Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definitions
1) IB field is concerned with the issues facing international
companies and governments in dealing with all types of crossborder transactions.
2) IB involves all business transactions that involve two or more
countries.
3) IB consists of transactions that are devised and carried out
across borders to satisfy the objectives of individuals and
organizations.
4) IB consists of those activities private and public enterprises
that involve the movement across national boundaries of goods
and services, resources, knowledge or skills.
Multinational Enterprises
A MNE has a worldwide approach to
foreign markets and production and
an integrated global philosophy
encompassing both domestic and
international markets.
International Management
defined as a process of accomplishing the global
objectives of a firm by (1) effectively
coordinating the procurement, allocation, and
utilization of the human, financial, intellectual,
and physical resources of the firm within and
across national boundaries and (2) effectively
charting the path toward the desired
organizational goals by navigating the firm
through a global environment that is not only
dynamic but often very hostile to the firms very
survival.
of markets
u Globalization of production
u Decline of barriers to trade (WTO)
u Increased technological capabilities
u 60,000 international firms with 500,000
foreign affiliates that generate $11 trillion in
sales in 1998
Globalization
u
u
u
u
Increased revenue
opportunity through
global sales.
Reduced costs by
producing in low cost
countries.
Cons
Different nations = different
problems.
Similarities between nations
may be superficial.
Global planning may be
easy, but global execution
is not.
What is Globalization?
Markets
The shift toward a
more integrated and
interdependent world
economy.
Production
Globalization of Markets
u
Not
Not
Consumer
Consumer
Goods
Goods
Industrial
Industrial Goods
Goods and
and
Materials
Materials
4
4Commodities
Commodities such
such as
as
aluminum,
aluminum, oil
oil and
and wheat.
wheat.
4
Industrial products
products such
such as
as
4Industrial
microprocessors,
microprocessors, aircraft.
aircraft.
4Financial
4Financial assets
assets such
such as
as
U.S.
U.S. Treasury
Treasury bills
bills and
and
Eurobonds.
Eurobonds.
Globalization of production
u Refers
Globalization of Production
u The
Global Products
Macro Factors
Decline in
in Trade
Trade
Decline
Barriers
Barriers
Globalization
Technological
Technological
Change
Change
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Holland
Sweden
Britain
U.S.A.
21%
20
18
30
5
20
44
1950
1990
18%
26
25
5.9%
5.9
5.9
5.3
5.9
4.4
5.9
4.8
11
9
23
14
2000
3.9%
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
Table 1.1
Trade
1500
T rade
O utput
1000
500
GDP
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Figure 1.1
Microprocessors and
Telecommunications
The Internet and World
Wide Web
R e s t o f W o r ld
5000
L a t in A m e r ic a
4000
3000
W .E ur o p e
A s ia P a c if ic
2000
1000
N o r t h A m e r ic a
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Figure 1.2
1500-1840
1850-1930
1950s
Propeller aircraft
300-400 mph.
Figure 1.2
1960s
New
New markets
markets
opened
opened through
through WWW.
WWW.
Jet
Jet aircraft
aircraft move
move
people
people and
and goods.
goods.
Global
Global media
media creating
creating
aa worldwide
worldwide culture.
culture.
SH ARE OF
W O R L D O U T PU T
200 0
SH ARE OF
W O R L D E X PO R T S
200 0
4 0 .3 %
27%
1 2 .3 %
5 .5
1 4 .2
7 .5 4
9 .7 (W . G e r.)
7 .3
8 .7
F ra nce
6 .3
5 .2
4 .7
U nite d
K in g d om
I ta ly
6 .5
4 .1
3 .7
3 .4
4 .1
3 .7
Canada
3 .0
2 .0
4 .4
C h ina
NA
3 .2
3 .9 2
S o uth K or e a
NA
1 .4
2 .7
U nite d S ta te s
SH ARE OF
W O R L D O U T PU T
1963
Japan
G e r m a ny
Table 1.2
1980
20
1990
15
2000
10
J apan
F ra nce
Netherlands
U .S .A .
Germany
U.K.
5
D e v.
C o u n t r ie s
Figure 1.4
D e v e lo p e d C o u n tr ie s
D e v e lo p in g C o u n tr ie s
U n ite d S ta te s
C h in a
200
0
Figure 1.5
1990
1997
2000
U.S.A.
48.5%
31.5%
32.4%
26%
Japan
3.5
12
15.7
17
U.K.
18.8
6.8
6.6
France
7.3
10.4
9.8
13
Germany
8.1
.9
12.7
12
Table 1.3
Globalization
u Jobs
and Income
10
Finland
Netherlands
Ireland
Bulgaria
Jamaica
Korea
China
S.Africa
India
Tunisia Trinidad
Kenya Nigeria
Egypt
Malawi
Thailand
Tanzania
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Ethiopia
5.0
10
Income Index
11
Figure 1.6
Globalization debate-Con
u Destroys
11
EU
WTO
Founded 1994
140 members
Police GATT trading system
UN
Supranational organizations
are limited to powers granted
by member countries and serve
the collective interests of its
members.
Power is derived from
the organizations ability to sway
members to action.
12
Changing Nature of
International Business
u US
13