. CATEGORYIIIBUILDING

Figure

D-1.

Velocity

Height
Profile

Versus
I00

Wind
mph

at

Velocity:
33

ft

D-3

KSC-DM-3282

50O

450

4_

350

3OO

u_

z
2

250

ul

:X

150

100

5O

100

2OO

WIND VELOCITY (MPH}

--

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure
D-2.
Velocity

D-4

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY !11BUILDING

Height
Profile

Versus
Wind
Velocity:
105 mph
at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

500
|
!

460
|

400
_

50

r_

00

......

'i

u_

'T" 250

'
O

lu

t
(

160

--

I
I

11111

5O

.....................

'

*
e

1
:

I
l

J
*

1
I

//

I
50

100

150

2OO

WIND VELOCITY (MPH)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure
D-3.
Velocity

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height
Profile

Versus
Wind
II0 mph
at

Velocity:
33 ft
D-5

KSC-DM-3282

5oQ

450

3_

20O

I00i...........

200
WIND VELOCITY MPHI

"--------

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure
D-4.
Velocity

D-6

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height
Profile

Versus
Wind
115 mph at

Velocity:
33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

50O
I

450

4I.......

450

iI

350

3OO

250
,I

z
250

150

100
iT"

50

'.......

0
50

100

150

2O0

WIND VELOCITY (MPH)

-------

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

....- --

ANSI A58.1-1982
Figure
D-5.
Velocity

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height
Profile

Versus
Wind
120 mph
at

Velocity:
33 ft
D-7

KSC-DM-3282

450

4OO

350

3OO

250

2OO

1.
11111

50

100

150

200

WIND VELOCITY (MPH}

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269
.......

Figure
D-6.
Velocity

D-8

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUI LDING

ANSI A58.1-1982

Height
Profile

Versus
Wind
125 mph
at

Velociy:
33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX
WIND

PRESSURE
AND WIND
VELOCITY
FOR
SPECIFIC
HURRICANE
WIND

E
AT VARIOUS
HEIGHTS
SPEEDS
AT 33 FEET

E-I/E-2

KSC-DM-3282

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KSC-DM-3282

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APPENDIX

REFERENCE

DOCUMENTS

F-I/F-2

KSC-DM-3282

REFERENCE
ANSI
A58.1-1982.
Other
Structures."

New

York,

DOCUMENTS

"Minimum
Design
Loads
for Buildings
and
American
National
Standards
Institute,

NY.

American
Society
of
Civil
Engineers
Wind
Forces:
Wind
Forces
on
Structures."
3269,
ASCE
Transactions,
Vol.
126,
Part
1961.

KSC-STD-Z-0004.
and Framework

"The
Standard

Administration,

Design
for."

Kennedy

Center,

Marshall

Mehta,
Kishor
Provisions
of
Texas

Mehta,
Journal
1984,

Space

Tech

C.
ANSI

Flight

"Guide
A58.1."

University,

Kishor
C.
"Wind
of
Structural
pp.

Center,

"Terrestrial
for
Use
in

NASA
Technical
Memorandum
Space
Administration,
George
AL,

1982.

to
the
Institute

Lubbock,

Buildings
and
Space

FL.

C.
Kelley
Hill.
Criteria
Guidelines

Aerospace
Vehicle
Development."
82473,
National
Aeronautics
and
C.

Committee
on
ASCE
Paper
No.
II,
pp.
1124-1198,

of Structural
Steel
National
Aeronautics

Space

Turner,
Robert
E.
and
Environment
(Climatic)

"Task

TX,

Use
for

of
the
Disaster

Wind
Load
Research,

1988.

Load
Provisions
ANSI
#A58.1-1982,"
Engineering,
Vol.
110,
No.
4, April

769-784.

"Standard
Building
Code."
International,
Inc.,
AL,

Southern
Building
pp.
181-200,
1985.

"Uniform
Officials,

International
1982.

Building
Code."
Pasadena,
CA,

Code

Conference

Congress

Building

F-3/F-4

Report

klat_qal A_oq_,utqc S ,4r',(1

,c-4"_1C
t_/'vJm_ usIf,Jl_g__

1. Report No.
TN

Documentation

Page

2. Government AccessionNo.

3. Recipient'sCatalogNo.

102782

4. Title and Subtitle

5. ReportDate

Comparison
of Analytical
of Wind Loads.

Methods

for

Calculation
6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

8. PerformingOrganization ReportNo.

Donald
Larry

J. Minderman
L.

KSC-DM-3282

Schultz

10. Work Unit No.

9. PerformingOrganizationName and Address

Launch

Structures

11. Contract or Grant No.

Section

Mechanical
Engineering
Division
NASA,
Kennedy
Space Center,
FL
12. S_n_ring

13. Type of Reportand Period Covered

Agency Name and Address

John F.
National
Kennedy

Kennedy
Space Center
Aeronautics
and Space
Space Center,
FL 32899

Administration

14. SponsoringAgency Code

15. SupplementaryNotes

16. Abstract
The following
analysis
is a comparison
of analytical
methods
for the calculation
of wind load pressures.
The analytical
methods
specified
in ASCE Paper No. 3269,
ANSI A58.1-1982,
the Standard
Building
Code, and the Uniform
Building
Code were
analyzed
using various
hurricane
speeds
to determine
the differences
in the calculated
results.
The winds
used for the analysis
ranged
from I00 mph to 125 mph
and applied
inland
from the shoreline
of a large open body of water
(i.e.,
a
large
lake or the ocean)
a distance
of 1500 feet or ten times the height
of the
building
or structure
considered.
For a building
or structure
less than or equal
to 250 feet in height
acted upon by a wind greater
than or equal to 115 mph,
it
was determined
that the method
specified
in ANSI A58.1-1982
calculated
a larger
wind load pressure
than the other methods.
For a building
or structure
between
250 feet and 500 feet tall acted upon by a wind ranging
from i00 mph to Ii0 mph,
there
is no clear choice
of which method
to use; for these cases,
factors
that
must be considered
are the steady-state
or peak wind velocity,
the geographic
location,
the distance
from a large open body of water,
and the expected
design
life and its risk factor.
18. DistributionStatement

17, Key Words(SuggestedbyAuthor(s))

WIND
LOADS
BUILDINGS

19. SecuriW Classif.(ofthisrepo_)

UNCLASSIFIED
NASA FORM 1626OCT86

Unlimited

!20. Security Classif. (of thispage}

UNCLASSIFIED

21. No. of pages

22. Price